This article is about the specific polity Qing Dynasty and therefore only includes events related to its territory and not to its possessions or colonies. If you are interested in the possession, this is the link to the article about the nation which includes all possessions as well as all the different incarnations of the nation.
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Was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China (1636-1912). It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speaking ethnic group who unified other Jurchen tribes to form a new "Manchu" ethnic identity. The dynasty was officially proclaimed in 1636 in Manchuria (modern-day Northeast China and Outer Manchuria). It seized control of Beijing in 1644, then later expanded its rule over the whole of China proper and Taiwan, and finally expanded into Inner Asia. The dynasty lasted until 1912 when it was overthrown in the Xinhai Revolution. In orthodox Chinese historiography, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China.
Establishment
May 1636: Hong Taiji officially renamed the realm to "Great Qing", thus marking the start of the Qing dynasty.
December 1636: In 1636, during the Second Manchu invasion of Korea, Hanseong's garrisons, led by Korean military leader Gwon Yul, were defeated by the Qing Dynasty forces. The city was subsequently taken by the Qing Dynasty, marking a significant event in Korean history.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was a war waged by the Qing dynasty against peoples living along the Amur River region from 1639 to 1643.
January 1641: In 1639, Qing forces attacked the Solon and Daur people. A force of 500 under the Evenk chieftain Bombogor tried to resist, but the Qing defeated them and captured the fortresses of Duochen, Asajin, Yakesa, and Duojin in the following year.
January 1644: In 1643 the Amur region natives submitted to the Qing.
Was a a conflict that saw the transition from the Ming to the Qing Dinasty in China. The Qing created an indpendent domain in Manchuria, revolted against the Ming and systematically conquered all Ming territories in the following decades.
2.1.Qing conquest of Ming China
Were a series of military campaign by the Qing against the the Ming that saw the fall of the latter.
January 1643: Battle of Song-Jin.
April 1644: Wu Sangui's departure from Ningyuan Stronghold had left all territory outside the Great Wall under Qing control.
June 1644: Li Zicheng left Beijing on June 4th.
January 1645: The Qing Dynasty conquered Shanxi and Shaanxi.
May 1645: The Qing army, led by the Manchu prince Dodo, captured the key city of Xuzhou, north of the Huai He River, in early May 1645.
May 1645: On May 13, 1645, Ming Dynasty general Shi Kefa and Qing Dynasty forces led by Prince Dodo converged on Yangzhou.
June 1645: On June 1, 1645, the Qing armies led by the Manchu prince Dodo crossed the Yangtze River and easily captured the garrison city of Zhenjiang from the Ming Dynasty forces.
June 1645: The Qing Dynasty, led by Emperor Shunzhi, arrived at the gates of Nanjing in 1645. The Hongguang Emperor, leader of the Southern Ming Dynasty, had already fled the city. As a result, Nanjing surrendered to the Qing forces without resistance on June 16.
July 1645: The Jiangnan region is pacified by the Qing.
October 1645: End of the Shun Dynasty.
October 1645: Jiangyin held out against some 10,000 Qing soldiers for 83 days but on October 9, 1645, its walls were finally breached.
March 1646: In February 1646, Qing armies conquered the land west of the Qiantang River from the Lu regime.
September 1646: The Longwu court left its Fujian base.
January 1647: A small Qing force, led by former Southern Ming commander Li Chengdong, captured Guangzhou.
February 1647: Chengdu was taken in early 1647.
June 1648: Li Chengdong mutinied against the Qing, and the concurrent rebellion of another former Ming general in Jiangxi helped the Yongli regime retake most of southern China.
January 1651: The new Qing armies managed to recapture the central provinces of Huguang, Jiangxi, and Guangdong in 1649 and 1650.
January 1651: Both Milayin and Ding Guodong were captured and killed in 1648, and in 1650 Muslim rebels were crushed in campaigns that inflicted heavy casualties on them.
August 1652: Most of the commanders who had supported the Qing in Guangxi reverted to the Ming side.
January 1659: In late January 1659, a Qing army led by the Manchu prince, Doni, captured the capital of Yunnan.
2.2.Qing invasion of Joseon
Was the invasion of Korea by Qing China.
January 1637: Dorgon occupied Ganghwa Island on 27 January.
January 1637: The Qing Dynasty Captured the second son and consorts of Korean King Injo. He surrendered the day after.
January 1637: In 1637, during the Joseon-Ming War, the Ming general Yang Sichang withdrew the remaining Ming forces from Korea to Denglai in northern Shandong.
Were a series of intermittent skirmishes between the Qing dynasty of China and the Tsardom of Russia in which the latter tried and failed to gain the land north of the Amur River.
June 1643: In 1643, the native tribes of the Amour region submitted to the Qing Empire, under the rule of Emperor Hong Taiji.
January 1650: In 1649 Yerofei Khabarov found a better route to the upper Amur and quickly returned to Yakutsk where he recommended that a larger force be sent to conquer the region. He returned the same year and built winter quarters at Albazin at the northernmost point on the river. He occupied the Daur's fort Albazin after subduing the Daurs led by Arbaši.
September 1650: The Russians sailed down the Amur and built a fort at Achansk.
April 1654: Battle of Hutong.
May 1654: Battle of Hutong.
January 1656: Russian Tsardom has established a "military governor of the Amur region".
January 1659: By 1658 the Chinese had wiped out the Russians below Nerchinsk and the deserted land became a haven for outlaws.
January 1666: In 1665 Nikifor Chernigovsky murdered the voyvoda of Ilimsk and fled to the Amur and reoccupied the fort at Albazin, which became the center of a petty kingdom which he named Jaxa.
January 1686: Siege of Albazin (1685).
January 1687: Most of the Russians withdrew to Nerchinsk, but a few joined the Qing, becoming the Albazin Cossacks at Peking. The Chinese withdrew from the area, but the Russians, hearing of this, returned with 800 men under Aleksei Tolbuzin and reoccupied the fort. .
August 1689: The Treaty of Nerchinsk of 1689 was the first treaty between Russia and China under the Qing dynasty. The Russians gave up the area north of the Amur River as far as the Stanovoy Range and kept the area between the Argun River and Lake Baikal.
August 1689: In 1689, by the Treaty of Nerchinsk, the Russians abandoned the whole Amur country including Albazin. The frontier was established as the Argun River and the Stanovoy Range.
May 1858: On 28 May 1858, the Treaty of Aigun was signed by China and Russia to revise the border as determined by the Nerchinsk Treaty in 1689. Russia gained the left bank of the Amur River.
Were a series of military and exploration campaigns where Russia gradually extended into the territories of northeastern Asia.
January 1646: The Tsardom of Russia expands through the colonization or voluntary entry of Asian tribes and tribal unions.
January 1650: In 1649, Russian explorer Erofei Khabarov founded the city of Albazin in the Far East of Russia, in the territory covering the left-bank basin of the Amur River.
January 1726: The Tsardom of Russia expands through the colonization or voluntary entry of Asian tribes and tribal unions.
January 1757: In 1756, the southern part of the Altai Territory, Altai Republic, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Tomsk regions of Russia, and East Kazakhstan region was annexed by the Russian Empire. This event marked the expansion of Russian territory into the Altai region.
January 1757: In 1756, the southern part of the Altai Territory, Altai Republic, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Tomsk regions of Russia, and East Kazakhstan region was annexed by the Qing Dynasty. This event marked a significant expansion of Qing influence in the region.
January 1850: Russian settlers began establishing coal mines, administration facilities, schools, and churches on the island of Sakhalin.
Were a series of military campaigns launched by the Qing dynasty of China in the mid-late 18th century during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor.
5.1.Dzungar-Qing Wars
Were a series of Wars between the Dzungur Khanate and Qing China. The Dzungur Khanate was finally defeated and annexed by China.
5.1.1.First Dzungar-Qing War
Was the first of a series of Wars between the Dzungur Khanate and Qing China.
January 1697: The Battle of Jao Modo effectively incorporated Khalkha Mongolia under Qing rule and relegated Dzungar Mongol forces to Inner Asia until they were finally defeated in 1758.
5.1.2.Third Dzungar-Qing War
Was the third of a series of Wars between the Dzungur Khanate and Qing China.
January 1724: Dzungar uprising in Qinghai on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau.
January 1733: The Qing Empire, led by Emperor Yongzheng, defeated the Dzungars, a Mongol tribe, in 1732 near the Erdene Zuu Monastery in Mongolia. This victory solidified Qing control over the region of Qinghai.
5.1.3.Fourth Dzungar-Qing War
Was the final conquest of the Dzungar Khanate by Qing China.
January 1756: Fourth Dzungar-Qing War(1755): Qing conquest of the Dzungar Khanate and the creation of Xinjiang.
5.2.Sino-Burmese War
Was a war between Qing China and the Konbaung Dynasty of Burma. The war consisted of a series of unsuccesful Chinese invasions of Burma.
5.2.1.First invasion (Sino-Burmese War)
Was the invasion of Burma by the Qing Dynasty, the first of four that form the Sino-Burmese War (1765-1769).
April 1766: In 1766, the Burmese forces, led by King Hsinbyushin, lifted the siege on their territory and pursued the invading Qing forces into Pu'er Prefecture. The Burmese army successfully defeated the Qing forces in Pu'er, marking a significant victory in the conflict between the two powers.
May 1766: Ne Myo Sithu was a Burmese military commander who left a reinforced garrison in all occupied regions in 1766. He returned to Ava, the capital of the Burmese Kingdom, in April of the same year. This event took place during the Qing Dynasty's rule over the territory.
5.2.2.Second invasion (Sino-Burmese War)
Was the invasion of Burma by the Qing Dynasty, the third of four that form the Sino-Burmese War (1765-1769).
January 1768: Burmese commander Ne Myo Sithu retook the city of Bhamo.
January 1768: In 1767, the Burmese armies led by King Hsinbyushin invaded and occupied eight Chinese Shan States within Yunnan. This military action was part of Burma's expansionist policies in the region, leading to tensions with the Qing Dynasty of China.
5.2.3.Third Chinese invasion of Burma
Was the invasion of Burma by the Qing Dynasty, the second of four that form the Sino-Burmese War (1765-1769).
5.2.3.1.Chinese Attack
Was the Chinese invasion of Burma in 1767.
November 1767: Qing general Mingrui's main army occupied the Shan states of Hsenwi and Hsipaw.
5.2.3.2.Burmese counter-attack
Was the Burmese counterattack against the Chinese invasion of 1767.
April 1768: The Battle of Maymyo in 1768 marked the end of the Third Qing Invasion of Burma, led by the Qing Dynasty of China. The battle was fought in March and resulted in the occupation of all regions by the Qing forces.
5.3.Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
Was a military campaign by Qing China to reconquer Xinjiang after the Dungan Revolt in the late 19th century.
January 1866: A major revolt known as the Dungan Revolt occurred in the 1860s and 1870s in Northwest China, and Qing rule almost collapsed in all of Xinjiang except for places such as Tacheng. Taking advantage of this revolt, Yakub Beg, commander-in-chief of the army of Kokand occupied most of Xinjiang and declared himself the Amir of Kashgaria.
September 1876: In August 1876 the Chinese appeared at Urumchi. The place soon surrendered and the garrison was massacred.
November 1876: On 2 September the Qing began the siege of Manas. On 6 November it surrendered.
May 1877: The Chinese withdrew to Toksun.
May 1877: In mid-April Chang Yao marched from Hami and took Pichuan.
May 1877: The Chinese withdrew to Karashar and stayed there a few days.
May 1877: The Chinese fought near Turfan and lost to the Kashgarians.
October 1877: In early October Karashar and Korla were occupied by Chinese forces.
December 1877: On 17 December Kashgar was easily taken by the Qing army.
December 1877: Yarkand, Khotan and other places in Kashgaria submitted to the Qing Dynasty.
Was fought on January 28, 1701 between the Qing and Tibetan armies over the control of the strategic border town of Dartsedo.
January 1701: The Battle of Dartsedo was fought between the Qing and Tibetan armies over the control of the strategic border town of Dartsedo.
Was a revolt in Xinjiang by the followers of Āfāq Khoja, known as the Āfāqī Khojas, against Qing China.
January 1760: The Qing occupied the Altishahr region of Eastern Turkestan which had been settled by the followers of the Muslim political and religious leader Afaq Khoja.
Expansion during the rule of Ranjit Singh in the Sikh Empire.
January 1840: Expansion of the Sikh Empire by 1839.
A period (1839-1949) of foregin interventions in China resulting in the occupation, conquest or lease of large territories by foregin countries.
9.1.Opium Wars
Were two wars between Qing China and the Western powers. The first war was caused by the Chinese prohibition against opium trafficking by British merchants, and the conflicts took their name from this fact.
9.1.1.First Opium War
Was a war between Qing China and the British Empire whose immediate cause was the Chinese prohibition against opium trafficking by British merchants. At the end of the war Hong Kong Island (part of modern-day Hong Kong) was ceded to Britain.
July 1840: British forces captured Chusan.
January 1841: In 1841, during the First Opium War, British forces led by Admiral Sir Hugh Gough and Captain Charles Elliot achieved a significant victory in the Second Battle of Chuenpi. The British fleet destroyed 11 Chinese junks and captured the Humen forts, solidifying their military occupation of the territory.
February 1841: Battle of First Bar.
March 1841: Battle of Whampoa.
March 1841: British attacked Canton, taking the Thirteen Factories (the sole warehouses of Western trade in China at the time).
May 1841: On 25 May, and the British counter-attacked, taking the last four Qing forts above Canton and bombarding the city. The Qing army fled in panic when the city heights were taken, and the British pursued them into the countryside.
May 1841: In 1841, during the First Opium War, British forces led by Captain Charles Elliot occupied Canton after the fighting subsided. This marked a significant moment in the conflict between Britain and China over trade and opium.
May 1841: Following the capture of Canton, the British command and the governor-general of Canton agreed to a cease-fire in the region. Under the terms of the limited peace (later widely referred to as "The Ransom of Canton"), the British were paid to withdraw beyond the Bogue forts, an action they completed by 31 May.
August 1841: Battle of Amoy.
September 1841: The Qing army retook the city of Xiamen and restored order.
October 1841: Chusan had been exchanged for Hong Kong on the authority of Qishan in January 1841, after which the island had been re-garrisoned by the Qing. Fearing that the Chinese would improve the island's defences, the British began a military invasion. The British attacked the Qing on 1 October. The battle of the Second Capture of Chusan ensued. The British forces killed 1500 Qing soldiers and captured Chusan.
October 1841: A British naval force bombarded and captured a fort on the outskirts of Ningbo.
October 1841: During the First Opium War, British forces led by Captain Charles Elliot captured Zhenhai in 1841, enabling them to take control of Ningpo without facing resistance. This military occupation was part of Britain's efforts to secure trading rights and expand their influence in China.
March 1842: When pursuing the retreating Chinese army after the Battle of Ningpo, the British captured the nearby city of Cixi on 15 March.
May 1842: During the First Opium War, British forces led by Captain Charles Elliot captured the strategic port of Zhapu in 1842. This victory allowed Great Britain to establish military occupation in the area.
June 1842: The mouth of the Huangpu River was captured by the British fleet.
June 1842: After the Battle of Woosung, the British captured the towns of Wusong and Baoshan.
June 1842: During the First Opium War, British forces led by Captain Charles Elliot occupied the outskirts of Shanghai in 1842. This military occupation was part of the Treaty of Nanking, which ceded the territory to Great Britain.
July 1842: Battle of Chinkiang.
9.1.1.1.Convention of Chuenpi
Was an agreement between the British Empire and the Qing Dynasty during the First Opium War.
January 1841: In 1841, during the First Opium War, the forts in Chusan were restored to the Qing Dynasty on 21 January. The ceremony was conducted by Captain James Scott, who was serving as the temporary governor of the fort at Chuenpi.
January 1841: British Commodore Bremer took formal possession of Hong Kong.
9.1.1.2.Treaty of Nanking
Was the peace treaty which ended the First Opium War.
June 1843: The Treaty of Nanking was a peace treaty which ended the First Opium War (Great Britain left the territories occupied in Qing China).
9.1.2.Second Opium War
Was a war that saw the Qing Dynasty fighting against the French and British Empires.
May 1850: During the First Battle of Taku Forts on 20 May 1850, British forces led by Admiral Sir James Stirling successfully captured the forts in China. This was part of the larger conflict known as the Second Opium War, where Britain and France sought to expand their influence in the region.
October 1856: In 1856, during the Second Opium War, British forces led by Admiral Sir Michael Seymour bombarded Canton (now Guangzhou) in China. The city walls were breached, allowing British troops to enter and occupy the territory.
November 1856: British forces captured the French Folly Fort.
November 1856: Humen conquered by great britain.
November 1856: In Canton, China, a force of 287 sailors and marines under Commander Andrew H. Foote attacks and captures the barrier forts
January 1857: Battle of Macao Fort.
January 1857: In 1857, during the Second Opium War, the British forces returned to Hong Kong after the territory of Canton was ceded to the Qing Dynasty. This marked a significant event in the ongoing conflict between the British Empire and the Qing Dynasty over trade and territorial control in China.
December 1857: In 1857, during the Second Opium War, the British army under Lord Elgin and the French army under Jean-Baptiste Louis Gros jointly attacked and occupied Canton. This military action was part of the efforts by the two Western powers to exert pressure on the Qing Dynasty in China.
August 1860: With 173 ships from Hong Kong, Anglo-French forces captured the port cities of Yantai and Dalian to seal the Bohai Gulf.
August 1860: Third Battle of Taku Forts.
August 1860: French General Charles Cousin-Montauban and British Admiral Sir James Hope led their respective forces to capture Tianjin on 23 August as part of the Second Opium War.
September 1860: Battle of Zhangjiawan.
September 1860: Battle of Palikao.
9.1.2.1.Treaty of Aigun
On 28 May 1858, the treaty of Aigun was signed between China and Russia to revise the Chinese and Russian border as determined by the Nerchinsk Treaty in 1689. Russia gained the left bank of the Amur River.
9.1.2.2.Four Treaties of Tientsin
In June 1858, the first part of the Second Opium War was ended with the four Treaties of Tientsin, which opened several Chinese ports to foreign trade.
July 1858: In June 1858, the first part of the Second Opium War ended with the four Treaties of Tientsin. The European powers and the U.S. evacuated most of the territories they had occupied in China.
9.1.2.3.Convention of Peking
Was an agreement comprising three distinct treaties concluded between the Qing dynasty of China and Great Britain, France, and the Russian Empire. It was signed at the end of the Second Opium War.
October 1860: After the Convention of Peking, France and Great Britain left most of the territories militarly occupied in China.
October 1860: In 1860, with the Treaty of Beijing, the Russians annexed the Pacific coast down to Vladivostok.
9.2.Concessions in China
During the XIX and XX century China was forced into treaties with foreign powers that established concessions (factually enclaves) in its territory.
November 1846: China leasea a concession the the British in Shanghai.
January 1850: China leases to France a concession in Shanghai.
January 1859: The British briefly occupied Qingniwa during the Second Opium War in 1858.
October 1860: China leases a concession in Tientsin to United Kingdom.
January 1861: Great Britain returned the British Concession in Dalian to Chinese (Qing) control in 1860.
May 1861: China leases a concession in Tientsin to France.
April 1895: China leases a concession in Tientsin to Japan.
October 1895: China leases a concession in Hankow to Germany.
October 1895: China leases a concession in Tientsin to Germany.
June 1896: China leases a concession in Hankow to Russia.
June 1896: China leases a concession in Hankow to France.
November 1897: Establishment of the Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory (Germany).
January 1898: Hangzhou was one of the four ports specified to be opened to the Empire of Japan in the Treaty of Shimonoseki (17 April 1895).
January 1898: Suzhou was one of the four ports specified to be opened to the Empire of Japan in the Treaty of Shimonoseki (17 April 1895).
January 1898: Chongqing was one of the four ports specified to be opened to the Empire of Japan in the Treaty of Shimonoseki (17 April 1895).
March 1898: On 1 November 1897, a band of armed men, who were perhaps members of the Big Swords Society, stormed the residence of a German missionary from the Society of the Divine Word and killed two priests. When Kaiser Wilhelm II received news of these murders, he dispatched the German East Asia Squadron to occupy Jiaozhou Bay. Then the enforcement of the lease agreement of March 6, 1898 with China occurred.
May 1898: The British occupy Weihaiwei (Weihai Wei-hai).
June 1898: New Territories in Hong Kong leased to U.K. by China for 99 years.
July 1898: China leases a concession in Hankow to Japan.
January 1899: One of the four ports specified to be opened to the Empire of Japan in the Treaty of Shimonoseki (17 April 1895).
June 1902: China leases a concession in Tientsin to Italy.
December 1902: The Belgian Concession in Tianjin was established in 1902 after Belgian envoy Maurice Joostens claimed the parcel in the negotiations following the defeat of the Boxer rebels.
December 1902: On December 27, 1902, Austria-Hungary gained a concession zone in Tianjin as part of the reward for its contribution to the Alliance during the Boxer Rebellion.
9.3.Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
Was a punitive expedition launched by the Japanese ostensibly in retaliation for the murder of 54 Ryukyuan sailors by Paiwan aborigines near the southwestern tip of Taiwan in December 1871.
June 1874: Occupation of Taiwan by Japan.
December 1874: In November 1874 the Japanese forces withdrew from Taiwan after the Qing government agreed to an indemnity of 500,000 Kuping taels, or about 18.7 tonnes silver.
9.4.Sino-French War
Was a war between France and Qing China caused by the French military campaigns to conquer Vietnam.
9.4.1.Treaty of Tientsin (1885)
Was the treaty that ended the Sino-French War. Qing China recognized the French protectorate over Vietnam.
9.5.Sino-Japanese Wars
Were two major wars between China and Japan in the XIX and XX centuries.
9.5.1.First Sino-Japanese War
Was a conflict between China and Japan primarily over influence in Korea.
9.5.1.1.Invasion of Mainland China
Was the Japanese invasion of Manchuria and Shandong during the First Sino-Japanese War.
November 1894: Battle of Lushunkou.
February 1895: Battle of Weihaiwei.
March 1895: Battle of Yingkou.
9.5.1.2.Treaty of Shimonoseki
Was a treaty signed in Shimonoseki, Japan on April 17, 1895, between the Empire of Japan and Qing China, ending the First Sino-Japanese War.
April 1895: The Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed on 17 April 1895 by representatives of the Qing Dynasty and the Empire of Japan. It marked the end of the First Sino-Japanese War and resulted in Korea being ceded to the Qing Dynasty.
April 1895: They Qings ceded the Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan and Penghu Islands to Japan.
9.5.1.3.Triple Intervention
Was a diplomatic intervention by Russia, Germany, and France on 23 April 1895 over the harsh terms of the Treaty of Shimonoseki imposed by Japan on the Qing dynasty of China that ended the First Sino-Japanese War.
April 1895: The ceding of Liaodong peninsula was rescinded after the Triple Intervention of 23 April 1895 by Russia, France and Germany. In the aftermath of this intervention, the Russian government pressured the Qing dynasty to lease Liaodong and the strategically important Lüshunkou (Port Arthur) for use by the Russian Navy.
9.6.Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)
After the First Sino-Japanese War, Qing China had officially ceded the island of Taiwan to Japan. However, the people of Taiwan led by Chiu Feng-chia proclaimed an independent Republic, which caused the Japanese invasion, and ultimately its annexion, by Taiwan.
9.6.1.Pescadores campaign (1895)
Was the Japanese military campaign to occupy the Pescadores islands during the Japanese Invasion of Taiwan.
March 1895: After a naval bombardment of the Chinese forts, Japanese troops went ashore on Fisher Island and Penghu Island on 24 March, fought several brief actions with defending Chinese troops, and captured the Hsi-tai battery and Makung.
9.7.Boxer Rebellion
Was an anti-foreign, anti-colonial, and anti-Christian uprising in China between 1899 and 1901. The rebels were known as the "Boxers" in English because many of its members had practiced Chinese martial arts, which at the time were referred to as "Chinese boxing".
9.7.1.Initial revolt of the Boxers
Was the revolt by the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (known as the "Boxers" by western countries) that started the Boxer Rebellion.
October 1899: The "Boxers" called themselves the "Militia United in Righteousness" for the first time one year later, at the Battle of Senluo Temple (October 1899), a clash between Boxers and Qing government troops occurred.
June 1900: In spring 1900, the Boxer movement spread rapidly north from Shandong into the countryside near Beijing.
June 1900: On 11 June, the first Boxer, dressed in his finery, was seen in the Legation Quarter. The German Minister, Clemens von Ketteler, and German soldiers captured a Boxer boy and inexplicably executed him. In response, thousands of Boxers burst into the walled city of Beijing that afternoon and burned many of the Christian churches and cathedrals in the city, burning some victims alive.
9.7.1.1.Siege of the Legation Quarter
The legations of the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, the United States, Russia and Japan were located in the Beijing Legation Quarter south of the Forbidden City. The Chinese army and Boxer irregulars besieged the Legation Quarter during the Boxer Rebellion.
June 1900: The legations of the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, the United States, Russia and Japan were located in the Beijing Legation Quarter south of the Forbidden City. The Chinese army and Boxer irregulars besieged the Legation Quarter from 20 June .
August 1900: The Chinese army and Boxer irregulars besieged the Legation Quarter from 20 June to 14 August 1900.
9.7.2.Seymour Expedition
Was an attempt by a multi-national military force to march to Beijing and relieve the Siege of the Legations durint the Boxer Rebellion.
June 1900: As the Boxer Rebellion more violent, a second multinational force of 2,000 sailors and marines under the command of the British vice-admiral Edward Seymour, the largest contingent being British, was dispatched from Dagu to Beijing on 10 June 1900. The troops were transported by train from Dagu to Tianjin.
June 1900: Battle of Langfang: the Chinese Muslim Kansu Braves and Boxers ambushed and defeating the Eight-Nation Alliance expeditionary army.
9.7.3.Eight Nations Alliance Invasion of China
Was the invasion of Qing China by the Eight-Nation Alliance (formed by the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Japan) during the Boxer Rebellion.
August 1900: Beijing, Tianjin, and other cities in northern China were occupied by the international force.
September 1901: The Boxer Protocol was signed. The Eight Nations Alliance left the territories of Qing China.
September 1901: The Boxer Protocol was signed, and as a result, the Qing Dynasty regained control over the rebellious territories.
9.7.3.1.Russian invasion of Manchuria
Was the Russian invasion of Manchuria, a territory of Qing China, during the Boxer Rebellion.
Was a British punitive expedition that captured the forts along the Pearl River, Guangdong province, China, on 2-3 April 1847.
April 1847: A British punitive expedition captured the forts along the Pearl River, Guangdong province, China.
January 1848: At the end of the expedition in Canton, the British evacuated the regions occpied in China.
Was a civil war that waged in China between the Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the Hakka-led Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. .
January 1851: The Qing government defeated the Taiping Rebellion with the aid of French and British forces.
September 1864: The Taiping Rebellion was a massive rebellion or civil war that was waged in China. Commanded by Hong Xiuquan, the self-proclaimed brother of Jesus, the goals of the Taipings were religious, nationalist, and political in nature. They sought the conversion of the Chinese people to the Taiping's syncretic version of Christianity, the overthrow of the ruling Manchu Dynasty and a transformation of the state. The Taipings established the Heavenly Kingdom as an oppositional state based in Tianjing.
Was a treaty between the Russian Empire and the Qing dynasty that provided for the return to China of the eastern part of the Ili Basin region which had been occupied by Russia since 1871 during the Dungan Revolt.
February 1881: In 1881, the eastern part of the Ili Basin region, Zhetysu, was returned to the Qing Dynasty of China. This decision was made as part of the Treaty of Saint Petersburg, signed by Russian diplomat Nikolay Ignatiev and Chinese statesman Li Hongzhang.
Was a French military campaign to conquer Tonkin and Annam, in Vietnam, that became French protectorates.
13.1.Treaty of Huế
The 1883 and 1884 Treaties of Huế divided the remaining Vietnamese territory into the French protectorates of Annam and Tonkin under nominal Nguyen dynasty rule.
August 1883: The 1883 and 1884 Treaties of Huế divided the remaining Vietnamese territory into the protectorates of Annam and Tonkin under nominal Nguyen dynasty rule.
Was a war between the Japanese Empire and the Russian Empire over the control of Manchuria and Korea.
14.1.Treaty of Portsmouth
The Treaty of Portsmouth formally ended the 1904-05 Russo-Japanese War. Manchuria was given back to Qing China. The southern portion of Sakhalin island was gained by Japan.
September 1905: The former Russian leasehold of Kwantung on the Liaodong Peninsula with the naval port of Port Arthur fell to Japan.
September 1905: The Treaty of Portsmouth formally ended the 1904-05 Russo-Japanese War. China gained Manchuria.
Was a military campaign of the Qing dynasty to establish direct rule in Tibet in early 1910.
February 1910: Chinese military expedition occupies Lhasa on February 12.
February 1910: The 13th Dalai Lama was officially deposed on February, 25th 1910. Tibet, that had been a Chinese protectorate since the XVIII Century, was annexed directly to Qing China.
Was a revolt in Chin that ended China's last imperial dynasty, the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, and led to the establishment of the Republic of China.
February 1912: The Xinhai Revolution ended with the abdication of the six-year-old Qing Emperor, Puyi, on 12 February 1912, that marked the end of 2,000 years of imperial rule and the beginning of China's early republican era.
January 1645: Manchu Expansion by 1644.
January 1660: Manchu Expansion by 1659.
January 1664: The Prince of Lu, a member of the Southern Ming dynasty, resisted the invading Manchu Qing dynasty forces. In 1651, he fled to Kinmen, which the Qing dynasty took in 1663.
September 1683: In 1683, after the Battle of Penghu, Qing troops landed in Taiwan, Zheng Keshuang gave in to the Qing Dynasty's demand for surrender, and his kingdom was incorporated into the Qing Dynasty as part of Fujian province.
September 1683: Nominally, whole taiwan is annexed by the Qing Dynasty.
January 1698: Qing conquest of Mongolia.
January 1699: In 1664, Mu'ege rebelled against Qing China but was quickly put down. The Mu'ege chief An Kun was executed by Wu Sangui and his chiefdom was annexed by Qing China in the same year. An Shengzu died without heir in 1698. In the same year, his chiefdom was fully annexed into the central bureaucratic system of the Qing dynasty.
June 1728: The treaty of Kyakhta was signed in 1728 between the Russian Empire and the Qing Dynasty of China. It established the border between the two empires in Mongolia up to the present-day Russia-Mongolia border.
January 1733: The kingdom was conquered around 1732 by Qing forces under the administration of Emperor Yongzheng.
January 1736: Annexation of northern Shan states by Qing China in the mid-1730s.
January 1740: The Chiefdom of Kokang was officially founded in 1739 by Yang Shien-tsai, marking the beginning of his reign. This territory is located in the green area on the map.
January 1762: The Hunzai's were tributaries and allies to China, acknowledging China as suzerain since 1761.
January 1801: Manchu Expansion by 1800.
January 1821: Expansion of the Qing Dynasty by 1820 after the so-called "Ten Great Campaigns".
January 1824: The Emirate of Afghanistan emerged from the Durrani Empire, when Dost Mohammed Khan, the founder of the Barakzai dynasty in Kabul, became Emir in 1826.
January 1843: The Sikhs reached an agreement with the Tibetans in 1842 under which the Sikh Confederation took possession of the territory south of the Karakoram pass and Pangong lake. The British also recognized this border, which took the name of the Johnson Line.
January 1852: Taipa is occupied by Portugal and added to Macao.
January 1856: Expansion of Russia by 1855 (based on maps).
March 1860: British forces occupy the Kowloon Peninsula.
October 1864: The Treaty of Tarbagatai was a border protocol between Qing China and the Russian Empire that defined most of the western extent of their border in central Asia, between Outer Mongolia and the Khanate of Kokand.
January 1865: Portoguese occupation of Coloane.
January 1865: The Ili Sultanate was a state formation on the territory of Eastern Turkestan in the Ili region, Xinjiang province of the Qing Empire of China during the Dungan uprising.
January 1885: Zheltuga organized as a self-governing association by gold seeking adventurers called Zheltuga Republic self-styled "Amur California". However it was not recognized by China or Russia.
February 1886: The Zheltuga Republic was destroyed by Qing Chinese troops.
January 1895: Boundary treaty between Great Britain and China in 1894.
January 1895: Expansion of the Russian Empire by 1894 (based on maps).
January 1895: Wa territories became part of China due to the British-Chinese boundary convention.
April 1898: Guangzhouwan was a small enclave on the southern coast of China ceded by Qing China to France as a leased territory and administered as an outlier of French Indochina.
January 1901: Mong Lem was annexed by China in the late 19th century.
December 1911: The Tuvan separatist movement proclaimed a republic in 1911 during the Xinhai Revolution and the Mongolian Revolution.
December 1911: The Mongolian Revolution of 1911 (Outer Mongolian Revolution of 1911) occurred when the region of Outer Mongolia declared its independence from the Qing dynasty during the Xinhai Revolution.
Disestablishment
February 1912: The Xinhai Revolution ended with the abdication of the six-year-old Qing Emperor, Puyi, on 12 February 1912, that marked the end of 2,000 years of imperial rule and the beginning of China's early republican era.
Selected Sources
Fredriksen, J.C. (2010): Chronology of American Military History - Volume 1, Facts On File, p.400
Li, M.L. (2012): The Garden of perfect brightness - 1 The Yuanmingyuan as Imperial Paradise (1700-1860). Massachusetts Institue of Technology. Retrieved on 7 April on https://visualizingcultures.mit.edu/garden_perfect_brightness/ymy1_essay01.html
The Opening to China Part I: the First Opium War, the United States, and the Treaty of Wangxia, 1839–1844. Office of the Historian. Retrieved on 30 march 2024 on https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/china-1
Thet, K. (1962): History of Union of Burma, Yangon (Myanmar), pp. 310-314
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Qing Dynasty
