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The cluster includes all the forms of the country since the Shang Dynasty..
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Xia Dynasty
Shang Dynasty
Zhou Dynasty
Qin
Han (Warring State)
Han Dynasty
Jin dynasty (266-420)
Sui Dynasty
Tang Dynasty
Song Dynasty
Yuan Dynasty
Ming Dynasty
Qing Dynasty
Republic of China
Empire of China
People's Republic of China
Establishment
January 2069 BC: The Chinese Dynasty of the Xia existed between 2070 and 1600 BC.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
A conflict between the Chinese Xia and Shang dynasties, resulting in the collapse of the Xia dynasty.
January 1599 BC: The Battle of Mingtiao, where the Xia dynasty was defeated by the Shang dynasty, led to the collapse of the Xia dynasty which was absorbed by the Shang Dynasty.
The Zhou dynasty conquered the Shang dynasty.
January 1045 BC: Battle of Muye: The Zhou army, led by Ji Fa, defeated the defending Shang army at Muye and captured the Shang capital Yin, ending the Shang dynasty. This victory led to the establishment of the Zhou dynasty.
Was a civil war, instigated by an alliance of discontent Zhou princes, Shang loyalists, vassal states and other non-Zhou peoples against the Western Zhou government.
January 1041 BC: After the fall of the Shang dynasty, King Wu of Zhou had appointed his brothers Guanshu, Caishu and Huoshu as the "Three Guards" of the East to secure the newly conquered Shang lands. After his death and his young son King Cheng's coronation, King Wu's brother Dan, the Duke of Zhou, declared himself regent and took over the court. This aroused the anger of the Three Guards who suspected Dan of usurpation and thus seceded in the Eastern Territories.
January 1040 BC: Aided by the military strategists Lü Shang, the loyalists exterminated the Shang loyalists in the second year of the rebellion after hard fighting that saw the complete destruction of Yin and the death of Prince Wu Geng. The Three Guards' main force was also defeated, and Guanshu Xian and Huoshu Chu were captured, while Caishu Du fled into exile or was banished.
3.1.Annexation of external allies of the Three Guards
After crushing the rebellion of the three guards the Duke of Zhou conquered the regions of Feng and Pugu, that were allied with the rebels.
January 1040 BC: The Duke of Zhou campaigned against the eastern rebel allies that were located beyond the Zhou kingdom's borders. Shortly after the Three Guards' defeat, the loyalists advanced into Shandong, with Duke of Zhou personally commanding the conquest of Feng and Pugu.
January 1039 BC: In the war's third year, the Zhou royal army led by King Cheng and Duke of Zhou conducted a punitive expedition against the Huai peoples and thereupon attacked Yan again, finally defeating it.
Were a series of military campaigns launched in the late 3rd century BC by the Qin state against the other six major Chinese states, leading to the unification of China under the Qin dynasty.
January 220 BC: The conquests of Qin were complete in 221 BC.
4.1.Conquest of Zhao
Was a military campaign by the Qin Dynasty that led to the conquest of the state of Zhao.
January 235 BC: While Zhao was attacking Yan, Qin used the opportunity to send two separate forces to invade Zhao. The Qin army led by Wang Jian conquered the Zhao territories of Eyu, and Liaoyang, while the other Qin army under the command of Huan Yi and Yang Duanhe captured Ye and Anyang. Zhao lost nine cities and its military prowess was weakened.
January 232 BC: In 233 BC, Huan Yi's army crossed Mount Taihang and conquered the Zhao territories of Chili, both located southeast of present-day Shijiazhuang, Hebei.
January 231 BC: In 232 BC, the Qin forces led by the famous general Wang Jian split into two groups to attack the territories of Fanwu and Langmeng. However, they were ultimately defeated by the local forces, marking a significant setback for the Qin dynasty's expansion efforts.
February 231 BC: In -232 BC, the Qin forces led by General Wang Jian split into two groups to attack the states of Fanwu and Langmeng, which were part of the Zhao territory. However, they were ultimately defeated by the Zhao forces led by Lian Po and Lin Xiangru.
November 228 BC: Zhao Cong was killed in action while Yan Ju escaped after his defeat. Seven months later, Qin forces occupied Handan and captured King Qian, bringing an end to Zhao's existence.
4.2.Conquest of Han
Was a military campaign by the Qin Dynasty that led to the conquest of the state of Han.
January 229 BC: In 230 BC, the Qin army led by Neishi Teng moved south, crossed the Yellow River, and conquered Zheng, the capital of Han.
4.3.Conquest of Dai
Was a military campaign by the Qin Dynasty that led to the conquest of the state of Dai.
January 221 BC: In 222 BC, Dai was conquered by the Qin army led by Wang Jian's son, Wang Ben.
4.4.Conquest of Yan
Was a military campaign by the Qin Dynasty that led to the conquest of the state of Yan.
January 225 BC: Using the assassination attempt as an excuse, Ying Zheng ordered Wang Jian to lead an army to attack Yan, with Meng Wu serving as Wang Jian's deputy. The Qin forces defeated the Yan army.
January 221 BC: In 222 BC, the Qin army led by Wang Ben join Li Xin and invaded Liaodong and destroyed Yan's remaining forces.
4.5.Conquest of Wei
Was a military campaign by the Qin Dynasty that led to the conquest of the state of Wei.
January 224 BC: Wei was conquered by Qin.
4.6.Conquest of Wuyue
Was a military campaign by the Qin Dynasty that led to the conquest of the state of Wuyue.
January 222 BC: The following year, Wang Jian and Meng Wu led the Qin army to attack the Wuyue region (covering present-day Zhejiang and Jiangsu), which was inhabited by the Baiyue, and captured the descendants of the royal family of the ancient Yue state. The conquered Wuyue territories became the Qin Empire's Kuaiji Commandery.
4.7.Conquest of Chu
Was a military campaign by the Qin Dynasty that led to the conquest of the state of Chu.
January 222 BC: In 223 BC, Qin launched another attack on Chu and captured Shouchun, the capital of Chu. Fuchu, the king of Chu, was captured and Chu was annexed by Qin.
4.8.Conquest of Qi
Was a military campaign by the Qin Dynasty that led to the conquest of the state of Qi.
January 220 BC: Qi surrendered to Qin.
Was a military campaign of the Qin Dynasty against the Xiongnu.
January 214 BC: After a military campaign led by General Meng Tian, the region was conquered in 215 BC and agriculture was established.
January 214 BC: In 215 BC, Qin Shi Huangdi ordered General Meng Tian to set out against the Xiongnu tribes. Meng Tian succeeded in defeating the Xiongnu, driving them from the Ordos and seizing their homeland.
Was a military campaign of the Qin Dynasty against the Yue.
January 213 BC: Qin campaign against the Yue tribes.
January 213 BC: It would take five successive military excursions before the Qin finally defeated the Yue in 214 BC.
Was an insurrection in the Qin Empire that lead to its demise.
January 205 BC: After the fall of the Qin Dynasty, military leader Xiang Yu divided China into Eighteen Kingdoms. Among these, Hengshan was established in eastern Hubei, Jiangxi.
January 205 BC: After the fall of the Qin Dynasty, military leader Xiang Yu divided China into Eighteen Kingdoms. Among these, Western Chu was established in Jiangsu, northern Anhui, northern Zhejiang, eastern and southern Henan.
January 205 BC: After the fall of the Qin Dynasty, military leader Xiang Yu divided China into Eighteen Kingdoms. Among these, the Han Dynasty was established in Sichuan, Chongqing, and southern Shaanxi.
January 205 BC: After the fall of the Qin Dynasty, military leader Xiang Yu divided China into Eighteen Kingdoms. Among these, Yong was established in central Shaanxi and eastern Gansu.
January 205 BC: After the fall of the Qin Dynasty, military leader Xiang Yu divided China into Eighteen Kingdoms. Among these, Sai was established in northeastern Shaanxi.
January 205 BC: After the fall of the Qin Dynasty, military leader Xiang Yu divided China into Eighteen Kingdoms. Among these, Di was established in northern Shaanxi.
January 205 BC: After the fall of the Qin Dynasty, military leader Xiang Yu divided China into Eighteen Kingdoms. Among these, Hann was established in southwestern Henan.
January 205 BC: After the fall of the Qin Dynasty, military leader Xiang Yu divided China into Eighteen Kingdoms. Among these, Dai was established in northern Shanxi and northwestern Hebei.
January 205 BC: After the fall of the Qin Dynasty, military leader Xiang Yu divided China into Eighteen Kingdoms. Among these, Henan was established in northwestern Henan.
January 205 BC: After the fall of the Qin Dynasty, military leader Xiang Yu divided China into Eighteen Kingdoms. Among these, Changshan was established in central Hebei.
January 205 BC: After the fall of the Qin Dynasty, military leader Xiang Yu divided China into Eighteen Kingdoms. Among these, Yin was established in northern Henan and southern Hebei.
January 205 BC: After the fall of the Qin Dynasty, military leader Xiang Yu divided China into Eighteen Kingdoms. Among these, Western Wei was established in southern Shanxi.
January 205 BC: After the fall of the Qin Dynasty, military leader Xiang Yu divided China into Eighteen Kingdoms. Among these, Linjiang was established in western Hubei and northern Hunan.
January 205 BC: After the fall of the Qin Dynasty, military leader Xiang Yu divided China into Eighteen Kingdoms. Among these, Yan was established in northern Hebei, Beijing, and Tianjin.
January 205 BC: After the fall of the Qin Dynasty, military leader Xiang Yu divided China into Eighteen Kingdoms. Among these, Liaodong was established in southern Liaoning.
January 205 BC: After the fall of the Qin Dynasty, military leader Xiang Yu divided China into Eighteen Kingdoms. Among these, the State of Qi was established in western and central Shandong.
January 205 BC: After the fall of the Qin Dynasty, military leader Xiang Yu divided China into Eighteen Kingdoms. Among these, Jibei was established in northern Shandong.
January 205 BC: After the fall of the Qin Dynasty, military leader Xiang Yu divided China into Eighteen Kingdoms. Among these, Jiaodong was established in eastern Shandong.
January 205 BC: After the fall of the Qin Dynasty, military leader Xiang Yu divided China into Eighteen Kingdoms. Among these, Jiujiang was established in central and southern Anhui.
Was a war between the two most powerful successors of the Qin Dynasty, Western Chu and Han, won by the latter which was able to reunite China.
April 205 BC: Sima Xin (King of Sai), Dong Yi (King of Di) and Shen Yang (King of Henan) surrendered to Liu Bang.
April 205 BC: Zheng Chang (King of Hán) refused to submit to Liu Bang and was defeated by Han Xin in battle.
May 205 BC: In the fourth month of 205 BC, Xiang Yu defeated Tian Rong at Chengyang.
October 205 BC: In the ninth month, Wei Bao personally led an attack on Han Xin but lost the battle and was captured. When he offered to surrender, Liu Bang accepted his surrender and appointed him as a general.
January 204 BC: When Xiang Yu received news that Liu Bang had occupied Pengcheng, he led 30,000 troops to retake Pengcheng. Liu Bang was caught off guard and his army suffered heavy casualties and his family members were captured by Chu forces. After the battle, Han lost its territorial gains in Chu and the support of its allies.
January 204 BC: In the eighth month, Chu's capital, Pengcheng, fell to a coalition force led by Liu Bang.
January 204 BC: Liu Bang was the founder and first emperor of the Han Dynasty in China. The Chu-Han Contention was a power struggle between Liu Bang and Xiang Yu of the Chu Kingdom for control of China after the fall of the Qin Dynasty. Liu Bang emerged victorious and established the Han Dynasty in -205.
January 204 BC: Liu Bang was the founder and first emperor of the Han Dynasty in China. The Chu-Han Contention was a power struggle between Liu Bang and Xiang Yu of the Chu state for control of China after the fall of the Qin Dynasty. Liu Bang emerged victorious and established the Han Dynasty in -205.
January 204 BC: Liu Bang was the founder and first emperor of the Han Dynasty in China. The Chu-Han Contention was a power struggle between Liu Bang and Xiang Yu of the Chu state following the collapse of the Qin Dynasty. Liu Bang emerged victorious and established the Han Dynasty in -205 in Yong.
January 204 BC: In -205, Liu Bang, a prominent military leader of the Han Dynasty, sent an envoy to meet with Ying Bu, the King of Jiujiang. Ying Bu agreed to support Liu Bang and rebelled against Western Chu, ultimately leading to the territory of Jiujiang falling under the control of the Han Dynasty.
January 203 BC: In 204 BC, the Yan kingdom surrendered to Han Xin.
January 203 BC: The Battle of Wei River was fought in 204 BC between the Han and a combined force of Qi and Western Chu. The result ended with Han Xin conquering the Qi kingdom.
January 203 BC: Battle of Si River: Han forces conquer Chenggao.
January 203 BC: During the Chu-Han Contention, Liu Bang, the founder of the Han dynasty, broke out of the siege at Chenggao and escaped to Zhao. This event marked a crucial moment in his struggle against Xiang Yu of Western Chu for control of China.
January 203 BC: Xiang Yu defeats Peng Yue, and conquers Xingyang.
January 203 BC: Xiang Yu defeats Peng Yue, conquers Xingyang.
January 203 BC: Peng Yue defeats Chu forces at Xiapi.
January 201 BC: Following many battles and changing alliances, the Hàn kingdom defeated Chu and subdued all other kingdoms.
Was a series of military battles fought between the Han Empire and the nomadic Xiongnu confederation.
January 127 BC: In 128 BC, General Wei Qing, a prominent military leader of the Han Dynasty, led 30,000 men to battle against the Xiongnu tribes in the regions north of Yanmen. The Han Dynasty emerged victorious, expanding their territory and solidifying their power in the region.
February 127 BC: In -127 BC, following the victory at Yanmen, General Wei Qing of the Han Dynasty expanded the territory by conquering regions north of Yanmen from the Xiongnu Confederation. This military success solidified Wei Qing's reputation as a skilled military leader.
January 126 BC: General Wei Qing captured the Ordos Desert region from the Xiongnu in 127 BC.
January 126 BC: In 127 BC the Xiongnu invaded Liaoxi, killing its governor.
December 126 BC: In the autumn of 126 BC, the Xiongnu raided Dai.
January 125 BC: In 126 BC, the Xiongnu Confederation, led by the powerful leader Modu Chanyu, dispatched three separate forces of 30,000 soldiers each to launch raids on the territories of Dai, Dinxiang, and Shang. This military campaign was part of the Xiongnu's expansionist efforts in the region.
January 125 BC: End of Xiongnu raid in Dai.
January 125 BC: In -126, General Wei Qing of the Han Dynasty led 30,000 men into Mongolia, defeating the Xiongnu forces of the Tuqi King. They captured 15,000 men and 10 tribal chiefs in the battle.
February 125 BC: In 126 BC, the Xiongnu, a nomadic confederation from Central Asia, sent three forces of 30,000 troops each to raid the territories of Dai, Dinxiang, and Shang. The Han Dynasty, led by Emperor Wu, eventually defeated the Xiongnu and expanded their territory.
February 125 BC: General Wei Qing advanced from Gaoque into Mongolia with 30,000 men and inflicted defeat to the Xiongnu forces of the Tuqi King and captured 15,000 men along with 10 tribal chiefs.
January 123 BC: The Han court, led by Emperor Wu of Han, sent expeditions into Mongolia in 124 BC with over 100,000 troops. This was part of their efforts to expand their territory and establish control over the region, ultimately leading to the incorporation of Mongolia into the Han Dynasty.
February 123 BC: The Han court, led by Emperor Wu of Han, sent expeditions into Mongolia in 124 BC to confront the Xiongnu Confederation. The Xiongnu were a powerful nomadic group that posed a threat to Han territory in northern China. The Han military campaigns aimed to assert control over the region and protect their borders.
January 122 BC: During the spring of 123 BC, General Wei Qing, a prominent military leader of the Han Dynasty, led an army to Mongolia to launch an offensive against the Xiongnu, a nomadic confederation that posed a threat to the Han Dynasty's northern borders.
February 122 BC: During the spring of 123 BC, General Wei Qing, a prominent military leader of the Han Dynasty, led an army to Mongolia to launch an offensive against the Xiongnu Confederation, a powerful nomadic empire that posed a threat to Han China's northern borders.
January 120 BC: Chinese general Huo Qubing expelled the Xiongnu from the Qilian Mountains in 121 BC.
January 118 BC: In 119 BC the Han attacked the heart of Xiongnu territory.
January 118 BC: The Battle of Mobei in 119 BC was a military conflict between the Han Dynasty of China and the Xiongnu nomadic empire. The Han forces, led by General Wei Qing and his nephew Huo Qubing, invaded the northern regions of the Gobi Desert in present-day Orkhon Valley.
February 118 BC: The Battle of Mobei in 119 BC was a significant military conflict between the Han Dynasty of China and the Xiongnu Confederation in the northern regions of the Gobi Desert. The Han forces were led by Emperor Wu of Han, while the Xiongnu were under the leadership of their chanyu, Laoshang.
January 110 BC: In 111 BC, the Han Dynasty, led by Emperor Wu, successfully defended the Hexi Corridor from a large invasion force consisting of Qiang and Xiongnu warriors. This victory helped maintain Han control over the strategic corridor and prevented incursions into Chinese territory.
February 110 BC: In -110 BC, the Han Dynasty successfully defended the Hexi Corridor from a large Qiang-Xiongnu allied force. This victory was a significant achievement for the Han Dynasty, led by Emperor Wu, in maintaining control over the strategic corridor in northwest China.
January 107 BC: The Han submitted the king of Loulan.
January 107 BC: General Zhao Ponu was sent on an expedition in 108 BC to conquer Jushi, a critical economic and military stronghold of the Xiongnu in the Western Regions.
January 100 BC: The refusal of the Dayuan kingdom, a nation centered in Ferghana, to provide the Han empire with the horses and the execution of a Han envoy led to conflict. The Han forces brought Dayuan into submission in 101 BC.
January 100 BC: The Han empire brought the state of Kangju into tributary submission between 108 and 101 BC.
January 100 BC: The Han empire, under the rule of Emperor Wu, expanded its territory by bringing the states of Loulan, Jushi, Luntai, Dayuan, and Kangju into tributary submission between 108 and 101 BC. This expansion helped solidify Han Dynasty's power and influence in the region.
January 99 BC: The various states of the "Western Regions", including Karasahr, were controlled by the nomadic Xiongnu, but later came under the influence of the Han dynasty, following a Han show of force against Dayuan (Fergana) in the late 2nd century BC.
January 71 BC: In 72 BC, the joint forces of the Wusun and Han invaded the territory of the Luli King of the Right. Around 40,000 Xiongnu people and many of their livestock were captured before their city was sacked after the battle.
February 71 BC: In 72 BC, the joint forces of the Wusun and Han invaded the territory of the Luli King of the Right. Around 40,000 Xiongnu people and many of their livestock were captured before their city was sacked after the battle.
January 59 BC: In or about 60 BC, the Han—ruled at the time by Emperor Xuan—defeated Xiongnu forces at the Battle of Jushi, during the Han-Xiongnu War. Afterwards the main part of the Jushi lands was divided into two states.
January 59 BC: From roughly 115 to 60 BC, Han forces fought the Xiongnu over control of the oasis city-states in the Tarim Basin. Han was eventually victorious and established the Protectorate of the Western Regions in 60 BC.
January 35 BC: After Zhizhi Chanyu (r. 56-36 BC) had inflicted serious losses against his rival Huhanye Chanyu (r. 58-31 BC), Huhanye and his supporters debated whether to request military protection and become a Han vassal. In 53 BC, Huhanye decided to do so and surrendered to the reign of the Han empire. The Han forces besieged and defeated the forces of Zhizhi Chanyu, and afterwards beheaded him.
February 35 BC: After Zhizhi Chanyu (r. 56-36 BC) had inflicted serious losses against his rival Huhanye Chanyu (r. 58-31 BC), Huhanye and his supporters debated whether to request military protection and become a Han vassal. In 53 BC, Huhanye decided to do so and surrendered to the reign of the Han empire. The Han forces besieged and defeated the forces of Zhizhi Chanyu, and afterwards beheaded him.
January 26: During the winter 10 to 11 AD, Han official Wang Mang amassed 300,000 troops along the northern frontier, which forced the Xiongnu to launch a large-scale attack in the Tarim Basin.
February 26: The Xiongnu forces left the Tarim Basin after a raid against Han official Wang Mang.
January 49: Eight tribes of the Ordos region rebelled under their leader Khukhenye (also known as Pi) against Pu-nu of Southern Xiongnu and submitted to the Emperor of China.
January 51: The Han took control of the Southern Xiongnu under Bi.
January 64: China lost control over the Tarim Basin, which was conquered by the Northern Xiongnu in AD 63.
January 64: Xiongnu's occupation of the Hexi Corridor in Gansu.
January 74: The Han campaigns were military expeditions led by the Han dynasty of China against the Xiongnu nomadic empire. The Northern Xiongnu, led by Chanyu, retreated to Dzungaria, a region in Central Asia, after facing defeat in 73 AD.
9.1.Han invasion of the Xiongnu
Xiongnu invaded what is now Shanxi province, where they defeated the Han forces at Baideng in 200 BC.
January 199 BC: Xiongnu invaded what is now Shanxi province, where they defeated the Han forces at Baideng in 200 BC.
February 199 BC: Xiongnu invaded what is now Shanxi province, where they defeated the Han forces at Baideng in 200 BC.
9.2.Battle of Yiwulu
In 73 AD, Han General Dou Gu and his army departed from Jiuquan and advanced towards the Northern Xiongnu, defeating the Northern Xiongnu and pursuing them as far as Lake Barkol.
January 74: In 73 AD, General Dou Gu and his army departed from Jiuquan and advanced towards the Northern Xiongnu, defeating the Northern Xiongnu and pursuing them as far as Lake Barkol before establishing a garrison at Hami.
9.3.Destruction of the Xiongnu state
In 89 AD, General Dou Xian led a Han expedition against the Northern Xiongnu. The Han victory in the campaign resulted in the destruction of the Xiongnu state.
July 89: In 89 AD, General Dou Xian, a prominent military leader of the Han Dynasty, led an expedition against the Northern Xiongnu in Kumul/Hami (Xinjiang). The successful campaign resulted in the destruction of the Xiongnu state, solidifying Han control in the region.
Were a series of three Han military campaigns dispatched against the Minyue state.
January 110 BC: Dongyue annexed by the Han Empire.
10.1.First Intervention (Han campaigns against Minyue)
Han military campaign in response to Minyue's invasion of Eastern Ou.
January 137 BC: In 138 BC, Han naval force led by Zhuang Zhu departed from Shaoxing towards Minyue. The Minyue, led by King Zouman, surrendered before Han troops arrived, leading to their withdrawal from Eastern Ou.
10.2.Second Han campaign against Minyue
Han military campaign to intervene in a war between Minyue and Nanyue.
January 134 BC: An army led by the generals Wang Hui and Han Anguo was ordered to invade Minyue. Panicked at news of an invasion, the younger brother of the Minyue king Zou Ying, Zou Yushan, conspired with the royal court to depose Ying. Yushan killed his brother with a spear, decapitated the corpse, and sent the head to Wang. The Han forces withdrew soon after. After the assassination, Minyue was succeeded by a state divided into a dual monarchy composed of the kingdom of Minyue, controlled by a Han proxy ruler, and the kingdom of Dongyue, ruled by Zou Yushan.
Was a military conflict between the Han Empire and the Nanyue kingdom in modern Guangdong, Guangxi, and Northern Vietnam.
January 110 BC: The Han forces launched a punitive campaign against Nanyue and conquered it in 111 BC.
Was a series of military campaigns and expeditions by the Chinese Han dynasty against the Kingdom of Dian in modern Yunnan.
January 108 BC: Dian was placed under Han rule in 109 BC, after Emperor Han Wudi dispatched an army against the kingdom as the empire expanded southward.
The Han conquest of Gojoseon was a campaign launched by Emperor Wu of Han China against Wiman Joseon between 109 and 108 BCE.
January 107 BC: In 108 BC, the Han dynasty of China invaded and conquered Wiman Joseon.
Was a military campaign launched by the Western Jin dynasty against the Eastern Wu dynasty in 280 at the end of the Three Kingdoms period (220-280) of China. The campaign concluded with the fall of Eastern Wu and the reunification of China proper under the Western Jin dynasty.
14.1.Battles midstream and downstream of the Yangtze River
Were the battles midstream and downstream of the Yangtze River during the invasion the Eastern Wu Dynasty by the Western Jin Dynasty.
February 280: Wang Hun was a general of the Jin dynasty, who launched a military campaign in mid February 280 to conquer territories previously held by the Wu kingdom. Xunyang, Gaowang, and Laixiang were strategic locations that fell under Jin control during this campaign.
April 280: Wang Jun's 80,000 strong army reached Niuzhu.
May 280: In 279, Jin forces led by Du Yu, Wang Jun and others attacked Wu from six directions. Sun Hao attempted to put up resistance by sending his armies to fight the Jin invaders, but the Wu forces suffered several consecutive defeats and even the Wu chancellor, Zhang Ti, was killed in action. Seeing that Wu was doomed to fall, Sun Hao surrendered to the Jin dynasty on 31 May 280, marking the end of Wu and the end of the Three Kingdoms period.
14.2.Upstream of the Yangtze River
Were the battles upstream of the Yangtze River during the invasion the Eastern Wu Dynasty by the Western Jin Dynasty.
March 280: By early March 280, Wang Jun's army had taken Danyang from Wu.
March 280: Jin forces, led by the emperor Sima Yan, conquered Xiling in 280. Xiling was a strategic territory located northwest of present-day Yichang, Hubei. This victory further expanded the Jin dynasty's control in the region.
March 280: Jingmen and Yidao (present-day Yidu, Hubei) fell under Jin control.
April 280: The victorious Jin fleet, led by the general Wang Jun, continued its offensive against Lexiang, defeating the local Wu forces commanded by Sun Hao. This marked a significant victory for the Jin dynasty in their campaign to expand their territory.
April 280: With the exception of Jianping, which was defended by Wu Yan, the Administrator of Jianping, all other territories of Wu on the upper Yangtze River had fallen under the Jin dynasty's control.
April 280: The Administrator of Wuchang, Sun Hao, lost his will to resist and surrendered without a fight to the Jin dynasty in 280. Sun Hao was the last emperor of the Eastern Wu state during the Three Kingdoms period in China.
Were a series of military campaigns by Former Qin, a Chinese polity during the Sixteen Kingdoms Era, that led to the conquest of northern China.
January 371: Fu Jian subjugated the nomadic Qiang tribes in 370.
January 374: In 373, Fu Jian seized Sichuan.
January 380: In 379, Xiangyang was conquered by the Former Qin dynasty under the rule of the emperor Fu Jian. Xiangyang was an important strategic city located in present-day Hubei province, China.
January 382: By 381, Former Qin emperor Fu Jian had united all of North China under his control.
January 384: Shouchun fell to the Qin vanguard (250,000) under Fu Rong.
Were a series of invasions launched by the Sui dynasty of China against Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
16.1.First Goguryeo-Sui War
First invasion launched by the Sui dynasty of China against Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
January 599: Sui emperor Yangdi attacked the Korean borders in 598.
February 599: The Koreans successfully managed to repel the forces of Sui.
March 599: Liao River area annexed to the Sui Dynasty.
16.2.Second Goguryeo-Sui War
Second invasion launched by the Sui dynasty of China against Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
January 613: The Sui navy reached Daedong River Bay before the army. Seeing that the hostile army still did not show up, Lai Huni decided to send a contingent of soldiers to the capital. When the soldiers arrived in Pyongyang, they found it deserted and began to loot it.
January 613: Yeongyang abandoned the buffer zone it had acquired after the 598 war, as that zone was unsuitable for facing a large army. The troops retreated behind Goguryeo to what is now known as the Liao River.
January 613: When the general of the Sui Dynasty arrived in Pyongyang, the Koreans set up an ambush.
16.3.Third Goguryeo-Sui War
Third invasion launched by the Sui dynasty of China against Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
January 614: In 613, Emperor Yangdi of the Sui Dynasty attempted a second invasion of the Goguryeo border region but was once again defeated and forced to retreat without achieving his objectives. This marked a victory for the Goguryeo Kingdom and its ruler, King Yeongyang.
February 614: In 613, Emperor Yangdi of the Sui Dynasty attempted a second invasion of the Goguryeo border region but was once again defeated and forced to retreat without achieving his objectives. This marked a victory for the Goguryeo Kingdom and its ruler, King Yeongyang.
16.4.Fourth Sui Invasion of Goguryeo
Fourth invasion launched by the Sui dynasty of China against Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
January 615: Sui emperor Yangdi attacked the Korean borders again in 614, this time managing to neutralize the first line of defenses.
February 615: Sui forces had to halt their advance in Korea due to constant ambushes and disruption of supplies.
Was a military conflict between the Chinese Sui dynasty and the Vietnamese Former Lý dynasty in 602, that resulted in the Chinese occupation of the latter.
January 603: In 602, General Liu Fang led his army in the invasion of Vạn Xuân. Surrender of Lý Phật Tử to Sui.
Was an invasion launched by the Chinese Sui dynasty against the Cham kingdom of Lâm Ấp in 605.
January 606: The Sui-Lâm Ấp war was an invasion launched by the Chinese Sui dynasty against the Cham kingdom of Lâm Ấp in 605.
A unity war against the armed separatist regimes established in various parts of the Central Plains in the late Sui Dynasty after the establishment of the Tang Dynasty.
June 618: In winter 617, Li Yuan occupied Chang'an, relegated Emperor Yang to the position of Taishang Huang or retired emperor, and acted as regent to the puppet child-emperor, Yang You. On the news of Emperor Yang's murder by General Yuwen Huaji on June 18, 618, Li Yuan declared himself the emperor of a new dynasty, the Tang.
Military campaigns of Chinese Tang emperor Tai Zong.
February 624: In 624, the Tang Dynasty gained control of the Gansu Region after defeating the Tuyuhun people led by Chai Shao. The Tuyuhun were a group of mixed Xianbei and Qiang descent from Qinghai Province.
January 628: Expansion of the Tang by 627 AD.
January 631: Eastern Turkic Khaganate conquered by Tang Dynasty. Only the part that became the Anbey Protectorate was annexed.
January 636: Expansion of the Tang Dynasty by 635 AD.
September 640: Hou Junji was a general of the Tang Dynasty, known for his military campaigns in the Western Regions. Gaochang was a kingdom located in present-day Xinjiang, China. The establishment of Xi Prefecture in place of Gaochang solidified Tang control over the region in 640.
January 641: The Protectorate General to Pacify the West (Anxi Grand Protectorate), initially the Protectorate to Pacify the West (Anxi Protectorate), was established by the Tang dynasty in 640 to control the Tarim Basin.
January 641: Expansion of the Tang Dynasty by 640 AD.
January 646: Tang forces reconquered the Anbey protectorate.
January 647: In 647, the Tang Dynasty expanded its territory by annexing the Anbei Protectorate, which was previously under the rule of the Xuyantuo Khanate. This conquest was part of the Tang Dynasty's efforts to consolidate its power and control over the region.
January 648: Expansion of the Tang Dynasty by 647 AD.
January 648: Establishment of the Chanyu Protectorate by the Tang.
September 648: The Xueyantuo Khanate was destroyed by the Tang.
January 649: Expansion of the Tang Dynasty by 648 AD.
20.1.Campaigns against the Tarim Basin oasis states
Were a series of campaigns by Tang China against the petty kingdoms of the Tarim Basin.
20.2.First conflict of the Goguryeo-Tang War
Was the first stage of the Goguryeo-Tang War.
Was a military campaign by Emperor Taizong of Tang against the state Tuyuhun, whose Busabuo Khan Murong Fuyun constantly challenged Tang authority in the border regions.
January 635: The Tuyuhun Kingdom becomes a vassal of Tang China.
Were the conquests by Tibetan emperor Songtsen Gampo that resulted in Tibet reaching approximately its largest extent.
January 637: In 635-36, the Tibetan Emperor Songtsen Gampo attacked and defeated the Tuyuhun tribe, led by Murong Nuohebo, who controlled trade routes into China from the region around Lake Koko Nur. This victory expanded the Tibetan Empire's territory.
January 637: In 636, the Chinese region of Songzhou, led by General Xue Rengui, faced off against the Tibetan Empire. Tibetan sources claim the Chinese army had 100,000 soldiers, while the Chinese reported over 200,000 men. Ultimately, Songzhou fell to the Tibetan Empire.
Were the many wars fought by the Chinese Tang Empire and the Tibetan Empire.
23.1.1st war with Tibet
Was the first war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
February 639: Emperor Taizong of Tang was a prominent ruler of the Tang Dynasty in China, known for his military conquests and diplomatic skills. Songtsen Gampo was the Tibetan emperor who sought a marriage alliance with the Tang Dynasty. The attack on Songzhou in 639 was a result of the refusal of the marriage alliance by Emperor Taizong.
23.2.2nd war with Tibet
Was the second war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 660: In 659, the Tibetan Empire, under the leadership of Su Dingfang, sent 80,000 soldiers to attack the Heyuan River in modern Qinghai Province. However, they were surprisingly defeated by only 1,000 troops led by Su Dingfang.
February 660: In 659, the Tibetan Empire, led by Songtsen Gampo, sent 80,000 soldiers to attack Heyuan River in Qinghai Province. They were defeated by only 1,000 troops under the command of Tang Dynasty general Su Dingfang in 660. This victory solidified Tang control over the region.
January 661: The Tibetans, led by King Songtsen Gampo, returned in 660 to attack Shule Kingdom, a powerful oasis state along the Silk Road. This marked the beginning of Tibetan expansion into Central Asia.
February 661: The Tibetans, led by King Songtsen Gampo, returned in 661 to attack Shule Kingdom, which was then under the rule of the Tang Dynasty. This conflict was part of the ongoing power struggles and territorial disputes in the region during this time.
January 664: In 663 the Tibetan Empire conquered Tuyuhun.
23.3.3d war with Tibet
Was the third war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 668: After having incorporated Tuyuhun into Tibetan territory, the powerful minister Gar Songtsen died in 667.
January 668: The Tibetans annexed the former territory of the Tuyuhun, conquered Qiuci, .
January 674: The Tang force to the Western Regions retook Shule in the middle of 673 and reverted the Kingdom of Khotan and Qiuci to Tang suzerainty.
23.4.Battle of Dafei River
Was a war fought in mid-670 between the forces of the Tang dynasty and the Tibetan Empire, for control over the Tarim Basin.
January 671: In 670 the Tibetan Empire routed a Tang army at the Battle of Dafei River and attacked Gumo as well as captured Qiuci.
January 671: The Tibetans gained control over all of the Chinese Four Garrisons of Anxi in the Tarim Basin in 670 and held them until 692, when the Chinese finally managed to regain these territories.
January 671: Shule Kingdom conquered by Tibet.
January 674: Qiuci was a kingdom located in the Western Regions of China. The Tang Dynasty, under the rule of Emperor Gaozong, captured Qiuci in 673, expanding their control over the region and establishing dominance in the area.
23.5.4th war with Tibet
Was the fourth war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 677: In 676, the Tibetan Empire attacked Diezhou, Fuzhou, and Jingzhou. Fengtian and Wugong were sacked.
February 677: The Tibetan army leaves Diezhou, Fuzhou, and Jingzhou, as well as Fengtian and Wugong.
January 678: In 677, the Tibetans captured Qiuci.
January 679: In 678, the Tibetans defeated a Tang army in the Qinghai region.
January 680: Their advances were reversed in 679 when Pei Xingjian defeated them and re-established control over the Western Regions.
January 681: In 680, the Tibetan Empire, led by King Trisong Detsen, captured the Anrong fortress in Sichuan. This marked a significant victory for the Tibetans in their expansion efforts in the region.
23.6.5th war with Tibet
Was the fifth war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 687: After the Tang dynasty they abandoned the Western Regions in 686 due to excessive military expenditures and the Tibetan Empire took control of them.
23.7.7th war with Tibet
Was the seventh war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 711: In 710, Zhang Xuanbiao, a general of the Tang Dynasty, invaded northeastern Tibet. This marked the expansion of Tang Dynasty's territory into the region, leading to increased influence and control over the area.
February 711: In 710, the Chinese general Zhang Xuanbiao invaded northeastern Tibet, which was under the rule of the Tibetan Empire. Zhang Xuanbiao was a military leader during the Tang Dynasty, while the Tibetan Empire was a powerful state in Central Asia during that time.
23.8.8th war with Tibet
Was the eigth war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 715: In 714, the Tibetan Empire, under the rule of Emperor Trisong Detsen, launched a military campaign and successfully captured the territories of Lintao, Weiyuan, Lanzhou, and Weizhou. This expansion marked the Tibetan Empire's growing power and influence in the region.
February 715: In 714, the Tibetan Empire, led by Emperor Trisong Detsen, launched an attack on the territories of Lintao, Weiyuan, Lanzhou, and Weizhou. The following year, in 715, these territories were conquered by the Tang Dynasty.
January 716: In 715, the Tibetan Empire, under the rule of Emperor Trisong Detsen, launched an attack on the Beiting Protectorate and Songzhou. This marked a significant military campaign in the expansion of Tibetan territory in Central Asia.
February 716: In 715, the Tibetan Empire, under the rule of Emperor Trisong Detsen, launched an attack on the Beiting Protectorate and Songzhou. The Tibetan forces were led by the general Gar Trinring Tsendro, who successfully captured both territories in 716.
January 718: In 717, the Tibetan Empire, under the rule of King Tridu Songtsen, allied with the Arabs and Turgesh to attack Gumo and the Stone City.
February 718: The Tang Dynasty eventually reconquered Gumo and the Stone City.
23.9.9th war with Tibet
Was the ninth war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 721: In 720, the Tibetan Empire seized the Stone City.
23.10.10th war with Tibet
Was the tenth war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 727: In 726, Stag sgra khon lod, a prominent military leader of the Tibetan Empire, launched an attack on Ganzhou, a strategic territory at the time. This event marked a significant military campaign in the region during that period.
February 727: In 726, Stag sgra khon lod, also known as Trisong Detsen, the Tibetan Emperor, attacked Ganzhou. The territory was eventually conquered by the Tang Dynasty in 727.
January 728: In 727, Tibetan generals Stag sgra khon lod and Cog ro Manporje, along with the Turgesh tribe, launched an attack on the territories of Qiuci and Guazhou
February 728: Tibetan forces leave Qiuci and Ganzhou.
January 729: In 728, the Tibetan Empire, led by King Trisong Detsen, launched another attack on Qiuci, a kingdom located in present-day Xinjiang, China. Qiuci was a strategic region along the Silk Road, making it a valuable target for the Tibetan Empire's expansion efforts.
February 729: In 728, the Tang Dynasty, led by Emperor Xuanzong, launched another attack on Qiuci, a kingdom located in the Western Regions of China. Qiuci was eventually conquered by the Tang Dynasty in 729, further expanding their territory in the region.
23.11.11th war with Tibet
Was the eleventh war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
February 739: In 739, the Tibetan Empire took control of Mao County from the Tang Dynasty. The Tang had briefly captured Anrong in 738, but it was quickly recaptured by the Tibetans. This marked a period of conflict between the two powers in the region.
January 741: In 740, the Tang captured Anrong again.
February 742: In 741, the Tibetans invaded the Qinghai region but were repelled. They sacked the Stone City on their way home.
January 743: In 742, Tang Dynasty generals Huangfu Weiming of Longyou and Wang Chui of Hexi invaded northeastern Tibet. This marked the expansion of Tang Dynasty's influence into the region, leading to the incorporation of northeastern Tibet into the empire.
February 743: In 742, Huangfu Weiming, a military general from Longyou, and Wang Chui, a commander from Hexi, launched an invasion of northeastern Tibet. This event took place during the Tibetan Empire's expansion efforts in the region in 743.
23.12.12th war with Tibet
Was the twelfth war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
February 750: In 749, Longyou defense command under Geshu Han retook the Stone City but suffered heavy casualties.
23.13.14th war with Tibet
Was the fourteenth war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 758: In 757, the Tibetan Empire conquered Shanzhou (Haidong).
23.14.15th war with Tibet
Was the fifteenth war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 765: In 764, the Tibetan Empire, led by their ruler Trisong Detsen, invaded Liangzhou with a 70,000 strong army. However, they were ultimately repulsed by the Chinese general Yan Wu in Jiannan. This event marked a significant conflict between the Tibetan Empire and the Tang Dynasty.
February 765: In 765, Liangzhou was regained by the Tang Dynasty after being invaded by the Tibetan Empire in 764. Yan Wu, a military leader from Jiannan, successfully repulsed the Tibetan forces with his army.
January 766: In 765, the Tibetan Empire, led by King Trisong Detsen, invaded Fengtian with 30,000 troops and Uyghur allies. However, they were twice repulsed by the Tang dynasty general Guo Ziyi, who successfully defended the territory.
February 766: In 766, the Tang Dynasty regained control of Fengtian after Guo Ziyi successfully repulsed the Tibetan Empire's invasion with Uyghur allies. Guo Ziyi was a prominent general and statesman during the Tang Dynasty.
January 767: In 766, the Tibetans conquered Ganzhou and Suzhou.
November 768: In November 763, a Tibetan army 100,000 strong advanced against the Tang capital of Chang'an that was captured by the Tibetans on 18 November.
January 769: The Tibetans invaded the Protectorate General to Pacify the West and conquered Yanqi.
23.15.16th war with Tibet
Was the sixteenth war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 777: In 776, the Tibetan Empire conquered Guazhou.
23.16.17th war with Tibet
Was the seventeenth war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 782: Tang forces reconquered Yizhou from the Tibetans.
23.17.18th war with Tibet
Was the eigthteenth war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 787: In 786, the Tibetan Empire conquered Yanzhou and Xiazhou.
February 787: They destroyed Yanzhou and Xiazhou before retreating.
January 788: In 787 the Tibetan Empire conquered Qiuci.
January 788: In 787, the Tibetans captured Shazhou and Qiuci.
January 791: Tang protectorate over Beiting ended in 790 when it was conquered by the Tibetan Empire.
January 791: The majority of sources agree that the last vestiges of the Anxi protectorate and its garrisons were defeated by Tibetan forces by the year 790, ending nearly 150 years of Tang influence in Central Asia.
January 793: In 792, the Tibetans conquered Xizhou and Yutian.
January 793: In 792 the Tibetan Empire conquered Yutian.
23.18.19th war with Tibet
Was the nineteenth war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 797: In 796, the Tibetans attacked Qingzhou.
February 797: In 796, the Tibetans attacked Qingzhou.
23.19.21st war with Tibet
Was the twenty-first war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 804: In 803, the Tang pushed the Tibetan Empire back to Pingliang.
23.20.22nd war with Tibet
Was the twenty-second war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 820: In 819, the Tibetan Empire, ruled by King Ralpacan, attacked Qingzhou, a region under the control of the Tang Dynasty in China.
February 820: Tibetan forces leave Qingzhou.
23.21.23rd war with Tibet
Was the twenty-third war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 822: Tibetan forces started an invasion of Yanzhou.
February 822: In 821, a Tibetan invasion was driven off by the Tang governor of Yanzhou.
23.22.24th war with Tibet
Was the twenty-fourth war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 848: Yumtän Tibetan forces started an invasion of Yanzhou.
February 848: A Tang army defeated the Yumtän Tibetans at Yanzhou.
23.23.25th war with Tibet
Was the twenty-fifth war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 849: Zhang Yichao, a resident of Dunhuang, rebelled and captured Shazhou and Guazhou from the Tibetans.
January 850: In 849, Tibetan commanders and soldiers in eastern Gansu.
23.24.26th war with Tibet
Was the twenty-sixth war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 862: In 861, Zhang Yichao retook Liangzhou, extending the Guiyi Circuit's authority to Xizhou, Guazhou, Ganzhou, Suzhou, Yzhou, Lanzhou, Shanzhou, Hezhou, Minzhou, Liangzhou, and Kuozhou.
23.25.27th war with Tibet
Was the twenty-seventh war between the Tang Dynasty of China and the Tibetan Empire.
January 867: Teh Tang immediately lost Tingzhou and Luntai as well as Xizhou to the Kingdom of Qocho.
Were a series of military campaigns conducted by the Tang dynasty against the Western Turkic Khaganate in the 7th century AD.
24.1.Campaign against the Western Turks
Was a Tang China military campaign in the Western Regions, now modern Xinjiang, which brought the region into the Tang Empire.
January 658: Ashina Helu defeated and captured. The victory strengthened Tang control of the Western Regions, now modern Xinjiang, and brought the regions formerly ruled by the Khaganate into the Tang empire.
Was a war fought in Korea between Baekje and the allied forces of Tang China and Silla between 660 and 663.
April 660: In 660, he sent a Tang army towards Baekje to further relieve Silla.
Was a war between Goguryeo and the Tang dynasty.
March 662: For several months until February 662, when it had to withdraw from the campaign due to the harsh winter conditions and the defeat of its subsidiary force.
26.1.Second conflict of the Goguryeo-Tang War
Was the second stage of the Goguryeo-Tang War. Goguryeo was annexed by Tang China.
January 662: After the conquest of Baekje in 660, the Tang and Silla forces planned to invade Goguryeo. In 661, the Tang forces set off to Goguryeo. As the Tang army advanced with 350,000 troops, Silla was only requested to provide supplies during this expedition. In 662, Yeon Gaesomun defeated General Pang Xiaotai at the Battle of Sasu. The Tang army besieged Pyongyang, Goguryeo's capital.
Was a war between the Korean kingdom of Silla and his allies against the Tang dynasty.
August 670: Silla attacked the Ungjin Commandery in July, 670.
January 675: After the fall of Goguryeo, the Tang Emperor created the office of Protectorate General to Pacify the East and attempted to place the entire Korean Peninsula, including its erstwhile independent ally Silla, under its rule. King Munmu of Silla assembled the Silla army with the armies of the defeated kingdoms Goguryeo and Baekje in a coalition against the Tang army. He had the unenviable challenge of freeing his country and hard-won conquests (particularly the entirety of what was formerly Baekje and some of the southern portions of what was formerly Goguryeo) from Tang domination. To achieve this, Munmu forged alliances with Goguryeo resistance leaders such as Geom Mojam and Anseung, and launched attacks on the Tang forces occupying territories formerly belonging to the conquered kingdoms of Baekje and Goguryeo.
Were the military campaigns by the first three Islamic Caliphates (the Caliphate of Muhammad, the Rashidun Caliphate and the Umayyad Caliphate) that led to the Islamic conquest of most of the Middle East as well as the Iberian Peninsula.
28.1.Muslim conquest of Transoxiana, Ferghana and Khorasan
Were the 7th and 8th century conquests, by Umayyad and Abbasid Arabs, of Transoxiana, the land between the Oxus (Amu Darya) and Jaxartes (Syr Darya) rivers, a part of Central Asia that today includes all or parts of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan.
January 716: The larger part of Transoxiana was conquered by the Umayyad leader Qutayba ibn Muslim in the reign of al-Walid I (r. 705-715).
January 716: Umayyad commander Qutayba ibn Muslim conquered the strategic Central Asian cities of Bukhara, Samarkand, Khwarezem and Farghana between 705 and 715 CE, annexing nearly the whole of Transoxiana north of the Iranian plateau and bordering the contemporary Tang dynasty of China.
January 717: The deposed king fled to Kucha (seat of Anxi Protectorate) and sought Chinese intervention. The Chinese sent 10,000 troops under Zhang Xiaosong to Ferghana. He defeated Alutar and the Arab occupation force at Namangan and reinstalled Ikhshid on the throne.
January 717: The deposed king fled to Kucha (seat of Anxi Protectorate), and sought Chinese intervention. The Tang dynasty sent 10,000 troops under Zhang Xiaosong to Ferghana. He defeated Alutar and the Arab occupation force at Namangan and reinstalled the ikhshid on the throne.
In the VIII century Muktapida, an Indian king of the Karkota dynasty of Kashmir, created a short-lived empire covering most of India.
January 741: Karkota ruler Lalitaditya Muktapida conquered extensive territories in India and Central Asia.
January 746: In 745, Gao Xianzhi marched across the Pamirs with 10,000 men and conquered Little Balur (Gilgit), a client state of the Tibetan Empire.
January 761: Karkota ruler Lalitaditya Muktapida conquered extensive territories in India and Central Asia.
Were a series of wars between Tang China and Nanzhao, a Kingdom centred in present-day Yunnan.
30.1.1st war with Nanzhao
Was the first of a series of wars between Tang China and Nanzhao, a kingdom centred in present-day Yunnan.
January 752: In 751, Xianyu Zhongtong, a general of the Tang Dynasty, led an army of 80,000 soldiers to attack the Nanzhao border regions. However, they were defeated by the forces of Nanzhao, a powerful kingdom in present-day Yunnan, China.
February 752: In 751, Tang dynasty general Xianyu Zhongtong led an army of 80,000 to attack the Nanzhao kingdom in the border regions. However, he was decisively defeated in 752, leading to the territory falling under Nanzhao control.
30.2.2nd war with Nanzhao
Was the second of a series of wars between Tang China and Nanzhao, a Kingdom centred in present-day Yunnan.
January 755: In 754, the Tang Dynasty official Yang Guozhong invaded the Nanzhao border regions. He failed to engage with the enemy until supplies ran out, leading to a successful attack by the Nanzhao forces, resulting in their defeat.
February 755: In 754, the Tang dynasty official Yang Guozhong invaded the Nanzhao border regions but was unable to engage with the enemy due to running out of supplies. As a result, they were eventually attacked and defeated by the forces of Nanzhao in 755.
30.3.3rd war with Nanzhao
Was the third of a series of wars between Tang China and Nanzhao, a Kingdom centred in present-day Yunnan.
January 830: In 829, Nanzhao sacked Chengdu.
February 830: End of the sack of Chengdu by the forces of Nanzhao.
30.4.4th war with Nanzhao
Was the fourth of a series of wars between Tang China and Nanzhao, a Kingdom centred in present-day Yunnan.
January 847: In 846, the kingdom of Nanzhao, ruled by King Piluoge, launched a raid on Annan, a region located in present-day Vietnam. This event was part of the ongoing power struggles and territorial expansion efforts in the region during the Tang Dynasty in China.
February 847: In 846, the kingdom of Nanzhao, ruled by King Piluoge, launched a raid on the territory of Annan, which was under the control of King Zhang Tian. This event marked a period of conflict between the two kingdoms in the region.
30.5.5th war with Nanzhao
Was the fifth of a series of wars between Tang China and Nanzhao, a kingdom centred in present-day Yunnan.
January 862: Nanzhao troops were driven out from Bozhou and Annan by a Tang army.
30.6.6th war with Nanzhao
Was the sixth of a series of wars between Tang China and Nanzhao, a kingdom centred in present-day Yunnan.
March 863: In 863, the kingdom of Nanzhao, led by King Zhuye Chixin, launched an invasion of Đại La with 50,000 troops. The local people supported Nanzhao, leading to the successful siege of Đại La by March 1st.
December 866: Annan troops completed the retaking of Đại La in fall 866.
30.7.7th war with Nanzhao
Was the seventh of a series of wars between Tang China and Nanzhao, a kingdom centred in present-day Yunnan.
January 870: In 869, the Kingdom of Nanzhao, ruled by King Yimouxun, laid siege to Chengdu, which was under the control of the Tang Dynasty .
February 870: Chengdu successfully defended against the Nanzhao attack and remained under Tang control.
Was an era of disunity in Tibetan history lasting from the death of the Tibetan Empire's last emperor, Langdarma, in 842 until Drogön Chögyal Phagpa became the Imperial Preceptor of the three provinces of Tibet in 1253, under the Yuan dynasty.
January 851: Zhang Yichao took Hami, Ganzhou and Suzhou.
January 852: Khotan becomes independent.
January 867: Tibetans retreat to the Tibetan plateau, leaving the remnant territories of Yumtän to the Tang.
January 1073: The Song dynasty gains control of Wushengjun.
January 1266: Mangyül Gungthang was a Tibetan kingdom established under Sakya overlordship in Southwest Tibet around 1265.
Was a revolt in Henan against the Tang dynasty caused by widespread famine.
January 875: In the early 870s, drought and famine in Henan led to widespread banditry. In 874, the bandits rebelled under Wang Xianzhi in Changyuan, and ravaged the region between the Changjiang and Yellow River.
September 879: The city of Guangzhou is sacked in the summer of 879.
December 880: The Rebels (Huang Chao Rebellion) captured Luoyang on 22 December.
January 881: Chang'an conquered by Rebels (Huang Chao Rebellion).
September 884: After an unsuccessful siege operation and several defeats against imperial forces, Huang Chao was finally hunted down in Shandong and killed in the summer of 884.
Were a series of military conflicts fought by the Northern Song dynasty, Western Xia dynasty, and Liao dynasty from the late 10th century to early 12th century.
January 1006: Western Xia Expansion by 1005.
January 1033: In 1032, Western Xia emperor Yuanhao annexed the Tibetan confederation of Xiliangfu.
January 1104: In 1103, the Song dynasty annexed Tsongkha.
January 1137: Western Xia Expansion by 1136.
33.1.Jiqian's rebellion
Li Jiqian, did not agree to this and refused to submit to Song administration.
January 983: Li Jiqian refused to submit to Song administration and established the Western Xia.
January 986: The Western Xia capture Yinzhou.
33.2.Shenzong's invasion
In 1081, the Song dynasty launched a military attack on the Western Xia.
January 1082: In 1081, the Song dynasty launched a five-pronged attack on the Western Xia.
Was a military conflict between the Lý dynasty of Đại Việt and the Song dynasty of China between 1075 and 1077. .
November 1075: In the October 1075, Nùng Tông Đản led 23,000 soldiers advancing into Song territory in Guangxi.
March 1076: In the early spring of 1076, Lý Thường Kiệt and Nùng Tông Đản defeated the Song reinforcements to Yongzhou and, during a battle at Kunlun Pass, their forces beheaded the Governor-General of Guangnan West Circuit, Zhang Shoujie. Afterwards, the Vietnamese forces then marched towards the city of Yongzhou, where they were temporarily held up by a fierce resistance led by the Yongzhou governor Su Jian, who with three thousand soldiers prevented the city from falling for forty-two days.
April 1076: When Song forces attempted to challenge Lý Thường Kiệt's forces, the latter retreated from Yongzhou, with their spoils of war and thousands of prisoners.
January 1083: As a result of mounting casualties on both sides, Thường Kiệt made peace overtures to the Song in 1077. Captured territories held by both Song and Vietnamese were mutually exchanged in 1082, along with prisoners of war.
34.1.Chinese Counterattack
Was a counterattack by the Chinese Song Dynasty against the invading armies of Đại Việt.
January 1078: By 1077, the Song had destroyed two other Vietnamese armies and marched towards their capital at Thăng Long. Song forces were halted at the Nhu Nguyệt River.
January 1078: The Song regained Quảng Nguyên prefecture.
Were a series of conflicts between the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty (1115-1234) and the Han-led Song dynasty (960-1279).
September 1123: One month after the Song had recovered Yanjing, Zhang Jue, who had served as military governor of the Liao prefecture of Pingzhou about 200 kilometres east of Yanjing, killed the main Jin official in that city and turned it over to the Song.
December 1123: The Jurchens defeated the armies of Zhang Jue and took Pingzhou.
35.1.Jin-Song Alliance against Liao
In 1114 the chieftain Wanyan Aguda (1068-1123) united the Jurchen tribes and led a revolt against the Liao. .
June 1123: The Song tried to help the Jin but had several military failures. They wanted the sixteen prefectures that they had ceded to the Liao in the past but the Jin due to the "poor support" gave them only a part of it. In the spring of 1123 the two sides finally set the terms of the first Song-Jin treaty. Only seven prefectures (including Yanjing) would be returned to the Song.
35.2.First Jurchen campaign against the Song Dynasty
Was a military campaign by the Jin Dynasty against the Song Dynasty.
December 1125: Zongwang (Jin Dynasty) took Yanjing, where Song general and former Liao governor Guo Yaoshi switched his allegiances to the Jin.
January 1126: By the end of December 1125, the Jin army had seized control of two prefectures and re-established Jurchen rule over the Sixteen Prefectures.
January 1126: Jin armies besieged the city of Taiyuan in mid January 1126.
January 1126: The Jurchen forces reached the Yellow River.
January 1126: Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, was besiegedby the Jin dynasty.
March 1126: The Song recognized Jin control over three prefectures. The Jurchen army ended the siege of Kaifeng in March after 33 days. The prefectures of Hejian, Taiyuan, and Zhongshan and the sixteen prefectures went to the Jurchen, all the other occupied regions remained to the Song
March 1126: The Song recognized Jin control over three prefectures. The Jurchen army ended the siege of Kaifeng in March after 33 days.
March 1126: Almost as soon as the Jin armies had left Kaifeng, Emperor Qinzong reneged on the deal and dispatched two armies to repel the Jurchen troops attacking Taiyuan and bolster the defenses of Zhongshan and Hejian.
October 1126: Taiyuan fell in September 1126, after 260 days of siege by the Jin dynasty.
35.3.Second Jurchen campaign against the Song Dynasty
Was a military campaign by the Jin Dynasty against the Song Dynasty.
December 1126: The Jin assaulted Kaifeng in mid-December 1126.
January 1127: The Song emperor offered his unconditional surrender to the Jurchen, who occupied the northern areas of Song.
35.4.Third Jurchen campaign against the Song Dynasty
Was a military campaign by the Jin Dynasty against the Song Dynasty.
October 1127: The Song emperor offered his unconditional surrender to the Jurchen, who occupied the northern areas of Song. In 1127, the Jurchens installed a former Song official, Zhang Bangchang, as puppet emperor of the newly established "Da Chu" (Great Chu) dynasty.
November 1127: After reigning for barely one month in Da Chu, Zhang Bangchang was persuaded by the Song to step down as emperor of the Great Chu and to recognize the legitimacy of the Song imperial line.
January 1130: The Song disbandment of the Great Chu and execution of Zhang Bangchang antagonized the Jurchens and violated the treaty that the two parties had negotiated. The Jin renewed their attacks on the Song and quickly reconquered much of northern China.
January 1130: On the eastern front, Wuzhu commanded the main Jin army. He crossed the Yangtze southwest of Jiankang and took that city when Du Chong surrendered.
January 1130: In December 1129, the Jin started a new military offensive, dispatching two armies across the Huai River in the east and west. On the western front, an army invaded Jiangxi, the area where the Song dowager empress resided, and captured Hongzhou.
January 1130: The Jin seized Hangzhou.
February 1130: Shaoxing conquered by Jin dynasty (1115-1234).
April 1130: The Jin captured Kaifeng in early 1130.
November 1130: Reluctant to let the war drag on, the Jin decided to create Da Qi (the "Great Qi"), their second attempt at a puppet state in northern China. Da Qi was formed late in 1130, and the Jin enthroned Liu as its emperor.
November 1130: Reluctant to let the war drag on, the Jin decided to create Da Qi (the "Great Qi"), their second attempt at a puppet state in northern China. Da Qi was formed late in 1130, and the Jin enthroned Liu as its emperor. Some territories in northern Song were evacuated by the Jin.
January 1131: Wuzhu's troops came back south of the Yangtze one last time to Jiankang, which they pillaged, and then headed north. Yet the Jin had been caught off guard by the strength of the Song navy, and Wuzhu never tried to cross the Yangtze River again.
February 1131: Wuzhu's troops came back south of the Yangtze one last time to Jiankang, which they pillaged, and then headed north. Yet the Jin had been caught off guard by the strength of the Song navy, and Wuzhu never tried to cross the Yangtze River again.
December 1133: With Jin support, Da Qi invaded the Song in November 1133. Xiangyang and nearby prefectures were defeated by his army.
January 1135: In 1134, Yue Fei defeated Li and retook Xiangyang and its surrounding prefectures.
January 1135: The armies of Qi and Jin won a series of victories in the Huai valley, but were repelled by Han Shizhong near Yangzhou and by Yue Fei at Luzhou.
January 1136: With the death of Jin Emperor Taizong, the Song reconquered the Huai valley.
November 1137: In late 1137, the Jin reduced Liu Yu's title to that of a prince and abolished the state of Qi.
April 1140: An invading Jurchen army led by Wizhu retreated Kaifeng, allowing Song forces to take Zhengzhou and Luoyang.
July 1140: On July 8, 1140, at the Battle of Yancheng, Wuzhu launched a surprise attack on Song forces with an army of 100,000 infantry and 15,000 horsemen. Yue Fei directed his cavalry to attack the Jurchen soldiers and won a decisive victory.
January 1141: In 1140, Song general Yue was forced to withdraw from Zhengzhou and Luoyang after the emperor ordered him to return to the Song court.
January 1141: Song forces recaptured Zhengzhou and Luoyang.
35.5.Treaty of Shaoxing
Was the agreement that ended the military conflicts between the Jin dynasty and the Southern Song dynasty.
October 1142: On October 11, 1142, after about a year of negotiations, the Treaty of Shaoxing was ratified, ending the conflict between the Jin and the Song. By the terms of the treaty, the Huai River, north of the Yangtze, was designated as the boundary between the two states.
35.6.Wanyan Liang's war
Was a military invasion of the Song Dynasty by the Jurchen ruler of the Jin Dynasty Wanyan Liang.
November 1161: A few Jin prefectures in the west were captured by the Song Dynasty.
November 1161: Wanyan Liang, emperor of the Jin Dynasty, began the invasion of Song in 1161 without formally declaring war. The Song lost the Huai to the Jurchens.
January 1163: On December 15, Wanyan Liang was assassinated in his military camp by disaffected officers. He was succeeded by Emperor Shizong (r. 1161-1189). Shizong was pressured into ending the unpopular war with the Song, and ordered the withdrawal of Jin forces in 1162.
35.7.War of 1206 -1208
Was an unsuccesful military invasion of the Jin Dynasty by the Song Dynasty.
September 1206: The Jin repelled the Song in Sizhou 泗州 (on the north bank of the Huai River across from modern Xuyi County).
December 1206: The Jin initiated an offensive against Song prefectures in the central front of the war, capturing Zaoyang and Guanghua (on the Han River near modern Laohekou).
November 1208: In 1208, the peace treaty was signed between the Jin Dynasty and the Song Dynasty in China. The treaty was signed after both sides agreed to return to the status quo ante bellum, ending the conflict between the two dynasties.
Were a series of military campaigny by the Mongols that created the largest contiguous Empire in history, the Mongol Empire, which controlled most of Eurasia.
January 1259: In 1258, Mongol forces captured Chengdu.
36.1.Conquest of Western Xia
Was a series of conflicts between the Mongol Empire and the Tangut-led Western Xia dynasty in northwestern China. Western Xia was finally annexed to the Mongol Empire.
36.1.1.Second Mongol Invasion of Western Xia
Was the second Mongol military campaign in Western Xia. Western Xia was inglobated in the Mongol Empire.
August 1225: Genghis Khan lay siege to Suzhou, which fell after five weeks.
36.2.Conquest of Song China
Was the Mongol conquest of the Chinese Song Dynasty.
January 1232: The Song patrols were under the command of Chancellor Jia Sidao, while the Mongol envoy was likely a representative of Genghis Khan's grandson, Kublai Khan. The raid on Sichuan was part of the Mongol Empire's efforts to expand their territory and exert dominance over the region.
January 1236: In 1235, the Mongol Empire, led by Kublai Khan, launched an offensive against the Song dynasty. They successfully captured Siyang-yang, the Yangtze River, and Sichuan. However, they struggled to maintain control over these territories due to resistance from local forces.
February 1236: During the Mongol invasion in 1236, the Song Dynasty lost control of Siyang-yang, the Yangtze River, and Sichuan.
January 1237: Xiangyang was a strategic city in China defended by Song general Cao Youwen. The city fell to the Mongol Empire in 1236, marking a significant victory for the Mongols in their conquest of China.
January 1240: In 1239, General Meng defeated the Mongols and retook Xiangyang.
January 1242: In 1241, during the Mongol invasion of the Southern Song Dynasty, the Mongols under the command of Kublai Khan successfully captured Chengdu, a significant city in the Sichuan province of China.
January 1243: The Mongols captured Hangzhou and invaded Sichuan in 1242.
January 1244: In 1242 and 1243, Mongols led by Kublai Khan raided Sichuan, a region in southwestern China.
January 1245: In 1244, Mongols led by Kublai Khan raided Huainan, a city in southern China.
February 1245: Huainan is reconquered by the Song Dynasty.
January 1246: In 1245, the Mongols, led by the famous conqueror Genghis Khan's grandson Kublai Khan, successfully occupied Shouzhou.
January 1253: In 1252, the Mongol Empire, led by the Chinese general Wang Dechen, conquered Lizhou in Sichuan. This marked a significant expansion of Mongol territory in China during the reign of Kublai Khan.
October 1253: Mongol forces occupy Lizhou.
February 1259: Möngke Khan's forces take Yazhou.
January 1274: In 1273, Fancheng capitulated.
March 1276: When Bayan and Dong Wenbing camped outside Lin'an in February 1276, the Song Grand Empress Dowager Xie and Empress Dowager Quan surrendered.
36.3.Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
The Mongol Empire invaded and conquered the Kievan Rus' in the mid-13th century.
January 1243: In 1242 and 1243, Mongols led by Kublai Khan raided Sichuan, a region in southwestern China.
36.4.Invasions of Vietnam
Were a series of military campaigny of the Mongol Empire and the Yuan Dynasty against the kingdom of Đại Việt (modern-day northern Vietnam) ruled by the Trần dynasty and the kingdom of Champa (modern-day central Vietnam). Vietnam was finally made a vassal of the Mongols.
36.4.1.Mongol invasion of Vietnam in 1285
Was the second major invasion of Vietnam by the Mongols.
January 1267: In 1266, the Vietnamese monarch Trần Thánh Tông (son of Trần Thái Tông) agreed in 1266 to acknowledge the overlordship of Kublai Khan, however in the following year, he rejected the "Six-Duties of a vassal state" of the Mongol Emperor gave, included the permit the stationing of a darughachi (regional general) with authority over the local administration.
January 1285: Yuan troops crossed the Friendship Pass (Sino-Vietnamese border's gate).
June 1285: In the Red River Delta, the combined Yuan land forces attacked the Vietnamese forces by land and river, destroyed several Vietnamese catapults (Hu dun pao) along the Red River, successful captured Đại Việt's capital Thăng Long and drove the Vietnamese forces and the Royal family to the coast.
June 1285: In 1285, during the Mongol invasion of Vietnam, Prime Minister Quang Khải of the Trần Dynasty led a successful counterattack at Chương Dương and Vạn Kiếp against the Yuan forces commanded by Toghan. This victory forced the Yuan to retreat back to China on June 9, 1285.
36.4.2.Mongol invasion of Champa
Was the invasion of Champa (central Vietnam) by the Mongols.
February 1283: Sogetu's fleet arrived and landed in Champa's capital Vijaya in 17 February 1283, and captured the city two days later.
April 1284: Sogetu asked for reinforcements from Kublai but sailed home in March 1284.
36.4.3.Mongol invasion of Vietnam in 1287-88
Was the third major invasion of Vietnam by the Mongols.
November 1287: The Yuan Dynasty, led by Emperor Kublai Khan, successfully invaded Thăng Long (modern-day Hanoi) in 1287, looting the capital of Đại Việt. This marked a significant victory for the Yuan Dynasty in their expansion efforts.
May 1288: At the Bạch Đằng River, in April 1288, the Vietnamese prince Trần Hưng Đạo ambushed Omar's Yuan fleet in the third Battle of Bạch Đằng. The Vietnamese forces placed hidden metal-tipped wooden stakes in the riverbed and attacked the fleet once it had been impaled on the stakes. Omar himself was taken as a prisoner of war. The Yuan fleet was destroyed and the army retreated in disarray without supplies.
36.5.Mongol invasions of Sakhalin
The Mongol Empire (and its successor the Yuan dynasty) made several incursions into the island of Sakhalin off the east coast of Siberia.
November 1264: The Mongols attacked the Ainu on Sakhalin Island.
January 1266: The Ainu returned the next year to attack the Nivkh, killing some of their warriors.
July 1297: When the Ainu invaded the Amur estuary in mid-1297, the Mongols caught up with them and defeated the invading Ainu near Lake Kizi.
August 1297: When the Ainu invaded the Amur estuary in mid-1297, the Mongols caught up with them and defeated the invading Ainu near Lake Kizi.
January 1298: Perhaps reflecting the diminishing Mongol influence in the area, two Nivkh who had been centurions in the Mongol military defected to the Ainu in 1296, and the next year an Ainu force under the chieftain Waying crossed the strait on Nivkh boats and raided settlements on the continent.
February 1298: End of Ainu raid on the Asian coast.
January 1306: The Ainu, an indigenous people of Japan, made a raid on the Asian coast in front of the Strait of Tartary in 1305. The raid evaded the Mongol army, who were attempting to expand their territory in the region.
February 1306: The Ainu were recorded to have made one more raid on the continent in 1305, which evaded the Mongol army.
January 1309: In 1308, the Ainu chieftains Waying and Yushannu, leaders of the indigenous Ainu people, communicated through the Nivkh, a neighboring ethnic group, that they desired to surrender to the Yuan Dynasty, which ruled over the southern part of Sakhalin Island at that time.
36.6.Mongol Invasion of Japan
Were two unsuccesful campaigns by Kublai Khan of the Yuan dynasty in 1274 and 1281 to conquer the Japanese archipelago .
36.6.1.First Mongol Invasion of Japan
Was the first Mongol invasion of the Japanese Archipelago.
November 1274: The Yuan invasion force set off from Korea on 2 November. Two days later they began landing on Tsushima Island.
November 1274: The Yuan Dynasty secured control of Tsushima Island.
November 1274: The Yuan fleet departed Tsushima on 13 November and attacked Iki Island. Kagetaka, the governor of Iki, gave a spirited defence with 100 samurai and the local armed populace before falling.
November 1274: In 1274, the Mongolian army, led by Kublai Khan, attacked the base of the Sashi Clan on Hirato Island, Taka Island, and Nokono Island. This was part of the Yuan Dynasty's efforts to expand their territory in Japan.
November 1274: The Yuan fleet crossed the sea and landed in Hakata Bay.
November 1274: The Yuan troops withdrew and took refuge on their ships after only one day of fighting with the Japanese. A typhoon that night, said to be divinely conjured wind, threatened their ships, persuading them to leave Japan and return to Korea.
36.6.2.Second Mongol Invasion of Japan
Was the first Mongol invasion of the Japanese Archipelago.
June 1281: The Eastern Route army set sail first from Korea on 22 May and attacked Tsushima Island on 9 June.
June 1281: Iki Island conquered by Yuan Dynasty.
June 1281: In 1281, during the Mongol invasions of Japan, the Eastern Route army led by Kublai Khan split their forces and attacked Hakata Bay and Nagato Province. The invasion force, unable to land, occupied the islands of Shiga and Noko, furthering their campaign against Japan.
June 1281: The Mongolian army was again defeated by the fierce Japanese attacks on the Islands of Shiga and Noko.
July 1281: In 1281, Ryōzōji Iekiyo, a Japanese samurai, successfully defended Iki Island against the Mongolian army during the Mongol invasions of Japan. This victory forced the Mongolian army to retreat to Hirado Island, marking a significant turning point in the conflict.
July 1281: In 1281, Ryōzōji Iekiyo, a powerful Japanese warrior, successfully repelled the Mongolian army from Iki Island. The Mongolian army retreated to Hirado Island.
August 1281: In 1281, during the Mongol invasions of Japan, the Japanese army, led by samurai generals like Kusunoki Masashige and Sasaki Takatsuna, took advantage of the disarray in the Mongol forces and launched a successful attack on the 100,000 soldiers left without commanders. This decisive move ultimately led to the repulsion of the Mongol forces from Japan.
36.7.Mongol invasions of Burma
Were two major military campaigns of the Mongols in Burma.
36.7.1.First Mongol invasion of Burma
Were a series of military conflicts between Kublai Khan's Yuan dynasty, a division of the Mongol Empire, and the Pagan Empire took place between 1277 and 1287.
January 1280: Ngasaunggyan was conquered by the Pagan Kingdom.
December 1283: In 1283, the Burmese city of Ngasaunggyan was besieged by the Yuan Dynasty forces led by Kublai Khan. The Burmese defenders, led by King Narathihapate, held out for over two months before the fort finally fell to the Yuan forces. This event marked a significant victory for the Yuan Dynasty in their expansion into Southeast Asia.
December 1283: Kaungsin, a fortress in modern-day Myanmar, fell to the Yuan Dynasty in 1283.
February 1284: Yuan conquest of Tagaung.
May 1284: The Chinese found the heat of the searing Irrawaddy valley excessive, and evacuated Tagaung, allowing the Burmese to return to the city.
December 1284: The Mongol army, led by Kublai Khan, renewed their offensive and retook Tagaung in 1284. Tagaung was a city in Myanmar that was previously under the control of the Yuan Dynasty. This victory was part of the Mongol Empire's expansion into Southeast Asia.
January 1285: In 1285, the Yuan Dynasty forces, led by Kublai Khan's general, defeated a Burmese stand south of Tagaung, near Hanlin. This victory solidified the Yuan Dynasty's control over the region and expanded their territory further into Burma.
July 1287: The king of the pagan kingdom wanted to submit fully to the Yuan Empire but the kingdom collapsed and the mongols were only able to integrate the occupied northern part in their empire. On 1 July 1287, the king was captured en route and assassinated.
36.7.2.Second Mongol invasion of Burma
Was a Mongol invasion of the Myinsaing Kingdom, in Burma.
January 1301: In 1301, the Yuan Dynasty invaded Myinsaing after declaring Kumara Kassapa as the rightful king of Burma. The Mongol Emperor sent an army from Yunnan, which reached Myinsaing on 25 January 1301.
April 1301: Thihathu, Yazathingyan, and Athinkhaya were the rulers of Myinsaing Kingdom. The Mongol government at Yunnan had sent the besiegers to invade Myinsaing, but they were bribed by the brothers and eventually withdrew on 6 April 1301. After the failed invasion, the Mongol government executed their commanders and did not attempt any further invasions.
36.8.Invasion of Java
The Yuan dynasty under Kublai Khan attempted in 1292 to invade Java, an island in modern Indonesia.
March 1293: The Mongolian troops gathered in Kali Mas.
March 1293: The army led by Kublai Khan arrived at Daha on 19 March 1293. The battle was fought against the Kediri forces, led by Jayakatwang. Despite attacking three times, the Kediri forces were defeated and forced to flee by the Yuan Dynasty army.
April 1293: A number of Mongol ships were attacked and destroyed by the Javanese fleet commanded by rakryan mantri Aria Adikara. The Yuan forces had to withdraw in confusion, as the monsoon winds to carry them home would soon end, leaving them to wait in a hostile island for six months. After all of the troops had boarded the ships on the coast, they battled the Javanese fleet. After repelling it, they sailed back on 24 April to Quanzhou.
Were a series of wars between the successor states of the Mongol Empire.
37.1.Toluid Civil War
Was a war of succession over the Mongol Empire fought between Kublai Khan and his younger brother, Ariq Böke, from 1260 to 1264.
August 1264: Ariq Böke surrendered to Yuan ruler Kublai Khan in Shangdu.
37.1.1.Division of the Mongol Empire
The Mongol Empire fragmented into four successor states at the beginning of the Toluid Civil War.
January 1261: The Mongol Empire fragmented into four political units: the Golden Horde, the Ilkhanate, the Yuan Dynasty and the Chagatai Khanate.
37.2.Kaidu-Kublai war
Was a war between two successor states of the Mongol Empire, the Yuan Dynasty and the Chagatai Khanate.
January 1277: Kublai's son Nomukhan and generals occupied Almaliq in 1266-1276.
37.3.Esen Buqa-Ayurbarwada war
Was a war between two successor states of the Mongol Empire, the Yuan Dynasty and the Chagatai Khanate.
January 1316: In 1315, the territory of Issyk Kul and Talas was plundered by the forces of the Yuan Dynasty, led by the Mongol ruler Kaidu. Kaidu's winter quarters and summer residence were targeted during the raid.
February 1316: In 1316, the Chagatai Khanate plundered the Yuan winter quarters on the Issyk Kul as well as their summer residence in Talas.
Was the final phase in the Ming dynasty expulsion of Mongol-led Yuan dynasty rule from China proper in the 1380s.
January 1383: The Dali kings continued to administer their kingdom as Mongol vassals until the Ming conquest of Yunnan.
A military conflict waged between the Ming dynasty and the previously subordinate Shan state of Mong Mao.
January 1389: After a military conflict waged between the Ming dynasty and Mong Mao, the latter was forced to accept Ming suzerainty.
Was a civil war in Ming China. The Prince of Yan, an uncle of the Ming emperor, rebelled and was finally able to overthrow his nephew.
40.1.Initial Rebel Offensive (Jingnan rebellion)
The Jingnan rebellion against the Ming emperor started with a revolt of Zhu Di, the Prince of Yan. Zhu Di was a pretender to the throne as well as the uncle of the emperor.
July 1399: Zhu Di was now in full control of the city.
July 1399: Yan forces captured Tongzhou, Jizhou, Dunhua and Miyun districts.
July 1399: By the end of July, Juyong Pass, Huailai and Yongping all fell to the Yan forces.
August 1399: In 1399, the Rebel Prince of Yan led his forces to attack and capture the cities of Xiongxian and Zhengzhou. This event marked a significant victory for the Yan forces in their rebellion against the ruling dynasty.
August 1399: On August 24, Yan forces arrived in Wujixian.
40.2.First Government Counteroffensive (Jingnan rebellion)
Was the first offensive of Ming emperor against the revolt of his uncle, the prince of Yan.
August 1399: Yan forces retreated to Beiping.
40.3.Second Rebel Offensive (Jingnan rebellion)
Was the second offensive of Ming emperor against the revolt of his uncle, the prince of Yan.
October 1399: Yan forces reached Daning and Zhu Di entered the city.
November 1399: The Battle of Zhengcunba in 1399 was a conflict between the rebel Prince of Yan and Li Jinglong, a military commander of the Ming Dynasty. Li Jinglong's retreat to Dezhou marked a significant loss for the Ming forces in their struggle against the rebellion.
December 1399: The Battle of Zhengcunba in 1399 was a military conflict between the Ming Dynasty forces led by Li Jinglong and the opposing army. Li Jinglong, a prominent general of the Ming Dynasty, was forced to retreat to Dezhou after facing defeat in the battle.
40.4.Second Rebel Offensive
Was the second offensive of the forces of the prince of Yan against Ming emperor Zhu Yunwen.
December 1399: Yan forces reached Guangchang and the local garrison surrendered.
January 1400: Yan forces captured Weizhou without resistance.
February 1400: Jinglong was the Emperor of the Ming Dynasty, while Zhu Di was the Rebel Prince of Yan. The armistice request was made during the power struggle between the two factions in 1400 in Datong.
March 1400: The city of Baoding surrenders to the rebel prince of Yan.
May 1400: Yan forces captured Dezhou on May 9.
May 1400: The Rebel Prince of Yan, Zhu Di, led his forces to Jinan in 1400 during the Ming Dynasty. The city was surrounded by the Yan forces in an attempt to overthrow the ruling Ming Dynasty.
October 1400: Yan forces reached Cangzhou and took the city in two days.
40.5.Third Government Counteroffensive (Jingnan rebellion)
Was the third offensive of Ming emperor against the revolt of his uncle, the prince of Yan.
August 1400: With the supply line threatened, Zhu Di was forced to withdraw towards Beiping on 16 August. The Jinan garrison followed and retook Dezhou city.
40.6.Third Rebel Offensive (Jingnan rebellion)
Was the third offensive of the forces of the prince of Yan against Ming emperor Zhu Yunwen.
March 1401: Yan forces crossed the Jia River.
40.7.Fourth Rebel Offensive (Jingnan rebellion)
Was the final offensive of the forces of the prince of Yan against Ming emperor Zhu Yunwen. The emperor was defeated and the prince of Yan took his place.
March 1402: Yan forces passed Suzhou.
March 1402: The Rebel Prince of Yan, Zhu Di, reached Bengbu on March 9, 1402.
April 1402: The Yan forces reached the Sui River on April 14.
June 1402: On June 1, Yan forces were about to cross the Yangtze River, but met stiff resistance from Sheng Yong.
June 1402: In 1402, during the reign of the Ming Dynasty, the Rebel Prince of Yan led his forces to advance towards Nanjing, the capital city. By June 8, they had reached up to 30 km east of Nanjing, eventually sealing off the city on June 12.
July 1402: On July 13, 1402, Yan forces arrived in Nanjing. The defenders of the city decided to open its gates and surrender without resistance.
July 1402: Zhu Di was crowned at the imperial palace and became emperor as Yongle.
Was a military campaign against the kingdom of Đại Ngu (present-day northern Vietnam) under the Hồ dynasty by the Ming dynasty of China.
November 1406: In 1406, the Ming dynasty, led by Emperor Yongle, conquered Da Bang and Dong Kinh (Hanoi) as part of their military expansion into Southeast Asia. This marked a significant shift in regional power dynamics and control over the territory.
November 1406: In 1406, Ming Chinese forces led by General Chen Li captured the two capitals, Thang Long and Hoa Lu, along with other key cities in the Red River Delta region. This military occupation marked the beginning of Ming China's control over the area.
January 1407: By late January 1407, the Ming armies had taken control of the Red River Delta.
June 1407: Hồ Quý Ly and his son Hồ Hán Thương were captured by the Ming on 16 June 1407.
Were seven maritime expeditions undertaken by Ming China's treasure fleet between 1405 and 1433. The Yongle Emperor ordered the construction of the treasure fleet in 1403. The grand project resulted in far-reaching ocean voyages to the coastal territories and islands in and around the South China Sea, the Indian Ocean, and beyond.
42.1.Ming-Kotte War
Was a military conflict between the expeditionary forces of Ming China and the Sinhalese Kotte Kingdom in the southern territories of Sri Lanka.
January 1411: Chinese admiral Zheng He and his troops invaded Kotte and conquered its capital.
July 1411: After the third Ming treasure voyage, Chinese admiral Zheng He returned to Nanjing on 6 July 1411.
Was a a conflict that saw the transition from the Ming to the Qing Dinasty in China. The Qing created an indpendent domain in Manchuria, revolted against the Ming and systematically conquered all Ming territories in the following decades.
January 1641: A mutiny led by Zhang Xianzhong broke out in Sichuan in 1640.
43.1.Qing conquest of Ming China
Were a series of military campaign by the Qing against the the Ming that saw the fall of the latter.
May 1618: Battle of Fushun.
September 1618: Battle of Qinghe.
July 1619: Battle of Kaiyuan.
September 1619: Battle of Tieling.
October 1619: Battle of Xicheng.
June 1621: Battle of Shen-Liao.
December 1621: Battle of Fort Zhenjiang.
March 1622: Battle of Guangning.
December 1631: Battle of Dalinghe.
September 1634: Siege of Lüshun.
January 1643: Battle of Song-Jin.
April 1644: Wu Sangui's departure from Ningyuan Stronghold had left all territory outside the Great Wall under Qing control.
June 1644: Li Zicheng left Beijing on June 4th.
January 1645: The Qing Dynasty conquered Shanxi and Shaanxi.
May 1645: The Qing army, led by the Manchu prince Dodo, captured the key city of Xuzhou, north of the Huai He River, in early May 1645.
May 1645: On May 13, 1645, Ming Dynasty general Shi Kefa and Qing Dynasty forces led by Prince Dodo converged on Yangzhou.
June 1645: On June 1, 1645, the Qing armies led by the Manchu prince Dodo crossed the Yangtze River and easily captured the garrison city of Zhenjiang from the Ming Dynasty forces.
June 1645: The Qing Dynasty, led by Emperor Shunzhi, arrived at the gates of Nanjing in 1645. The Hongguang Emperor, leader of the Southern Ming Dynasty, had already fled the city. As a result, Nanjing surrendered to the Qing forces without resistance on June 16.
July 1645: The Jiangnan region is pacified by the Qing.
October 1645: End of the Shun Dynasty.
October 1645: Jiangyin held out against some 10,000 Qing soldiers for 83 days but on October 9, 1645, its walls were finally breached.
March 1646: In February 1646, Qing armies conquered the land west of the Qiantang River from the Lu regime.
September 1646: The Longwu court left its Fujian base.
November 1646: Milayin, a muslim chief at Ganzhou, led a rebellion against the Qing rule.
January 1647: A small Qing force, led by former Southern Ming commander Li Chengdong, captured Guangzhou.
February 1647: Chengdu was taken in early 1647.
June 1648: Li Chengdong mutinied against the Qing, and the concurrent rebellion of another former Ming general in Jiangxi helped the Yongli regime retake most of southern China.
January 1651: The new Qing armies managed to recapture the central provinces of Huguang, Jiangxi, and Guangdong in 1649 and 1650.
January 1651: Both Milayin and Ding Guodong were captured and killed in 1648, and in 1650 Muslim rebels were crushed in campaigns that inflicted heavy casualties on them.
August 1652: Most of the commanders who had supported the Qing in Guangxi reverted to the Ming side.
January 1659: In late January 1659, a Qing army led by the Manchu prince, Doni, captured the capital of Yunnan.
43.2.Qing invasion of Joseon
Was the invasion of Korea by Qing China.
December 1636: In 1636, during the Second Manchu invasion of Korea, Hanseong's garrisons, led by Korean military leader Gwon Yul, were defeated by the Qing Dynasty forces. The city was subsequently taken by the Qing Dynasty, marking a significant event in Korean history.
January 1637: Dorgon occupied Ganghwa Island on 27 January.
January 1637: The Qing Dynasty Captured the second son and consorts of Korean King Injo. He surrendered the day after.
January 1637: In 1637, during the Joseon-Ming War, the Ming general Yang Sichang withdrew the remaining Ming forces from Korea to Denglai in northern Shandong.
43.3.Shun secession
Was the secession of the state of Shun, centred in Xi'an, from the Ming Dynasty.
March 1644: In February 1644, the rebel leader Li Zicheng founded the Shun dynasty in Xi'an and proclaimed himself king.
April 1644: By March Shun armies had taken the important city of Taiyuan in Shanxi.
April 1644: On April 24, Li Zicheng breached the walls of Beijing, and the Emperor hanged himself the next day on a hill behind the Forbidden City.
Was a war waged by the Qing dynasty against peoples living along the Amur River region from 1639 to 1643.
January 1641: In 1639, Qing forces attacked the Solon and Daur people. A force of 500 under the Evenk chieftain Bombogor tried to resist, but the Qing defeated them and captured the fortresses of Duochen, Asajin, Yakesa, and Duojin in the following year.
January 1644: In 1643 the Amur region natives submitted to the Qing.
Were a series of intermittent skirmishes between the Qing dynasty of China and the Tsardom of Russia in which the latter tried and failed to gain the land north of the Amur River.
June 1643: In 1643, the native tribes of the Amour region submitted to the Qing Empire, under the rule of Emperor Hong Taiji.
January 1650: In 1649 Yerofei Khabarov found a better route to the upper Amur and quickly returned to Yakutsk where he recommended that a larger force be sent to conquer the region. He returned the same year and built winter quarters at Albazin at the northernmost point on the river. He occupied the Daur's fort Albazin after subduing the Daurs led by Arbaši.
September 1650: The Russians sailed down the Amur and built a fort at Achansk.
April 1654: Battle of Hutong.
May 1654: Battle of Hutong.
January 1656: Russian Tsardom has established a "military governor of the Amur region".
January 1659: By 1658 the Chinese had wiped out the Russians below Nerchinsk and the deserted land became a haven for outlaws.
January 1666: In 1665 Nikifor Chernigovsky murdered the voyvoda of Ilimsk and fled to the Amur and reoccupied the fort at Albazin, which became the center of a petty kingdom which he named Jaxa.
January 1686: Siege of Albazin (1685).
January 1687: Most of the Russians withdrew to Nerchinsk, but a few joined the Qing, becoming the Albazin Cossacks at Peking. The Chinese withdrew from the area, but the Russians, hearing of this, returned with 800 men under Aleksei Tolbuzin and reoccupied the fort. .
August 1689: In 1689, by the Treaty of Nerchinsk, the Russians abandoned the whole Amur country including Albazin. The frontier was established as the Argun River and the Stanovoy Range.
August 1689: The Treaty of Nerchinsk of 1689 was the first treaty between Russia and China under the Qing dynasty. The Russians gave up the area north of the Amur River as far as the Stanovoy Range and kept the area between the Argun River and Lake Baikal.
May 1858: On 28 May 1858, the Treaty of Aigun was signed by China and Russia to revise the border as determined by the Nerchinsk Treaty in 1689. Russia gained the left bank of the Amur River.
Were a series of military and exploration campaigns where Russia gradually extended into the territories of northeastern Asia.
January 1646: The Tsardom of Russia expands through the colonization or voluntary entry of Asian tribes and tribal unions.
January 1650: In 1649, Russian explorer Erofei Khabarov founded the city of Albazin in the Far East of Russia, in the territory covering the left-bank basin of the Amur River.
January 1726: The Tsardom of Russia expands through the colonization or voluntary entry of Asian tribes and tribal unions.
January 1757: In 1756, the southern part of the Altai Territory, Altai Republic, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Tomsk regions of Russia, and East Kazakhstan region was annexed by the Russian Empire. This event marked the expansion of Russian territory into the Altai region.
January 1757: In 1756, the southern part of the Altai Territory, Altai Republic, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Tomsk regions of Russia, and East Kazakhstan region was annexed by the Qing Dynasty. This event marked a significant expansion of Qing influence in the region.
January 1850: Russian settlers began establishing coal mines, administration facilities, schools, and churches on the island of Sakhalin.
Were a series of military campaigns launched by the Qing dynasty of China in the mid-late 18th century during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor.
47.1.Dzungar-Qing Wars
Were a series of Wars between the Dzungur Khanate and Qing China. The Dzungur Khanate was finally defeated and annexed by China.
47.1.1.First Dzungar-Qing War
Was the first of a series of Wars between the Dzungur Khanate and Qing China.
January 1697: It came under Qing rule in 1696 and remained a khanate as a part of the Qing Empire.
January 1697: The Battle of Jao Modo effectively incorporated Khalkha Mongolia under Qing rule and relegated Dzungar Mongol forces to Inner Asia until they were finally defeated in 1758.
47.1.2.Second Dzungar-Qing War
Was the second of a series of wars between the Dzungur Khanate and Qing China.
January 1721: Qing conquest of Tibet.
January 1721: An expedition led by General Yue Zhongqi, together with Tibetan forces under Polhanas of Tsang and Kangchennas (also spelled Gangchenney), the governor of Western Tibet expelled the Dzungars from Tibet in 1720 as patrons of the Khoshut and liberators of Tibet from the Dzungars.
47.1.3.Third Dzungar-Qing War
Was the third of a series of Wars between the Dzungur Khanate and Qing China.
January 1724: Dzungar uprising in Qinghai on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau.
January 1733: The Qing Empire, led by Emperor Yongzheng, defeated the Dzungars in 1732 near the Erdene Zuu Monastery in Mongolia. This victory solidified Qing control over the region and led to the annexation of Qinghai into Tibet.
January 1733: The Qing Empire, led by Emperor Yongzheng, defeated the Dzungars, a Mongol tribe, in 1732 near the Erdene Zuu Monastery in Mongolia. This victory solidified Qing control over the region of Qinghai.
47.1.4.Fourth Dzungar-Qing War
Was the final conquest of the Dzungar Khanate by Qing China.
January 1756: Fourth Dzungar-Qing War(1755): Qing conquest of the Dzungar Khanate and the creation of Xinjiang.
47.2.Sino-Burmese War
Was a war between Qing China and the Konbaung Dynasty of Burma. The war consisted of a series of unsuccesful Chinese invasions of Burma.
47.2.1.First invasion (Sino-Burmese War)
Was the invasion of Burma by the Qing Dynasty, the first of four that form the Sino-Burmese War (1765-1769).
January 1766: The invasion force was led by the Qing Dynasty military commander Ming Rui and the Tai-Shan militias were commanded by local leaders such as Sao Hin. The siege of Kengtung was part of the Qing Dynasty's efforts to expand their control over the region and assert dominance over local rulers.
April 1766: In 1766, the Burmese forces, led by King Hsinbyushin, lifted the siege on their territory and pursued the invading Qing forces into Pu'er Prefecture. The Burmese army successfully defeated the Qing forces in Pu'er, marking a significant victory in the conflict between the two powers.
April 1766: In 1766, the Burmese forces, led by King Hsinbyushin, lifted the siege on Kengtung and pursued the invading Chinese troops into Pu'er Prefecture. The Burmese army, known for their skilled tactics and military prowess, defeated the Chinese forces in Pu'er.
May 1766: Ne Myo Sithu was a Burmese military commander who left a reinforced garrison in all occupied regions in 1766. He returned to Ava, the capital of the Burmese Kingdom, in April of the same year. This event took place during the Qing Dynasty's rule over the territory.
47.2.2.Second invasion (Sino-Burmese War)
Was the invasion of Burma by the Qing Dynasty, the third of four that form the Sino-Burmese War (1765-1769).
January 1767: The Chinese forces, led by General Mingrui, laid siege to the Burmese garrison at Kaungton in 1766 during the Qing Dynasty's military occupation of the territory. The Burmese defenders were led by General Maha Thiha Thura.
January 1767: The Qing troops easily captured Bhamo in December 1766.
January 1768: Burmese commander Ne Myo Sithu retook the city of Bhamo.
January 1768: In 1767, the Chinese army was defeated by the Konbaung Dynasty and the Chinese had to leave Burma.
January 1768: In 1767, the Burmese armies led by King Hsinbyushin invaded and occupied eight Chinese Shan States within Yunnan. This military action was part of Burma's expansionist policies in the region, leading to tensions with the Qing Dynasty of China.
January 1792: Nepali Mulkaji (prime minister) Damodar Pande attacked the Tibetan moneastery of Digarcha and captured it.
February 1792: The army of Nepal leaves the monastery of Digarcha.
October 1792: The war ended in Nepal with the latter accepting to become a tributary state of Qing.
January 1793: The Qing forces marched along the banks of the Trishuli River until they reached Betrawati (city of Nukawot).
47.2.3.Third Chinese invasion of Burma
Was the invasion of Burma by the Qing Dynasty, the second of four that form the Sino-Burmese War (1765-1769).
47.2.3.1.Chinese Attack
Was the Chinese invasion of Burma in 1767.
November 1767: Qing general Mingrui's main army occupied the Shan states of Hsenwi and Hsipaw.
January 1768: Battle of Goteik Gorge: The Chinese victory cleared the way for the main Chinese army to Ava, the Burmese capital.
April 1768: They reached Singu on the Irrawaddy, 48 km north of Ava at the beginning of 1768.
47.2.3.2.Burmese counter-attack
Was the Burmese counterattack against the Chinese invasion of 1767.
April 1768: In early 1768 two Burmese armies led by Maha Thiha Thura and Ne Myo Sithu succeeded in retaking Hsenwi.
April 1768: The Battle of Maymyo in 1768 marked the end of the Third Qing Invasion of Burma, led by the Qing Dynasty of China. The battle was fought in March and resulted in the occupation of all regions by the Qing forces.
April 1768: The Battle of Maymyo in 1768 marked the end of the Third Qing Invasion of Burma, with the Konbaung Dynasty emerging victorious. The battle was a significant event in the conflict between the Qing Dynasty of China and the Konbaung Dynasty of Burma.
47.2.4.Fourth Qing invasion of Burma
Was the invasion of Burma by the Qing Dynasty, the last of four that form the Sino-Burmese War (1765-1769).
November 1769: In 1769, the Qing Dynasty, under the leadership of Emperor Qianlong, sent troops south to Shwenyaungbin where they constructed a large fortress. This military occupation was part of the Qing Dynasty's expansion efforts in the region.
November 1769: Three Chinese armies jointly attacked and captured Bhamo.
December 1769: The Burmese armies attacked the Chinese fort of Shwenyaungbin, which fell after a fierce battle.
December 1769: This event took place in Burma (Myanmar) during the Konbaung Dynasty. The peace treaty was signed between Burmese and Chinese officers to end hostilities and establish peace in the region.
47.3.Sino-Nepalese War
Was an invasion of Tibet by Nepal from 1788 to 1792.
47.3.1.Nepalese invasion of Tibet
The Nepalese Gorkha troops invaded Tibet in 1789.
January 1789: In 1788, Gorkha troops led by King Prithvi Narayan Shah of Nepal invaded Tibet, reaching Tashilhunpo, a major monastery in Shigatse. This military occupation marked a significant expansion of Nepalese influence in the region.
January 1789: The battle at Shikarjong in 1788 was fought between the Tibetan forces led by the Dalai Lama's regent, Desi Sangye Gyatso, and the Nepalese forces. The Tibetans were badly defeated, leading to the territory of Shikarjong, Gyirong, and Nyalam Town being occupied by Nepal.
47.3.1.1.Treaty of Kerung
Was the treaty that ended the Sino-Nepalese War.
January 1790: The representatives of Tibet and Nepal met at Khiru in 1789 to have peace talks. In the talks Tibet was held responsible for the quarrel and were required to give compensation to Nepal for the losses incurred in the war. Tibet had also to pay tribute to Nepal a sum of Rs. 50,001 every year in return for giving back to Tibet all the territories acquired during the war. It was called the Treaty of Kerung. The Nepalese representatives were given Rs. 50,001 as the first installment. So giving back the territories Kerung, Kuti, Longa, Jhunga and Falak, they went back to Nepal.
47.4.Chinese Invasion of Vietnam
Was an unsuccesful invasion of Vietnam by Qing China.
December 1788: The Chinese defeated the Tây Sơn army in Lạng Sơn.
December 1788: Thăng Long was the capital of the Đại Việt kingdom, ruled by Emperor Lê Chiêu Thống. The Chinese army was led by General Sun Shiyi, who invaded the territory as part of the Qing Dynasty's expansionist policies in Southeast Asia. The occupation of Thăng Long marked a significant turning point in the region's history.
February 1789: Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa: Qing withdrawal from Vietnam.
47.5.Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
Was a military campaign by Qing China to reconquer Xinjiang after the Dungan Revolt in the late 19th century.
January 1866: A major revolt known as the Dungan Revolt occurred in the 1860s and 1870s in Northwest China, and Qing rule almost collapsed in all of Xinjiang except for places such as Tacheng. Taking advantage of this revolt, Yakub Beg, commander-in-chief of the army of Kokand occupied most of Xinjiang and declared himself the Amir of Kashgaria.
September 1876: In August 1876 the Chinese appeared at Urumchi. The place soon surrendered and the garrison was massacred.
November 1876: On 2 September the Qing began the siege of Manas. On 6 November it surrendered.
May 1877: The Chinese withdrew to Toksun.
May 1877: The Chinese withdrew to Karashar and stayed there a few days.
May 1877: In mid-April Chang Yao marched from Hami and took Pichuan.
May 1877: The Chinese fought near Turfan and lost to the Kashgarians.
October 1877: In early October Karashar and Korla were occupied by Chinese forces.
December 1877: On 17 December Kashgar was easily taken by the Qing army.
December 1877: Yarkand, Khotan and other places in Kashgaria submitted to the Qing Dynasty.
Was fought on January 28, 1701 between the Qing and Tibetan armies over the control of the strategic border town of Dartsedo.
January 1701: The Battle of Dartsedo was fought between the Qing and Tibetan armies over the control of the strategic border town of Dartsedo.
Expansion during the rule of Prithvi Narayan Shah in the Gorkha Kingdom.
January 1747: Expansion of the Gorkha Kingdom under Prithvi Narayan Shah by 1746.
January 1748: Expansion of the Gorkha Kingdom under Prithvi Narayan Shah by 1747.
January 1749: Expansion of the Gorkha Kingdom under Prithvi Narayan Shah by 1748.
January 1750: Expansion of the Gorkha Kingdom under Prithvi Narayan Shah by 1749.
January 1751: Expansion of the Gorkha Kingdom under Prithvi Narayan Shah by 1750.
January 1752: Expansion of the Gorkha Kingdom under Prithvi Narayan Shah by 1751.
January 1753: Expansion of the Gorkha Kingdom under Prithvi Narayan Shah by 1752.
January 1754: Expansion of the Gorkha Kingdom under Prithvi Narayan Shah by 1753.
January 1755: Expansion of the Gorkha Kingdom under Prithvi Narayan Shah by 1754.
January 1756: Expansion of the Gorkha Kingdom under Prithvi Narayan Shah by 1755.
Was a revolt in Xinjiang by the followers of Āfāq Khoja, known as the Āfāqī Khojas, against Qing China.
January 1760: The Qing occupied the Altishahr region of Eastern Turkestan which had been settled by the followers of the Muslim political and religious leader Afaq Khoja.
Expansion during the rule of Rana Bahadur Shah in the Kingdom of Nepal.
January 1783: Based on the border of Nepal in 1782.
January 1787: Based on the border of Nepal in 1782.
January 1796: Nepal tributary state of China.
Expansion during the rule of Ranjit Singh in the Sikh Empire.
January 1840: Expansion of the Sikh Empire by 1839.
52.1.Afghan-Sikh Wars
Were a series of military conflicts between the Durrani Empire and the Sikh Empire that took place mainly in the Punjab region.
January 1779: The city of Multan reverted to Afghan rule under the suzerainty of Nawab Muzaffar Khan in 1778.
A period (1839-1949) of foregin interventions in China resulting in the occupation, conquest or lease of large territories by foregin countries.
53.1.Opium Wars
Were two wars between Qing China and the Western powers. The first war was caused by the Chinese prohibition against opium trafficking by British merchants, and the conflicts took their name from this fact.
53.1.1.First Opium War
Was a war between Qing China and the British Empire whose immediate cause was the Chinese prohibition against opium trafficking by British merchants. At the end of the war Hong Kong Island (part of modern-day Hong Kong) was ceded to Britain.
July 1840: British forces captured Chusan.
January 1841: In 1841, during the First Opium War, British forces led by Admiral Sir Hugh Gough and Captain Charles Elliot achieved a significant victory in the Second Battle of Chuenpi. The British fleet destroyed 11 Chinese junks and captured the Humen forts, solidifying their military occupation of the territory.
February 1841: Battle of First Bar.
March 1841: Battle of Whampoa.
March 1841: British attacked Canton, taking the Thirteen Factories (the sole warehouses of Western trade in China at the time).
May 1841: On 25 May, and the British counter-attacked, taking the last four Qing forts above Canton and bombarding the city. The Qing army fled in panic when the city heights were taken, and the British pursued them into the countryside.
May 1841: In 1841, during the First Opium War, British forces led by Captain Charles Elliot occupied Canton after the fighting subsided. This marked a significant moment in the conflict between Britain and China over trade and opium.
May 1841: Following the capture of Canton, the British command and the governor-general of Canton agreed to a cease-fire in the region. Under the terms of the limited peace (later widely referred to as "The Ransom of Canton"), the British were paid to withdraw beyond the Bogue forts, an action they completed by 31 May.
August 1841: Battle of Amoy.
September 1841: The Qing army retook the city of Xiamen and restored order.
October 1841: Chusan had been exchanged for Hong Kong on the authority of Qishan in January 1841, after which the island had been re-garrisoned by the Qing. Fearing that the Chinese would improve the island's defences, the British began a military invasion. The British attacked the Qing on 1 October. The battle of the Second Capture of Chusan ensued. The British forces killed 1500 Qing soldiers and captured Chusan.
October 1841: A British naval force bombarded and captured a fort on the outskirts of Ningbo.
October 1841: During the First Opium War, British forces led by Captain Charles Elliot captured Zhenhai in 1841, enabling them to take control of Ningpo without facing resistance. This military occupation was part of Britain's efforts to secure trading rights and expand their influence in China.
March 1842: When pursuing the retreating Chinese army after the Battle of Ningpo, the British captured the nearby city of Cixi on 15 March.
May 1842: During the First Opium War, British forces led by Captain Charles Elliot captured the strategic port of Zhapu in 1842. This victory allowed Great Britain to establish military occupation in the area.
June 1842: The mouth of the Huangpu River was captured by the British fleet.
June 1842: After the Battle of Woosung, the British captured the towns of Wusong and Baoshan.
June 1842: During the First Opium War, British forces led by Captain Charles Elliot occupied the outskirts of Shanghai in 1842. This military occupation was part of the Treaty of Nanking, which ceded the territory to Great Britain.
July 1842: Battle of Chinkiang.
53.1.1.1.Convention of Chuenpi
Was an agreement between the British Empire and the Qing Dynasty during the First Opium War.
January 1841: In 1841, during the First Opium War, the forts in Chusan were restored to the Qing Dynasty on 21 January. The ceremony was conducted by Captain James Scott, who was serving as the temporary governor of the fort at Chuenpi.
January 1841: British Commodore Bremer took formal possession of Hong Kong.
53.1.1.2.Treaty of Nanking
Was the peace treaty which ended the First Opium War.
June 1843: The Treaty of Nanking was a peace treaty which ended the First Opium War (Great Britain left the territories occupied in Qing China).
53.1.2.Second Opium War
Was a war that saw the Qing Dynasty fighting against the French and British Empires.
May 1850: During the First Battle of Taku Forts on 20 May 1850, British forces led by Admiral Sir James Stirling successfully captured the forts in China. This was part of the larger conflict known as the Second Opium War, where Britain and France sought to expand their influence in the region.
October 1856: In 1856, during the Second Opium War, British forces led by Admiral Sir Michael Seymour bombarded Canton (now Guangzhou) in China. The city walls were breached, allowing British troops to enter and occupy the territory.
November 1856: British forces captured the French Folly Fort.
November 1856: Humen conquered by great britain.
November 1856: In Canton, China, a force of 287 sailors and marines under Commander Andrew H. Foote attacks and captures the barrier forts
January 1857: Battle of Macao Fort.
January 1857: In 1857, during the Second Opium War, the British forces returned to Hong Kong after the territory of Canton was ceded to the Qing Dynasty. This marked a significant event in the ongoing conflict between the British Empire and the Qing Dynasty over trade and territorial control in China.
December 1857: In 1857, during the Second Opium War, the British army under Lord Elgin and the French army under Jean-Baptiste Louis Gros jointly attacked and occupied Canton. This military action was part of the efforts by the two Western powers to exert pressure on the Qing Dynasty in China.
August 1860: With 173 ships from Hong Kong, Anglo-French forces captured the port cities of Yantai and Dalian to seal the Bohai Gulf.
August 1860: Third Battle of Taku Forts.
August 1860: French General Charles Cousin-Montauban and British Admiral Sir James Hope led their respective forces to capture Tianjin on 23 August as part of the Second Opium War.
September 1860: Battle of Zhangjiawan.
September 1860: Battle of Palikao.
53.1.2.1.Treaty of Aigun
On 28 May 1858, the treaty of Aigun was signed between China and Russia to revise the Chinese and Russian border as determined by the Nerchinsk Treaty in 1689. Russia gained the left bank of the Amur River.
53.1.2.2.Four Treaties of Tientsin
In June 1858, the first part of the Second Opium War was ended with the four Treaties of Tientsin, which opened several Chinese ports to foreign trade.
July 1858: In June 1858, the first part of the Second Opium War ended with the four Treaties of Tientsin. The European powers and the U.S. evacuated most of the territories they had occupied in China.
53.1.2.3.Convention of Peking
Was an agreement comprising three distinct treaties concluded between the Qing dynasty of China and Great Britain, France, and the Russian Empire. It was signed at the end of the Second Opium War.
October 1860: After the Convention of Peking, France and Great Britain left most of the territories militarly occupied in China.
October 1860: In 1860, with the Treaty of Beijing, the Russians annexed the Pacific coast down to Vladivostok.
53.2.Concessions in China
During the XIX and XX century China was forced into treaties with foreign powers that established concessions (factually enclaves) in its territory.
November 1846: China leasea a concession the the British in Shanghai.
January 1850: China leases to France a concession in Shanghai.
January 1859: The British briefly occupied Qingniwa during the Second Opium War in 1858.
October 1860: China leases a concession in Tientsin to United Kingdom.
January 1861: Great Britain returned the British Concession in Dalian to Chinese (Qing) control in 1860.
May 1861: China leases a concession in Tientsin to France.
April 1895: China leases a concession in Tientsin to Japan.
October 1895: China leases a concession in Hankow to Germany.
October 1895: China leases a concession in Tientsin to Germany.
June 1896: China leases a concession in Hankow to Russia.
June 1896: China leases a concession in Hankow to France.
November 1897: Establishment of the Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory (Germany).
January 1898: Suzhou was one of the four ports specified to be opened to the Empire of Japan in the Treaty of Shimonoseki (17 April 1895).
January 1898: Hangzhou was one of the four ports specified to be opened to the Empire of Japan in the Treaty of Shimonoseki (17 April 1895).
January 1898: Chongqing was one of the four ports specified to be opened to the Empire of Japan in the Treaty of Shimonoseki (17 April 1895).
March 1898: On 1 November 1897, a band of armed men, who were perhaps members of the Big Swords Society, stormed the residence of a German missionary from the Society of the Divine Word and killed two priests. When Kaiser Wilhelm II received news of these murders, he dispatched the German East Asia Squadron to occupy Jiaozhou Bay. Then the enforcement of the lease agreement of March 6, 1898 with China occurred.
May 1898: The British occupy Weihaiwei (Weihai Wei-hai).
June 1898: New Territories in Hong Kong leased to U.K. by China for 99 years.
July 1898: China leases a concession in Hankow to Japan.
January 1899: One of the four ports specified to be opened to the Empire of Japan in the Treaty of Shimonoseki (17 April 1895).
June 1902: China leases a concession in Tientsin to Italy.
December 1902: The Belgian Concession in Tianjin was established in 1902 after Belgian envoy Maurice Joostens claimed the parcel in the negotiations following the defeat of the Boxer rebels.
December 1902: On December 27, 1902, Austria-Hungary gained a concession zone in Tianjin as part of the reward for its contribution to the Alliance during the Boxer Rebellion.
53.3.Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
Was a punitive expedition launched by the Japanese ostensibly in retaliation for the murder of 54 Ryukyuan sailors by Paiwan aborigines near the southwestern tip of Taiwan in December 1871.
June 1874: Occupation of Taiwan by Japan.
December 1874: In November 1874 the Japanese forces withdrew from Taiwan after the Qing government agreed to an indemnity of 500,000 Kuping taels, or about 18.7 tonnes silver.
53.4.Sino-French War
Was a war between France and Qing China caused by the French military campaigns to conquer Vietnam.
53.4.1.Treaty of Tientsin (1885)
Was the treaty that ended the Sino-French War. Qing China recognized the French protectorate over Vietnam.
53.5.Sino-Japanese Wars
Were two major wars between China and Japan in the XIX and XX centuries.
53.5.1.First Sino-Japanese War
Was a conflict between China and Japan primarily over influence in Korea.
53.5.1.1.Invasion of Korea
Was the Japanese invasion of Korea during the First Sino-Japanese War.
June 1894: First of about 4,000 Japanese soldiers and 500 marines land at Jemulpo (Incheon).
July 1894: In 1894, Japanese troops led by General Yasumasa Fukushima occupied Seoul during the First Sino-Japanese War. This military occupation marked the beginning of Japan's increasing influence and control over Korea.
July 1894: Battle of Seonghwan.
September 1894: Battle of Pyongyang (1894).
October 1894: The city of Antung, the regional capital, was occupied the following day without any resistance and placed under Japanese civil administration.
53.5.1.2.Invasion of Mainland China
Was the Japanese invasion of Manchuria and Shandong during the First Sino-Japanese War.
November 1894: Battle of Lushunkou.
February 1895: Battle of Weihaiwei.
March 1895: Battle of Yingkou.
53.5.1.3.Treaty of Shimonoseki
Was a treaty signed in Shimonoseki, Japan on April 17, 1895, between the Empire of Japan and Qing China, ending the First Sino-Japanese War.
April 1895: The Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed on 17 April 1895 by representatives of the Qing Dynasty and the Empire of Japan. It marked the end of the First Sino-Japanese War and resulted in Korea being ceded to the Qing Dynasty.
April 1895: They Qings ceded the Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan and Penghu Islands to Japan.
53.5.1.4.Triple Intervention
Was a diplomatic intervention by Russia, Germany, and France on 23 April 1895 over the harsh terms of the Treaty of Shimonoseki imposed by Japan on the Qing dynasty of China that ended the First Sino-Japanese War.
April 1895: The ceding of Liaodong peninsula was rescinded after the Triple Intervention of 23 April 1895 by Russia, France and Germany. In the aftermath of this intervention, the Russian government pressured the Qing dynasty to lease Liaodong and the strategically important Lüshunkou (Port Arthur) for use by the Russian Navy.
53.6.Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)
After the First Sino-Japanese War, Qing China had officially ceded the island of Taiwan to Japan. However, the people of Taiwan led by Chiu Feng-chia proclaimed an independent Republic, which caused the Japanese invasion, and ultimately its annexion, by Taiwan.
53.6.1.Pescadores campaign (1895)
Was the Japanese military campaign to occupy the Pescadores islands during the Japanese Invasion of Taiwan.
March 1895: After a naval bombardment of the Chinese forts, Japanese troops went ashore on Fisher Island and Penghu Island on 24 March, fought several brief actions with defending Chinese troops, and captured the Hsi-tai battery and Makung.
53.7.Boxer Rebellion
Was an anti-foreign, anti-colonial, and anti-Christian uprising in China between 1899 and 1901. The rebels were known as the "Boxers" in English because many of its members had practiced Chinese martial arts, which at the time were referred to as "Chinese boxing".
53.7.1.Initial revolt of the Boxers
Was the revolt by the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (known as the "Boxers" by western countries) that started the Boxer Rebellion.
October 1899: The "Boxers" called themselves the "Militia United in Righteousness" for the first time one year later, at the Battle of Senluo Temple (October 1899), a clash between Boxers and Qing government troops occurred.
June 1900: In spring 1900, the Boxer movement spread rapidly north from Shandong into the countryside near Beijing.
June 1900: On 11 June, the first Boxer, dressed in his finery, was seen in the Legation Quarter. The German Minister, Clemens von Ketteler, and German soldiers captured a Boxer boy and inexplicably executed him. In response, thousands of Boxers burst into the walled city of Beijing that afternoon and burned many of the Christian churches and cathedrals in the city, burning some victims alive.
53.7.1.1.Siege of the Legation Quarter
The legations of the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, the United States, Russia and Japan were located in the Beijing Legation Quarter south of the Forbidden City. The Chinese army and Boxer irregulars besieged the Legation Quarter during the Boxer Rebellion.
June 1900: The legations of the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, the United States, Russia and Japan were located in the Beijing Legation Quarter south of the Forbidden City. The Chinese army and Boxer irregulars besieged the Legation Quarter from 20 June .
August 1900: The Chinese army and Boxer irregulars besieged the Legation Quarter from 20 June to 14 August 1900.
53.7.2.Seymour Expedition
Was an attempt by a multi-national military force to march to Beijing and relieve the Siege of the Legations durint the Boxer Rebellion.
June 1900: As the Boxer Rebellion more violent, a second multinational force of 2,000 sailors and marines under the command of the British vice-admiral Edward Seymour, the largest contingent being British, was dispatched from Dagu to Beijing on 10 June 1900. The troops were transported by train from Dagu to Tianjin.
June 1900: Battle of Langfang: the Chinese Muslim Kansu Braves and Boxers ambushed and defeating the Eight-Nation Alliance expeditionary army.
53.7.3.Eight Nations Alliance Invasion of China
Was the invasion of Qing China by the Eight-Nation Alliance (formed by the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Japan) during the Boxer Rebellion.
August 1900: Beijing, Tianjin, and other cities in northern China were occupied by the international force.
September 1901: The Boxer Protocol was signed, and as a result, the Qing Dynasty regained control over the rebellious territories.
September 1901: The Boxer Protocol was signed. The Eight Nations Alliance left the territories of Qing China.
53.7.3.1.Russian invasion of Manchuria
Was the Russian invasion of Manchuria, a territory of Qing China, during the Boxer Rebellion.
53.8.British expedition to Tibet
Was a British military invasion of Tibet, at the time part of Qing China.
March 1904: Start of the British expedition to Tibet. The British army that departed Gnathong in Sikkim on 11 December 1903 and reached the pass of Guru, near Lake Bhan Tso, on 31 March.
May 1904: The battle at Karo La, which occurred on May 5-6 between British and Tibetan forces, is possibly the highest altitude action in history.
June 1904: On 28 June British Colonial forces cleared the Tsechen monastery.
July 1904: British storming of Gyantse Dzong.
July 1904: British troops reached the walls of another fortress, Peté Jong.
July 1904: On 25 July, British Colonial forces began to cross the Tsangpo river.
August 1904: The British force arrived in Lhasa to discover that the thirteenth Dalai Lama had fled to Urga.
January 1909: After Chinese and Tibetan Authorities had finished to pay indemnities to the British, the Chumbi Valley was given back to Tibet.
53.8.1.Treaty of Lhasa
Was the treaty that ended the British invasion of Tibiet.
September 1904: The Treaty of Lhasa ended the British expedition to Tibet, ceding the Chumbi Valley to Great Britain. Following the treaty, British forces evacuated the remaining occupied territories of Tibet.
Was a war between Tibet, a vassal of the Qing Dynasty, and the Sikh Empire.
54.1.Invasion of Tibet (1841)
Was the Sikh invasion of Tibet that started the Dogra-Tibetan War.
June 1841: One Sikh division invaded Tibet via the Rupshu valley and Hanle.
October 1841: Tibetan general Zorawar Singh, a prominent military leader in the Sikh Empire, was unable to hold Taklakot and retreated to the Mayum La, the border of West Tibet.
January 1842: In 1841, British explorer Alexander Burnes led one division along the Indus valley towards Tashigang. The territory was under the military occupation of the Sikh Empire at that time.
January 1842: Rudok conquered by sikh empire.
54.2.Tibetan Counterattack
Was the Tibetan counterattack against the Sikh invasion of the Dogra-Tibetan War.
November 1841: After severe fighting, Taklakot was retaken by the Tibetans.
December 1841: The Tibetans defeated the Sikh and pursued them up to Dumra (Nubra Valley, possibly Diskit), a day's journey from Leh, where they encamped.
September 1842: Qing China and the Sikh Empire signed a treaty in September 1842 that stipulated no transgressions or interference in the other country's frontiers.
Was a British punitive expedition that captured the forts along the Pearl River, Guangdong province, China, on 2-3 April 1847.
April 1847: A British punitive expedition captured the forts along the Pearl River, Guangdong province, China.
January 1848: At the end of the expedition in Canton, the British evacuated the regions occpied in China.
Was a civil war that waged in China between the Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the Hakka-led Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. .
January 1851: The Qing government defeated the Taiping Rebellion with the aid of French and British forces.
September 1864: The Taiping Rebellion was a massive rebellion or civil war that was waged in China. Commanded by Hong Xiuquan, the self-proclaimed brother of Jesus, the goals of the Taipings were religious, nationalist, and political in nature. They sought the conversion of the Chinese people to the Taiping's syncretic version of Christianity, the overthrow of the ruling Manchu Dynasty and a transformation of the state. The Taipings established the Heavenly Kingdom as an oppositional state based in Tianjing.
Was a war between the forces of the Tibetan government (then under administrative rule of the Qing dynasty) and the invading Nepalese army.
April 1855: In 1855, General Dhir Shamsher of Nepal defeated a small Tibetan detachment at Chusan, captured Kuti, and advanced to Suna Gompa during a military occupation of the territory.
May 1855: Kerong, a strategic town in Tibet, was occupied by Nepalese military leader Bam Bahadur in 1855 without facing any resistance. This move was part of Nepal's expansionist policies under the leadership of Prime Minister Jang Bahadur Rana.
November 1855: In 1855, the Tibetan army, under the Qing dynasty, attacked Nepalese camps at Kuti and Dzongka. The Nepalese suffered heavy losses, with 700 men killed in Kuti. The survivors retreated to the border in November 5.
January 1856: Jang Bahadur sent reinforcements and in December Dhir Shamsher recaptured Kuti.
March 1856: In 1856, a Treaty was signed at Thapathali between Tibet (under Qing rule) and Nepal. The Tibetans agreed to pay an annual subsidy of ten thousand rupees to the Nepal Durbar and allowed a Nepalese trading station and agency to be established at Lhasa.
Were a series of wars between the Dutch East Indies and the Kongsi Republics, which were self-governing Chinese mining communities in western Borneo.
58.1.Second Kongsi War
Was a war between the Dutch East Indies and the Kongsi Republics, which were self-governing Chinese mining communities in western Borneo.
January 1856: In 1855, the Dutch East Indies launched an expedition against the Chinese of the Kongsi states in Montrado, Borneo.
58.2.Third Kongsi War
Was a war between the Dutch East Indies and the Kongsi Republics, which were self-governing Chinese mining communities in western Borneo.
January 1885: The Lanfang Republic was ended by Dutch occupation in 1884.
Was a treaty between the Russian Empire and the Qing dynasty that provided for the return to China of the eastern part of the Ili Basin region which had been occupied by Russia since 1871 during the Dungan Revolt.
February 1881: In 1881, the eastern part of the Ili Basin region, Zhetysu, was returned to the Qing Dynasty of China. This decision was made as part of the Treaty of Saint Petersburg, signed by Russian diplomat Nikolay Ignatiev and Chinese statesman Li Hongzhang.
Was a French military campaign to conquer Tonkin and Annam, in Vietnam, that became French protectorates.
60.1.Treaty of Huế
The 1883 and 1884 Treaties of Huế divided the remaining Vietnamese territory into the French protectorates of Annam and Tonkin under nominal Nguyen dynasty rule.
August 1883: The 1883 and 1884 Treaties of Huế divided the remaining Vietnamese territory into the protectorates of Annam and Tonkin under nominal Nguyen dynasty rule.
Was an armed rebellion in Korea led by peasants and followers of the Donghak religion.
61.1.First Revolt of the Gwanseo Peasant War (1811-1812)
Was the first revolt by peasants and followers of the Donghak religion.
March 1894: The 4,000 rebels of Mujang turned towards Mount Baek, Gobu.
April 1894: The rebels occupied Taein.
April 1894: Buan conquered by Donghak Rebels.
April 1894: Donghak Rebels occupied Jeonju.
Was a war between the Japanese Empire and the Russian Empire over the control of Manchuria and Korea.
62.1.Treaty of Portsmouth
The Treaty of Portsmouth formally ended the 1904-05 Russo-Japanese War. Manchuria was given back to Qing China. The southern portion of Sakhalin island was gained by Japan.
September 1905: The Treaty of Portsmouth formally ended the 1904-05 Russo-Japanese War. China gained Manchuria.
September 1905: The former Russian leasehold of Kwantung on the Liaodong Peninsula with the naval port of Port Arthur fell to Japan.
Was a military campaign of the Qing dynasty to establish direct rule in Tibet in early 1910.
February 1910: Chinese military expedition occupies Lhasa on February 12.
February 1910: The 13th Dalai Lama was officially deposed on February, 25th 1910. Tibet, that had been a Chinese protectorate since the XVIII Century, was annexed directly to Qing China.
Was a revolt in Chin that ended China's last imperial dynasty, the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, and led to the establishment of the Republic of China.
February 1912: The Xinhai Revolution ended with the abdication of the six-year-old Qing Emperor, Puyi, on 12 February 1912, that marked the end of 2,000 years of imperial rule and the beginning of China's early republican era.
Was a war between China and Mongolia. It was initiated by a Mongolian invasion of China.
September 1913: During the summer, Mongolian troops captured Linx, Dolonnuur, Zhangjiakou and Guisui.
65.1.Kyakhta trilateral agreement
Was an agreement that ended the 1913-1915 Sino-Mongolian War.
January 1916: The Russians refused to support the Sino–Mongolian War of 1913-1915. For this reason, the Mongols decided to withdraw. The war officially ended in 1915 with the Kyakhta trilateral agreement.
Was a period in the history of the Republic of China when control of the country was divided among former military cliques of the Beiyang Army and other regional factions.
June 1916: After the death of Yuan Shikai, China become ruled by a patchwork of warlords.
Were a series of wars which were waged in Southeast Asia from 1946 to 1991, by communist Indochinese forces (mainly the Democratic Republic of Vietnam) against anti-communist forces (mainly French, the State of Vietnam, American, Cambodian, Laotian Royal, and Chinese forces). The term "Indochina" originally referred to French Indochina.
67.1.First Indochina War
Was a war between France and the Viet Minh coalition whose goal was the independence of Vietnam from Indochina. At the end of the war the French left French Indochina, which was dissolved and succeeded by the State of Vietnam, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, the Kingdom of Laos and the Kingdom of Cambodia.
March 1946: Agreement between the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and France where the latter recognized Vietnam as a sovereign state.
Was a civil war fought in China between the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party. The war continued intermittently for more than twenty years, and overlappes with the Second Sino-Japanese War that started in 1937 with the Japanese occupation of Manchuria. The Communists gained control of mainland China and established the People's Republic of China in 1949, forcing the leadership of the Kuomintang-led Republic of China to retreat to the island of Taiwan.
68.1.War in Xinjiang
Was the theatre of war of the Chinese Civil war in Xinjiang, where the First and Second East Turkestan Republic were founded.
October 1949: Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China.
68.2.Second Phase (Chinese Civil War)
Was the second phase of the Chinese Civil War. The war had been interrupted by the Japanese invasion of China in 1937. After the defeat of Japan in World War II, the Chinese Civil War resumed in 1945.
October 1949: Expansion of Communist forces by mid 1949 during the Chinese Civil War.
October 1949: The KMT government retreated to Canton (Guangzhou) until October 15.
November 1949: Chonqqing conquered by People's Republic of China.
December 1949: Chengdu campaign.
January 1950: Battle of Bamianshan.
February 1950: Battle of Tianquan.
May 1950: Battle of Yiwu.
68.2.1.Creation of the two Chinas
On 1 October 1949, Mao Zedong proclaimed the founding of the People's Republic of China. At the same time the Republic of China continued to exist in Taiwan.
October 1949: Mao Zedong proclaimed the founding of the People's Republic of China.
December 1949: The Chinese Civil War resulted in the Republic of China's loss of mainland China to the Chinese Communist Party and retreat to Taiwan in 1949. Although the Republic of China government continued to claim to be the legitimate representative of China, since 1950 its effective jurisdiction has been limited to Taiwan and numerous smaller islands. Government moved to Taipei 7 December 1949.
68.2.2.Campaign to the North of Nanchuan County
Was a military campaign by the communists against the nationalists in Sichuan during the Chinese Civil War.
November 1949: Youyang (酉阳), Xiushan and Enshi fall into Communist hands.
68.2.3.Guangxi Campaign
Was a campaign fought between the nationalists and the communists during the Chinese Civil War. It resulted in a victory for the communists and the capture of Guangxi province.
December 1949: Guangxi province conquered by People's Republic of China.
68.2.4.Insular Campaigns
Were a series of battles for the control of the islands in the Taiwan Strait after the communists had taken over mainland China and the nationalists had moved to Taiwan.
March 1950: Battle of Nan'ao Island.
May 1950: Battle of Hainan Island.
August 1950: Wanshan Archipelago Campaign.
August 1950: Battle of Nanpéng Island.
May 1953: Battle of Dalushan Islands.
July 1953: Dongshan Island Campaign.
Was a military campaign by the People's Republic of China that resulted in the annexion of Tibet.
April 1950: In March, the People's Liberation Army arrived in Kangding.
July 1950: The Chinese Qinghai Cavalry Detachment entered Gyêgu.
July 1950: The 18th Army of the People's Republic of China assembled at Garzê.
July 1950: Chinese forces entered Litang from the east.
October 1950: The PLA crossed the Jinsha River on 6 or 7 October 1950 into Lhasa-controlled Chamdo.
October 1950: The People's Republic of China captured the border town of Chamdo by 19 October.
May 1951: Tibetan representatives in Beijing and the PRC Government signed the Seventeen Point Agreement on 23 May 1951, authorizing the PLA presence and Central People's Government rule in Political Tibet.
Was a series of withdrawals from territories occupied by the Allies during World War II in the aftermath of the war.
October 1955: Kwantung returned to China.
Was a war between China and India over disputed border territories. When the military invasion of China reached its claim lines it declared a unilateral cease-fire which ended the conflict.
71.1.Chinese offensive (Sino-Indian War)
Was a Chinese offensive during the Sino-Indian War.
October 1962: The southern banks of the Namka Chu River are occupied by Chinese forces.
October 1962: The Chinese easily took the Chip Chap Valley, Galwan Valley, and Pangong Lake.
October 1962: Indian military posts north of Chushul were cleared by Chinese forces.
October 1962: In 1962, during the Sino-Indian War, Chinese troops led by General Zhang Guohua launched a three-pronged attack on Tawang, a town in the North-Eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh. The Indian forces, under the command of Major Rinchin, were forced to evacuate the territory, leading to its military occupation by the People's Republic of China.
November 1962: The People's Republic of China penetrated close to the outskirts of Tezpur, Assam.
November 1962: The territories of the eastern part of the border India-China are evacuated by the Indian Army.
Was a border war fought between China and Vietnam in early 1979.
February 1979: Battle of Dong Dang (1979).
March 1979: Battle of Cao Bang (1979).
March 1979: Battle of Lao Cai.
March 1979: Lạng Sơn was captured by the People's Republic of China after intense fighting.
March 1979: In 1979, the People's Liberation Army (PLA) of China, led by Deng Xiaoping, took control of Sa Pa in Vietnam during the Sino-Vietnamese War. This military occupation was part of China's efforts to push back against Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia.
March 1979: China declared that the gate to Hanoi was open and that their punitive mission had been achieved. The People's Liberation Army crossed the border back into China on 16 March.
January 1599 BC: The Shang dynasty emerged c. 1600 BC after defeating the Xia Dynasty in the Battle of Mingtiao.
January 1045 BC: Guan was established soon after the founding of the Zhou dynasty as an appanage for Zhou King Wu's younger brother.
January 1045 BC: Battle of Muye: The Zhou army, led by Ji Fa, defeated the defending Shang army at Muye and captured the Shang capital Yin, ending the Shang dynasty. This victory led to the establishment of the Zhou dynasty.
January 1045 BC: The polity originated before the western Zhou period.
January 1044 BC: The polity originated before the western Zhou period.
January 1042 BC: The polity originated before the western Zhou period.
January 1042 BC: The polity of Yuan (原) originated in Jiyuan, Henan, at the time of the early Zhou dynasty.
January 1042 BC: The polity of Chunyu originated in Anqiu, Shandong, at the time of the early Zhou dynasty.
January 1042 BC: The polity of Ji (祭) originated in Changyuan, Henan, and Zhengzhou, Henan, at the time of the early Zhou dynasty.
January 1042 BC: The polity of Zou (鄒 or 邾) originated in Zoucheng, Shandong, at the time of the early Zhou dynasty.
January 1042 BC: During the period of the early Zhou dynasty, the area of modern-day Yanling County (Henan) became the state of Yan (鄢).
January 1042 BC: The polity of Eastern Guo originated in Xingyang, Henan, at the time of the early Zhou dynasty.
January 1039 BC: Change based on available maps for the Spring and Autumn period and Warring States period.
January 1038 BC: Change based on available maps for the Spring and Autumn period and Warring States period.
January 1038 BC: Regardless of Xu's involvement, the rebels eventually lost the war. The Huai River valley was consequently invaded and subjugated by the Zhou royal army in 1039 BC. To what extent Xu was also defeated during that campaign remains unclear.
January 1019 BC: Change based on available maps for the Spring and Autumn period and Warring States period.
January 1005 BC: The polity originated during the reign of king Cheng of Zhou.
January 1005 BC: Expansion of the Zhou Dynasty during the reign of king Cheng.
January 999 BC: Change based on available maps for the Spring and Autumn period and Warring States period.
January 956 BC: Around 957 BC, the Zhou dynasty lost a disastrous war against Chu. This defeat appears to have thrown the dynasty into chaos. Based on archaeological findings, Edward L. Shaughnessy even speculates that the Zhou dynasty was so weakened that it largely retreated to its capital area, leaving most of its empire to fend for itself.
January 899 BC: Change based on available maps for the Spring and Autumn period and Warring States period.
January 885 BC: Change based on available maps for the Spring and Autumn period and Warring States period.
January 805 BC: Change based on available maps for the Spring and Autumn period and Warring States period.
January 781 BC: Change based on available maps for the Spring and Autumn period and Warring States period.
January 770 BC: The polity is assumed to existed since the start of the Spring and Autumn period in 770 BC.
January 768 BC: Change based on available maps for the Spring and Autumn period and Warring States period.
January 766 BC: Eastern Guo barely survived into the Spring and Autumn period (770-475 BC). It was conquered by the State of Zheng in 767 BC.
January 762 BC: Change based on available maps for the Spring and Autumn period and Warring States period.
January 749 BC: Change based on available maps for the Spring and Autumn period and Warring States period.
January 719 BC: Change based on available maps for the Spring and Autumn period and Warring States period.
January 712 BC: Change based on available maps for the Spring and Autumn period and Warring States period.
January 640 BC: In 641 BC, the State of Qin conquered Rui.
January 640 BC: In 641 BC, Liang was conquered by the State of Qin.
January 626 BC: Change based on available maps for the Spring and Autumn period and Warring States period.
January 618 BC: Change based on available maps for the Spring and Autumn period and Warring States period.
January 599 BC: Change based on available maps for the Spring and Autumn period and Warring States period.
January 591 BC: Change based on available maps for the Spring and Autumn period and Warring States period.
January 562 BC: Change based on available maps for the Spring and Autumn period and Warring States period.
January 512 BC: Change based on available maps for the Spring and Autumn period and Warring States period.
January 499 BC: Change based on available maps for the Spring and Autumn period and Warring States period.
January 452 BC: In 453 BC, Jin was split into three successor states: Han, Zhao and Wei.
January 380 BC: Change based on available maps for the Spring and Autumn period and Warring States period.
January 374 BC: Zheng was conquered by the State of Han.
January 315 BC: Shu was conquered by Qin.
January 315 BC: Change based on available maps for the Spring and Autumn period and Warring States period.
January 271 BC: Yiqu is annexed by Qin.
January 248 BC: Territorial change based on available maps.
January 248 BC: The Zhou Dynasty is disestablished.
January 248 BC: Eastern Zhou was annexed by Qin in 249 BC.
January 208 BC: Territorial change based on available maps.
January 208 BC: Wey is annexed by Qin.
January 205 BC: Change based on available maps for the Spring and Autumn period and Warring States period.
January 190 BC: The realm of Dong'ou was given to Zou Yao by Emperor Gaozu of Han in 192 BC.
January 110 BC: Under Han Emperor Wu it became 111 BC. incorporated into the prefecture of Zangke (牂柯郡).
January 110 BC: Territorial change based on available maps.
January 100 BC: By 100 BC, the Dayuan were defeated by the Han dynasty in the Han-Dayuan war.
January 76 BC: Chinese dynasties took direct control of the kingdom some time after 77 BC, and it was later known in Chinese as Shanshan.
January 2: Goguryeo developed from a league of various Yemaek tribes to an early state and rapidly expanded its power.
January 9: The Xin Dynasty was short-lived Chinese dynasty established by the Han dynasty consort kin Wang Mang, who usurped the throne of Emperor Ping of Han.
October 23: After Wang's death, the Han monarch was restored by Liu Xiu, a distant descendant of Emperor Jing of Han, therefore the Xin dynasty is often considered an interregnum period of the Han dynasty, dividing it into the Western Han (or "Former Han") and the Eastern Han (or "Later Han").
January 31: During the widespread rebellion against Wang Mang, the state of Goguryeo, led by King Taejo, took advantage of the chaos to raid Han's Korean commanderies. It wasn't until AD 30 that the Han Dynasty was able to regain control over the region.
January 31: Kujula Kadphises unites Yuezhi tribes into a confederation .
January 41: Vietnamese resistance to Han rule culminated in the rebellion of the Trưng Sisters, who expelled the Han in 40 AD and briefly ruled Vietnam.
January 44: The Trung Sisters were defeated by the returning Han Chinese army in 43 AD.
January 51: The Kushans returned to Margiana in the 1st century AD and helped the satrap Sanabares declare himself king who ruled from ca. 50 AD.
January 57: In 56, Xian, the king of Yarkent, conquered Khotan. He appointed Yulin as the king of Ligui and made his brother, Weishi, the new king of Khotan. This expansion of Xian's territory solidified his power and influence in the region.
January 79: Ban Chao, a Chinese General, subdues the Khotan Kingdom.
January 92: Han Dynasty general Ban Chao, with the aid of the Kushan Empire, was able to subdue the regions of Kashgar and Sogdiana.
January 94: After the downfall of the Xiongnu, the Xianbei replaced them with a loose confederacy from AD 93.
January 101: Kushan emperor Vima Kadphises (c. 95 - c. 127) conquers territories in Bactria.
January 106: Khotan regained its independence.
January 112: The Kingdom of Kucha was an ancient Buddhist kingdom located on the branch of the Silk Road that ran along the northern edge of the Taklamakan Desert in the Tarim Basin.
January 128: Shule becomes a tributary of the Eastern Han.
January 128: The Chinese general Ban Yong attacked and subdued Khotan.
January 156: Around 155, the northern Xiongnu were "crushed and subjugated" by the Xianbei.
January 167: The Xianbei chief, known by the Chinese as Tanshihuai, advanced upon and defeated the Wusun people of the Ili region by 166. Under Tanshihuai, the Xianbei extended their territory from the Ussuri to the Caspian Sea.
January 220: Towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, Liu Bei, a warlord and distant relative of the Han imperial clan, rallied the support of many capable followers. Liu Bei conquered parts of Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan) in 208, took over Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) from the warlord Liu Zhang between 212 and 214 and wrestled control of Hanzhong from his rival Cao Cao in 219. Afterwards, Liu Bei proclaimed himself King of Hanzhong.
December 220: Emperor Xian of Han was forced to abdicate by Cao Pi who established the state of Cao Wei with himself as the new emperor. This event marked the formal end of the Han dynasty and the beginning of the Three Kingdoms period in China.
August 266: On 4 February 266, Sima Zhao's son, Sima Yan, forced Cao Huan to abdicate in his favor, replacing Wei with the Jin dynasty on 8 February 266. Cao Huan himself was spared, though, and continued to live until 302, before dying.
January 285: The Tuyuhun Empire was established in 284 by subjugating the native peoples referred to as the Qiang, including more than 100 different and loosely coordinated tribes that did not submit to each other or any authority.
January 297: Chouchi was a Di kingdom founded by Yang Maosou in 296.
January 301: The Chiefdom of Mu'ege existed from 300 AD.
January 303: During the disintegration of China's Jin Dynasty Micheon expanded Goguryeo's borders into the Liaodong Peninsula: first military campaign in 302 headed against the Xuantu Commandery, with conquering Daedong River basins of current Pyeongyang.
January 305: Former Zhao was established. In Chinese historiography, it was given two conditional state titles, the Northern Han (北漢; Běi Hàn) for the state proclaimed in 304 by Liu Yuan, and the Former Zhao (前趙; Qián Zhào) for the state proclaimed in 319 by Liu Yao. The reference to them as separate states should be considered misleading, given that when Liu Yao changed the name of the state from "Han" to "Zhao" in 319, he treated the state as having been continuous from the time that Liu Yuan founded it in 304; instead, he de-established royal lineage from the Han dynasty and claimed ancestry directly from Yu the Great of the Xia dynasty.
January 305: Cheng Han was a Ba-Di kingdom founded by Li Xiong in 304.
January 311: Dai was an independent Xianbei kingdom created by Tuoba Yilu. For his service against the Xiongnu from 304 to 314, the Jin dynasty ceded to him five counties.
January 312: On 13 July 311, Liu Cong's general, Shi Le, sacked the Jin capital of Luoyang and took Emperor Huai of Jin as hostage. The fall of Luoyang came to be known as the Disaster of Yongjia.
January 314: In 313 Goguryeo conquered the Lelang Commandery.
January 315: The Goguryeo Kingdom conquers the Daifang Commandery from the Jin dynasty (266-420).
January 320: In northeast China, Shi Le proclaimed himself King of Zhao, the kingdom which historians refer to as Later Zhao.
January 321: In the western Liang Province, Zhang Gui dutifully defended Jin territory against various Xianbei groups. When Zhang Gui's son, Zhang Shi, died in 320, Liang became an autonomous kingdom under the rule of the Zhang family.
January 331: The Rouran Khaganate is established.
November 337: Former Yan was a Xianbei kingdom founded by Murong Huang in 337.
January 348: Cheng Han was conquered by Jin in 347.
January 385: In 384, Former Qin lost Xiangyang.
January 386: Sichuan and the southern bank of the Yellow River fell to the Jin.
January 386: Chang'an conquered by Western Yan.
January 386: In 385, Qifu Guoren founded Western Qin.
January 387: The Western Yan abandon the city of Chang'an.
January 387: The kingdom of Dai was revived in 386 as Northern Wei.
January 389: Zhai Wei was a Dingling kingdom founded by Zhai Liao in 388.
January 401: A Southern Yan kingdom was founded by Murong De, a Xianbei chieftain, in 400 after Later Yan was split in two by Northern Wei.
January 404: Huan Xuan was a Jin Dynasty warlord who briefly took over the imperial throne from Emperor An of Jin and declared his own state of Chu in 403.
June 404: Huan Chu defeated by Jin.
January 410: Qiao Zong proclaimed himself the Prince of Chengdu in 405 and was given the title "Prince of Shu" by Yao Xing, ruler of the Later Qin, in 409. His state is therefore known as Western Shu.
January 411: Southern Yan was conquered by Jin in 410.
January 414: Qiao's state was destroyed by a campaign under military subordinates of Liu Yu in 413.
January 418: Later Qin was conquered by Jin in 417.
July 420: In 420, Liu Yu usurped the Jin throne and replaced it with his own Liu Song dynasty.
January 436: A local Iranian dynasty of Sogdian origin ruled the Ushrusana region from an unknown date to 892. The emergence of the state in Ustrushan probably dates back to the 4th century . In 435, Ustrushana is mentioned in Chinese sources as Cao.
January 471: In 470, the Hephtalite Empire, led by their ruler Khingila, conquered the territories of Balkh and eastern Kushanshahr from Persia. This marked a significant expansion of the Hephtalite Empire's power in the region.
January 476: In the second half of the fifth century, the Hephtalites controlled the deserts of Turkmenistan as far as the Caspian Sea and possibly Merv.
January 501: By 500 the Hephtalite held the whole of Bactria and the Pamirs and parts of Afghanistan.
January 501: Like other Central Asian peoples, the Kangju probably became subsumed into the Hephthalites.
January 511: In 510, the Hephtalite Empire, led by their ruler Mihirakula, expanded their territory to the east, capturing the Tarim Basin and reaching as far as Urumqi. This conquest marked a significant expansion of their empire into Central Asia.
January 582: From 581 to 587 the Sui dynasty replaced the Northern Zhou as overlords of the Western Liang.
January 582: In 581 Yang Jian seized the throne from Emperor Jing, establishing the Sui Dynasty.
January 588: Sui finally annexed Western Liang.
February 589: The Sui absorbed the Chen dynasty in 589.
January 611: Troops of the Sui Dynasty occupied Yiwu (Aratürük).
January 624: The Cham quickly regained independence during the troubles accompanying the collapse of the Sui empire, and sent a gift to the new Tang Empire's ruler in 623.
January 624: In 623, the Tuyuhun Kingdom, a nomadic group of Xianbei and Qiang descent from Qinghai Province, invaded the Gansu Region. However, they were ultimately defeated by Chai Shao, a military general from the Tang Dynasty.
January 631: End of Eastern Han.
January 631: In 630, central and northern Mongolia came under the control of the Toquz Oghuz tribe.
January 640: Eastern Turkic Khaganate re-established.
January 643: The Ikhshids were a series of rulers of Soghdia and the Ferghana Valley.
January 649: Territorial losses of the Tang Dynasty by 648 AD.
January 650: In 649, the chieftain of the Mengshe tribe, Xinuluo, founded the Great Meng and took the title of Qijia Wang ("Outstanding King"). He acknowledged Tang suzerainty.
January 651: After the death of Songtsen Gampo in 650 AD, the Chinese Tang dynasty attacked and took control of the Tibetan capital Lhasa.
January 652: Soldiers of the Tang dynasty could not sustain their presence in the hostile environment of the Tibetan Plateau and soon returned to China proper.
January 660: In 659, the Kangar union gained independence from the Turkic Kaganate after the Chinese captured Zhetysu. The Kangars were a nomadic people of Central Asia.
January 661: Expansion of the Tang Dynasty by 660 AD.
January 661: In 659 Sogdia, Ferghana, Tashkent, Bukhara, Samarkand, Balkh, Herat, Kashmir, the Pamirs, Tokharistan, and Kabul all submitted to the protectorate under Emperor Gaozong of Tang.
January 663: Territorial losses of the Tang Dynasty by 662 AD.
January 669: Territorial losses of the Tang Dynasty by 668 AD.
January 669: Expansion of the Tang Dynasty by 668 AD.
January 674: In 673 the Tang consolidated control over the Wuduolu Turks living in the area that came to be known as Dzungaria.
January 680: Territorial losses of the Tang Dynasty by 669 AD.
January 680: Expansion of the Tang Dynasty by 679 AD.
January 680: In 679, the Annan Protectorate replaced the Jiaozhou Protectorate.
January 683: After the annihilation of the First Turk Kaganate by Tang China, the Kaganate arose again in 682, essentially encompassing the areas of the eastern part of the First Turk Kaganate.
October 690: The Wu Zhou was a Chinese dynasty that existed between 690 and 705 AD, when Wu Zetian ruled as Empress Regnant. The dynasty began when Wu Zhao, which was Wu Zetian's personal name, usurped the throne of her son, the Emperor Ruizong of Tang.
January 703: In 702, Wu Zetian decided to split the General Protectorate to Pacify the West, or Anxi Protectorate, into two separate Protectorates. To do this, she detaches from Anxi the Zhou of Ting, Yi and Xi that she sets up as the Protectorate of Beiting.
February 705: Emperor Zhongzong of Tang was restored to the throne.
January 711: In 710 the Tibetan Empire conquered Lesser Bolü, which included Gilgit (today in Pakistan).
January 712: In 711 the Türk forces, led by Tonyukuk, crossed the Mongolian Altai, clashed with the Türgesh army in Dzungaria, on the River Boluchu, and won an outright victory. Tonyukuk forced a crossing over the Syr Darya in pursuit of the retreating Türgesh, leading his troops to the border of Tokharistan.
January 723: In 722 Tang restored the king of Lesser Bolü to his throne.
January 733: Shanhai Pass annexed to Belhae Kingdom.
January 738: In 737 the Tibetan Empire conquered Lesser Bolü.
January 738: In 737, the Tibetans launched an attack against the king of Bru-za (Gilgit), who asked for Chinese help, but was ultimately forced to pay homage to Tibet.
January 742: Expansion of the Tang Dynasty by 741 AD.
January 742: Territorial losses of the Tang Dynasty by 741 AD.
January 746: In 745, Gao Xianzhi marched across the Pamirs with 10,000 men and conquered Little Balur (Gilgit), a client state of the Tibetan Empire.
January 749: In 748, the Tang recaptured Suiye and destroyed it.
January 750: In 749 Tang recovered the Stone City.
October 751: By the 740s, the Arabs under the Abbasid Caliphate in Khorasan had reestablished a presence in the Ferghana basin and in Sogdiana. At the Battle of Talas in 751, Karluk mercenaries under the Chinese defected, helping the Arab armies of the Caliphate to defeat the Tang force under commander Gao Xianzhi.
February 756: Yan was a state established in 756 by the Tang Dynasty general An Lushan, after he rebelled against the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang in 755.
January 758: The Annan Protectorate was renamed Zhennan Protectorate in 757.
January 761: Zhennan was changed back to Annan Protectorate in 760.
January 764: In 763 the Tibetan Empire conquered Yanqi.
January 764: Tibetans pressed into the territory of the Tang emperors, reaching the Chinese capital Chang'an (modern Xian) in late 763.
January 764: The state was extinguished in 763, with the death of An Lushan's former subordinate, Shi Siming's son, Shi Chaoyi, who was the last person to claim the title as Yan's emperor.
February 764: In 763 the Tibetan Empire conquered Yanqi.
January 768: In 767, Srivijaya Empire, led by King Dharmasetu, invaded Annan (Tang Pr.) but were defeated by the Tang Dynasty forces under the command of General Feng Changqing. This event marked a significant military victory for the Tang Dynasty in their efforts to defend their territory against foreign invasions.
February 768: In 767, Srivijaya fleets led by King Dharmasetu invaded Annan (Tang Pr.) but were ultimately defeated by the Tang forces under the command of General Li Zhengji in 768. This victory solidified Tang control over Annan and strengthened their influence in the region.
January 788: Dingnan Jiedushi was a military post known as a jiedushi. They effectively ruled the circuit in de facto independence.
January 794: King Mun was a ruler of the Balhae Kingdom, a state in present-day Northeast China and Korea. He was known for expanding the kingdom's territory, reaching the northern borders in the Amur valley in 793. This expansion marked a significant milestone in the kingdom's history.
January 801: The Tatar Confederation was one of the five major tribal confederations (khanlig) in the Mongolian Plateau in the 12th century. The Tatar confederation was established in the 8th century.
January 804: In 803,Champa seized southern Annan.
February 804: In 803,Champa seized southern Annan.
January 821: Territorial losses of the Tang Dynasty by 820 AD.
January 841: The Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate was Turkic empire that existed for about a century between the early 9th and 10th centuries, around the start of the Mongol Empire. It ruled over the Yenisei Kyrgyz people.
January 849: Territorial losses of the Tang Dynasty by 848 AD.
January 849: In 848 Zhang Yichao, a resident of Shazhou, led an uprising and captured Shazhou and Guazhou from the Tibetans.
January 849: Expansion of the Tang Dynasty by 848 AD.
January 850: Expansion of the Tang Dynasty by 849 AD.
January 851: By 850 Guyi ruler Zhang had captured Ganzhou, Suzhou, and Yizhou.
January 852: Expansion of the Tang Dynasty by 851 AD.
January 852: In 851 Zhang captured Xizhou (Gaochang).
January 861: In 860, Nanzhao attacked Bozhou and Annan, briefly taking Đại La.
January 862: By 861 the Guiyi Circuit had extended its authority to Guazhou, Ganzhou, Suzhou, Yizhou, Lanzhou, Shanzhou, Hezhou, Minzhou, Liangzhou, and Kuozhou.
January 864: Expansion of the Tang Dynasty by 863 AD.
January 867: Expansion of the Tang Dynasty by 866 AD.
January 867: The Jinghai Circuit (Tĩnh Hải quân) was created in 866 by Gao Pian as a Tang fanzhen ("buffer town") in the former Annan Duhufu (Protectorate General to Pacify the South) after retaking it from Nanzhao.
January 867: The Kingdom of Qocho captured Tingzhou and Xizhou as well as Changbaliq and Luntai from the Guiyi Circuit.
January 877: In 876, the Kingdom of Qocho, ruled by the Uyghur Khaganate, conquered Yizhou (modern-day Hami). This expansion of territory was part of the Uyghur's efforts to establish dominance in the region during the 9th century.
January 877: The Chiefdom of Bozhou was established in 876 when the first chieftain Yang Duan occupied Bozhou in southwest China.
January 877: In 876 the Kingdom of Qocho seized Yizhou from the Guiyi Circuit, after which it came to be called Kumul.
January 895: The Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom would establish itself in Ganzhou by 894.
January 895: In 894 the Uyghurs established the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom in Gan Prefecture.
January 897: Jin (Later Tang precursor) was an early state of the imperial Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Although the Five Dynasties period began only in 907, Li Keyong's territory which centered around modern Shanxi can be referred to as Jin as early as 896.
January 907: In Liangzhou the Tibetan state of Xiliangfu established itself by 906.
June 907: In 907 the Tang dynasty was ended when Zhu deposed Emperor Ai and took the throne for himself, establishing the Later Liang Dynasty. This inaugurated an era of fragmentation, known as the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
June 907: Liu Yin was named regional governor and military officer by the Tang court in 905. Though the Tang fell two years later, Liu did not declare himself the founder of a new kingdom as other southern leaders had done. He merely inherited the title of Prince of Nanping in 909.
It was not until Liu Yin's death in 917 that his brother, Liu Yan, declared the founding of a new kingdom.
January 908: In 905, the native chief Khúc Thừa Dụ of the Khúc clan came to power and proclaimed himself jiedushi. In 907 his son Khúc Hạo (Chu Hao) succeed as governor and was recognized by the Later Liang dynasty in northern China.
November 930: In October 930, Liu Yan (Southern Han State) sent an army to occupy Đại La and met no resistance.
February 960: Guo Rong of Later Zhou was succeeded by his seven-year-old son upon his death. Soon thereafter Zhao Kuangyin usurped the throne and declared himself emperor of the Great Song Dynasty, a dynasty that would eventually reunite China.
January 964: In 963 the Wuping Circuit was seized by Song Dynasty.
January 964: Due to its size and location, Jingnan was the first of the kingdoms to succumb to the Song Dynasty, surrendering when armies from the north invaded in 963, ending the kingdom.
January 966: The Later Shu kingdom was invaded by and incorporated into the expanding Song empire in 965.
January 972: In 971, Liu Chang of the Southern Han Dynasty surrendered to the Song dynasty.
January 976: The Chiefdom of Shuidong was established by Song Jingyang during the Song dynasty. After he conquered the Manzhou Prefecture (centred on modern Kaiyang County) from the Yi people, Song Jingyang was recognized as the hereditary ruler of the region by the Song court in 975.
January 977: In 976, the Song dynasty annexed Southern Tang.
January 979: In 978, with Song's determination to unify Chinese lands in full order, Chen decided that he could not stay de facto independent, and offered the control of the circuit to Song's Emperor Taizong, ending Qingyuan Circuit as a de facto independent entity.
January 979: In 978, the last ruler of Wuyue, Qian Chu, surrendered to the Song dynasty.
September 979: In the summer of 979, Emperor Taizong of Song took Taiyuan and annexed Northern Han.
January 980: In 979, the Song dynasty annexed Northern Han.
January 1001: Extension of the Liao Dynasty by the year 1000.
January 1005: Khitan aggression towards the Song culminated in a full scale invasion in 1004 by Emperor Shengzong of Liao. Khitan forces penetrated as far as Chanzhou at the Yellow River.
January 1005: In January 1005, the Khitan general Xiao Dalin was killed by a giant crossbow, crippling the Khitan offensive. Peace negotiations commenced from 13 to 18 January. In the resulting peace treaty, known as the Chanyuan Treaty, the two sides agreed to delineate their territorial boundaries.
January 1074: In 1072 and 1073, the Song commander Wang Shao defeated the Tibetans of Tsongkha and conquered Xizhou and Hezhou.
December 1081: By November, the Xia had abandoned the middle of the Ordos plateau, losing Xiazhou.
October 1082: The Western Xia captured Yongle.
January 1104: In 1103, the Song annexed Tsongkha and spent the following year weeding out native resistance.
January 1108: In 1107, Sizhou chieftain Tian Yougong acquiesced Song dynasty's overlordship.
January 1171: In 1170, the Song occupied the Penghu Islands.
February 1232: The Mongol envoy killed by Song patrols was sent by Genghis Khan, the founder of the Mongol Empire. The raid on Sichuan was led by Subutai, one of Genghis Khan's most trusted generals. This event marked the beginning of the Mongol invasion of China.
February 1243: In 1242 and 1243, Mongols led by Kublai Khan raided Sichuan, a region in southwestern China.
February 1244: In 1242 and 1243, Mongols led by Kublai Khan raided Sichuan, a region in southwestern China.
January 1266: Mangyül Gungthang is the name of a Tibetan kingdom established under Sakya overlordship in Southwest Tibet around 1265.
January 1274: In 1273, Sizhou surrendered to Yuan dynasty.
January 1274: After strengthening his government in northern China, Kublai pursued an expansionist policy in line with the tradition of Mongol and Chinese imperialism. He renewed a massive drive against the Song dynasty to the south. Kublai besieged Xiangyang between 1268 and 1273, the last obstacle in his way to capture the rich Yangzi River basin.
April 1275: Bayan's Mongol forces crossed the Yangtze at Hankou and in March met Jia Sidao in battle at Dingjiaozhou, annihilating his force using artillery equipment, conquering the Hanshui region.
January 1276: The Tusi chieftains and local tribe leaders and kingdoms in Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan submitted to Yuan rule and were allowed to keep their titles.
January 1283: In 1282, Yuan forces occupied Mu'ege.
January 1284: Heavy resistance fighting and diseases forced the Mongols to withdraw from the Chiefdom of Mu'ege.
January 1293: Chiang Hung State conquered by china.
January 1297: Chiang Hung came under the control of the Lanna kingdoms (c. 1296-1540).
December 1297: In 1297, after the fall of the Pagan Kingdom, the territory outside the city of Pagan was left without effective state control. The Myinsaing Kingdom, led by King Thihathu, gained control of the region and established their authority.
January 1301: By the 13th century, the Dimasa kingdom extended along the southern banks of Brahmaputra River, from Dikhow river to Kallang River and included the valley of Dhansiri and present-day Dima Hasao district.
January 1301: Mainlanders from Fujian and Zhejiang started migrating to the islands during the Yuan Dynasty.
January 1301: By the beginning of the fourteenth century, Sukhothai controlled most of present-day Thailand.
January 1304: In 1303, Song Achong of Shuidong surrendered to the Yuan dynasty.
January 1316: The Yuan army devastated the Issyk-Kul region.
February 1316: The Yuan leaves the Issyk-Kul region.
January 1351: Despites the opposition of the Yuan dynasty, Mong Mao conquered several surrounding states.
January 1355: The Phagmodrupas were a dynastic regime that held sway over Tibet or parts thereof from 1354 to the early 17th century. It was established by Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen of the Lang (Wylie: rlangs) family at the end of the Yuan dynasty.
January 1357: Independence of Korea was regained during the reign of Gongmin in the mid 14th century.
January 1357: In 1356, Goryeo briefly conquered Liaoyang.
February 1357: Goryeo leaves Liaoyang after a brief occupation.
January 1361: Territorial change based on available maps.
January 1365: In 1364, Chiefdom of Sinan declared its independence from Sizhou.
January 1369: In 1351, the Red Turban Rebellion erupted in the Huai River valley, which saw the rise of Zhu Yuanzhang, a Han Chinese peasant, who established the Ming dynasty (1368-1644). Toghon Temür (r. 1333-1370), the last ruler of the Yuan, fled north to Shangdu.
January 1369: The Dughlat Qamar-ud-din Khan Dughlat rebelled and killed Ilyas Khoja of Moghulistan in 1368, taking the throne for himself. Ilyas Khoja's brother Khizr Khoja fled to Turpan where he set up his own independent realm.
January 1371: Yingchang was seized by the Ming shortly after the death of Northern Yuan ruler Toghon Temür (r. 1333-1370).
January 1371: The Mongols retreated to Karakorum after the fall of Yingchang in 1370, where they carried on calling themselves the Great Yuan, known retroactively as the Northern Yuan.
January 1372: In 1371, Song Mongoldai of Shuidong surrendered to the Ming dynasty.
January 1373: In 1372, Aicui of Mu'ege surrendered to the Ming dynasty.
January 1381: In 1380, the Ming invaded Northern Yuan and sacked Karakorum.
February 1381: End of the Ming sack of Karakorum.
January 1388: In 1388, after defeating Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür around Buir Lake, the Ming dynasty gained control of Karakorum, the capital of the Northern Yuan dynasty
February 1388: Karakorum is reconquered by the Mongols.
January 1389: Northern Yuan general Naghachu surrendered to the Ming dynasty in 1387-88.
January 1390: The territory founded by the Yuan prince Gunashiri, a descendant of Chagatai Khan, in 1389 was Kara Del. It was ruled by the Chagatayids, a branch of the Mongol Empire, after its establishment.
January 1400: The Uriankhai surrendered to the Ming dynasty in the 1390s.
January 1400: In 1399, the Oirats, a western Mongol group, gained control of the territory in the region. The Oirats were one of the four major tribes of the Oirat people, who formed the Alliance of the Four Oirats. This event marked a significant shift in power dynamics among the Mongol tribes.
January 1401: In the early 1400s, Wuqiu was known as a marker on the sailing route between China and the Ryukyu Islands.
January 1401: In 1400, Hkamti Long was an outlying territory of the Shan state of Mogaung.
January 1401: The Mong Lem state was established before the 14th century.
January 1407: From 1406, Kara Del was governed by the Ming.
January 1408: The fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam was a period of the history of Vietnam, from 1407 to 1427 during which Đại Việt (the northern kingdom) was ruled by the Chinese Ming dynasty.
January 1415: Both Chiefdoms of Sizhou and Sinan were fully annexed into the central bureaucratic system of the Ming dynasty.
January 1428: The fourth Chinese occupation of Vietnam was eventually ended with the reestablishment of Đại Việt under the new House of Lê.
January 1430: In 1429, the Mawsön (Bawzaing) state was founded in Burma.
January 1441: Kara Del conquered by Esen of the Northern Yuan dynasty.
January 1451: The border between China and Korea on the Yalu-Tumen rivers appears to have been in place by the mid 15th century.
January 1456: The Kara Del once again becomes a vassal of the Ming.
January 1471: Wanmaw state established.
January 1480: Möngkawng (Mong Yang), a city in present-day Myanmar, was occupied by the Ming Dynasty of China between 1479 and 1483.
January 1481: In 1480, Yunus, a prominent figure in Moghulistan, captured Hami from Kara Del, a tributary of the Ming dynasty. A Ming army attempted to expel the Moghuls from the city but was unsuccessful in capturing them.
January 1483: In 1482, Hami was restored to Kara Del under Qanšin.
January 1484: In 1483, Möngkawng (Mong Yang) was liberated from Chinese occupation by the ruler of Mogaung. This marked the end of Chinese control over the territory, returning it to the local ruler's authority.
January 1489: The Turpan Khanate conquers Hami.
January 1490: Khan Ahmad Alaq was driven out of Hami by the Ming Dynasty.
January 1496: Dayan invaded Ming territory and subjugated the Uriankhai Three Guards, who had previously submitted to the Ming.
January 1496: In 1495, the city of Mogaung was briefly occupied by the Ming Dynasty of China. This period of occupation was part of the Ming Dynasty's expansionist policies in Southeast Asia under the rule of Emperor Hongzhi.
January 1497: In 1496, the territory of Mogaung was returned to the local rulers after being briefly occupied by China in 1495. This event is significant in the history of the region as it marked a temporary period of Chinese control over Mogaung.
January 1501: In 1500, the territory of Hsipaw acknowledged Bayinnaung's sovereignty. Bayinnaung was a powerful king of the Toungoo Dynasty in Burma, known for his military conquests and expansion of the empire. Hsipaw was a Shan state in present-day Myanmar.
January 1506: Establishment of Laihka.
January 1514: Mansur Khan from the Chagatai Khanate overthrew the Gunashiri dynasty and conquered the region of Kara Del.
January 1558: By 1557, the Portuguese established a permanent settlement in Macao, paying an annual ground rent of 500 taels to Ming China. In 1573, the Chinese built the Barrier Gate to regulate traffic and trade. The rent and boundary delimitation showed both the Portuguese subsidiary position to the Ming government and China's tacit acceptance of Macau's de facto foreign occupation.
January 1561: Manipur is acquired by the Kingdom of Toungoo.
January 1563: Keng Tung conquered by Kingdom of Toungoo.
January 1564: Mong Mao conquered by Burma.
January 1601: The Ming Dynasty burned down Hailongtun, and put an end to the 725 years rule of the Yang Family.
January 1617: In 1616, Nurhaci, the leader of the Jurchen clans, established the Later Jin dynasty.
January 1623: At this time, the Dutch East India Company was trying to force China to open a port in Fujian to Dutch trade and expel the Portuguese from Macau. When the Dutch were defeated by the Portuguese at the Battle of Macau in 1622, they seized Penghu.
January 1625: In 1624, the new governor of Fujian sent a fleet of 40-50 warships with 5,000 troops to Penghu and expelled the Dutch.
January 1631: Shuidong was fully annexed into the central bureaucratic system of the Ming dynasty.
May 1636: Hong Taiji officially renamed the realm to "Great Qing", thus marking the start of the Qing dynasty.
January 1643: In 1642, parts of western Tibet came under the control of the Khoshut Khanate.
January 1645: Manchu Expansion by 1644.
January 1645: Dartsedo was conquered by the Tibetans during the transition from the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty.
January 1660: Manchu Expansion by 1659.
January 1664: The Prince of Lu, a member of the Southern Ming dynasty, resisted the invading Manchu Qing dynasty forces. In 1651, he fled to Kinmen, which the Qing dynasty took in 1663.
September 1683: Nominally, whole taiwan is annexed by the Qing Dynasty.
September 1683: In 1683, after the Battle of Penghu, Qing troops landed in Taiwan, Zheng Keshuang gave in to the Qing Dynasty's demand for surrender, and his kingdom was incorporated into the Qing Dynasty as part of Fujian province.
January 1698: Qing conquest of Mongolia.
January 1699: In 1664, Mu'ege rebelled against Qing China but was quickly put down. The Mu'ege chief An Kun was executed by Wu Sangui and his chiefdom was annexed by Qing China in the same year. An Shengzu died without heir in 1698. In the same year, his chiefdom was fully annexed into the central bureaucratic system of the Qing dynasty.
June 1728: The treaty of Kyakhta was signed in 1728 between the Russian Empire and the Qing Dynasty of China. It established the border between the two empires in Mongolia up to the present-day Russia-Mongolia border.
January 1731: Establishment of Chaudandi.
January 1733: The kingdom was conquered around 1732 by Qing forces under the administration of Emperor Yongzheng.
January 1736: Annexation of northern Shan states by Qing China in the mid-1730s.
January 1740: The Chiefdom of Kokang was officially founded in 1739 by Yang Shien-tsai, marking the beginning of his reign. This territory is located in the green area on the map.
January 1761: Expansion of the Ahom Kingdom by 1769.
January 1762: The Hunzai's were tributaries and allies to China, acknowledging China as suzerain since 1761.
January 1775: His son, Abdul Kahrim Bey, and grandson, Narbuta Bey, enlarged the citadel, but both were forced to submit as a protectorate, and pay tribute to, the Qing dynasty in China between 1774.
January 1777: In 1776 the Fosjoen Tjoenthang (or M. Heshun) consolidated fourteen Chinese mining communities into a single body.
January 1777: Was a polity derived from Chinese mining communities in Buduk (Borneo) from ca. 1776.
January 1778: The Lanfang Republic was a Chinese state and kongsi federation in Western Borneo established by a Hakka Chinese named Low Lan Pak in 1777.
January 1799: Kokand ceased to be a Chinese protectorate in 1798.
January 1801: Manchu Expansion by 1800.
January 1821: Expansion of the Qing Dynasty by 1820 after the so-called "Ten Great Campaigns".
January 1823: Santiaogou separated from Heshun in 1822.
January 1824: The Emirate of Afghanistan emerged from the Durrani Empire, when Dost Mohammed Khan, the founder of the Barakzai dynasty in Kabul, became Emir in 1826.
January 1841: In 1840, Yang Guohua was given the title "the Hereditable Magistrate of Guogan County" by the Chinese Qing dynasty.
January 1843: The Sikhs reached an agreement with the Tibetans in 1842 under which the Sikh Confederation took possession of the territory south of the Karakoram pass and Pangong lake. The British also recognized this border, which took the name of the Johnson Line.
January 1843: Tibet-Ladakh border is fixed at the Lhari stream near Demchok.
January 1843: The kingdom of Maryul lasted until 1842. In that year, the Dogra general Zorawar Singh conquered it.
January 1851: Empire of China (c. 1850-1949).
January 1852: Taipa is occupied by Portugal and added to Macao.
January 1856: Expansion of Russia by 1855 (based on maps).
March 1860: British forces occupy the Kowloon Peninsula.
October 1864: The Treaty of Tarbagatai was a border protocol between Qing China and the Russian Empire that defined most of the western extent of their border in central Asia, between Outer Mongolia and the Khanate of Kokand.
January 1865: Portoguese occupation of Coloane.
January 1865: The Ili Sultanate was a state formation on the territory of Eastern Turkestan in the Ili region, Xinjiang province of the Qing Empire of China during the Dungan uprising.
January 1883: Joseon was a tributary of the Qing dynasty since the Qing invasion of Joseon in 1637 but the Qing dynasty did not exercise significant influence until the Qing dynasty established the China-Korea Treaty of 1882.
January 1885: Zheltuga organized as a self-governing association by gold seeking adventurers called Zheltuga Republic self-styled "Amur California". However it was not recognized by China or Russia.
February 1886: The Zheltuga Republic was destroyed by Qing Chinese troops.
January 1895: Boundary treaty between Great Britain and China in 1894.
January 1895: Expansion of the Russian Empire by 1894 (based on maps).
January 1895: Wa territories became part of China due to the British-Chinese boundary convention.
February 1897: After China relinquished jurisdiction, Kokang came under British protection.
April 1898: Guangzhouwan was a small enclave on the southern coast of China ceded by Qing China to France as a leased territory and administered as an outlier of French Indochina.
January 1901: Mong Lem was annexed by China in the late 19th century.
December 1911: The Tuvan separatist movement proclaimed a republic in 1911 during the Xinhai Revolution and the Mongolian Revolution.
December 1911: The Mongolian Revolution of 1911 (Outer Mongolian Revolution of 1911) occurred when the region of Outer Mongolia declared its independence from the Qing dynasty during the Xinhai Revolution.
August 1912: After the fall of the Qing dynasty in October 1911, all remaining Chinese forces left Tibet during the Xinhai Lhasa turmoil. Between the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1912 and the annexation by the People's Republic of China in 1951, Tibet was a de facto independent state.
July 1914: Britain and independent Tibet signed an agreement (Simla Agreement) in 1913 to settle their border issues.
December 1915: The Empire of China was a short-lived attempt by statesman and general Yuan Shikai from late 1915 to early 1916 to reinstate monarchy in China, with himself as the Hongxian Emperor.
March 1916: Establishment of the Empire of China unsuccessful and it set back the Chinese republican cause by many years and fractured China into a period of conflict between various local warlords.
January 1931: Upon Maqsud Shah's death in 1930, Chinese authorities replaced the Kumul Khanate with three normal provincial administrative districts Hami, Yihe, and Yiwu.
January 1950: Chiang Hung was dissolved in 1949 with the creation of the People's Republic of China, when the last ruler Dao Shixun was deposed and given a prestigious position in the institutions of Yunnan province.
October 1960: On 28 January 1960 a treaty was signed by China and Burma to delimit most of their border, which was later completed with a full delimitation treaty signed on 1 October 1960, with both sides ceding small areas along the border.
March 1963: Pakistan ceded the Shaksgam valley to China on March 3, 1963 while the territorial dispute over Kashmir wit India had not yet been resolved. For this reason, India has not recognized the cession and claims possession of the valley.
July 1997: Return of the whole colony to China as a special administrative region.
December 1999: The 1987 Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration called Macau a "Chinese territory under Portuguese administration". The granting of full sovereignty to the People's Republic of China was transferred in a ceremony on 20 December 1999.
January 2000: In 1999, the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Tajikistan signed the "China-Tajikistan Boundary Agreement," which established the border between China and Tajikistan to the north of the Uzbeli Pass.
January 2011: The Tajikistan parliament ratifies a deal ceding approximately 1000 square kilometers to China, while China renounces all further territorial claims in Tajikistan.
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