This article is about the specific polity Poland-Lithuania and therefore only includes events related to its territory and not to its possessions or colonies. If you are interested in the possession, this is the link to the article about the nation which includes all possessions as well as all the different incarnations of the nation.
If you are looking for the page with the statistics about this polity you can find it here:All Statistics
With the Union of Krewo (1385) the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland were united through Personal Union.
Summary
The union of Poland and Lithuania under the Jagiellonian dynasty in 1386 led to the creation of one of the largest states in Europe. Polish power and influence peaked in the 16th century under the Jagiellons. The personal union between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was formalized in 1569 with the creation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Establishment
August 1385: Union of Krewo: Personal union of poland and lithuania.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were several wars fought in the years 1340-1392 over the succession in the Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia.
January 1388: In 1387, Jadwiga attached Galicia to Poland for good.
1.1.Union of Krewo
Was a treaty that created a personal union between Poland and Lithuania.
Were a series of wars between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Grand Duchy of Moscow (later the Tsardom of Russia).
2.1.Lithuanian annexion of Smolensk
Was a war between Moscow and Lithuania that included figths on the Ugra river and the Lithuanian annexion of Smolensk.
January 1405: The Principality of Smolensk was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1404.
2.2.First Lithuanian-Muscovite border war
Was a war of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, in alliance with the Crimean Khanate, against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Ruthenia in alliance with the Golden Horde Khan Akhmat.
September 1492: In August 1492, without declaring war, Ivan III of Moscow began large military actions: he captured and burned Mtsensk, Lyubutsk, Serpeysk, and Meshchovsk; raided Mosalsk; and attacked territory of the Dukes of Vyazma.
February 1494: Grand Duke of Lithuania Alexander Jagiellon sent a delegation to Moscow to negotiate a peace treaty. An "eternal" peace treaty was concluded on February 5, 1494. The agreement marked the first Lithuanian territorial losses to Moscow: the Principality of Vyazma and a sizable region in the upper reaches of the Oka River.
2.3.Second Lithuanian-Muscovite border war
Was a war between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
2.3.1.Muscovite invasion
Was a Muscovite invasion of Lithuania.
June 1500: In May 1500, hostilities resumed between the Duchy of Moscow and Lithuania. The Muscovites, led by Grand Prince Ivan III, quickly captured Lithuanian fortresses in Bryansk, Vyazma, Dorogobuzh, Toropets, and Putyvl.
July 1500: Moscovite attack into the Kiev Voivodeship, Volhynia, and Podolia.
2.3.2.Livonian Intervention alongside Lithuania
The Livonian Order joined the Second Muscovite Border War as an ally of Lithuania.
April 1502: In 1502, Ivan III of Moscow led a campaign to capture Smolensk, but the city successfully defended itself due to the poor strategy of the Muscovites and their lack of artillery. The military occupation of Smolensk by the Duchy of Moscow followed this failed siege.
2.3.3.Truce (Second Lithuanian-Muscovite border war)
A six-year truce was concluded on the Feast of the Annunciation, ending the Second Muscovite Border War. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania lost approximately 210,000 square kilometres (81,000 sq mi), or a third of its territory.
March 1503: A six-year truce was concluded between Moscow and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania on the Feast of the Annunciation in 1503. As a result of this agreement, the Grand Duchy lost about a third of its territory to Moscow, including significant regions such as Chernihiv, Novhorod-Siverskyi, Starodub, and lands around the upper Oka River. The other territories Moscow had occupied, were evacuated.
2.4.Fourth Lithuanian-Muscovite border war
Was a war between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
January 1514: In December 1512, Tsar Vasili III of Muscovy Rus' led the invasion of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, aiming to capture the strategic trading center of Smolensk. The city fell to Moscow's forces in 1513, marking a significant territorial gain for the Duchy of Moscow.
August 1514: The city of Smolensk fell to the Duchy of Moscow in July 1514.
January 1515: Expansion of the Grand Duchy of Moscow by 1515.
January 1520: In 1519, the Russians, led by Grand Prince Vasili III of Moscow, invaded Lithuania, raiding cities such as Orsha, Mogilev, Minsk, Vitebsk, and Polotsk. This military occupation marked a period of conflict between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Duchy of Moscow.
2.4.1.Truce (Fourth Lithuanian-Muscovite border war)
Was a treaty that ended the Lithuanian-Muscovite War (1512-1522). The Grand Duchy of Moscow retained Smolensk.
January 1523: In 1522, a treaty was signed by Lithuania and Russia that called for a five-year truce, no prisoner exchange, and for Russia to retain control of Smolensk.
2.5.Fifth Lithuanian-Muscovite border war
Was a war between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
November 1534: In October 1534, a Muscovite army under the command of Prince Ovchina-Telepnev-Obolensky, Prince Nikita Obolensky, and Prince Vasily Shuisky invaded Lithuania, advancing as far as Vilnius and Navahrudak.
January 1537: In 1536, the fortress Sebezh, located in present-day Russia, successfully defended against the Lithuanian forces led by Ivan Nemirovich-Danchenko. The victory resulted in the territory falling under the military occupation of the Duchy of Moscow.
January 1538: Lithuania and Russia negotiated a five-year truce, without prisoner exchange, in which Homel stayed under the Lithuanian king's control, while the Moscovites kept Sebezh and Zavoloche.
Were a series of Wars between the Teutonic Order and the Kingdom of Poland. .
3.1.Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War
Was a war between the Teutonic Knights and the allied Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania caused by territorial disputes.
August 1409: In 1409, the Teutonic Order, led by Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen, launched a military campaign in the region. They burned the castle at Dobrin, captured Bobrowniki after a fourteen-day siege, conquered Bydgoszcz, and sacked several towns in the area.
September 1409: The Teutonic Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen declared war on the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania on 6 August 1409. The Knights hoped to defeat Poland and Lithuania separately and began by invading Greater Poland and Kuyavia, catching the Poles by surprise.
September 1409: The Poles organized counterattacks and recaptured Bydgoszcz.
October 1409: Poland and the Teutonic Order signed a truce on 8 October 1409. Both countries left militarly occupied territories. However, the Teutonic Order was not able to take back Samogitia where an uprising was taking place.
July 1410: The Polish-Lithuanian forces invaded the Teutonic Order's territory up to Kauernick.
July 1410: The forces of Poland-Lithuania arrive near Wysoka.
July 1410: Gilgenburg conquered by Poland-Lithuania.
July 1410: Faulen conquered by Poland-Lithuania.
July 1410: The city of Allenstein surrendered to the Polish-Lithuanian forces.
July 1410: The town of Mohrungen surrendered to Polish-Lithuanian forces.
July 1410: Christburg surrenders to the Polish-Lithuanian forces.
July 1410: The city of Stuhm surrendered to the Polish-Lithuanian forces.
July 1410: Start of Marienburg siege by Polish forces.
September 1410: The Teutonic siege of Marienburg was lifted on 19 September. The Polish-Lithuanian forces left garrisons in fortresses that were captured or surrendered and returned home.
November 1410: The Teutonic Knights quickly recaptured most of the castles that Poland had occupied. By the end of October, only four Teutonic castles along the border remained in Polish hands.
February 1411: The Peace of Thorn was signed on 1 February 1411 between the Teutonic Knights and Poland-Lithuania. The Knights agreed to cede Dobrin Land to Poland and renounce their claims to Samogitia during the lifetimes of Jogaila and Vytautas.
February 1411: The Peace of Thorn was signed between the Teutonic Knights and the Kingdom of Poland. The Teutonic Knights agreed to resign their claims to Samogitia.
May 1413: Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, agreed to mediate the territorial disputes between the Teutonic Knights and Poland Lithuania. He appointed Benedict Makrai, who recognized the right bank of the Neman River, including Klaipėda, to Lithuania. The Knights refused to accept this decision and Teutonic Grand Master Heinrich von Plauen ordered Teutonic armies into northern Poland.
May 1413: After the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War of 1410-1411 not all issues between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Teutonic Knights were settled. The most contentious matter was the border between Samogitia and Prussia. On 3 May 1413, Benedict (Holy Roman Empire) made the decision and recognized the right bank of the Neman River, including Klaipėda, to Lithuania.
June 1413: Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, agreed to mediate the territorial disputes between the Teutonic Knights and Poland Lithuania. He appointed Benedict Makrai, who recognized the right bank of the Neman River, including Klaipėda, to Lithuania. The Knights refused to accept this decision and Teutonic Grand Master Heinrich von Plauen ordered Teutonic armies into northern Poland. The army, commanded by Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg, returned into Prussia after just 16 days of campaign.
3.2.Hunger War
Was a brief conflict between the allied Kingdom of Poland, and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, against the Teutonic Knights in summer 1414 in an attempt to resolve territorial disputes.
September 1414: In the summer of 1414, King Jogaila of Poland and Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania invaded Prussia, which was ruled by the Teutonic Order. They marched through Osterode and Warmia, causing destruction by plundering villages and burning crops.
November 1414: A two-year truce between the Teutonic Order and the allied Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania was signed in Strasburg (now Brodnica) in October.
3.3.Gollub War
Was a war of the Teutonic Knights against the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1422.
August 1422: In 1422, the joint forces of King Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland and Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania marched to Ostróda. The Teutonic Order forces, led by Grand Master Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg, retreated to Löbau in the face of the advancing Polish-Lithuanian army.
August 1422: Riesenburg and Gollub conquered by Poland-Lithuania.
September 1422: A truce was signed and the Gollub War concluded ten days later with the Treaty of Melno. The treaty resolved territorial disputes between the Teutonic Knights and Lithuania regarding Samogitia, which had dragged on since 1382, and determined the Prussian-Lithuanian border, which afterwards remained unchanged for about 500 years. A portion of the original border survives as a portion of the modern border between the Republic of Lithuania and Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, making it one of the most stable borders in Europe.
3.4.Polish-Teutonic War (1431-1435)
Was a war between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teutonic Knights.
September 1433: In June 1433 Poland allied itself with the Czech Hussites. For four months the Hussite army, including forces led by Feodor Ostrogski, ravaged Teutonic territories in Neumark, Pomerania, and western Prussia.
October 1433: In June 1433 Poland allied itself with the Czech Hussites. For four months the Hussite army, including forces led by Feodor Ostrogski, ravaged Teutonic territories in Neumark, Pomerania, and western Prussia.
3.5.Thirteen Years' War (1454-1466)
Was a conflict fought in 1454-1466 between the Prussian Confederation, allied with the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, and the State of the Teutonic Order.
February 1454: On February 22, the Polish king also declared war on the Teutonic Order and on March 6 he accepted the surrender of the Prussian estates and incorporated the entire order state into the Polish Empire. The country was pro forma divided into four voivodeships (Kulm, Pommerellen, Elbing, Königsberg). In the west, the order only stayed in a few castles: Marienburg, Stuhm and Konitz.
September 1454: On September 18, 1454, the battle of Konitz between Poland-Lithuania and the Teutonic Order took place. Despite the numerical superiority of the Poles, it ended with their heavy defeat. As a result, numerous cities, especially Königsberg, returned to the order.
January 1461: The city of Malbork surrendered to Danzig.
September 1463: Mewe and other Vistula towns still in the hands of the Order were conquered by Poland-Lithuania.
October 1466: The Second Peace of Thorn, negotiated on October 19, 1466 between the Teutonic Order and the Kingdom of Poland under the leadership of Casimir the Jagiellonian in Thorn, today's Toruń, ended the 13-year Prussian War of the Cities. Only Ducal Prussia remained to to the Teutonic Order (as fief of Poland), the remnant territories being incorporated into Poland.
3.6.War of the Priests (Poland)
Was a war between the Teutonic Order and the Kingdom of Poland over the choice of the Bishop of Warmia.
January 1477: In 1477 Martin von Wetzhausen, the new grand master of the Teutonic Order refused to make his oath of fealty to the Polish king and invaded Warmia, taking Chełm and Starogard Chełminski.
January 1478: Under the command of Jan Biały and Piotr Dunin, the Polish forces occupied several cities in Warmia and Pomesania.
3.7.Polish-Teutonic War (1519-1521)
Was a war between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teutonic Knights.
3.7.1.Polish Invasion of the Teutonic State (1519)
Was the Polish invasion of the Teutonic State at the beginning of the Polish-Teutonic War (1519-1521).
February 1519: The Teutonic Knights took the Warmian city of Braunsberg (Braniewo).
3.7.2.Teutonic counterattack (1520)
Was the Teutonic counteroffensive of 1520 against the Polish invasion in the Polish-Teutonic War (1519-1521).
August 1520: In July 1520, the Teutonic Order, led by Grand Master Albert of Brandenburg, launched an offensive, seizing control of Masovia, Warmia, and Łomża territories. This military occupation marked a significant turning point in the Order's power in the region.
September 1520: In August 1520, German reinforcements led by Grand Master Albert of Brandenburg attacked Wielkopolska, capturing the town of Międzyrzecz. The territory was then placed under the military occupation of the Teutonic Order.
January 1521: In 1520, the Teutonic Order, led by Grand Master Albert of Brandenburg, took control of Wałcz, Chojnice, Starogard Gdański, and Tczew in Poland.
3.7.3.Polish offensive (1521)
Was a Polish military campaign against the Teutonic order. Polish forces retook Tczew, Starogard and Chojnice.
January 1521: Polish forces retook Tczew, Starogard and Chojnice.
January 1521: The Teutonic Knights retreated towards Oliwa and Puck, pursued by Polish forces.
3.7.4.Teutonic offensive (1521)
Was a Teutonic military campaign against Polan during the Polish-Teutonic War (1519-1521).
February 1521: The Polish side was then struck with financial troubles, and the "pospolite ruszenie" forces were also tired. The Teutonic Knights seized their chance and launched a counteroffensive, taking Nowe Miasto Lubawskie.
3.7.5.Treaty of Kraków (1525)
Was the treaty that ended the Polish-Teutonic War (1519-1521).
April 1525: In 1525, during the Polish-Teutonic War, the Teutonic Knights seized Nowe Miasto Lubawskie from Poland-Lithuania. The Polish forces faced financial troubles and exhaustion, allowing the Knights to launch a successful counteroffensive.
Was a series of wars fought between the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Khanate of Kazan from 1439, until Kazan was finally conquered by the Tsardom of Russia under Ivan the Terrible in 1552.
4.1.Wars of Ivan III
Russian military campaign against the Khanate of Kazan by Ivan III.
January 1484: Expansion of the Grand Duchy of Moscow by 1484.
January 1495: Expansion of the Grand Duchy of Moscow by 1495.
4.2.Wars of Vasily III
Russian military campaign against the Khanate of Kazan by Vasily III.
January 1511: Expansion of the Grand Duchy of Moscow by 1511.
January 1524: Expansion of the Grand Duchy of Moscow by 1524.
Were a series of Wars between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire.
5.1.Polish-Ottoman War (1485-1503)
Was a war between the Kingdom of Poland and the Ottoman Empire.
June 1498: Polish raid provoked Ottomans and Tatars to invade southeastern corner of Poland. This took place in spring 1498: after crossing the Dniestr, the invaders ransacked Red Ruthenia, capturing thousands of people and reaching as far as Przeworsk.
July 1498: Polish raid provoked Ottomans and Tatars to invade southeastern corner of Poland. This took place in spring 1498: after crossing the Dniestr, the invaders ransacked Red Ruthenia, capturing thousands of people and reaching as far as Przeworsk.
September 1498: In the summer of 1498, the Tatars, led by Crimean Khan Mengli Giray, invaded Poland, targeting the territories of Podolia and Volhynia. This military occupation resulted in these regions falling under the control of the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate.
October 1498: In 1498, the Tatars invaded Poland, targeting the regions of Podolia and Volhynia. The territories were part of the Poland-Lithuania union at the time. The invasion posed a threat to the stability and security of the region.
Conquests and wars with Ottoman involvement during the rule of Suleiman I.
January 1538: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1538.
January 1542: The Khotyn area becomes part of Moldavia.
January 1542: Hotin conquered by turkey.
January 1560: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1560.
A series of wars fought in northern and northeastern Europe from the 16th to the 18th century.
7.1.Livonian War
Was a war fought over the control of Old Livonia. The Tsardom of Russia faced a varying coalition of the Dano-Norwegian Realm, the Kingdom of Sweden, and the Union (later Commonwealth) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. Old Livonia was finally partitioned between Sweden, Poland-Lithuania and Denmark-Norway.
7.1.1.Partition of Livonia
Was the partition of Old Livonia between Denmark, Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
November 1561: The weakened Livonian Order was dissolved by the second Treaty of Vilnius in 1561. Its lands were secularised as the Duchy of Livonia and Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and assigned to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
November 1561: The Livonian Order, a branch of the Teutonic Knights, was dissolved in 1561 by the second Treaty of Vilnius. Its lands were secularised and became the Duchy of Livonia and Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, which were then assigned to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
7.1.2.Russian war with Lithuania
Was a Russian invasion of Lithuania by Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible).
January 1564: When the Russo-Lithuanian truce expired in 1562, Ivan IV of Russia rejected Sigismund's offer of an extension. The Tsar had used the period of the truce to build up his forces in Livonia, and he invaded Lithuania. His army raided Vitebsk and, after a series of border clashes, took Polotsk in 1563.
February 1564: In January and February Russian forces attacked Dubrowna, Orsha, Druchevsk, Borisov, Kopos, Shklow, Teterin, Mogilev, Radoml, Mstislavl, and Chachersk, reaching as far as the border of Vilnius and the Berezina River.
January 1389: Władysław II Jagiełło, needing financial support for his battles against the Teutonic Knights, used the region of Pokuttya as a guarantee for a loan which he obtained from Petru II of Moldavia.
January 1398: In 1397, the cavalry of the voivode of Moldavia Stephen, allied with the governor of Lithuania Vitold, reached without resistance23 the western bank of the lower Dnieper and the Pontic shores.
January 1399: In the same year, Jungingen acquired Lower Lithuania (Schamaiten) in the Treaty of Sallinweder.
January 1399: Serrey was a dominion in present-day Lithuania, which belonged to the Teutonic Order from 1383 to 1398. In 1398, the territory was transferred to Poland-Lithuania.
August 1399: In 1399, Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania and Tokhtamysh, former khan of the Golden Horde, attacked Temür Qutlugh and Edigu at the Battle of the Vorskla River. The Golden Horde emerged victorious, securing control over Kiev, Podolia, and some land in the lower Bug River basin.
January 1401: The Principality of Novlenskoe existed from around 1400 in Novlenskoe (now called Novoe).
January 1401: At the beginning of the 15th century, the Mosalsk principality became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
January 1401: In the XIV century Kletsk was included in the Lithuanian principality as a "Lithuanian city".
January 1404: The Vyazemsky principality is annexed to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
January 1404: Expansion of Poland-Lithuania in 1403 (based on maps).
January 1405: In 1404, the Verkhovskoe principality in Kozelsk was seized by the Grand Duchy of Moscow from the Mongol Empire, possibly as a strategic move against Lithuania. This event marked a shift in power dynamics in the region.
January 1405: Together with the fall of the Smolensk principality (1404), the Dorogobuzh inheritance apparently also ceased to exist, and its territory became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
January 1407: In 1406 Kozelsk was conquered by Lithuania.
January 1408: In 1407, the Glukhov principality, ruled by the descendants of Rurik, was annexed by Poland-Lithuania.
September 1408: Transition of the Odoevo-Novosilsky principality under the suzerainty of Lithuania.
January 1409: The Kozelsk Principality was acquired by the Moscow prince Vasily I Dmitrievich.
January 1409: The city of Przemysl became loyal to Lithuania.
March 1412: The Treaty of Lubowla of 1412 was a treaty between Władysław II, King of Poland, and Sigismund of Luxemburg, King of Hungary. The treaty defined the border between the two countries.
January 1413: The armies of the Grand Duke of Lithuania, Vitold, and his vassal, the Voivode of Moldavia, Alexander the Good, reached the Black Sea, making Yedisan a Lithuanian land.
January 1426: In 1425, the territory of Gorodnya on the Volga became the Gorodenskoe Principality.
January 1426: Expansion of the Grand Duchy of Moscow by 1425.
January 1431: The Crimean Khanate was founded in 1428 and soon after obtained from the Lithuanians the right of suzerainty over Yedisan, from where the Moldavians were to withdraw their garrisons and fleet.
January 1433: Hotin conquered by Poland-Lithuania.
January 1440: In 1439, Tempelburg (modern-day Czaplinek, Poland) became part of the Polish Starostei Draheim. The Starostei was a territorial division within the Kingdom of Poland.
January 1446: The Lithuanians again took possession of Kozelsk and annexed it to their possessions.
January 1446: The Lubutsk Principality is acquired by Poland-Lithuania.
January 1451: The Principality of Mezets is recorded as a possession of Lithuania.
January 1451: Probably the Spazh principality existed in the middle of the 15th century.
January 1451: Zvenigorod principality conquered by Poland-Lithuania.
January 1458: The western Duchy of Auschwitz was sold to the Polish king in 1457.
January 1460: Hotin conquered by Principality of Moldavia.
January 1478: Based on Gustav Droysen's Map of the Holy Roman Empire in the XV century.
January 1498: John I Albert of Poland invaded Moldavia in 1497.
January 1499: In 1498, Pokuttia was conquered by Stephen the Great, annexed and retained by Moldavia.
January 1517: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1517.
February 1517: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1517. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
January 1527: Polish conquest of Masovia.
August 1531: Pokuttya was lost by Moldavia in the Battle of Obertyn.
February 1538: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1538. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
January 1539: Hotin conquered by Poland-Lithuania.
January 1539: The Khotyn area becomes part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
February 1560: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1560. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
January 1563: The Khotyn area becomes part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
January 1563: Hotin conquered by Poland-Lithuania.
July 1569: The Union of Lublin was signed on 1 July 1569 in Lublin, Poland, and created a single state, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It replaced the personal union of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Disestablishment
July 1569: The Union of Lublin was signed on 1 July 1569 in Lublin, Poland, and created a single state, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It replaced the personal union of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Selected Sources
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), pp. 34-35
Frost, R. I. (2000): The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721, London (UK), p. 26
Urban, W. (2003): Tannenberg and After: Lithuania, Poland and the Teutonic Order in Search of Immortality (Revised ed.), Chicago (USA), p. 166
Urban, W. (2003): Tannenberg and After: Lithuania, Poland and the Teutonic Order in Search of Immortality (Revised ed.), Chicago (USA), p. 205
Urban, W. (2003): Tannenberg and After: Lithuania, Poland and the Teutonic Order in Search of Immortality (Revised ed.), Chicago (USA), pp. 195-196
VKL-1462-ru. Wikipedia. Retrieved on 7 April 2024 on https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:VKL-1462-ru.png
Zeuske, M. (2013): Handbuch Geschichte der Sklaverei. Eine Globalgeschichte von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart, De Gruyter, Berlin p. 470ff.
Атлас 7 класс История России 16 - конец 17 века (Atlas, 7th grade, History of Russia, 16th - end of the 17th century.) , Дрофа Publisher (2015), Moscow (Russia), p. 2
Атлас. 6 класс. История России с древнейших времен до XVI века (Atlas. 6th grade. History of Russia from ancient times to the 16th century.) , Дрофа Publisher (2015), Moscow (Russia), p. 23
Poland-Lithuania
