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The cluster includes all the forms of the union of Poland and Lithuania (both countries are covered separately when not in union).
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Poland-Lithuania
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Poland-Lithuania (Saxony PU)
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Russia)
Establishment
August 1385: Union of Krewo: Personal union of poland and lithuania.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were several wars fought in the years 1340-1392 over the succession in the Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia.
January 1388: In 1387, Jadwiga attached Galicia to Poland for good.
1.1.Union of Krewo
Was a treaty that created a personal union between Poland and Lithuania.
Were a series of wars between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Grand Duchy of Moscow (later the Tsardom of Russia).
2.1.Lithuanian annexion of Smolensk
Was a war between Moscow and Lithuania that included figths on the Ugra river and the Lithuanian annexion of Smolensk.
January 1403: Vasily hesitated until Vytautas advanced on Pskov. Alarmed by Lithuania's continuing expansion, Vasily sent an army to aid the Pskovians against his father-in-law. The Russian and Lithuanian armies met near the Ugra River.
February 1403: The commander didn't ventured to commit his troops to battle. A peace ensued, whereby Vytautas kept Smolensk.
January 1405: The Principality of Smolensk was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1404.
2.2.First Lithuanian-Muscovite border war
Was a war of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, in alliance with the Crimean Khanate, against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Ruthenia in alliance with the Golden Horde Khan Akhmat.
September 1492: In August 1492, without declaring war, Ivan III of Moscow began large military actions: he captured and burned Mtsensk, Lyubutsk, Serpeysk, and Meshchovsk; raided Mosalsk; and attacked territory of the Dukes of Vyazma.
February 1494: Grand Duke of Lithuania Alexander Jagiellon sent a delegation to Moscow to negotiate a peace treaty. An "eternal" peace treaty was concluded on February 5, 1494. The agreement marked the first Lithuanian territorial losses to Moscow: the Principality of Vyazma and a sizable region in the upper reaches of the Oka River.
2.3.Second Lithuanian-Muscovite border war
Was a war between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
2.3.1.Muscovite invasion
Was a Muscovite invasion of Lithuania.
June 1500: In May 1500, hostilities resumed between the Duchy of Moscow and Lithuania. The Muscovites, led by Grand Prince Ivan III, quickly captured Lithuanian fortresses in Bryansk, Vyazma, Dorogobuzh, Toropets, and Putyvl.
July 1500: Moscovite attack into the Kiev Voivodeship, Volhynia, and Podolia.
2.3.2.Livonian Intervention alongside Lithuania
The Livonian Order joined the Second Muscovite Border War as an ally of Lithuania.
April 1502: In 1502, Ivan III of Moscow led a campaign to capture Smolensk, but the city successfully defended itself due to the poor strategy of the Muscovites and their lack of artillery. The military occupation of Smolensk by the Duchy of Moscow followed this failed siege.
2.3.3.Truce (Second Lithuanian-Muscovite border war)
A six-year truce was concluded on the Feast of the Annunciation, ending the Second Muscovite Border War. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania lost approximately 210,000 square kilometres (81,000 sq mi), or a third of its territory.
March 1503: A six-year truce was concluded between Moscow and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania on the Feast of the Annunciation in 1503. As a result of this agreement, the Grand Duchy lost about a third of its territory to Moscow, including significant regions such as Chernihiv, Novhorod-Siverskyi, Starodub, and lands around the upper Oka River. The other territories Moscow had occupied, were evacuated.
2.4.Fourth Lithuanian-Muscovite border war
Was a war between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
January 1514: In December 1512, Tsar Vasili III of Muscovy Rus' led the invasion of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, aiming to capture the strategic trading center of Smolensk. The city fell to Moscow's forces in 1513, marking a significant territorial gain for the Duchy of Moscow.
August 1514: The city of Smolensk fell to the Duchy of Moscow in July 1514.
January 1515: Expansion of the Grand Duchy of Moscow by 1515.
January 1520: In 1519, the Russians, led by Grand Prince Vasili III of Moscow, invaded Lithuania, raiding cities such as Orsha, Mogilev, Minsk, Vitebsk, and Polotsk. This military occupation marked a period of conflict between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Duchy of Moscow.
2.4.1.Truce (Fourth Lithuanian-Muscovite border war)
Was a treaty that ended the Lithuanian-Muscovite War (1512-1522). The Grand Duchy of Moscow retained Smolensk.
January 1523: In 1522, a treaty was signed by Lithuania and Russia that called for a five-year truce, no prisoner exchange, and for Russia to retain control of Smolensk.
2.5.Fifth Lithuanian-Muscovite border war
Was a war between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
November 1534: In October 1534, a Muscovite army under the command of Prince Ovchina-Telepnev-Obolensky, Prince Nikita Obolensky, and Prince Vasily Shuisky invaded Lithuania, advancing as far as Vilnius and Navahrudak.
January 1536: The Lithuanian army under Hetman Radziwill, Andrei Nemirovich, Polish Hetman Jan Tarnowski, and Semen Belsky launched a powerful counterattack and took Homel and Starodub.
January 1537: In 1536, the fortress Sebezh, located in present-day Russia, successfully defended against the Lithuanian forces led by Ivan Nemirovich-Danchenko. The victory resulted in the territory falling under the military occupation of the Duchy of Moscow.
January 1538: Lithuania and Russia negotiated a five-year truce, without prisoner exchange, in which Homel stayed under the Lithuanian king's control, while the Moscovites kept Sebezh and Zavoloche.
Were a series of Wars between the Teutonic Order and the Kingdom of Poland. .
3.1.Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War
Was a war between the Teutonic Knights and the allied Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania caused by territorial disputes.
August 1409: In 1409, the Teutonic Order, led by Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen, launched a military campaign in the region. They burned the castle at Dobrin, captured Bobrowniki after a fourteen-day siege, conquered Bydgoszcz, and sacked several towns in the area.
September 1409: The Teutonic Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen declared war on the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania on 6 August 1409. The Knights hoped to defeat Poland and Lithuania separately and began by invading Greater Poland and Kuyavia, catching the Poles by surprise.
September 1409: The Poles organized counterattacks and recaptured Bydgoszcz.
October 1409: Poland and the Teutonic Order signed a truce on 8 October 1409. Both countries left militarly occupied territories. However, the Teutonic Order was not able to take back Samogitia where an uprising was taking place.
July 1410: The Polish-Lithuanian forces invaded the Teutonic Order's territory up to Kauernick.
July 1410: The forces of Poland-Lithuania arrive near Wysoka.
July 1410: Gilgenburg conquered by Poland-Lithuania.
July 1410: Faulen conquered by Poland-Lithuania.
July 1410: The city of Allenstein surrendered to the Polish-Lithuanian forces.
July 1410: The town of Mohrungen surrendered to Polish-Lithuanian forces.
July 1410: Christburg surrenders to the Polish-Lithuanian forces.
July 1410: The city of Stuhm surrendered to the Polish-Lithuanian forces.
July 1410: Start of Marienburg siege by Polish forces.
September 1410: The Teutonic siege of Marienburg was lifted on 19 September. The Polish-Lithuanian forces left garrisons in fortresses that were captured or surrendered and returned home.
November 1410: The Teutonic Knights quickly recaptured most of the castles that Poland had occupied. By the end of October, only four Teutonic castles along the border remained in Polish hands.
February 1411: The Peace of Thorn was signed on 1 February 1411 between the Teutonic Knights and Poland-Lithuania. The Knights agreed to cede Dobrin Land to Poland and renounce their claims to Samogitia during the lifetimes of Jogaila and Vytautas.
February 1411: The Peace of Thorn was signed between the Teutonic Knights and the Kingdom of Poland. The Teutonic Knights agreed to resign their claims to Samogitia.
May 1413: After the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War of 1410-1411 not all issues between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Teutonic Knights were settled. The most contentious matter was the border between Samogitia and Prussia. On 3 May 1413, Benedict (Holy Roman Empire) made the decision and recognized the right bank of the Neman River, including Klaipėda, to Lithuania.
May 1413: Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, agreed to mediate the territorial disputes between the Teutonic Knights and Poland Lithuania. He appointed Benedict Makrai, who recognized the right bank of the Neman River, including Klaipėda, to Lithuania. The Knights refused to accept this decision and Teutonic Grand Master Heinrich von Plauen ordered Teutonic armies into northern Poland.
June 1413: Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, agreed to mediate the territorial disputes between the Teutonic Knights and Poland Lithuania. He appointed Benedict Makrai, who recognized the right bank of the Neman River, including Klaipėda, to Lithuania. The Knights refused to accept this decision and Teutonic Grand Master Heinrich von Plauen ordered Teutonic armies into northern Poland. The army, commanded by Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg, returned into Prussia after just 16 days of campaign.
3.2.Hunger War
Was a brief conflict between the allied Kingdom of Poland, and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, against the Teutonic Knights in summer 1414 in an attempt to resolve territorial disputes.
September 1414: In the summer of 1414, King Jogaila of Poland and Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania invaded Prussia, which was ruled by the Teutonic Order. They marched through Osterode and Warmia, causing destruction by plundering villages and burning crops.
November 1414: A two-year truce between the Teutonic Order and the allied Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania was signed in Strasburg (now Brodnica) in October.
3.3.Gollub War
Was a war of the Teutonic Knights against the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1422.
August 1422: In 1422, the joint forces of King Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland and Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania marched to Ostróda. The Teutonic Order forces, led by Grand Master Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg, retreated to Löbau in the face of the advancing Polish-Lithuanian army.
August 1422: Riesenburg and Gollub conquered by Poland-Lithuania.
September 1422: A truce was signed and the Gollub War concluded ten days later with the Treaty of Melno. The treaty resolved territorial disputes between the Teutonic Knights and Lithuania regarding Samogitia, which had dragged on since 1382, and determined the Prussian-Lithuanian border, which afterwards remained unchanged for about 500 years. A portion of the original border survives as a portion of the modern border between the Republic of Lithuania and Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, making it one of the most stable borders in Europe.
3.4.Polish-Teutonic War (1431-1435)
Was a war between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teutonic Knights.
September 1433: In June 1433 Poland allied itself with the Czech Hussites. For four months the Hussite army, including forces led by Feodor Ostrogski, ravaged Teutonic territories in Neumark, Pomerania, and western Prussia.
October 1433: In June 1433 Poland allied itself with the Czech Hussites. For four months the Hussite army, including forces led by Feodor Ostrogski, ravaged Teutonic territories in Neumark, Pomerania, and western Prussia.
3.5.Thirteen Years' War (1454-1466)
Was a conflict fought in 1454-1466 between the Prussian Confederation, allied with the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, and the State of the Teutonic Order.
February 1454: On February 22, the Polish king also declared war on the Teutonic Order and on March 6 he accepted the surrender of the Prussian estates and incorporated the entire order state into the Polish Empire. The country was pro forma divided into four voivodeships (Kulm, Pommerellen, Elbing, Königsberg). In the west, the order only stayed in a few castles: Marienburg, Stuhm and Konitz.
September 1454: On September 18, 1454, the battle of Konitz between Poland-Lithuania and the Teutonic Order took place. Despite the numerical superiority of the Poles, it ended with their heavy defeat. As a result, numerous cities, especially Königsberg, returned to the order.
January 1461: The city of Malbork surrendered to Danzig.
September 1463: Mewe and other Vistula towns still in the hands of the Order were conquered by Poland-Lithuania.
October 1466: The Second Peace of Thorn, negotiated on October 19, 1466 between the Teutonic Order and the Kingdom of Poland under the leadership of Casimir the Jagiellonian in Thorn, today's Toruń, ended the 13-year Prussian War of the Cities. Only Ducal Prussia remained to to the Teutonic Order (as fief of Poland), the remnant territories being incorporated into Poland.
October 1466: Peace of Thorn: Remaining Prussian Territories become a polish fief.
3.6.War of the Priests (Poland)
Was a war between the Teutonic Order and the Kingdom of Poland over the choice of the Bishop of Warmia.
January 1477: In 1477 Martin von Wetzhausen, the new grand master of the Teutonic Order refused to make his oath of fealty to the Polish king and invaded Warmia, taking Chełm and Starogard Chełminski.
January 1478: Under the command of Jan Biały and Piotr Dunin, the Polish forces occupied several cities in Warmia and Pomesania.
3.7.Polish-Teutonic War (1519-1521)
Was a war between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teutonic Knights.
3.7.1.Polish Invasion of the Teutonic State (1519)
Was the Polish invasion of the Teutonic State at the beginning of the Polish-Teutonic War (1519-1521).
February 1519: Preußisch Holland (modern-day Pasłęk) conquered by poland-lithuania.
February 1519: In 1519, Polish forces led by Grand Crown Hetman Mikołaj Firlej besieged Marienwerder in Pomesania, which was part of the Teutonic Order's territory. The military occupation of Marienwerder eventually led to the territory being transferred to Poland-Lithuania.
February 1519: The Teutonic Knights took the Warmian city of Braunsberg (Braniewo).
May 1519: The Polish army received artillery reinforcements in April and took Marienwerder and Prussian Holland, but failed to retake Braunsberg.
3.7.2.Teutonic counterattack (1520)
Was the Teutonic counteroffensive of 1520 against the Polish invasion in the Polish-Teutonic War (1519-1521).
August 1520: In July 1520, the Teutonic Order, led by Grand Master Albert of Brandenburg, launched an offensive, seizing control of Masovia, Warmia, and Łomża territories. This military occupation marked a significant turning point in the Order's power in the region.
September 1520: In August 1520, German reinforcements led by Grand Master Albert of Brandenburg attacked Wielkopolska, capturing the town of Międzyrzecz. The territory was then placed under the military occupation of the Teutonic Order.
January 1521: In 1520, the Teutonic Order, led by Grand Master Albert of Brandenburg, took control of Wałcz, Chojnice, Starogard Gdański, and Tczew in Poland.
3.7.3.Polish offensive (1521)
Was a Polish military campaign against the Teutonic order. Polish forces retook Tczew, Starogard and Chojnice.
January 1521: The Teutonic Knights retreated towards Oliwa and Puck, pursued by Polish forces.
January 1521: Polish forces retook Tczew, Starogard and Chojnice.
3.7.4.Teutonic offensive (1521)
Was a Teutonic military campaign against Polan during the Polish-Teutonic War (1519-1521).
February 1521: The Polish side was then struck with financial troubles, and the "pospolite ruszenie" forces were also tired. The Teutonic Knights seized their chance and launched a counteroffensive, taking Nowe Miasto Lubawskie.
3.7.5.Treaty of Kraków (1525)
Was the treaty that ended the Polish-Teutonic War (1519-1521).
April 1525: In 1525, during the Polish-Teutonic War, the Teutonic Knights seized Nowe Miasto Lubawskie from Poland-Lithuania. The Polish forces faced financial troubles and exhaustion, allowing the Knights to launch a successful counteroffensive.
April 1525: The Cavalry War from 1519 to 1521 was the last military attempt by the Teutonic Order under its last Grand Master, Albrecht von Brandenburg-Ansbach, to liberate the Teutonic Order state in East Prussia from Polish tutelage. In the armistice after unsuccessful fighting, Albrecht became a Protestant, secularized the country in 1525 and was the first Duke of Prussia to take it as a fief from King Sigismund I of Poland.
April 1525: In 1525, during the Polish-Teutonic War, the Teutonic Knights, led by Grand Master Albert of Brandenburg, took advantage of Polish financial troubles and fatigue to launch a successful counteroffensive, capturing Nowe Miasto Lubawskie in the Duchy of Prussia.
Expansion during the rule of Murad II in the Ottoman Sultanate.
4.1.Ottoman annexion of Serbia
Serbia was invaded and annexed by the Ottoman Empire.
January 1441: In 1440, Sultan Murad II of the Ottoman Empire failed to capture Belgrade from Hungary (Personal Union with Poland). He had to return to Anatolia to defend against attacks by the Karamanids.
January 1441: In 1440, Ottoman Sultan Murad II besieged Belgrade, a key fortress on Hungary's border. The siege was led by Hungarian military commander John Hunyadi, who successfully defended the city against the Ottoman forces.
Was a series of wars fought between the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Khanate of Kazan from 1439, until Kazan was finally conquered by the Tsardom of Russia under Ivan the Terrible in 1552.
5.1.Wars of Ivan III
Russian military campaign against the Khanate of Kazan by Ivan III.
January 1484: Expansion of the Grand Duchy of Moscow by 1484.
January 1495: Expansion of the Grand Duchy of Moscow by 1495.
5.2.Wars of Vasily III
Russian military campaign against the Khanate of Kazan by Vasily III.
January 1511: Expansion of the Grand Duchy of Moscow by 1511.
January 1524: Expansion of the Grand Duchy of Moscow by 1524.
Were a series of Wars between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire.
6.1.Polish-Ottoman War (1485-1503)
Was a war between the Kingdom of Poland and the Ottoman Empire.
August 1497: In early August of 1497, the Polish-Lithuanian army, led by King John I Albert and his commander Jan Amor Tarnowski, crossed the Dniestr river, entering the Moldavia border region. This military occupation marked a significant expansion of Polish-Lithuanian influence in the area.
September 1497: The Polish army began the siege of Suceava.
October 1497: The Battle of the Cosmin Forest in 1497 saw the defeat of the Polish forces by Stephen III of Moldavia. The battle took place in the Moldavia border region, solidifying the territory under the control of the Principality of Moldavia.
June 1498: Polish raid provoked Ottomans and Tatars to invade southeastern corner of Poland. This took place in spring 1498: after crossing the Dniestr, the invaders ransacked Red Ruthenia, capturing thousands of people and reaching as far as Przeworsk.
July 1498: Polish raid provoked Ottomans and Tatars to invade southeastern corner of Poland. This took place in spring 1498: after crossing the Dniestr, the invaders ransacked Red Ruthenia, capturing thousands of people and reaching as far as Przeworsk.
September 1498: In the summer of 1498, the Tatars, led by Crimean Khan Mengli Giray, invaded Poland, targeting the territories of Podolia and Volhynia. This military occupation resulted in these regions falling under the control of the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate.
October 1498: In 1498, the Tatars invaded Poland, targeting the regions of Podolia and Volhynia. The territories were part of the Poland-Lithuania union at the time. The invasion posed a threat to the stability and security of the region.
6.2.Polish-Ottoman War (1633-34)
Was a conflict between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire with its vassals.
October 1633: In mid-October 1633, Polish King Władysław IV Vasa was near Chocim (Khotyn) during the Polish-Ottoman War. The city was under Turkish military occupation at the time.
October 1633: Abazy crossed the Dniestr about October 20.
October 1633: In 1633, Abazy Pasha, the Ottoman governor of Podolia, attacked the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth with his full forces but was repelled with heavy losses. As a result, he ordered a retreat from all occupied regions back to Ottoman territory.
6.3.Polish-Cossack-Tatar War (1666-1671)
Was a war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire over territories in Ukraine.
November 1667: In 1667, Podhajce was invaded by Tatars during the ongoing conflict between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Cossack Hetmanate (Russia).
6.4.Polish-Ottoman War (1672-1676)
Was a war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire. The war ended with the Commonwealth ceding control of most of its Ukraine territories to the Ottomans.
6.4.1.First Phase of the Polish-Ottoman War (1672-1676)
Was the first phase of the Polish-Ottoman War (1672-1676), where the Ottomans invaded the Ukrainian territories of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
September 1672: The Ottoman forces, led by Grand Vizier Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed and Sultan Mehmed IV, invaded Polish Ukraine in 1672. They successfully captured the Commonwealth fortress at Kamieniec Podolski, marking a significant victory for the Ottoman Empire.
September 1672: Kamieniec Podolski was a key fortress in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Ottoman forces, led by Grand Vizier Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed and Sultan Mehmed IV, successfully invaded the territory in 1672, marking a significant victory for the Ottoman Empire in the region.
6.4.1.1.Treaty of Buchach
Was a treaty that ended the first phase of the Polish-Ottoman War (1672-1676).
October 1672: The Poles were forced to sign the Peace of Buczacz in October that year, which ceded to the Ottomans the Commonwealth part of Ukraine.
6.4.2.Second Phase of the Polish-Ottoman War (1672-1676)
Was the second phase of the Polish-Ottoman War (1672-1676). The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth got part of its Ukrainian territories back.
October 1676: The Treaty of Żurawno ended the second phase of the Polish-Ottoman War (1672-76). It revised the 1672 Treaty of Buchach, and was more favorable to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which no longer had to pay tribute, and regained about one third of the Ukrainian territories lost in the Buchach treaty.
Conquests and wars with Ottoman involvement during the rule of Suleiman I.
January 1538: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1538.
January 1542: The Khotyn area becomes part of Moldavia.
January 1542: Hotin conquered by turkey.
January 1560: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1560.
Was a peace treaty and an alliance concluded on 5 and 14 September 1557 between the Livonian Confederation and the Polish-Lithuanian union, whereby the former put its territories under Polish-Lithuanian protection.
September 1557: The Treaty or Peace of Pozvol, Pasvalys or Pozwol was a peace treaty and an alliance concluded on 5 and 14 September 1557 between the Livonian Confederation and the Polish-Lithuanian union, whereby the former put its territories under Polish-Lithuanian protection.
Expansion during the rule of Selim II in the Ottoman Empire.
January 1573: Hotin conquered by turkey.
A series of wars fought in northern and northeastern Europe from the 16th to the 18th century.
10.1.Livonian War
Was a war fought over the control of Old Livonia. The Tsardom of Russia faced a varying coalition of the Dano-Norwegian Realm, the Kingdom of Sweden, and the Union (later Commonwealth) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. Old Livonia was finally partitioned between Sweden, Poland-Lithuania and Denmark-Norway.
January 1576: In 1575, Ivan the Terrible of Russia ordered an attack on Poland, leading to the capture of Salacgrīva and Pärnu in Livonia. This marked a significant expansion of the Tsardom of Russia's territory through military occupation.
10.1.1.Russian invasion of Livonia
Was a Russian invasion of Livonia by Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible).
June 1558: Ivan IV of Russia regarded the Livonian Confederation's approach to the Polish-Lithuanian union for protection under the Treaty of Pozvol as casus belli. Ivan reacted with the invasion of Livonia. Russian troops took Dorpat in May.
August 1558: Narva conquered by russia.
August 1558: Russian forces start the siege of Reval (Tallinn).
September 1577: Magnus of Livonia besieged the the town of Wenden (Cesis) in August 1577.
December 1577: Polish forces re-captured the stronghold in Wenden (Cesis).
June 1578: Advancement of Russian forces by mid 1578.
10.1.2.Livonian Counterattack
Were the Livonian operation against the Russian invasion.
January 1559: In 1558, Livonian forces, led by the Livonian Confederation (Poland-Lithuania) and supported by 1,200 landsknechte and 100 gunners from Germany, successfully retook Wesenberg (now Rakvere) and several other fortresses from the invading Russian forces during the Livonian War.
September 1560: The Russian Tsar's forces took important fortresses like Fellin, yet lacked the means to gain the major cities of Riga, Reval or Pernau.
10.1.3.Partition of Livonia
Was the partition of Old Livonia between Denmark, Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
September 1559: In return for a loan and a guarantee of Danish protection, Bishop Johann von Münchhausen signed a treaty on 26 September 1559 giving Frederick II of Denmark the right to nominate the bishop of Ösel-Wiek, an act which amounted to the sale of these territories for 30,000 thalers.
June 1561: In 1561 a Swedish army landed in Reval and gained control over the northern part of Old Livonia.
November 1561: The Livonian Order, a branch of the Teutonic Knights, was dissolved in 1561 by the second Treaty of Vilnius. Its lands were secularised and became the Duchy of Livonia and Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, which were then assigned to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
November 1561: The weakened Livonian Order was dissolved by the second Treaty of Vilnius in 1561. Its lands were secularised as the Duchy of Livonia and Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and assigned to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
November 1561: With the demise of the Livonian Order during the Livonian War, Riga for twenty years had the status of a Free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire before.
July 1562: Swdish king Erik XIV's forces seized Pernau (Pärnu) in June 1562.
10.1.4.Russian war with Lithuania
Was a Russian invasion of Lithuania by Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible).
January 1564: When the Russo-Lithuanian truce expired in 1562, Ivan IV of Russia rejected Sigismund's offer of an extension. The Tsar had used the period of the truce to build up his forces in Livonia, and he invaded Lithuania. His army raided Vitebsk and, after a series of border clashes, took Polotsk in 1563.
February 1564: In January and February Russian forces attacked Dubrowna, Orsha, Druchevsk, Borisov, Kopos, Shklow, Teterin, Mogilev, Radoml, Mstislavl, and Chachersk, reaching as far as the border of Vilnius and the Berezina River.
10.1.5.Polish and Swedish counterattack (Livonian War)
Were the military operations of Sweden and Poland-Lithuania against the Russian invasion.
December 1577: By November, Lithuanian forces moving northward had captured Dünaburg.
August 1579: Polish-Lithuanian troops advanced on Polotsk. The siege began 11 August, and the city surrendered on the 29th of that month.
October 1579: The Polish army also captured all 8 Russian castles in Polotsk - Rossony region (Sokol, Nescherda, Susha, Krasnae, Turovlia, Sitna, Kaz'jany, Usviaty).
September 1580: The forces of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth besieged Velikiye Luki on 29 August and took it on 5 September.
September 1580: A cavalry battle took place on 20 September near Toropets (battle of Toropets) and ended in another Polish victory.
October 1580: Polish forces captured Velizh and Nevel.
10.1.5.1.Treaty of Yam-Zapolsky
The Truce or Treaty of Yam-Zapolsky (Ям-Запольский) or Jam Zapolski, signed on 15 January 1582 between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia, was one of the treaties that ended the Livonian War.
January 1582: The Truce or Treaty of Yam-Zapolsky, signed on 15 January 1582 between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia, was one of the treaties that ended the Livonian War. In the terms of the treaty, Russia renounced its claims to Livonia and Polotsk but conceded no core Russian territories as Batory and returned the territories his armies had been occupying.
10.2.Russo-Swedish War (1590-1595)
Was a war between the Kingdom of Sweden and the Tsardom of Russia initiated by the latter in order the reconquer territories lost during the Livonian War.
10.2.1.Treaty of Teusina
The Treaty of Teusina, concluded on 18 May 1595, ended the Russo-Swedish War (1590-95). The treaty revised the provisions of the Truce of Plussa of 1583, restoring to Russia all territories then ceded to Sweden except for Narva. Russia received most of Ingria, with the towns of Ivangorod, Jama, Koporye and Korela Fortress.
May 1595: The Swedish-Russian border was delineated from the outstream of the Systerbäck river into the Gulf of Finland, over lakes Saimaa, Inari, the settlement of Neiden and up to the Murman Sea.
May 1595: The Treaty of Teusina, Tyavzin or Tyavzino was concluded on 18 May 1595 to end the Russo-Swedish War (1590-95) between the powers. The treaty revised the provisions of the Truce of Plussa of 1583, restoring to Russia all territory then ceded to Sweden except for Narva. Russia received most of Ingria, with the towns of Ivangorod, Jama, Koporye and Korela Fortress.
10.3.Russo-Polish War (1654-1667)
Was a major conflict between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth that ended with significant Russian territorial gains.
July 1654: In 1654, Ukrainian hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky's forces captured Homel from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
July 1654: V.B. Sheremetev set out from Pskov and seized the Lithuanian cities of Nevel.
July 1654: In 1654, during the Russo-Polish War, Prince Trubetskoy led Russian forces to capture the territories of Mstislavl and Roslavl.
July 1654: Polotsk conquered by russia.
August 1654: In July 1654, during the Russo-Polish War (1654-1667), the Russian army under the command of Tsar Alexei I captured the border forts of Bely and Dorogobuzh, solidifying Russian military occupation in the region.
August 1654: In 1654, Russian military leader Ivan Cherkassky captured the city of Orsha during the Battle of Shklov. .
September 1654: The Russian forces, led by Tsar Alexei I, successfully captured Smolensk on September 23, 1654, marking a significant victory in the conflict.
November 1654: Vitebsk conquered by russia.
December 1654: The combined forces of Khmelnitsky and the Russian Boyar Buturlin struck against Volynia. Despite many disagreements between the commanders, they took hold of Ostroh and Rivne by the end of the year.
January 1655: In 1654, Tsar's troops led by Alexei I of Russia invaded and occupied Ludza and Rezekne in Polish Livonia.
June 1655: A Polish army (allied with the Tatars) crushed a Russian-Ukrainian contingent at Zhashkov.
June 1655: In the winter and spring of 1655, Prince Radziwill launched a counter-offensive in Belarus, recapturing Orsha.
June 1655: In 1655, Prince Vasily Sheremetev, a Russian military leader, captured the town of Velizh during the Russo-Polish War.
July 1655: In 1655, Lithuanian forces, led by Janusz Radziwiłł, surrendered Minsk to the Cossacks and Ivan Cherkassky during the Russo-Polish War.
July 1655: Vilnius, the capital of the Great Duchy of Lithuania, was taken by the Russians.
September 1655: Russian conquest of Kaunas and Hrodno.
October 1655: Russian and Cossack forces had occupied the east of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as far as Lublin, with only Lwow remaining under Polish-Lithuanian control.
January 1656: In 1655, Prince Volkonsky, a Russian military leader, sailed from Kiev up the Dnieper and Pripyat rivers. He defeated the Lithuanians and captured Pinsk, which was then under Russian military occupation.
January 1656: Trubetskoy's unit overran Slonim and Kletsk.
January 1664: Towards the end of 1663, the Polish-Lithuanian King crossed the Dnieper and invaded Left-bank Ukraine.
February 1664: The Poles loose Left-Bank Ukraine.
10.3.1.Truce of Andrusovo
The Truce of Andrusovo established a thirteen-and-a-half year truce, signed in 1667 between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which had fought the Russo-Polish War since 1654 over the territories of modern-day Ukraine and Belarus.
January 1667: In 1667, the Russo-Polish war ended with the Treaty of Andrusovo, which split the Cossack Hetmanate along the Dnieper River: Left-bank Ukraine enjoyed a degree of autonomy within the Tsardom of Russia, while Right-bank Ukraine remained part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
January 1667: The peace negotiations in 1664-1667 involved the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, led by Duke Jacob Kettler, and Left-Bank Ukraine, led by Hetman Ivan Briukhovetsky. The Treaty of Andrusovo ended the conflict and transferred Smolensk and Left-Bank Ukraine to Courland and Semigallia.
January 1667: The peace negotiations were between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia. The Treaty of Andrusovo was signed by Polish King John II Casimir and Russian Tsar Alexis I, ending the Russo-Polish War of 1654-1667. The treaty resulted in Russia gaining control of Smolensk and Left-Bank Ukraine.
January 1667: The peace negotiations in 1664-1667 involved the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia. The Treaty of Andrusovo was signed by Polish King John II Casimir and Russian Tsar Alexis I, ending the Russo-Polish War. The treaty divided the territories of Smolensk and Left-Bank Ukraine between the two powers.
January 1667: During the 1667 truce of Andrusovo, the region of Zaporizhzhia fell under condominium of both the Tsardom of Muscovy and the Kingdom of Poland.
10.4.Second Northern War
Was a war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden (along with their respective allies) over the hegemony in the Baltic Sea.
July 1655: Sweden seized Dünaburg.
July 1655: The nobles of Greater Poland surrendered to Wittenberg on 25 July in Ujście. Wittenberg established a garrison in Poznań.
August 1655: The Treaty of Kėdainiai placed Lithuania under Swedish protection, marking a significant shift in power dynamics in the region.
September 1655: On 8 September Charles X Gustav of Sweden occupied Warsaw.
October 1655: Kraków surrendered to Charles X Gustav of Sweden.
October 1655: The levy of Mazovia, led by Polish nobleman Stefan Czarniecki, surrendered to the Swedish forces after the Battle of Nowy Dwór in 1655.
June 1656: In May 1656, Alexis of Russia declared war on Sweden. He invaded Livonia with 35,000 men and took Dünaburg.
October 1656: On 4 October, John II Casimir stormed Łęczyca.
October 1656: John II Casimir took Bromberg and Konitz in Royal Prussia.
March 1657: The Swedes stayed in Danzig until February 1657.
June 1657: The Swedish army by Charles X Gustav captured Brest in May 1657.
September 1657: Charles X Gustav of Sweden left the Commonwealth and headed westwards for an anti-Danish counterstrike. The Swedish-Brandenburgian-Transylvanian alliance broke apart.
November 1657: Ermland returned to Poland.
10.5.Great Northern War
Was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.
10.5.1.Phase 1: Swedish Dominance
Was the first phase of the Great Northern War, characterized by Swedish victories.
10.5.1.1.Livonian-Estonian Frontier of the Great Northern War
Was the Livonian-Estonian theatre of war in the first phase of the Great Northern War.
February 1700: Siege of Riga by Polish forces (1700).
March 1700: The Saxons took neighboring Dünamünde (March 13-15, 1700) and renamed it Augustusburg during th occupation.
October 1700: Polish forces besieged the castle of Kokenhausen from autumn 1700 and conquered it on October 17, 1700.
July 1701: Battle of the Dvina: the Saxons were repulsed by the Swedish army led by King Charles XII.
10.5.1.2.War against Augustus II
Was a military campaign initiated by Sweden during the Great Northern war. The goal of the campaign was the overthrow of Augustus II the Strong, who was at the same the Elector fo Saxony and the King of Poland-Lithuania.
January 1702: King Charles XII of Sweden took Mitau, the capital of the Duchy of Courland, and thus took the whole Duchy.
May 1702: Charles XII of Sweden and his army marched against Warsaw, which surrendered without a fight on May 14, 1702.
July 1702: Battle of Klissow.
July 1702: Charles XII of Sweden occupied Kraków on July 31, 1702. Sweden now controlled the residence city of Warsaw and the coronation city of Kraków.
May 1703: Battle of Pultusk (1703).
May 1703: Siege of Thorn (1703).
October 1703: The Swedes under King Charles XII. conquered the fortress of Thorn after a month-long siege.
January 1704: The city of Posen was conquered by the Swedes in 1703.
September 1704: Swedish storming of Lviv.
October 1704: In 1704, during the Great Northern War, Western Prussia was occupied by Sweden under the leadership of King Charles XII. The successful military occupation of the territory led to other cities in the region submitting to the Swedish king out of fear and admiration for his military prowess.
October 1704: The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth captured Warsaw (1704).
November 1704: Battle of Tillendorf.
December 1704: In 1704, during the Great Northern War, Tsar Peter the Great of Russia led a large army into Belarus, capturing key cities like Vilnius, Minsk, and Grodno. This military occupation marked a significant expansion of Russian influence in the region.
October 1705: As a result of the Battle of Rakowitz, Stanislaus Leszczyński was crowned the new Polish king on October 4, 1705 in Warsaw. […] Only Greater Poland, West Prussia, Mazovia and Lesser Poland submitted to him, while Lithuania and Volhynia continued to support Augustus II and Peter I.
November 1705: Since Count Ogiński was unsuccessful in his continued struggle on August II's side, the Swedish party finally gained the upper hand in Lithuania.
March 1706: Battle in Nyasvizh.
March 1706: Siege of Lyakavichy.
April 1706: Battle of Klezk.
May 1706: Siege of Lyakavichy.
September 1706: Having pursued Augustus of Saxony in his homeland, the Swedish King forced Augustus to sign the Altranstadt Peace Treaty on 24 september 1706. The Elector of Saxony renounced the Polish crown "forever" and dissolved the alliance with Russia.
10.5.1.3.Russian Campaign of Charles XII
Was the Swedish invasion of the Tsardom of Russia during the first phase of the Great Northern War.
July 1708: Battle of Golovchin.
July 1708: In 1708, during the Great Northern War, King Charles XII of Sweden halted the advance of the Swedish main army at Mogilev, awaiting General Lewenhaupt's reinforcements and supply trains from Livonia. This strategic decision was crucial for the Swedish military occupation of Mogilev.
August 1708: On August 21, the Swedes occupied Chemikow on the Sosh River.
September 1708: Battle of Molyatichi.
September 1708: Finally, King Charles XII of Sweden decided to call off the march on Moscow. When he left Tatarsk in mid-September 1708, it marked the end of Sweden's military occupation of the territory.
10.5.2.Phase 2: Sweden Defending itself
Was the second phase of the Great Northern War. It consisted in the counterattack of all the countries that Sweden had invaded during the first phase of the war.
August 1709: After the Russian army invaded Poland and Peter I negotiated with his former ally, the Elector of Saxony canceled the Peace of Altranstädt with Sweden in August. On August 20, 1709, Saxon troops invaded Poland again. The weak Swedish troops under the command of General Krassow retreated with 9000 men to Stettin and Stralsund in Swedish Pomerania. The Polish king Stanislaus I Leszczynski, who was enthroned by the Swedes, fled to Stockholm via Stettin and Kristianstad.
August 1709: The Russian invasion of Poland and its victory at Poltava, revived the anti-Swedish alliance which came to include Saxony, Denmark, Prussia, Russia and Hanover. On August 20, 1709, Saxon troops invaded Poland again. The weak Swedish troops under the command of General Krassow retreated with 9000 men to Stettin and Stralsund in Swedish Pomerania. The Polish king Stanislaus I Leszczynski, who was enthroned by the Swedes, fled to Stockholm via Stettin and Kristianstad.
10.5.3.Peace Treaties of the Great Northern War
Were the peace treaties that ended the Great Northern War.
10.5.3.1.Peace of Nystad
Was a treaty that ended the Great Northern War between the Tsardom of Russia and the Swedish Empire.
September 1721: In the Nystad Peace Treaty (1721), Sweden ceded the areas of Ingria, Livonia, Estonia, the islands of Ösel and Dagö, and South Karelia to Russia.
September 1721: In 1721, Russia evacuated the military occupied territories in Livonia and Estonia at the end of the Great Northern War. The territories were returned to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth under the Treaty of Nystad, signed by Russian Tsar Peter the Great and Swedish King Frederick I.
Expansion during the rule of Murad III in the Ottoman Empire.
January 1576: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1576.
The Crimean Tatars repeatedly undertook campaigns to Central Europe and Russia in the XVI and XVII centuries.
February 1576: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1576. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
January 1577: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1577.
February 1577: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1577. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
January 1580: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1580.
February 1580: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1580. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
January 1590: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1590.
February 1590: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1590. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
January 1594: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1594.
February 1594: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1594. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
January 1617: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1617.
February 1617: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1617. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
January 1641: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1641. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
January 1641: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1641.
February 1641: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1641.
February 1641: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1641. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
January 1667: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1667.
January 1667: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1667. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
February 1667: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1667.
February 1667: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1667. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
January 1668: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1668.
January 1668: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1668. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
February 1668: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1668. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
February 1668: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1668.
January 1682: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1682.
February 1682: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1682. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
January 1689: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1689.
February 1689: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1689. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
Was a war that took place from 1587 to 1588 over the election of the successor to the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Stephen Báthory.
October 1587: Lubowla is acquired by the Habsburg (Military Occupation).
October 1587: Habsburg attempt to storm Kraków.
January 1588: The Habsburg troops leave the are of Kraków.
January 1588: Battle of Byczyna.
Was a war between Duke Charles, later known as King Charles IX of Sweden, and Sigismund, who was at the time the king of both Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The war led to the dissolution of the Polish-Swedish Union.
November 1592: When King John III of Sweden died in 1592, his son Sigismund, already king of Poland since 1587, assumed the Swedish throne.
November 1597: A civil war broke out in Sweden in in 1597. Duke Charles gained control of almost entire Sweden (without Finland and Estonia).
May 1598: At the end of May 1598 Sigismund landed on Swedish soil near Avaskär, a tiny village in Blekinge, south of Kalmar.
August 1598: Sigismund Vasa was able to occupy the key-city of Kalmar.
August 1598: Sigismund sailed with his infantry to Stegeborg Castle.
August 1598: In 1598, Stockholm was taken by the Kingdom of Sweden (Poland) with the help of King Sigismund III Vasa and his supporters in the nobility and military. The city fell easily due to its lack of proper defenses.
August 1598: The forces of Sigismund III Vasa takes control of the fortresses of Älvsborg and that of Gullberg.
August 1598: Battle of Stegeborg: The defeated Swedes quickly retreated to Mem Castle.
September 1598: The forces of Sigismund III Vasa were defeated at the Battle of Stångebro. The king fled to Poland.
May 1599: Swedish forces led by Carl Carlsson Gyllenhielm, marched towards Kalmar with the intention of besieging the city. Johan Larsson Sparre strenuously defended the walls and the castle, in the hope that the king would soon return to Sweden. But he received no assistance and, on the night of March 1-2, the city was stormed.
October 1599: After the assault and capture of Kalmar, the epicenter of the War against Sigismund moved to Finland. Stronghold after stronghold it began to be conquered in July. By September, all of Sigismund's followers had fled.
June 1600: In 1600, King Charles IX of Sweden occupied the Swedish part of Estonia, which was under a personal union with Poland at the time.
Was a war between Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth mainly over the control of Livonia and Estonia.
15.1.Swedish invasion of Livonia and Estonia
Was the Swedish invasion of the Polish-Lithuanian territories in Estonia and Livonia during the Polish-Swedish War (1600-1611).
April 1600: By March 1600 the Swedes displaced Polish forces from Estonia and most of Livonia.
15.2.Polish Counterattack (Polish-Swedish War of 1600-1611)
Was the Polish counterattack against the Swedish invasion in the Polish-Swedish War (1600-1611).
October 1600: Pärnu was besieged on 17 September and after heavy bombardment it surrendered on 17 October.
October 1600: Battle of Karksi.
January 1601: Battle of Kies.
April 1601: The town of Kokenhausen was taken by the Swedish forces under the command of King Charles IX of Sweden.
June 1601: Battle of Kokenhausen.
October 1601: Siege of Wolmar.
December 1601: Siege of Wolmar.
March 1602: Siege of Fellin.
May 1602: Siege of Fellin.
May 1602: Siege of Weissenstein.
June 1602: Battle of Reval.
September 1602: Siege of Weissenstein.
March 1603: In 1603, during the Polish-Swedish War, Jan Chodkiewicz, a Polish-Lithuanian military commander, led 1,000 men to defeat a Swedish relief force of 2,000 at Rakvere, which was under Polish-Lithuanian military occupation at the time.
April 1603: The city of Dorpat surrendered to the Swedish forces led by King Charles IX of Sweden.
February 1608: Pärnu is besieged by Duchy of Livonia.
March 1608: Pärnu is besieged by Duchy of Livonia.
August 1608: The Swedish army captured Daugavgrīva.
January 1609: Swedish forces led by Mansfeld captured Daugavgriva, Viljandi and Koknese.
October 1609: Battle of Daugavgrīva.
January 1612: After Charles IX of Sweden's death in 1611, a truce was signed in the Duchy of Livonia. The truce established the status quo ante bellum, returning the territory to its pre-war condition.
January 1612: After Charles IX of Sweden's death in 1611, a truce was signed with Poland. The truce established the status quo ante bellum, returning the territory to its pre-war condition.
Was a period of political crisis during the Tsardom of Russia which began in 1598 with the death of Fyodor I, the last of the Rurik dynasty, and ended in 1613 with the accession of Michael I of the House of Romanov.
16.1.Polish-Muscovite War (1605-1618)
Was a conflict fought between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth together with Zaporozhian Cossacks.
16.1.1.Polish Invasion of Russia (1609)
A Commonwealth army under the command of Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski invaded the Tsardom of Russia in 1609.
September 1609: In 1609, Smolensk was occupied by Poland-Lithuania under the command of Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski.
June 1610: The Siege of Tsaryovo.
July 1610: On 27 July a treaty was signed between the boyars and Żółkiewski promising the Russian boyars the same vast privileges the Polish szlachta had, in exchange for them recognizing Władysław as the new tsar.
October 1610: In 1610, during the Time of Troubles in Russia, the pro-Polish faction led by Prince Władysław IV gained dominance in Moscow. As a result, the Poles were allowed into Moscow on 8 October, marking the beginning of a military occupation by Poland-Lithuania.
January 1611: Lisowczycy took and plundered Pskov.
June 1611: After a 20 months siege, the Poles take Smolensk.
16.1.2.Expulsion of the Poles from Russia
Was a revolt against Polish occupation that started in Moscow and finally expelled the Poles from Russia.
November 1611: In 1611, during the Time of Troubles in Russia, the Russians of Moscow revolted against the Polish occupation. The siege of the Moscow Kremlin led to its fall, and on 7 November, the Polish soldiers were forced to withdraw from Moscow.
December 1611: News of the capitulation reached Polish King Sigismund III on December 8 at Volokolamsk, less than 30 kilometers away. Upon finding out about this, the king, who was on his way to help the garrison, decided to halt the march and head back to Poland.
16.1.3.Polish Invasion of Russia (1617)
Was an invasion of the Tsardom of Russia by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
December 1617: In 1617, during the Polish-Muscovite War, the Commonwealth forces led by Jan Karol Chodkiewicz faced resistance near Mozhaisk. Chodkiewicz's intended swift advance to Moscow was thwarted by the stubborn defenders.
October 1618: In 1618, during the Time of Troubles in Russia, the Russian army, led by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, retreated to Moscow to defend the city against the invading forces of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, commanded by Jan Karol Chodkiewicz and Petro Sahaidachny. The siege of Moscow began on 2 October, marking a significant moment in the conflict for control over the Russian territory.
December 1618: Because the armies were not ready for a long siege, the Polish siege of Moscow was lifted.
January 1619: In 1618 Petro Sahaidachny agreed to join the campaign against Tsardom of Russia. His army of Zaporozhian Cossacks invaded from the South, captured and sacked a number of towns, such as Livny, Yelets, Dankov etc. and headed for Moscow.
16.1.4.Truce of Deulino
Was the treaty that ended the Polish-Muscovite War (1609-1618) with notable Polish territorial gains.
January 1619: With the Truce of Deulino at the end of the Polish-Muscovite War (1605-1618), Russia ceded various territories to Poland-Lithuania. The Commonwealth gained control over the Smolensk and Chernihiv Voivodeships.
January 1619: Truce of Deulino (Peace or Treaty of Dywilino) took effect on 4 January 1619.
Was a War between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Kingdom of Sweden caused by disputes over the Duchies of Livonia and Estonia.
June 1617: On June 19, 1617, four months after the Treaty of Stolbovo, Swedish naval squadron of four ships entered the Gulf of Riga and anchored at Dyjament/Dunamunde. The fortress was defended by weak Polish-Lithuanian forces under starosta of Rūjiena, Wolmar Farensbach, who capitulated after a two-day siege and joined the invaders.
August 1617: The city of Parnu was attacked on August 11, and capitulated after a three-day siege.
August 1617: Salacgrīva was captured on August 18.
September 1617: In July 1617, Swedish forces led by King Gustavus Adolphus occupied the Livonian coast from Grobiņa to Pärnu.
September 1617: In July 1617, Swedish forces led by King Gustavus Adolphus occupied the Livonian coast from Grobiņa to Pärnu.
October 1617: In 1617, the Swedish Empire, under the leadership of King Gustavus Adolphus, gained military control over Livonia, with the exception of the city of Riga.
October 1617: In 1617, the Swedish Empire, under the leadership of King Gustavus Adolphus, gained military control over Livonia, with the exception of the city of Riga.
October 1618: Military operations by Polish-Lithuanian forces led by Radziwill resulted in the recapture of almost all towns and strongholds occupied by Sweden, except for Pärnu.
The Elector of Brandenburg inherited the Duchy of Prussia upon Duke Albert Frederick's death in 1618.
January 1619: The Electors of Brandenburg inherited the Duchy of Prussia upon Albert Frederick's death in 1618.
Was a war in a long-running series of conflicts between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Swedish Empire. It began with a Swedish invasion of the Polish-Lithuanian fiefdom Livonia.
September 1621: Riga capitulated to Swedish forces on September 25.
October 1621: The Swedes captured the fortress of Dunamunde.
November 1621: The swedish King Gustavus Adolphus invaded the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia. He successfully captured the capital, Mitau (now Jelgava), without facing any resistance from the local defenders.
January 1622: In early January 1622, the Swedish forces led by King Gustavus Adolphus captured Valmiera, a town in present-day Latvia.
January 1622: In 1622, Janusz Radziwiłł, a Polish-Lithuanian nobleman and military commander, recaptured Mitau (now Jelgava) from the Swedish forces.
July 1625: On June 27, 1625, Gustav Adolf landed in Livonia with an army of 20,000. The main Swedish corps of almost 10,000 marched upwards the Daugava River, and besieged Koknese, capturing it after sixteen days.
August 1625: On August 27, 1625, Swedish forces led by King Gustavus Adolphus captured Tartu, a city in present-day Estonia.
September 1625: Mitau (today jelgava) conquered by sweden.
September 1625: The Swedish forces, led by King Gustavus Adolphus, invaded the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1625. Biržai was captured on September 7th.
September 1625: King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden captured the fortress of Bauska in present-day Latvia.
Was a war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden.
September 1626: Battle of Selburg.
April 1627: Hetman Koniecpolski recaptured the town of Puck.
May 1627: The area west of the Vistula was completely free of Swedish troops.
July 1627: Koniecpolski forced the Swedish garrison in Gniew to surrender.
September 1628: Gustaw Adolf led a military occupation of Brodnica, a town in Poland. This move was part of Sweden's involvement in the Thirty Years' War, a conflict that engulfed much of Europe at the time.
January 1629: Swedish forces captured the towns of Nowy and Brodnica.
February 1629: The Polish forces were badly defeated at the Battle of Górzno, where a Swedish force under Field Marshal Herman Wrangel encountered a Polish army under Stanisław Potocki.
20.1.Invasion of Polish Prussia
Swedish invasion of Prussia during the Polish-Swedish War (1626-1629).
July 1626: The cities of Frombork and Elbląg were occupied by Swedish forces.
July 1626: Orneta conquered by sweden.
July 1626: Malbork, a fortress in Poland, was taken by Swedish forces on July 18, 1626 after only two days of siege.
September 1626: The head fortress of Wisła Elbląska and Leniwka was seized by the Swedes under the command of King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.
January 1627: Swedish forces led by King Gustavus Adolphus captured the towns of Oliwa and Puck in Poland.
January 1627: King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden led his troops across the Vistula River and captured the towns of Tczew, Gniew, and Starogard (in Poland).
20.2.Truce of Altmark
Was the treaty that ended the Polish-Swedish War (1626-1629).
September 1629: After the Truce of Altmark, Sweden returned all the regions it had occupied in Prussia.
September 1629: The Commonwealth retained southeastern parts of the Wenden Voivodeship, renamed to Inflanty Voivodeship.
September 1629: The truce of Altmark in 1629 allowed Sweden, under the rule of King Gustavus Adolphus, to retain control of Livonia, including Riga.
September 1629: In 1629, during the Thirty Years' War, the Coastal Stripe of Prussia was ceded to the Kingdom of Sweden. This territory included the cities of Elbing, Memel, Fischhausen, Braunsberg, and Frauenburg.
20.3.Treaty of Stuhmsdorf
Was a treaty where Sweden returned territories of Brandenburg-Prussia and Poland-Lithuania that were invaded in the previous years.
September 1635: The Swedes had to return to the commonwealth the territories they occupied in Baltic Prussia: ports of Elbing, Memel and Pillau, the latter two returning to George William, Elector of Brandenburg and withdraw their garrisons from them
Were a series of wars in Europe (and the overseas possessions of European countries) the 16th, 17th and early 18th that started after the Protestant Reformation. Although the immediate causes of the wars were religious, the motives were complex and also included territorial ambitions.
21.1.Thirty Years' War
Was a war that took place mainly in central Europe between 1618 and 1648. The war began as a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestant in the Holy Roman Empire but then escalated into a conflict for the hegemony in Europe between Habsburg Spain and Austria, Sweden and France.
21.1.1.Swedish Period
Was the third main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of Sweden.
May 1631: After the Swedish occupation of Frankfurt an der Oder in April 1631, Pomerania, Mecklenburg, Brandenburg and Saxony signed alliance treaties with Sweden.
September 1631: Defeat of the Imperial army of Baltasar von Marradas by the Swedish army of Hans Georg von Arnim not far from Breslau.
21.1.2.Franco-Swedish Period
Was the fourth main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of France.
21.1.2.1.North German Front (Sweden)
Was the north German front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
November 1637: After the death of Swedish King Ferdinand II, his son and successor Ferdinand III brought the Swedish troops back to Pomerania, leaving the territories occupied by Sweden in Germany.
December 1643: In 1643 Swedish general Torstensson invaded Moravia for the second time.
January 1644: In 1643, when the Torstensson War broke out, the Swedish military focused entirely on Denmark and thus enabled an imperial offensive to Jutland.
January 1645: At the beginning of January 1645 the Swedes broke into Bohemia.
July 1647: The Imperial Army liberated the fortress of Egra (today known as Cheb in the Czech Republic) from Swedish occupation.
Was a conflict fought between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia.
October 1632: Several towns and castles fell as the Russians advanced, and on 28 October 1632 (the same day that the historic town of Dorogobuzh was taken), Shein moved to begin the siege of Smolensk.
August 1633: In July 1633, the Russians, led by Tsar Michael I and his military commander Dmitry Pozharsky, took control of the towns of Polatsk, Velizh, Usvyat, and Ozerishche.
December 1633: In the autumn of 1633, Commonwealth forces led by Hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski retook Dorogobuzh from the Russian forces during the Smolensk War.
June 1634: The Treaty of Polyanovka was signed by representatives of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, led by King Władysław IV Vasa, and the Tsardom of Russia, led by Tsar Michael I. This treaty marked the end of military occupations between the two powers and resulted in the territory being transferred to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
A Cossack rebellion that took place between 1648 and 1657 in the eastern territories of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which led to the creation of a Cossack Hetmanate in Ukraine.
August 1649: The Khmelnytsky Uprising led to the creation of the cossack hetmanate
Was a war between the Tsardom of Russia and the Ottoman Empire. .
24.1.1677 Campaign
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Ukraine during the Russo-Turkish War of 1676-1681.
August 1677: The Ottomans crossed the Sula River on the way to Chyhyryn.
September 1677: In 1677, Ivan Samoilovich and Grigory Romodanovsky, military commanders in the Russian army, successfully relieved the city of Chyhyryn from Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth occupation during the Russo-Turkish War.
24.2.1678 Campaign
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Ukraine during the Russo-Turkish War of 1676-1681.
August 1678: In 1678, the Turkish army led by Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa, along with the Crimean Tatar army, besieged Chyhyryn.
August 1678: The Turks broke into the Lower Town of Chyhyryn.
24.3.1679 Campaign
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Ukraine during the Russo-Turkish War of 1676-1681.
January 1679: The Russian army retreated beyond the Dnieper, beating off the pursuing Turkish army, which would finally leave them in peace. Later the Turks seized Kanev and established the power of Yuri Khmelnitsky on the Right-bank Ukraine.
Were a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Domains. The conflicts started with the partition of Hungary between the Ottomans and the Habsburgs after the Battle of Mohács (1526).
25.1.Great Turkish War
Was a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League consisting of the Holy Roman Empire, Poland-Lithuania, Venice, Russia, and Habsburg Hungary.
January 1699: The Treaty of Karlowitz, signed in Sremski Karlovci, in modern-day Serbia, concluded the Great Turkish War of 1683-1697.
Was a major European conflict sparked by a Polish civil war over the succession to Augustus II of Poland.
26.1.Russian and Saxon Invasion of Poland
Was a joint military invasion of Poland by the Tsardom of Russia and the Electorate of Saxony during the War of the Polish Succession.
October 1733: The Russians, commanded by Peter Lacy, quickly captured the capital city of Warsaw and installed Augustus as potential heir, forcing Stanislaus to flee to Danzig.
June 1734: Russia and Saxony captured the Polish-Lithuanian city of Danzig.
26.2.Treaty of Vienna (1738)
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Polish Succession. Augustus III was officially confirmed as King of Poland.
November 1738: The Treaty of Vienna ended the War of the Polish Succession, confirming Augustus as king of Poland and uniting Poland with Saxony in personal union.
Russia instigated a coup that made Poland its factual protectorate.
September 1764: Poland was in personal union with Saxony until Russia orchestrated a coup, effectively making it its protectorate (A Russian-backed coup in Poland, instigated by the Czartoryskis, resulted in the election of Stanislaus II Augustus Poniatowski as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania on 7 September 1764 as Stanisław II). For this reason the war of Bar is to be considered a rebellion that takes place parallel to the partition of Poland (first partition).
Was a revolt of Polish nobles that revolted against Russian influence to protect the independence of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The revolt was put down and shortly after the First Partition of Poland took place.
28.1.First Partition of Poland
Was the first of the three partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At the time the country was occupied by Russia. The first partition saw Polish-Lithuanian territories taken by Austria, Russia and Prussia.
August 1772: On 19 February 1772, the agreement of partition was signed in Vienna. A previous agreement between Prussia and Russia had been made in Saint Petersburg on 6 February 1772. Early in August Russian, Prussian and Austrian troops simultaneously entered the Commonwealth and occupied the provinces agreed upon among themselves. On 5 August, the three parties signed the treaty on their respective territorial gains on the Commonwealth's expense.
August 1772: First partition of Poland: Prussia buys Ermland (Warmia) and Royal Prussia (organized in the province of West Prussia), the county of Pomerania, but without the city of Danzig, the counties of Marienburg (Malbork), Kulm ( Chełmno), but without the city of Torun, and some districts in Greater Poland.
August 1772: The Treaty of Lubowla was signed in 1412 between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Kingdom of Poland. The annexation of 13 Hungarian towns by Austria in 1769 was a violation of this treaty, leading to tensions between the two powers.
January 1773: With the First Partition of Poland, Zator fell to the Habsburg Empire.
28.2.Second Partition of Poland
The second of three partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth happened in the aftermath of the Polish-Russian War of 1792. Polish-Lithuanian territories were acquired by Prussia and Russia.
Was a war fought between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth on one side, and the Targowica Confederation (conservative nobility of the Commonwealth opposed to the new Constitution of 3 May 1791) and the Russian Empire under Catherine the Great on the other.
29.1.Southern Theatre (Polish-Russian War of 1792)
Was the southern theatre of the Polish-Russian War of 1792.
May 1792: Due to the Polish situation (it became indepndent from Russian influence), Russia started the war. Poniatowski, in face of a significant numerical inferiority of his forces, and promised reinforcements by King Poniatowski, decided to abandon Ukraine and move to Volhynia.
July 1792: Poniatowski's army retreated to the Bug River, where Kościuszko's units on 18 July fought the Battle of Dubienka, which was a draw.
29.2.Northern theatre
Was the northern theatre of the Polish-Russian War of 1792.
May 1792: Minsk was abandoned to the Russians, after some skirmishes.
June 1792: The Russians, led by General Fyodor Denisov, defeated Tadeusz Judycki, a Polish military leader, at the Battle of Mir on 11 June 1792. This marked the beginning of Russia's military occupation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
June 1792: The Russians, led by General Denisov, took Wilno from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1792. The local garrison, commanded by General Kosciuszko, put up a brief resistance before surrendering.
June 1792: The Russians occupied Nieśwież.
June 1792: Kaunas conquered by Russia.
June 1792: The Polish army, led by General Tadeusz Kościuszko, withdrew in relative order towards Warsaw after a minor defeat at Zelwa in 1792. This event occurred during the Polish-Russian War of 1792, where Poland was ultimately forced to cede territory to Russia.
July 1792: In 1792, during the Second Partition of Poland, Russian forces led by General Alexander Suvorov took control of Grodno on 5 July. This military occupation was part of Russia's expansion into Polish territories, following the weakening of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
July 1792: Białystok conquered by russia.
July 1792: On 23 July the Russians took Brest.
Was an uprising against the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia led by Tadeusz Kościuszko in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and in the Prussian territories in Poland. The revolt was caused by the first two partitions of Poland.
30.1.Revolt proper (Kościuszko Uprising)
On 24 March 1794, Tadeusz Kościuszko, a veteran of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War, announced a general uprising of Poland-Lithuania against Russia and Prussia.
March 1794: Tadeusz Kościuszko, a veteran of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War, announced the general uprising in a speech in the Kraków town square and assumed the powers of the Commander in Chief of all of the Polish forces.
April 1794: By early April the Polish forces concentrated in the lands of Lublin and Volhynia,.
April 1794: On 17 April in Warsaw, the Russian attempt to arrest those suspected of supporting the insurrection and to disarm the weak Polish garrison of Warsaw under Gen. Stanisław Mokronowski by seizing the arsenal at Miodowa Street resulted in an uprising against the Russian garrison of Warsaw.
April 1794: In 1794, Jakub Jasiński led an uprising in Wilno (Vilnius) against the Russian Empire.
November 1794: The commander of the Kościuszko Uprising, Tomasz Wawrzecki, surrendered to Russian and Prussian forces Radoszyce.
30.2.Third Partition of Poland
Was the third an final partition of Poland-Lithuania whose immediate reason was the Kościuszko Uprising against Prussia and Russia. The Polish-Lithuanian remaining territories were partitioned between the Habsburg Monarchy, Prussia and Russia. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ceased to exist.
October 1795: Third partition of Poland.
October 1795: On January 3, 1795, Catherine II and the Habsburg Emperor Franz II signed the partition treaty, which Prussia joined on October 24. Accordingly, the three states divided the rest of Poland along the Memel, Bug and Pilica rivers.
October 1795: On January 3, 1795, Catherine II of Russia and the Habsburg Emperor Franz II signed the partition treaty, which Prussia joined on October 24. Accordingly, the three states divided what remained of Poland along the Memel, Bug and Pilica rivers.
January 1388: Vassalage of the Principality of Smolensk to Lithuania since 1348.
January 1389: Władysław II Jagiełło, needing financial support for his battles against the Teutonic Knights, used the region of Pokuttya as a guarantee for a loan which he obtained from Petru II of Moldavia.
January 1398: In 1397, the cavalry of the voivode of Moldavia Stephen, allied with the governor of Lithuania Vitold, reached without resistance23 the western bank of the lower Dnieper and the Pontic shores.
January 1399: In the same year, Jungingen acquired Lower Lithuania (Schamaiten) in the Treaty of Sallinweder.
January 1399: Serrey was a dominion in present-day Lithuania, which belonged to the Teutonic Order from 1383 to 1398. In 1398, the territory was transferred to Poland-Lithuania.
August 1399: In 1399, Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania and Tokhtamysh, former khan of the Golden Horde, attacked Temür Qutlugh and Edigu at the Battle of the Vorskla River. The Golden Horde emerged victorious, securing control over Kiev, Podolia, and some land in the lower Bug River basin.
January 1401: At the beginning of the 15th century, the Mosalsk principality became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
January 1401: In the XIV century Kletsk was included in the Lithuanian principality as a "Lithuanian city".
January 1401: The Principality of Novlenskoe existed from around 1400 in Novlenskoe (now called Novoe).
January 1404: Expansion of Poland-Lithuania in 1403 (based on maps).
January 1404: The Vyazemsky principality is annexed to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
January 1405: In 1404, the Verkhovskoe principality in Kozelsk was seized by the Grand Duchy of Moscow from the Mongol Empire, possibly as a strategic move against Lithuania. This event marked a shift in power dynamics in the region.
January 1405: Together with the fall of the Smolensk principality (1404), the Dorogobuzh inheritance apparently also ceased to exist, and its territory became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
January 1407: In 1406 Kozelsk was conquered by Lithuania.
January 1408: In 1407, the Glukhov principality, ruled by the descendants of Rurik, was annexed by Poland-Lithuania.
September 1408: Transition of the Odoevo-Novosilsky principality under the suzerainty of Lithuania.
January 1409: The Kozelsk Principality was acquired by the Moscow prince Vasily I Dmitrievich.
January 1409: The city of Przemysl became loyal to Lithuania.
March 1412: The Treaty of Lubowla of 1412 was a treaty between Władysław II, King of Poland, and Sigismund of Luxemburg, King of Hungary. The treaty defined the border between the two countries.
January 1413: The armies of the Grand Duke of Lithuania, Vitold, and his vassal, the Voivode of Moldavia, Alexander the Good, reached the Black Sea, making Yedisan a Lithuanian land.
January 1426: In 1425, the territory of Gorodnya on the Volga became the Gorodenskoe Principality.
January 1426: Expansion of the Grand Duchy of Moscow by 1425.
January 1431: The Crimean Khanate was founded in 1428 and soon after obtained from the Lithuanians the right of suzerainty over Yedisan, from where the Moldavians were to withdraw their garrisons and fleet.
January 1433: Hotin conquered by Poland-Lithuania.
January 1440: In 1439, Tempelburg (modern-day Czaplinek, Poland) became part of the Polish Starostei Draheim. The Starostei was a territorial division within the Kingdom of Poland.
July 1440: Vladislaus, king of Poland, was crowned despite continuing disputes.
November 1444: Vladislaus' death in battle in 1444 ended the union with Poland.
January 1446: The Lubutsk Principality is acquired by Poland-Lithuania.
January 1446: The Lithuanians again took possession of Kozelsk and annexed it to their possessions.
January 1451: Probably the Spazh principality existed in the middle of the 15th century.
January 1451: The Principality of Mezets is recorded as a possession of Lithuania.
January 1451: Zvenigorod principality conquered by Poland-Lithuania.
January 1458: The western Duchy of Auschwitz was sold to the Polish king in 1457.
January 1460: Hotin conquered by Principality of Moldavia.
January 1478: Based on Gustav Droysen's Map of the Holy Roman Empire in the XV century.
January 1498: John I Albert of Poland invaded Moldavia in 1497.
January 1499: In 1498, Pokuttia was conquered by Stephen the Great, annexed and retained by Moldavia.
January 1517: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1517.
February 1517: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1517. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
January 1527: Polish conquest of Masovia.
August 1531: Pokuttya was lost by Moldavia in the Battle of Obertyn.
February 1538: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1538. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
January 1539: Hotin conquered by Poland-Lithuania.
January 1539: The Khotyn area becomes part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
February 1560: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1560. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
January 1563: Hotin conquered by Poland-Lithuania.
January 1563: The Khotyn area becomes part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
July 1569: The Union of Lublin was signed on 1 July 1569 in Lublin, Poland, and created a single state, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It replaced the personal union of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
January 1573: The Khotyn area becomes part of Moldavia.
January 1581: It came under the influence of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by the Treaty of Drohiczyn, which ended the war for Riga in 1581.
January 1602: The Principality of Moldavia comes under Polish suzerainty (1601-1618).
January 1616: The Khotyn area becomes part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
January 1619: The Principality of Moldavia reverts to Ottoman suzerainty.
January 1622: The Khotyn area becomes part of Moldavia.
January 1629: In 1628 Crimean Tatars and Nogays began to ravage the surrounding towns and villages of Poland, killing and capturing the local population.
February 1629: End of Nogai and Tatar ravage in southern Poland.
January 1674: Hotin conquered by Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
May 1686: A Treaty of Perpetual Peace between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was signed on 6 May 1686 in Moscow. The region of Zaporizhian Sich, Siverian lands, cities of Chernihiv, Starodub, Smolensk and its outskirts were also ceded to Russia, while Poland retained Right-bank Ukraine.
January 1692: Brandenburg acquires the city of Tauroggen (now Tauragė in Lithuania) thanks to the marriage between Louis of Brandenburg and Princess Ludwika Karolina Radziwiłł.
January 1700: Hotin conquered by turkey.
May 1791: As the Russians found themselves fighting in the Russo-Swedish War, a new alliance between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Prussia seeming to provide security against Russian intervention was signed. On 3 May 1791 the a constitution was read and adopted to overwhelming popular support. End of Russian influence in Poland.
March 1795: The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (Poland-Lithuania) was annexed by the Russian Empire in the Third Partition of Poland.
Disestablishment
March 1795: The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (Poland-Lithuania) was annexed by the Russian Empire in the Third Partition of Poland.
October 1795: On January 3, 1795, Catherine II of Russia and the Habsburg Emperor Franz II signed the partition treaty, which Prussia joined on October 24. Accordingly, the three states divided what remained of Poland along the Memel, Bug and Pilica rivers.
October 1795: Third partition of Poland.
October 1795: On January 3, 1795, Catherine II and the Habsburg Emperor Franz II signed the partition treaty, which Prussia joined on October 24. Accordingly, the three states divided the rest of Poland along the Memel, Bug and Pilica rivers.
Selected Sources
Bradford, J.C. (2004): International Encyclopedia of Military History, Routledge, p. 554
Dreißigjähriger Krieg. Austria Forum. Retrieved on 30 march 2024 on https://austria-forum.org/af/AustriaWiki/Drei%C3%9Figj%C3%A4hriger_Krieg
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), pp. 34-35
Frost, R. I. (2000): The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721, London (UK), p. 110-111
Frost, R. I. (2000): The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721, London (UK), p. 169
Frost, R. I. (2000): The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721, London (UK), p. 179
Frost, R. I. (2000): The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721, London (UK), p. 25
Frost, R. I. (2000): The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721, London (UK), p. 26
Poten, B. (1879): Handwörterbuch der gesamten Militärwissenschaften, Velhagen & Klasing, p. 195
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Rambaud, A. (1890): Recueil des instructions données aux ambassadeurs et ministres de France depuis les traités de Westphalie jusqu'à la Révolution française, Ancienne Librairie Germer Baillière et Cie., p. 232.
Schmidt, G. (2006): Der Dreißigjährige Krieg, Munich (Germany), p. 65
Urban, W. (2003): Tannenberg and After: Lithuania, Poland and the Teutonic Order in Search of Immortality (Revised ed.), Chicago (USA), p. 166
Urban, W. (2003): Tannenberg and After: Lithuania, Poland and the Teutonic Order in Search of Immortality (Revised ed.), Chicago (USA), p. 205
Urban, W. (2003): Tannenberg and After: Lithuania, Poland and the Teutonic Order in Search of Immortality (Revised ed.), Chicago (USA), pp. 195-196
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Zeuske, M. (2013): Handbuch Geschichte der Sklaverei. Eine Globalgeschichte von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart, De Gruyter, Berlin p. 470ff.
Атлас 7 класс История России 16 - конец 17 века (Atlas, 7th grade, History of Russia, 16th - end of the 17th century.) , Дрофа Publisher (2015), Moscow (Russia), p. 2
Атлас. 6 класс. История России с древнейших времен до XVI века (Atlas. 6th grade. History of Russia from ancient times to the 16th century.) , Дрофа Publisher (2015), Moscow (Russia), p. 23
poland-lithuania
