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Collective term for the Kurdish factions in the Syrian Civil War.
Establishment
July 2012: On July 19, 2012, rebels attacked Aleppo from the villages around the city in the Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn district, to the south-west and in the Haydariyya and Sakhur districts, to the north-east.
July 2012: The battle for Aleppo began on 19 July 2012.
July 2012: The People's Protection Units (YPG) took control of Kobanî.
July 2012: Manbij fell to local rebel forces who thereafter administered the city.
July 2012: The Syrian opposition took over Jarabulus along with its border post with Turkey.
July 2012: Syrian government forces withdrew from Afrin in the summer of 2012. The Popular Protection Units (YPG) took control of the city soon afterward.
July 2012: The People's Protection Units (commonly known as YPG) established control of Amuda.
July 2012: The Kurdish militant group reportedly captured Al-Malikiyah.
July 2012: During the Syrian Civil War, Kurdish-led YPG forces took control over the town of Al-Darbasiyah.
July 2012: The PYD announced that Syrian security forces withdrew from Girkê legê.
July 2012: In late July 2012, during the Syrian Civil War, the YPG took control over the town of Al-Qahtaniyah.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Initially a series of anti-government protests and revolts across the Arab world, it soon evolved into a series of wars. The wars caused by the revolts are sometimes referred to as the Arab Winter.
1.1.Syrian Civil War
Is an ongoing civil war in Syria between the government (the Syrian Arab Republic) and several factions. The civil war started in 2011 with protests, part of the wider Arab Spring, caused by discontent with the Syrian government.
1.1.1.East Aleppo offensive (2024)
Is an operation launched in eastern Aleppo Governorate in Northern Syria by the Kurdish-led and US-backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) in December 2024 against the Turkey-backed Syrian National Army (SNA) to regain control of territory that was lost during the Manbij offensive and to advance from Dayr Hafir into the Tishrin Dam area.
December 2024: Kurdish forces of the SDF advanced from the Tishrin Dam into the Abu Qalqal district.
1.1.2.2024 Syrian opposition offensives
Was a major offensive by a coalition of Syrian revolutionary factions. It eventually resulted in the Fall of the Assad Regime and the Creation of the Syrian transitional government.
November 2024: On 29 November 2024, Military Operations Command and Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) forces entered Aleppo and captured most of the city.
November 2024: The Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) occupied all fragmented under government-SDF joint control in eastern Syria.
November 2024: The Military Operations Command took control of Aleppo airport after the local SDF troops opted to withdraw.
November 2024: The SDF captured Aleppo International Airport and the towns of Nubbul and Al-Zahraa, following the withdrawal of pro-government forces.
November 2024: Amid the collapse of pro-government forces in Northwestern Syria, the Kurdish majority Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) entered the towns of Dayr Hafir, Tell Aran, Tell Hasel, and the Shaykh Najjar district of Aleppo city, taking over from pro-government forces.
December 2024: The remaining SDF-controlled towns in the Idlib And Aleppo region were besieged and cut off from communication after being encircled by Turkish-backed opposition forces.
December 2024: SDF forces clashed with the the Turkish-backed Syrian National Army (SNA) in Dayr Hafir.
December 2024: The Kurdish SDF captured Deir ez-Zor in an offensive east of the Euphrates.
December 2024: The Kurdish SDF forces withdrew from Manbij.
1.1.3.Daraa Governorate Theatre of War
Is the theatre of war in the Daraa Governatorate of the Syrian Civil War.
1.1.3.1.2018 Southern Syria offensive
Was a military operation launched by the Syrian Arab Army (SAA) and its allies against the rebels and ISIL in Southern Syria, during the Syrian Civil War.
July 2018: Syrian Kurdish gains during the 2018 Southern Syria offensive.
1.1.4.Homs Governorate Theatre of War
Is the theatre of war in the Homs Governatorate of the Syrian Civil War.
1.1.4.1.Battles in Al-Sukhnah
Were a series of battles in and around Al-Sukhnah, in the Homs Governatorate, during the Syrian Civil War.
July 2017: Syrian government military operations to retake Al-Sukhnah.
1.1.5.Idlib Governorate
Is the theatre of war in the Idlib Governatorate of the Syrian Civil War.
1.1.5.1.Battles in Khan Shaykhun
Were a series of battles in and around Khan Shaykhun, in the Idlib Governatorate, during the Syrian Civil War.
June 2014: Border stabilization after the Battles in Khan Shaykhun.
1.1.5.2.Northwestern Syria offensive
Was a military offensive by the Syrian Government against rebel forces in the Latakia, Idlib and Hama Governatorates during the Syrian Civil War.
1.1.6.Hama Governorate Theatre of War
Is the theatre of war in the Hama Governatorate of the Syrian Civil War.
1.1.7.Damascus and Rif Damashq Governorates Theatre of War
Is the theatre of war in Damascus and the Rif Damashq Governatorate of the Syrian Civil War.
1.1.7.1.Battles in Muadamiyat al-Sham
Were a series of battles in and around Muadamiyat al-Sham, part of the battles in the Damascus and Rif Damashq Governorates of the Syrian Civil War.
September 2016: Territorial changes caused by the conquest of Muadamiyat al-Sham by the Syrian Arab Army.
1.1.8.Raqqa Governorate Theatre of War
Is the theatre of war in the Raqqa Governatorate of the Syrian Civil War.
1.1.8.1.Battles in Tell Abyad
Were a series of battles in and around Tell Abyad, in the Raqqa Governatorate, during the Syrian Civil War.
June 2015: The Kurdish People's Defense Units (YPG) and Free Syrian Army (FSA) captured Tal Abyad from ISIS.
October 2019: As part of the 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria, the Turkish Armed Forces and the Syrian National Army captured Tel Abyad.
1.1.8.2.Battles in Al-Thawrah
Were a series of battles in and around Al-Thawrah, in the Raqqa Governatorate, during the Syrian Civil War.
May 2017: The Syrian Democratic Forces, as well as the SOHR, announced that the alliance had completely captured the town of Al-Thawrah.
November 2019: On October 2019, the Syrian Army entered and established joint control over Ayn Issa after agreement with the SDF to prevent the Turkish offensive in the area.
1.1.8.3.Battles in Ayn Issa
Were a series of battles in and around Ayn Issa, in the Raqqa Governatorate, during the Syrian Civil War.
June 2015: In June 2015, Ayn Issa was taken over by the Kurdish People's Protection Units (Kurdish People's Defense Units (YPG)) militia, Women's Protection Units (YPJ), and the Raqqa Revolutionaries Brigade in the course of their Tell Abyad offensive.
July 2015: Ayn Issa was shortly recaptured by ISIL militants.
July 2015: Ayn Issa was reclaimed by the Kurdish People's Defense Units (YPG) in early July.
1.1.8.4.Battles in Suluk
Were a series of battles in and around Suluk, in the Raqqa Governatorate, during the Syrian Civil War.
June 2015: In June 2015, Suluk was taken over by the Kurdish People's Protection Units (Kurdish People's Defense Units (YPG)) in the course of their Tell Abyad offensive.
February 2016: The jihadists were able to expel the Kurdish People's Protection Units from Suluk.
March 2016: Kurdish security recaptured Suluk.
1.1.9.Aleppo Governorate
Is the theatre of war in the Aleppo Governatorate of the Syrian Civil War.
1.1.9.1.Battles in Urum al-Sughrah
Were a series of battles in and around Urum al-Sughrah, in the Aleppo Governatorate, during the Syrian Civil War.
March 2017: Urum al-Sughrah occupied by Syrian Opposition.
1.1.9.2.Battles in Kobanî
Were a series of battles in and around Kobanî, in the Aleppo Governatorate, during the Syrian Civil War.
1.1.9.3.Government Reconquest of Aleppo
Was a military offensive by the Syrian government against rebel forces in Aleppo, during the Syrian Civil War.
September 2016: In the last days of September, government troops reconquered important positions, held by the rebels for three years, including the Handarat camp and the former al-Kindi hospital, and in the old city.
November 2016: The Syrian army reconquered important districts, including those of Hanano, Jabal Badro and al-Sakhu. On November 28, the northern part of eastern Aleppo (about a third of the territory controlled by the rebels) was completely reconquered by the regular army.
November 2016: Part of the territory lost to the rebels, adjacent to the Kurdish neighborhood of Sheikh Maqsoud, was occupied by the Kurdish People's Defense Units (YPG).
December 2016: On the evening of 22 December, following the departure of the last convoy of rebels and family members, the total reconquest of the city of Aleppo was announced by the Syrian armed forces.
1.1.9.4.Rebel conquest of Aleppo
Was the conquest of the city of Aleppo by rebel forces in the early phase of the Syrian Civil War.
1.1.9.5.Battles in Jarabulus
Were a series of battles in and around Jarabulus, in the Aleppo Governatorate, during the Syrian Civil War.
July 2013: Jarabulus falls to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.
January 2014: By January 2014, rebels mainly from the al-Tawhid Brigade engaged in clashes with ISIL and seized the town of Jarabulus.
January 2014: ISIL was able to recapture Jarabulus.
1.1.9.6.Battles in Manbij
Were a series of battles in and around Manbij, in the Aleppo Governatorate, during the Syrian Civil War.
February 2014: In January 2014, forces from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) took over Manbij after ousting the rebels.
October 2019: During the 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria, following the withdraw of US and other Western troops from northern Syria, the Syrian Arab Army and Russian Military Police entered Manbij to preempt a Turkish and TFree Syrian Army (FSA) offensive.
1.1.9.7.Kurdish Conquest of the Afrin District
Was the conquest of the Afrin district by Kurdish rebel forces in the early phase of the Syrian Civil War.
1.1.9.8.Battles in Tell Rifaat
Were a series of battles in and around Tell Rifaat, in the Aleppo Governatorate, during the Syrian Civil War.
February 2016: Tell Rifaat was taken by the Kurdish People's Defense Units (YPG)-led Syrian Democratic Forces.
March 2018: Tell Rifaat came under control of the Syrian army.
March 2018: Tell Rifaat, a town in northern Syria, was captured by the Syrian army.
1.1.9.9.Battles in Tell Aran
Were a series of battles in and around Tell Aran, in the Aleppo Governatorate, during the Syrian Civil War.
November 2013: Tell Aran was seized by Syrian Army troops.
1.1.9.10.Battles in Sarrin
Were a series of battles in and around Sarrin, in the Aleppo Governatorate, during the Syrian Civil War.
October 2013: The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant seized control of the town of Sarrin in September 2013.
July 2015: The town of Sarrin came under the control of Kurdish Kurdish People's Defense Units (YPG) forces.
1.1.9.11.Siege of Kobanî
Was the siege of Kurdish city of Kobanî (Syria) by the Islamic State during the Syrian Civil War.
March 2014: Advancement of the Siege of Kobane by the Islamic State.
September 2014: Advancement of the Siege of Kobane by the Islamic State.
October 2014: By 2 October, ISIL forces had captured 350 of the 354 villages around Kobanî, and were positioned only hundreds of meters to the south and southeast of the city.
November 2014: Kurdish People's Defense Units (YPG) briefly captured the strategic Mistanour Hill.
November 2014: The Kurdish People's Defense Units (YPG) lost control of the Mastanour hill to ISIL forces.
January 2015: Kurdish People's Defense Units (YPG) fighters recaptured Mistanour Hill.
1.1.9.12.YPG Counterattack
Was a military campaign of Kurdish forces in the territories controlled by the Islamic State in the Aleppo Governatorate during the Syrian Civil War.
March 2015: Between 1 and 6 March the Kurdish People's Defense Units (YPG) and Free Syrian Army (FSA), supported by airstrikes, besieged ISIL militants at the French-owned Lafarge Cement Plant and seized 11 villages, including Shuyukh Tahtani and Shuyukh Fawqani, the last two villages in the western part of Kobanî Canton still held by ISIL.
April 2015: The Kurdish People's Defense Units (YPG) captured Ras al Ayn on 19 April.
1.1.9.13.Manbij Offensive
Was a military offensive by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) resulting in the conquest of Manbij from the Islamis State, during the Syrian Civil War.
June 2016: In June 2016, the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) launched an offensive to capture Manbij.
June 2016: By June 8 Kurdish forces had fully encircled the city.
June 2016: Kurdish gains during the Manbij Offensive.
August 2016: The SDF had established full control over Manbij after a two-month battle.
1.1.9.14.Operation Euphrates Shield
Was a military operation conducted by the Turkish Armed Forces in the Syrian Civil War which led to the Turkish occupation of northern Syria.
August 2016: The Turkish Army captured Jarabulus.
September 2016: Turkey deployed tanks to the Syrian town of al-Rai.
September 2016: Turkey declared that the Turkish-backed rebels had captured the last remaining ISIL held villages along the Turkish border.
October 2016: The town of Akhtarin was captured by Turkish forces on 6 October 2016.
1.1.9.15.Operation Olive Branch
Was a military operation by the Turkish Armed Forces against Kurdish forces in the Afrin district, during the Syrian Civil War.
February 2018: During Operation Olive Branch, Part of Afrin and Aziz Districts were captured by Turkey and its allies.
February 2018: Turkish conquest during Operation Olive Branch.
March 2018: Turkish conquest during Operation Olive Branch.
1.1.10.Al-Hasakah Governorate Theatre of War
Is the theatre of war in the al-Hasakah Governatorate of the Syrian Civil War.
1.1.10.1.Battles in Amuda
Were a series of battles in and around Amuda, in the Al-Hasakah Governatorate, during the Syrian Civil War.
October 2019: Following the Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone agreement, SDF fighters withdrew from the city of Amuda, leaving it under the military control of the Syrian Army.
1.1.10.2.Battles in Al-Malikiyah
Were a series of battles in and around Al-Malikiyah, in the Al-Hasakah Governatorate, during the Syrian Civil War.
1.1.10.3.Battles in Al-Muabbada
Were a series of battles in and around Al-Muabbada, in the Al-Hasakah Governatorate, during the Syrian Civil War.
October 2019: The town of Al-Darbasiyah has been under Kurdish control until Kurdish forces withdrew in later October 2019, as part of the Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone Agreement, leaving the town under the military control of the Syrian Army.
1.1.10.4.Battles in Al-Qahtaniyah
Were a series of battles in and around Al-Qahtaniyah, in the Al-Hasakah Governatorate, during the Syrian Civil War.
1.1.10.5.Battles in Al-Manajir
Were a series of battles in and around Al-Manajir, in the Al-Hasakah Governatorate, during the Syrian Civil War.
July 2013: After the long Battle of Ras al-Ayn, the took control of Al-Manajir on 17 July 2013.
1.1.10.6.Battles in Ras al-Ayn
Were a series of battles in and around Ras al-Ayn, in the Al-Hasakah Governatorate, during the Syrian Civil War.
July 2013: Kurdish forces expelled the jihadists from Ras al-Ayn after a night of heavy fighting.
October 2013: The Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) withdraw from Ras al-Ayn.
1.1.10.7.Battles in Al-Shaddadah
Were a series of battles in and around Al-Shaddadah, in the Al-Hasakah Governatorate, during the Syrian Civil War.
February 2016: The town of Al-Shaddadah was captured by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF).
1.1.10.8.Battles in Al-Yaarubiyah
Were a series of battles in and around Al-Yaarubiyah, in the Al-Hasakah Governatorate, during the Syrian Civil War.
October 2013: Al-Yaarubiyah was captured by the Kurdish People's Defense Units (YPG).
November 2013: Conquest of Al-Yaarubiyah by ISIS.
October 2019: The SDF called on the Syrian Arab Army to enter the areas under its rule, including in the area of Raqqa as part of a deal to prevent Turkish troops from capturing any more territory in northern Syria.
1.1.10.9.Battles in Tell Tamer
Were a series of battles in and around Tell Tamer, in the Al-Hasakah Governatorate, during the Syrian Civil War.
February 2015: In February 2015 Tell Tamer was taken by the Islamic State militia.
February 2015: Al-Yaarubiyah was retaken by Kurdish Kurdish People's Defense Units (YPG) forces and the Syriac Military Council (MFS).
May 2015: The Kurdish People's Defense Units (YPG) and allied forces capture the Tell Tamer.
1.1.10.10.Battles in Al-Hasakah
Were a series of battles in and around Al-Hasakah, during the Syrian Civil War.
August 2015: Battle of al-Hasakah (2016).
August 2016: On 23 August 2016 an agreement between the Kurdish People's Defense Units (YPG) and the Syrian Army resulted in ceasefire within Al-Hasakah. Al-Hasakah since is self-administered within Jazira Canton in the framework of the de facto autonomous Federation of Northern Syria - Rojava.
1.1.10.11.2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria
Was a Turkish military offensive in the Aleppo, Hasakah, and Raqqa Governatorates during the Syrian Civil War.
October 2019: 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria. Turkish army occupies Tell Abyad.
October 2019: 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria.
October 2019: 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria. Turkish army occupies Manajr.
October 2019: 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria. Turkish forces reach Al-Qantari.
1.1.11.Deir ez-Zor Governorate Theatre of War
Is the theatre of war in the Deir ez-Zor Governatorate of the Syrian Civil War.
October 2017: Al-Suwar was liberated by U.S.-backed Syrian Democratic Forces during an offensive in September 2017.
1.1.11.1.Battles in Hajin
Were a series of battles in and around Hajin, in the Deir ez-Zor Governatorate, during the Syrian Civil War.
December 2018: Hajin was captured by kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces in December 2018.
1.1.11.2.Battles in Al-Busayrah
Were a series of battles in and around Al-Busayrah, in the Deir ez-Zor Governatorate, during the Syrian Civil War.
November 2017: The kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces captured Al-Busayrah on 12 November 2017.
1.1.11.3.Battles in Al-Jalaa
Were a series of battles in and around Al-Jalaa, in the Deir ez-Zor Governatorate, during the Syrian Civil War.
December 2017: Conquest of Al-Jalaa by government and Kurdish forces.
Selected Sources
Another besieged Damascus suburb surrenders. The National. 1 September 2016.https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/another-besieged-damascus-suburb-surrenders-1.233280
Changing frontlines of the Turkish offensive in Rojava, 2019. Wikipedia. Retrieved on 7 April on https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Changing_frontlines_of_the_Turkish_offensive_in_Rojava,_2019.gif
Daraa 2018 gif. Wikipedia. Retrieved on 7 Aptril 2024 on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Daraa_2018_gif.gif
Kasapoğlu, C. / Ülgen, S. (March 2018): Turkey’s Operation Olive Branch Enters A New Phase. edam - Centre for Economics and Foreign Policy Studies. Pp. 4-5 Retrieved on https://edam.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Operation-Olive-Branch-Update2.pdf
Siege of Kobane. Wikipedia. Retrieved on 7 April 2024 on https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Siege_of_Kobane.svg
Syrian Democratic Forces, SDF captured Al Busayrah in Deir ez Zor region which is at the right side of the Khabour river. Liveuamap. 12 november 2017. https://isis.liveuamap.com/en/2017/12-november-syrian-democratic-forces-sdf-captured-al-busayrah
The regime forces continue their operation to take control of Al-Sukhnah City and reduce the distance between them and their forces coming from the operation of Al-Raqqah Countryside. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 27 July 2017. https://www.syriahr.com/en/70728/
UK hit ISIS with 10 airstrikes during Christmas period. The National. 10 January 2019. https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/uk-hit-isis-with-10-airstrikes-during-christmas-period-1.811835
https://www.syriahr.com/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d9%80-%d9%80%d9%8a%d9%80-%d9%80%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%b1-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d9%85%d8%b7%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%ad%d9%84%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84%d9%8a/738447/
https://www.syriahr.com/%d8%ad%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%ab%d8%b1-%d9%85%d9%86-200-%d8%a3%d9%84%d9%81-%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d8%ac%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1/738649/
https://www.syriahr.com/en/350205/
https://www.syriahr.com/en/350959/
Syrian Kurds
