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Territories militarly occupied by Austria and the Holy Roman Empire that are not part of a specific military territory.
Establishment
September 1516: Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, led the invasion of Milan in 1516 during the Italian Wars. The city was under the control of the Holy Roman Empire through military occupation. The conflict was part of the power struggle between European states for control over the Italian peninsula.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series of conflicts covering the period between 1494 to 1559, fought mostly in the Italian peninsula, but later expanding into Flanders, the Rhineland and the Mediterranean Sea. The primary belligerents were the Valois kings of France, and their Habsburg opponents in the Holy Roman Empire and Spain.
1.1.War of the League of Cambrai
Was one of the so-called Italian wars.
1.1.1.Fourth Phase - Alliance between Venice and France
Was the fourth phase of the War of the League of Cambrai, one of the so-called Italian Wars.
January 1517: Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, retreated from the duchy of Milan in December 1516. This retreat led to the territory falling under the control of tFrance.
1.2.Italian War of 1521-1526
Was one of the so-called Italian wars. The war pitted Francis I of France and the Republic of Venice against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Henry VIII of England, and the Papal States.
December 1521: In 1521, the Holy Roman Empire, led by Henry of Nassau, invaded northern France, capturing Ardres and Mouzon before besieging Tournai. The city fell to the imperial army in November after a prolonged siege.
August 1524: D'Avalos and Bourbon, generals in the service of the Holy Roman Empire, crossed the Alps with about 11,000 men and invaded Provence in early July 1524.
August 1524: Having passed through most of the smaller towns unopposed, the Duke of Bourbon, a general in the service of the Holy Roman Empire, entered the provincial capital of Aix-en-Provence.
September 1524: When the French troops, commanded by Francis himself, arrived in Avignon at the end the imperials were forced to retreat back to Italy.
1.3.War of the League of Cognac
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars. It was fought between the Habsburg dominions of Charles V —primarily the Holy Roman Empire and Spain— and the League of Cognac, an alliance including the Kingdom of France, Pope Clement VII, the Republic of Venice, the Kingdom of England, the Duchy of Milan, and the Republic of Florence.
1.3.1.Peace of Cambrai
Was a treaty between the French king Francis I and the Spanish Habsburg emperor Charles V that ended the French involvement in the War of the League of Cognac.
August 1529: The final Treaty of Cambrai, signed on 5 August, removed France from the war, leaving Venice, Florence, and the Pope alone against Charles. Francis surrendered his rights to Artois, Flanders, and Tournai.
1.4.Italian War of 1536-1538
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars. It was a conflict between King Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain. The objective was to achieve control over territories in Northern Italy, in particular the Duchy of Milan.
September 1536: In 1536, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V invaded Provence, and captured Aix-en-Provence in August.
January 1537: The Imperials retreated to Spain in 1536 instead of attacking Avignon, which was heavily fortified at the time.
1.5.Italian War of 1542-1546
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars.
1.5.1.Low Countries Theatre (Italian War of 1542-1546)
Was the war theatre of the Low Countries in the Italian War of 1542-1546.
July 1543: In 1543, Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire attacked Wilhelm of Cleves, capturing Düren in the Duchy of Jülich. Charles V was a powerful ruler who sought to expand his territory through military conquests. Wilhelm of Cleves was a nobleman who opposed Charles V's ambitions.
September 1543: Wilhelm of Jülich-Kleve-Berg-Mark surrendered on 7 September to the Imperials, signing the Treaty of Venlo with Charles V of Habsburg. By the terms of this treaty, Wilhelm was to concede the overlordship of the Duchy of Guelders and County of Zutphen to Charles, and to assist him in suppressing the Reformation.
1.5.2.French Theatre (Italian War of 1542-1546)
Was the war theatre on French territory in the Italian War of 1542-1546.
July 1544: On 24 July 1544, Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, captured Vitry-le-François.
August 1544: In 1544, during the Italian War of 1542–1546, the Holy Roman Empire, led by the Duke of Mantua, Federico II Gonzaga, besieged and captured the town of Saint-Dizier. The town surrendered on August 17 after a month-long siege.
September 1544: The Imperial troops marched through Champagne, capturing Épernay, Châtillon-sur-Marne, Château-Thierry, and Soissons.
1.5.2.1.Peace of Crépy
The Peace of Crépy was a treaty between France and the Holy Roman Empire that ended the conflict between these two countries in the Italian War of 1542-1546.
September 1544: With the Peace of Crépy France abandoned its claims to the territories of the Duchy of Savoy, including Piedmont and Savoy itself.
Were a series of wars in Europe (and the overseas possessions of European countries) the 16th, 17th and early 18th that started after the Protestant Reformation. Although the immediate causes of the wars were religious, the motives were complex and also included territorial ambitions.
2.1.Thirty Years' War
Was a war that took place mainly in central Europe between 1618 and 1648. The war began as a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestant in the Holy Roman Empire but then escalated into a conflict for the hegemony in Europe between Habsburg Spain and Austria, Sweden and France.
2.1.1.Thirty Years' War Minor Scenarios
A series of conflicts related to the Thirty Years' War.
2.1.1.1.War of the Mantuan Succession
Was a war over the succession of the Duchies of Mantua and Montferrat after the death of the last male heir of the House of Gonzaga.
January 1630: In 1629, Emperor Ferdinand II sent a Landsknecht army to besiege Mantua. Charles left without the promised support from Louis XIII of France. The siege lasted until July 1630, when the city, already struck by a plague, was brutally put to the sack for three days and three nights by troops led by Count Aldringen and Gallas.
January 1631: The military occupation of Mantua ended in 1630, as Ferdinand II had to focus on the war in Germany.
Was a war between the Kingdom of France and the Dutch Republic.
January 1677: Imperial forces recaptured Philippsburg in September 1676.
3.1.Peace of Nijmegen
Were a series of treaties that ended various interconnected wars, notably the Franco-Dutch War.
September 1678: Peace of Nijmegen
Was a conflict between the Papal States and the Holy Roman Empire over territorial rights.
November 1708: Brandenburg units, i.e. Protestant soldiers, marched into the Papal States and advanced rapidly. The papal troops were driven back. Wirich Philipp von und zu Daun had a large part of the Papal States occupied. Ferrara was included. The capital was spared for fear of a second Sack of Rome.
January 1709: Due to the Holy Roman occupation, the pope was forced to accept the imperial peace terms on Januar 1st 1709. This included the Pope’s recognition of Archduke Charles as King of Spain. With the peace treaty the military occupation of the Papal States ended.
Was a global conflict that involved most of the European great powers, and was fought primarily in Europe, the Americas, and Asia-Pacific. At the end of the war the main winner was Great Britain, that obtained territories in North America, the Caribbean and India, becoming the most powerful maritime and colonial of the European powers.
5.1.Third Silesian War
Was the last of three wars between Austria and Prussia for the control of Silesia. It was also part of the Seven Years' War.
5.1.1.Russian invasion of Brandenburg (Third Silesian War)
Was the Russian invasion of Brandenburg during the Third Silesian War.
October 1757: Cavalrymen of the Holy Roman Empire attacked and briefly occupied Berlin, the capital of Prussia.
October 1757: The Holy Roman Empire army leaves Berlin.
Disestablishment
October 1757: Cavalrymen of the Holy Roman Empire attacked and briefly occupied Berlin, the capital of Prussia.
October 1757: The Holy Roman Empire army leaves Berlin.
Selected Sources
Hajo Holborn: Das Zeitalter der Reformation und des Absolutismus (bis 1790). München, 1970 S. 451
Schnettger, M. (2014): Der Spanische Erbfolgekrieg: 1701-1713/14, C.H.Beck, p.62
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Holy Roman Empire (Military Occupation)
