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The cluster of Austria includes the Habsburg Domains and the modern Austrian State.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Habsburg Domains
Austrian Empire
Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
Republic of German Austria
First Austrian Republic
Federal State of Austria
Republic of Austria
Establishment
January 1041: Originally a gau county of the Carolingian Empire, Klettgau passed to the Habsburg in 1040.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was a wer between the Republic of Venice and Habsburg Austria over the possession of the city of Trieste.
August 1369: Trieste submitted to Leopold III of Habsburg on August 31, 1369.
November 1369: The war of Trieste was a conflict fought in 1368-1369 between the Republic of Venice and the city of Trieste, because in 1369 it received the support of the Archduchy of Austria in exchange for submission (dedication) to it. The war ended with the Venetian victory.
Were a series of wars between the Republic of Venice and the Republic of Genoa.
2.1.War of Chioggia
Was a conflict between Genoa and Venice which lasted from 1378 to 1381, from which Venice emerged triumphant.
2.1.1.Peace of Turin
Was the treaty that ended the War of Chioggia.
January 1382: Treviso was ruled for a short time by the duke of Austria between 1381 and 1384.
August 1382: Leopold III of Habsburg duke of Austria occupied Trieste.
Were a series of raids by the Ottomans in the Friuli region during the 15th and 16th centuries, in the context of tensions between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire.
January 1416: Ottoman incursion in Friuli of 1415.
February 1416: Ottoman incursion in Friuli of 1415. The Ottomans left the region after the incursion.
January 1464: Ottoman incursion in Friuli of 1463.
February 1464: Ottoman incursion in Friuli of 1463. The Ottomans left the region after the incursion.
Was a war between the Habsburg Domains and the Old Swis Confederacy.
August 1468: The Waldshut War resulted in almost no territorial changes. The only exception was the Lordship of Wessenberg south of the Rhine with the villages of Hottwil and Mandach, which was conquered by Bern and annexed to the Schenkenberg bailiff.
Was a military conflict between the Kingdom of Hungary under Mathias Corvinus and the Habsburg Archduchy of Austria under Frederick V (also Holy Roman Emperor as Frederick III).
May 1484: Matthias Corvinus invaded Frederick's Austrian lands in the battle of Leitzersdorf.
June 1485: Siege of Vienna.
October 1486: Retz is besieged by Hungary.
January 1487: Siege of Wiener Neustadt.
August 1487: Siege of Wiener Neustadt. After hungary's victory Austria ceded the western lands of Lower Austria, Styria and Carinthia to the Kingdom of Hungary.
May 1490: When Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus died from a stroke on 6 April 1490, Frederick of Habsburg was able to reconquer the Austrian lands.
Was a late medieval conflict between a coalition of feudal lords and the French monarchy.
July 1486: In June 1486, Maximilian of Austria invaded northern France.
August 1486: The Austrians leave northern France.
Was the last major armed conflict between the Old Swiss Confederacy and the House of Habsburg.
February 1499: In January 1499, the Habsburg governor of Tyrol, Sigismund of Austria, militarily occupied Vinschgau and Münstertal to assert his claim against the episcopal rights and the church association led by Bishop Georg of Chur.
February 1499: In the battle near Triesen, a Swabian contingent was defeated and the Confederates advanced to Lake Constance.
March 1499: However, the Confederates soon withdrew across the border again.
March 1499: The Swabian War of 1499 brought the Belfort's downfall: in order to eliminate it as an Austrian base, the people of Graubünden burned down the castle on March 14, 1499.
April 1499: On April 17, the Confederates moved to the Klettgau and the Hegau and plundered several towns, such as Tiengen and Stühlingen.
May 1499: Swiss forces left Klettgau and Hegau.
7.1.Treaty of Basel
Was the treaty that ended the Swabian War.
September 1499: On September 22, 1499, the Peace of Basel was sealed between Maximilian and the Confederates. Jurisdiction over Thurgau, previously an Imperial loan to the city of Constance, which was to pass to the Swiss Confederacy.
Was a war that resulted from a dispute between the duchies of Bavaria-Munich (Bayern-München in German) and Bavaria-Landshut (Bayern-Landshut) in the succession of the latter.
January 1505: The originally Bavarian offices Kufstein, Kitzbühel and Rattenberg in Tirol were lost to Austria in 1504.
January 1505: In 1504, Emperor Maximilian I of the Habsburg Dynasty captured the town of Kufstein in the Austrian Tyrol region. This victory allowed the Habsburgs to expand their territories and strengthen their control over the region.
Was a war between the Republic of Venice and the Holy Roman Empire.
February 1508: Maximilian of Habsburg decided to move his troops and, having reached Dobbiaco, descended back to Cadore, after brief sieges he conquered the unguarded Venetian fortresses: the Botestagno castle and the Pieve di Cadore castle, settling in Comelico.
March 1508: On the banks of the Rusecco torrent (or Rio Secco) the imperial troops were surrounded and then annihilated by the forces of Venice.
June 1508: Venetian occupation of Pordenone.
July 1508: Venice occupied Gorizia and Trieste, then of Pisino, Fiume and Postumia. All that remained for Maximilian of Habsburg was to accept the humiliating peace conditions imposed by Venice. The armistice was signed on 6 June 1508 and went down in history with the name of peace Santa Maria di Grazia.
Were a series of conflicts covering the period between 1494 to 1559, fought mostly in the Italian peninsula, but later expanding into Flanders, the Rhineland and the Mediterranean Sea. The primary belligerents were the Valois kings of France, and their Habsburg opponents in the Holy Roman Empire and Spain.
10.1.War of the League of Cambrai
Was one of the so-called Italian wars.
May 1509: In 1509, Rovereto was a Venetian colony governed by a Podestà. However, after the Battle of Agnadello in the same year, the territory was ceded to the Habsburg Domains.
10.1.1.First Phase - The league of Cambrai
Was the first phase of the War of the League of Cambrai, one of the so-called Italian Wars.
10.1.1.1.Venetian Counterattack (War of the League of Cambrai)
Was the Venetian counterattack against the invasion of its territories by Louis XII of France.
January 1510: In 1509 Aquileia was conquered by the Holy Roman Empire during the War of the League of Cambrai.
January 1510: Venice kept the city of Pordenone only for two years since in 1509 it lost it again.
10.1.2.Fourth Phase - Alliance between Venice and France
Was the fourth phase of the War of the League of Cambrai, one of the so-called Italian Wars.
September 1516: Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, led the invasion of Milan in 1516 during the Italian Wars. The city was under the control of the Holy Roman Empire through military occupation. The conflict was part of the power struggle between European states for control over the Italian peninsula.
January 1517: Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, retreated from the duchy of Milan in December 1516. This retreat led to the territory falling under the control of tFrance.
10.2.Italian War of 1521-1526
Was one of the so-called Italian wars. The war pitted Francis I of France and the Republic of Venice against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Henry VIII of England, and the Papal States.
November 1521: Franco-Navarrese troops led by Bonnivet and Claudius I of Guise captured the key city of Fuenterrabia, at the mouth of the Bidasoa river on the Franco-Spanish border.
December 1521: In 1521, the Holy Roman Empire, led by Henry of Nassau, invaded northern France, capturing Ardres and Mouzon before besieging Tournai. The city fell to the imperial army in November after a prolonged siege.
March 1524: Charles V of Spain was able to retake Fuenterrabia from the French in February 1524.
August 1524: D'Avalos and Bourbon, generals in the service of the Holy Roman Empire, crossed the Alps with about 11,000 men and invaded Provence in early July 1524.
August 1524: Having passed through most of the smaller towns unopposed, the Duke of Bourbon, a general in the service of the Holy Roman Empire, entered the provincial capital of Aix-en-Provence.
September 1524: When the French troops, commanded by Francis himself, arrived in Avignon at the end the imperials were forced to retreat back to Italy.
10.2.1.French invasion of Navarre
Was a French military campaign in Navarre during the Italian War of 1521-1526.
May 1521: In 1521, during the Spanish conquest of Navarre, General André de Foix led the French forces to conquer Pamplona.
June 1521: The french left Navarre after the battle of Noáin on June 30.
10.3.War of the League of Cognac
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars. It was fought between the Habsburg dominions of Charles V —primarily the Holy Roman Empire and Spain— and the League of Cognac, an alliance including the Kingdom of France, Pope Clement VII, the Republic of Venice, the Kingdom of England, the Duchy of Milan, and the Republic of Florence.
January 1530: Lombardy was reconfirmed to the Sforzas.
10.3.1.Imperial Annexion of Lombardy
Was the invasion of Lombardy by the Imperial and Spanish forces during the War of the League of Cognac.
July 1526: Holy Roman emperor Charles V sends an army under the command of the Constable of Bourbon to Italy. He comes to lay siege to Milan, which capitulates.
10.3.2.French invasion of Lombardy
Was the French invasion of Lombardy during the War of the League of Cognac.
October 1527: French forces occupy Alessandria.
October 1527: Pavia is sacked by French forces led by general Odet de Foix.
June 1529: In 1529, France suffered a defeat at the hands of the Imperial troops at Landriano, resulting in the loss of control over the Duchy of Milan, along with Lombardy and Liguria.
10.3.3.Peace of Cambrai
Was a treaty between the French king Francis I and the Spanish Habsburg emperor Charles V that ended the French involvement in the War of the League of Cognac.
August 1529: The final Treaty of Cambrai, signed on 5 August, removed France from the war, leaving Venice, Florence, and the Pope alone against Charles. Francis surrendered his rights to Artois, Flanders, and Tournai.
10.4.Italian War of 1536-1538
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars. It was a conflict between King Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain. The objective was to achieve control over territories in Northern Italy, in particular the Duchy of Milan.
October 1535: Francesco II Sforza, the duke of Milan had no children and died of a long and painful illness in 1535. Because he had no heirs, Francesco’s dynasty was brought to an end by Holy Roman emperor Charles V, whose niece, Christina of Denmark, was Francesco’s wife. There were no protests when Charles V took over the Duchy of Milan from either the people or other Italian states.
September 1536: In 1536, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V invaded Provence, and captured Aix-en-Provence in August.
January 1537: The Imperials retreated to Spain in 1536 instead of attacking Avignon, which was heavily fortified at the time.
10.4.1.Peace of Nice
Was the treaty that ended the Italian War of 1536-1538.
June 1538: The German Empire, under the rule of Emperor Charles V, becomes master of all of Milan and two-thirds of the Duchy of Savoy.
10.5.Italian War of 1542-1546
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars.
10.5.1.Low Countries Theatre (Italian War of 1542-1546)
Was the war theatre of the Low Countries in the Italian War of 1542-1546.
May 1543: Antoine de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme, led the French forces to capture Lillers in April 1543 during the Italian War of 1542–1546. This military occupation was part of France's efforts to expand its territory and influence in the region.
July 1543: By June 1543, French Marshal Claude d'Annebault had taken Landrecies.
July 1543: Wilhelm of Cleves openly joined the war on Francis's side, invading Brabant.
July 1543: In 1543, Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire attacked Wilhelm of Cleves, capturing Düren in the Duchy of Jülich. Charles V was a powerful ruler who sought to expand his territory through military conquests. Wilhelm of Cleves was a nobleman who opposed Charles V's ambitions.
September 1543: Wilhelm of Jülich-Kleve-Berg-Mark surrendered on 7 September to the Imperials, signing the Treaty of Venlo with Charles V of Habsburg. By the terms of this treaty, Wilhelm was to concede the overlordship of the Duchy of Guelders and County of Zutphen to Charles, and to assist him in suppressing the Reformation.
September 1543: The Dukes of Orléans and d'Annebault attacked Luxembourg, which they took on 10 September.
November 1543: French king Francis I withdrew to Saint-Quentin on 4 November, leaving Holy Roman Emperor Charles V free to march north and seize Cambrai.
10.5.2.Italian Theatre (Italian War of 1542-1546)
Was the war theatre of northwestern Italy in the Italian War of 1542-1546.
August 1543: Nice fell on 22 August 1543 during the Italian War of 1542–1546. The French forces, led by King Francis I, captured the city from the allied forces of the Holy Roman Empire and the Republic of Genoa. This military occupation marked the beginning of French control over Nice.
10.5.3.French Theatre (Italian War of 1542-1546)
Was the war theatre on French territory in the Italian War of 1542-1546.
May 1544: On 25 May 1544, the city of Luxembourg was captured by the Spanish forces led by Fernando Gonzaga.
July 1544: On 24 July 1544, Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, captured Vitry-le-François.
August 1544: In 1544, during the Italian War of 1542–1546, the Holy Roman Empire, led by the Duke of Mantua, Federico II Gonzaga, besieged and captured the town of Saint-Dizier. The town surrendered on August 17 after a month-long siege.
September 1544: The Imperial troops marched through Champagne, capturing Épernay, Châtillon-sur-Marne, Château-Thierry, and Soissons.
September 1544: With the Peace of Crépy France abandoned its claims to the territories of the Duchy of Savoy, including Piedmont and Savoy itself.
10.5.3.1.Peace of Crépy
The Peace of Crépy was a treaty between France and the Holy Roman Empire that ended the conflict between these two countries in the Italian War of 1542-1546.
10.6.Italian War of 1551-1559
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars.
10.6.1.Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis
Was the treaty that ended the Italian War of 1551-1559, the last of the Italian Wars (1494-1559).
April 1559: France gave the Duchy of Savoy-Piedmont (allied with Spain and fief of the Holy Roman Empire) back to Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy.
Were a series of wars over the succession of the Duchy of Gueldria.
11.1.Third War of the Guelderian Succession
Was the third war over the succession of the Duchy of Gueldria.
June 1515: Leeuwarden, Harlingen and Franeker are sold to Charles V of Habsburg.
January 1525: In 1522, the Habsburg army under the command of Georg Schenck van Toutenburg resumed the offensive by pushing Guelders forces out of Friesland in the following years.
October 1528: Schenck van Toutenburg moved his army to Overijssel and Utrecht and managed to easily drive out the Guelders troops, who were already resented by the population. on October 20, 1528, Bishop Henry handed over power to Charles of Habsburg. The prince-bishopric of Utrecht ended and its lands were divided into the Lordship of Utrecht and the Lordship of Overijssel, ruled by a Habsburg stadolder.
Were a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Domains. The conflicts started with the partition of Hungary between the Ottomans and the Habsburgs after the Battle of Mohács (1526).
12.1.Habsburg-Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526-1568)
Were a series of wars between the Habsburgs and the Ottoman Empire over the control of Hungary. The Kingdom of Hungary had ceased to exist after its defeat by the Ottomans in the battle of Mohács (1526). The Ottomans had then taken control of the southern regions of Hungary, whereas the Habsurgs, that had inherited the throne, were able to took control of the northern regions.
November 1529: The Austrian army reached Ofen on August 18, 1527 without any major difficulties.
December 1529: After the Siege of Buda in 1529, the Ottoman army, led by Suleiman the Magnificent, withdrew through Belgrade. However, Ottoman troops remained in the border fortresses, maintaining a presence in the region.
January 1531: The Duchy of Syrmia becomes a Habsburg vassal.
January 1545: The army campaigns of 1543-44 left only one secure road link to Royal Hungary, along the Vág valley, and this further decreased Habsburg support in the kingdom.
January 1546: After a failed siege of Esztergom in 1545, Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent soon withdrew his forces from the city.
January 1552: A Habsburg army marched into Transylvania and the Tisza region, under Giovanni Battista Castaldo.
January 1553: The Ottomans besieged for a year before being able to occupy the fort.
January 1553: In 1552, Lippa was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. The territory was taken by the Ottoman general Mustafa Pasha, who led the successful military campaign to capture the town. This event was part of the Ottoman Empire's expansion efforts in the region during the 16th century.
January 1553: The Ottomans incorporated the area around Temesvar into their dominions.
January 1553: Erasmus von Teufel was a military commander serving the Habsburg forces, while Ali Pasha was the governor of the Ottoman Empire. The skirmish near the palace in Szolnok resulted in a victory for Ali Pasha's troops, leading to the Ottoman conquest of the territory in 1552.
January 1554: The Habsburg withdrew their troops from Transylvania.
January 1557: In 1556 the Ottomans attacked Szigetvár because numerous raids on their territory had been carried out from there.
February 1557: The Ottomans were not able to conquer Szigetvár and thus left the area.
January 1567: The Habsburg troops managed to conquer the town of Veszprém and the Totis Castle.
January 1567: The city of Gyula was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1566. This event was part of the Ottoman-Habsburg wars, with the Ottoman forces led by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. Gyula was an important strategic location in the region, and its capture further solidified Ottoman control in Hungary.
12.1.1.Ottoman invasion of Hungary
Was a Ottoman military campaign that led to the collapse of the Kingdom of Hungary in the Battle of Mohács fought on 29 August 1526.
November 1526: On 29 August 1526, at the Battle of Mohács, the Christian forces led by Louis II of Hungary were defeated by Ottoman forces led by Suleiman. The Ottoman victory led to the partition of Hungary for several centuries between the Ottoman Empire, the Habsburg Monarchy, and the Principality of Transylvania.
November 1526: Battle of Mohacs.
12.1.2.Hungarian campaign of 1527-1528
Was a military campaign by Habsburg ruler Ferdinand I against the Ottoman Empire and its vassals in Hungary.
January 1529: Following the Battle of Mohács, the Ottomans were forced to withdraw as events elsewhere in their now massive Empire required the Sultan's attention. Seizing upon their absence, Ferdinand I attempted to enforce his claim as King of Hungary. In 1527 he drove back the Ottoman vassal John Zápolya and captured Buda, Győr, Komárom, Esztergom, and Székesfehérvár by 1528.
12.1.3.Suleiman I's campaign of 1529
Was an Ottoman military campaign led by Suleiman I in Hungary.
September 1529: On September 8 Buda surrendered to the Ottomans.
September 1529: On 27 September, Ottoman Sultan Suleiman reached Vienna.
October 1529: End of the Ottoman Siege of Vienna.
12.2.Long Turkish War
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburgs (along with their respective allies) over the control of Romanian and Hungarian territories.
September 1592: In the summer of 1592, Ottoman forces captured the Habsburg border fortress of Bihać.
January 1595: In 1594, the Ottoman army, led by Sultan Mehmed III, successfully captured the main Hungarian fortress of Raab. This conquest was part of the Ottoman Empire's expansion into Hungarian territory during the Long War (1593-1606) against the Habsburg Monarchy.
September 1595: On September 7th of that year, after a siege by Karl von Mansfeld for several months, Gran fell back into Austrian hands.
October 1596: On October 12, 1596, the Ottomans managed to take the fortress of Erlau with his 100,000-strong army.
October 1596: The Battle of Mezőkeresztes in 1596 was fought between the Ottoman Empire, led by Sultan Mehmed III, and the Holy Roman Empire. The Ottoman victory allowed them to advance further into Central Europe, posing a threat to the Holy Roman Empire.
January 1599: In 1598, the Habsburg troops under Adolf von Schwarzenberg and Nicholas II Pálffy succeeded in recapturing the Raab and Veszprém (Weissbrunn) fortresses from the Ottomans.
January 1601: In 1600, the Habsburg fortress Pápa was lost to the Ottoman Empire during the Long War. The fortress was under the command of General Giorgio Basta, a prominent military leader in the Habsburg army.
January 1602: In 1601 Stuhlweißenburg was conquered by the Ottomans, who were finally able to take the important fortress of Kanischa after a two-month siege.
January 1603: In 1602, the Habsburgs, led by Archduke Matthias of Austria, recaptured Stuhlweißenburg from the Ottoman Empire.
June 1606: By the Peace of Vienna, Bocskay obtained religious liberty and political autonomy.
12.2.1.Peace of Zsitvatorok
Was a peace treaty which ended the 15-year Long Turkish War between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy on 11 November 1606.
November 1606: With the Peace of Zsitvatorok, the Ottomans kept Eger and Nagykanizsa, while the fortresses north of Buda, which had been conquered by the Habsburgs at the beginning of the war, remained in their possession. The status quo ante of 1593 applied to the remaining borders.
12.3.Austro-Turkish War (1663-64)
Was a war between the Ottoman Emprie and the Habsburg Domains over territories in Hungary.
October 1663: The Ottomans conquered Neuhäusel Fortress in September.
July 1664: The Ottomans besieged the Neu-Zrin fortress from June 5 to 30, 1664, then took it and destroyed it on July 7, 1664 to the ground.
12.3.1.Peace of Vasvár
Was the treaty that ended the Austro-Turkish War (1663-1664).
August 1664: The Neu-Zrin fortress had to be razed.
12.4.Great Turkish War
Was a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League consisting of the Holy Roman Empire, Poland-Lithuania, Venice, Russia, and Habsburg Hungary.
July 1683: Ottoman siege of Vienna since July 15th.
September 1683: The Habsburg defeated the Ottomans on September 12, 1683 in the Battle of Kahlenberg, ending the Siege of Vienna.
January 1684: Expansion of the Habsburg Domains in the Balkans by 1683.
January 1685: Republic of Ragusa part of Habsburg Austria from 1684.
September 1686: Imperial troops conquered the fortress of Buda.
August 1687: 161 years after independent Hungary ceased to exist in the first Battle of Mohács (1526), the Battle of Hungary broke out again on August 12, 1687 on the same plain. The consequences of this significant Habsburg victory were far-reaching: Charles of Lorraine was able to liberate Esseg and Slavonia, while Transylvania was re-incorporated into Hungary.
September 1689: Imperial troops conquered Niš on September 24, 1689.
October 1689: Widin conquered by austria.
November 1689: The Habsburgs advanced to Bankya (now a suburb of Sofia), Kyustendil Pernik to the east, Skopje Pristina to the south (liberated October 1689).
October 1697: Prince Eugen decided to launch a raid on Bosnia with part of his army. The invasion began on October 13, 1697 from Esseg (today: Osijek). Just ten days later, despite the impassable route through the Bosnian mountains, they reached Sarajevo, 250 km away.
January 1699: The Treaty of Karlowitz, signed in Sremski Karlovci, in modern-day Serbia, concluded the Great Turkish War of 1683-1697.
12.4.1.Habsburg Occupation of Serbia
Various regions of present-day Serbia (which were de jure Ottoman territory) were occupied by the Habsburg monarchy.
September 1688: Habsburg victory in the Siege of Belgrade (1688).
January 1690: Habsburg forces continued their advance towards south, taking Niš and reaching Prizren and Skopje (1689).
July 1690: In 1690, a full-scale Ottoman counter-offensive was launched, forcing Habsburg commanders and the Serbian Militia to retreat to the north.
October 1690: The Siege of Belgrade in 1690 was led by Grand Vizier Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha of the Ottoman Empire. The Battle of Slankamen in 1691 saw the Ottoman forces defeated by Prince Eugene of Savoy, leading to the liberation of Syrmia from Ottoman control.
12.4.2.Treaty of Karlowitz
Was a treaty that concluded the Great Turkish War and the Morean War. The Ottoman Empire suffered major territorial losses.
January 1699: Following the 1699 Treaty of Karlowitz, Transylvania was formally attached to the Habsburg-controlled Hungary.
January 1699: The Treaty of Karlowitz confirmed the Venetian possession of Kephalonia, and the Morea with the island of Aigina, which became organized as the "Kingdom of the Morea".
12.5.Austro-Russian-Turkish War (1735-39)
Was a war mainly between Russia and the Ottoman Empire.
August 1737: Field Marshal Friedrich Heinrich von Seckendorff was a German military officer who served in the Habsburg army. Niš was a strategic city in the Ottoman Empire, located in modern-day Serbia. The occupation of Niš by Seckendorff's army was part of the Habsburg Empire's expansion into Ottoman territories in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
August 1737: A small army corps under the command of General George Olivier Wallis occupied a part of Wallachia.
November 1737: Niš was reconquered by a Turkish army.
January 1739: With the help of significantly improved artillery, the Turks reconquered the Serbian fortresses that had fallen into Austrian hands step by step and in May entered Banat and occupied Mehadia. by the end of the year the Ottomans had captured Mehadia, Orșova, Ada Kaleh, Smederevo and Užice.
12.5.1.Treaty of Belgrade
Was a peace treaty signed on September 18, 1739 in Belgrade, Habsburg Kingdom of Serbia (today Serbia), by the Ottoman Empire on one side and the Habsburg Monarchy on the other, that ended the Austro-Turkish War (1737-39).
September 1739: The Treaty of Belgrade, known as the Belgrade peace was the peace treaty signed on September 18, 1739 in Belgrade, Habsburg Kingdom of Serbia (today Serbia), by the Ottoman Empire on one side and the Habsburg Monarchy on the other, that ended the Austro-Turkish War (1737-39).
September 1739: Treaty of Belgrade: Serbia was returned to the Ottoman Empire in 1739.
Conquests and wars with Ottoman involvement during the rule of Suleiman I.
January 1533: The region of Syrmia was conquered by the Ottomans.
January 1554: A Spanish garrison remained in Mahdiya until 1553, when it was conquered by the Ottomans.
Were a series of wars in Europe (and the overseas possessions of European countries) the 16th, 17th and early 18th that started after the Protestant Reformation. Although the immediate causes of the wars were religious, the motives were complex and also included territorial ambitions.
14.1.Schmalkaldic War
Was a war between the Holy Roman Empire and the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Lutheran states of the Holy Roman Empire itself.
14.1.1.Danube campaign (Schmalkaldic War)
Was a campaign of the Protestant Schmalkaldic league against the Imperial forces.
July 1546: Schertlin's plan was to disrupt the imperial troop recruitment as early as possible and thus prevent the approaching troops from uniting with the emperor. For this purpose, the Protestant army gathered in southern Germany moved to Füssen and occupied the city on July 10, 1546.
November 1546: The Saxon Elector Johann Friedrich then, after a lengthy argument with Landgrave Philipp, who first wanted to defeat the Emperor, withdrew his troops to Saxony on November 16th. The remaining Protestant army quickly disintegrated under the growing financial need.
April 1547: Because Konstanz refused to readopt traditional Catholic beliefs and practices, the city was punished with the loss of imperial freedom.
14.1.2.Saxony campaign
Was the theatre of war in Saxony of the Schmalkaldic War.
October 1547: At the end of October, Bohemian troops took Plauen in Vogtland.
14.2.Thirty Years' War
Was a war that took place mainly in central Europe between 1618 and 1648. The war began as a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestant in the Holy Roman Empire but then escalated into a conflict for the hegemony in Europe between Habsburg Spain and Austria, Sweden and France.
14.2.1.Bohemian-Palatine period
Was the first period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with a protestant revolt in Bohemia, at the time a territory of the Habsburg Domains.
14.2.1.1.War in Bohemia
Was the theatre of war in Bohemia during the first phase of the Thirty Years' War.
May 1618: On May 23rd, 1618, the Catholic emissaries of Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II are thrown out of a window of Prague Castle. This event, called the "Defenestration of Prague", marked the beginning of the Thirty Years' War. Bohemia revolts against the Empire.
November 1618: Battle of Lomnitz: The Bohemians defeat the Imperials commanded by the Count of Bucquoy.
November 1618: On November 21, 1618 the city of Pilsen was taken by the Calvinist rebels. It was the first major battle of the Thirty Years' War, and the starting point of the Bohemian Revolt.
June 1619: The Bohemian army under Heinrich Matthias von Thurn first forced the Moravian estates to join the uprising, then invaded the Austrian homelands of the Habsburgs and stood before Vienna on June 6, 1619.
June 1619: In 1619, during the Bohemian Revolt, Count von Bucquoy, a general in the Habsburg army, defeated Ernst von Mansfeld at the Battle of Sablat. This victory forced the Bohemian Governing Board in Prague to recall Thurn, a leader of the Protestant rebels, to defend Bohemia against the Habsburg forces.
June 1619: In 1619, during the Bohemian Revolt, Count von Bucquoy defeated Ernst von Mansfeld at the Battle of Sablat. This victory forced the Bohemian Governing Board in Prague to recall Thurn, a key leader of the revolt, to defend Bohemia against the Habsburg forces.
October 1619: Siege and capture of Pressburg (modern-day Bratislava) by the Bohemian rebels. It is a defeat of the imperial forces commanded by Rudolf von Tiefenbach by Gabriel Bethlen.
October 1619: Bohemian attack on Vienna led by Heinrich Matthias von Thurn.
October 1619: The Austrian army commanded by Field Marshal Bucquoy is able to drive away Bohemian forces from Vienna.
November 1619: In 1619, Bohemian leader Heinrich Matthias von Thurn besieged Vienna.
July 1620: The Battle of White Mountain took place in 1620 near Vienna. The Imperial forces, led by Charles de Bucquoy, defeated the Bohemian and Palatine troops commanded by Heinrich Matthias von Thurn. This marked a significant victory for the Catholic Habsburgs in the early stages of the Thirty Years' War.
October 1620: A meeting of all Protestant princes in Nuremberg called by Frederick in December 1619 was only attended by members of the Protestant Union, while in March 1620 the Emperor was able to bind the Protestant princes who were loyal to the Emperor to himself. Electoral Saxony was promised Lusatia for its support. With the Ulm Treaty, the Catholic League and the Protestant Union concluded a non-aggression agreement, so that Friedrich could no longer expect any help. That is why in September the league army was able to invade Bohemia unhindered via Upper Austria.
November 1620: Tilly and Bucquoy crush the Bohemian rebels at the Battle of White Mountain (Bila Hora) near Prague on November 8, 1620.
January 1621: After the Battle of the White Mountain, Beuthen reverted to Bohemia as a fief.
January 1621: Habsburg forces led by Charles de Bucquoy captured Karlštejn.
May 1621: The Imperials captured Pressburg (modern-day Bratislava).
14.2.2.Thirty Years' War Minor Scenarios
A series of conflicts related to the Thirty Years' War.
14.2.2.1.War of the Mantuan Succession
Was a war over the succession of the Duchies of Mantua and Montferrat after the death of the last male heir of the House of Gonzaga.
January 1630: In 1629, Emperor Ferdinand II sent a Landsknecht army to besiege Mantua. Charles left without the promised support from Louis XIII of France. The siege lasted until July 1630, when the city, already struck by a plague, was brutally put to the sack for three days and three nights by troops led by Count Aldringen and Gallas.
January 1631: The military occupation of Mantua ended in 1630, as Ferdinand II had to focus on the war in Germany.
14.2.2.2.Invasion of Franche Comté (Ten Years War)
Was French invasion of modern-day Franche-Comté, at the time a possession of the Habsburg, during the Thirty Years' War.
January 1645: Following a treaty concluded with Cardinal Mazarin in 1644, France committed to cease hostilities in Franche-Comté, in exchange for the considerable sum of 40,000 écus, thus guaranteeing the region's neutrality once again. The year 1644 thus marked the end of the Ten Years' War in Franche-Comté.
14.2.3.Swedish Period
Was the third main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of Sweden.
September 1631: Defeat of the Imperial army of Baltasar von Marradas by the Swedish army of Hans Georg von Arnim not far from Breslau.
November 1631: Capture of Prague by the Saxon army under Hans Georg von Arnim.
April 1632: On April 15, during the Battle of Rain am Lech, east of Donauwörth, the Swedish troops under Gustavus Adolphus defeated the Imperial forces commanded by Tilly.
May 1632: In 1632, during the Thirty Years' War, the military leader Albrecht von Wallenstein, who was a prominent general in the Habsburg army, besieged and captured the city of Prague.
July 1632: The Swedes reach the city of Ehrenburg bei Reutte, which is, however, succesfully defended by Leopold William of Habsburg.
14.2.4.Franco-Swedish Period
Was the fourth main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of France.
14.2.4.1.North German Front (Sweden)
Was the north German front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
November 1637: After the death of Swedish King Ferdinand II, his son and successor Ferdinand III brought the Swedish troops back to Pomerania, leaving the territories occupied by Sweden in Germany.
January 1643: In 1642 Moravia was the target of the Swedish campaign. The Swedes conquered Olomouc.
December 1643: In 1643 Swedish general Torstensson invaded Moravia for the second time.
January 1644: In 1643, when the Torstensson War broke out, the Swedish military focused entirely on Denmark and thus enabled an imperial offensive to Jutland.
January 1645: At the beginning of January 1645 the Swedes broke into Bohemia.
February 1645: The victory of Jankau in 1645 was achieved by Swedish military leader Lennart Torstensson during the Thirty Years' War. This triumph allowed Sweden to advance towards Vienna, a key strategic objective in the conflict.
January 1646: Swedish forces led by Field Marshal Torstensson reached the Danube.
September 1646: The exausted Swedish army led by Field Marshal Torstensson left Germany in the early summer of 1646 and returned to Sweden.
July 1647: The Imperial Army liberated the fortress of Egra (today known as Cheb in the Czech Republic) from Swedish occupation.
July 1648: Swedish Siege of Prague from July 25, 1648.
November 1648: When in November Gustaf of Sweden received a report about the signed peace, he ordered his troops to leave. Also the French troops started leaving the occupied territories in the Holy Roman Empire.
14.2.4.2.Rhineland Front (France)
Was the Rhineland front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
January 1638: France occupies Laufenberg.
November 1643: Battle of Tuttlingen: a surprise attack by Imperial forces caused the French army to retreat across the Rhine.
July 1644: The imperials took Freiburg.
May 1648: The French returned to Swabia and then to Bavaria. They defeated the Imperial forces at Zusmarshausen (May 17, 1648) and drove Maximilian of Bavaria out of Munich.
14.2.5.Peace of Westphalia
Were a series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War. Catholics and Protestants were redefined as equal in the territories of the Holy Roman Empire. There were major territorial adjustments. In particular, France, Sweden and Brandenburg had major territorial gains, and several religious territories of the Holy Roman Empire were secularized.
October 1648: With the Peace of Westphalia Sweden received Western Pomerania (henceforth Swedish Pomerania), Wismar, and the Prince-Bishoprics of Bremen and Verden as hereditary fiefs. Sweden evacuated the remnant territories it had occupied in the Holy Roman Empire.
January 1651: Through the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, Pfirt was to fall as Comté de Ferrette to the Kingdom of France, which finally took possession of the county in 1650.
14.3.Nine Years' War
Was a conflict between France and the Grand Alliance, a coalition including the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch Republic, England, Spain, and Savoy. It is considered the first war that saw fighting globally because battles occured in Europe, America, Africa and India.
14.3.1.Peace of Ryswick
Were a series of treaties that ended the Nine Years' War.
September 1697: Peace of Ryswick (1697): France kept Strasbourg but returned Freiburg, Breisach, Philippsburg and the Duchy of Lorraine to the Holy Roman Empire.
Expansion during the rule of Selim II in the Ottoman Empire.
March 1571: Upon the death of John II in 1571 the Royal House of Báthory came to power and ruled Transylvania as princes under the Ottomans.
January 1573: Conquests in Hungary by the Ottomans in 1572.
Was a war that took place from 1587 to 1588 over the election of the successor to the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Stephen Báthory.
October 1587: Lubowla is acquired by the Habsburg (Military Occupation).
October 1587: Habsburg attempt to storm Kraków.
January 1588: The Habsburg troops leave the are of Kraków.
January 1588: Battle of Byczyna.
Was a war of succession in the United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg between Brandenburg and the Palatinate.
May 1609: The commander of the Jülich fortress, Colonel Johann von Reuschenberg zu Overbach, did not recognize Ernst and Wolfgang Wilhelm and installed an imperial government in his fortress.
September 1610: Siege of Jülich.
Was a war between the Kingdom of France and the Dutch Republic.
November 1676: The French captured the city of Kehl.
January 1677: Imperial forces recaptured Philippsburg in September 1676.
August 1698: The French army leaves Freiburg.
August 1699: The French army leaves Kehl.
18.1.French invasion of the Dutch Republic
Was the French invasion of the Dutch Republic during the Franco-Dutch War.
June 1672: French forces conquer Burick.
18.2.Peace of Nijmegen
Were a series of treaties that ended various interconnected wars, notably the Franco-Dutch War.
August 1678: Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I had to accept the French occupation of the towns of Freiburg and Kehl.
September 1678: Peace of Nijmegen
September 1678: France took Alsace (in 1648), Franche-Comté (in 1678 during the Franco-Dutch War) and Strasbourg (in 1681).
Was an anti-Habsburg uprising in Hungary led by Emeric Thököly.
August 1678: The Hungarian Rebels captured the fortresses of Szendrő and Murány.
October 1678: Besztercebánya (now Banská Bystrica in Slovakia) surrendered without resistance.
November 1678: The Habsburgs had to abandon the mining towns along the river Garam (Hron) after being defeated at Barsszentkereszt.
January 1679: Hungarian rebel leader Emmerich Thököly captured the towns of Igló and Rózsahegy (now Spišská Nová Ves and Ružomberok in Slovakia) along with the mining towns along the river Garam.
January 1683: Thököly captured fortress after fortress from the Emperor and extended his dominions to the Vág river.
October 1685: In 1685 Thököly was defeated at Eperjes (present-day Prešov).
The death of childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700 led to a struggle for control of the Spanish Empire between his heirs, Philip of Anjou and Charles of Austria, and their respective supporters. It was a global war, with fighting taking place in Europe, Asia, and America. At the end of the war, Philip II, who was the successor chosen by Charles II as a descendant of Charles' paternal half-sister Maria Theresa, became King of Spain and of its overseas empire. The Spanish possessions in Europe were partitioned between various European Monarchies.
20.1.Italian Theatre (War of Spanish Succession)
Was the theatre of war of the War of the Spanish Succession in Italy.
September 1701: Victory on 1 September against Catinat's successor, Marshal François de Neufville de Villeroy, in the battle of Chiari.
November 1701: Austrian troops besiege Mantua.
September 1702: End of the siege of Mantua (1701-1702).
April 1706: The French defeated Count Christian Detlev Reventlow in the battle of Calcinato, and drove the Austrians back towards the mountains near Lake Garda.
September 1706: Prince Eugene of Savoy's victories gave the imperials effective control of the entire Po valley.
March 1707: The Convention of Milan of March 13, 1707, ensured the uncontested Austrian possession of the Duchies of Milan and of Mantua.
September 1707: Gaeta fell to the imperials after a siege.
January 1708: Imperial troops seized the Spanish Bourbon Kingdom of Naples.
20.2.Dutch and German Theatre (War of the Spanish Succession)
Was the theatre of war of the War of the Spanish Succession in Germany and the Low Countries.
May 1703: Siege of Bonn.
July 1703: Rheinberg and Bonn fell early to the Allied forces led by France.
September 1703: In 1703, during the War of the Spanish Succession, Margrave Louis William of Baden-Baden, a German military commander, led the imperial forces to capture the city of Landau on September 9th. This victory was a significant strategic gain for the Allied forces in the conflict.
October 1703: Marshal Tallard, a French military leader, captured Breisach am Rhein in September 1703.
November 1703: In 1703, Landau was conquered back by the French military under the command of Marshal Villars during the War of the Spanish Succession. The city had previously been captured by the Holy Roman Empire in 1702.
September 1704: Ulm and Ingolstadt conquered by austria.
November 1704: By the Treaty of Ilbersheim, signed 7 November 1704, Bavaria was placed under Austrian military rule, allowing the Habsburgs to use its resources for the rest of the War of the Spanish Succession.
November 1704: The Treaty of Ilbersheim between Austria and Bavaria was signed on November 7, 1704, three months after the Battle of Blenheim. It had the effect of removing Bavaria from the War of the Spanish Succession. By the terms of the treaty, Bavaria was essentially placed under military occupation by Austria and the Palatinate.
November 1704: While Ludwig von Baden besieged the Landau Fortress, which capitulated on November 26th.
January 1705: Trier conquered by austria.
January 1705: Trarbach conquered by austria.
October 1708: Lille is besieged by the Allied (Spanish Succession).
September 1713: Landau, a fortified town in the Holy Roman Empire, was captured by the French under Marshal Villars in August 1713.
December 1713: Freiburg conquered by france.
20.3.Spanish Theatre (War of the Spanish Succession)
Was the theatre of war in Spain during the War of the Spanish Succession.
September 1705: The castle of Montjuïc fell into the hands of the allies.
October 1705: Barcelona, surrounded by allied troops, capitulated on 9 October also due to a popular revolt that began in the La Ribera district.
December 1705: Valencia conquered by austria.
June 1706: Portuguese, Dutch and English elements entered Madrid.
June 1706: During the War of the Spanish Succession, the city of Zaragoza was captured by the Allied forces on June 29, 1706. This victory was led by the Duke of Berwick, a prominent military leader in the Spanish army who fought for the Bourbon dynasty.
July 1706: Alicante is taken by the Allies in 1706 in the wake of their landing at Barcelona.
October 1706: The islands of Ibiza and Maiorca conquered by austria.
October 1706: Philip V returned to Madrid at the beginning of October.
January 1707: Ciudad Rodrigo is conquere by the Allied of the War of the Spanish Succession.
June 1707: With the allies in full retreat, the duke of Orléans arrived from Italy and joined the duke of Berwick to retake much of what had been lost in previous military campaigns: the city of Valencia and Zaragoza fell in May.
July 1707: Claude François Bidal d'Asfeld retook Xátiva for Spain in June.
October 1707: The Bourbons recovered the city of Ciudad Rodrigo through the Marquis of Bay.
December 1707: Much of Aragon and Valencia returned to obedience to Philip V, and the allies were driven back into Catalonia, beyond the line of the Segre and Ebro rivers.
December 1707: Lleida conquered by Personal Union of Aragon and Castile.
July 1708: The duke of Orléans took Tortosa in mid-July.
August 1710: With the battle of Zaragoza the allies regained control of Aragon.
September 1710: Charles III, the Habsburg pretender to the Spanish throne, entered Madrid in 1710, facing resistance from the city's residents who were loyal to the Bourbon dynasty.
December 1710: During the War of the Spanish Succession, French forces led by the Duke of Vendôme captured British General James Stanhope in Brihuega on December 9, 1710. This event was a significant setback for the Grand Alliance forces.
December 1710: Even if the Count of Starhemberg was able to stand up to his enemies, the allies were subsequently forced into a hasty retreat towards Catalonia, reduced only to the regions of Tarragona, Igualada and Barcelona where they remained until the end of the war.
August 1713: In March 1713, Count Sinzendorf, the emperor's delegate to the congress, signed an agreement for the evacuation of the imperial troops from Catalonia: the Empress departed from Barcelona on 19 March, followed the following July by Count Starhemberg.
20.4.Treaty of Utrecht
Were a series of treaties to end the War of the Spanish Succession.
April 1713: As a result of the Treaty of Utrecht that ended the War of Spanish Succession, the Spanish part of Guelders was partitioned. The Austrians received the areas of Roermond, Niederkrüchten and Weert.
20.5.Treaty of Rastatt
Was a peace treaty between France and Austria that was concluded on 7 March 1714 in the Baden city of Rastatt to end the War of the Spanish Succession between both countries.
March 1714: At the end of the War of the Spanish Succession, Austria was awarded the Spanish territories in Italy, including Naples, Milan, Sardinia, as well as the Southern Netherlands.
20.6.Treaty of Baden
Was a treaty between France and the Holy Roman Empire, to end the War of the Spanish Succession.
September 1714: In the Treaty of Baden the French and their allies returned the east bank of the Rhine River (the Breisgau) to Austria.
September 1714: Treaty of Baden in 1714.
Was an anti-Habsburg revolt in Hungary led by Francis II Rákóczi.
June 1703: The War of the Spanish Succession caused a large part of the Austrian forces in the Kingdom of Hungary to temporarily leave the country. Taking advantage of the situation, kuruc forces began a new uprising in Munkács.
September 1703: The rebels controlled most of Kingdom of Hungary to the east and north of the Danube by late September 1703.
January 1705: Hungarian Rebels conquered Transdanubia.
August 1708: At the Battle of Trenčín, on 3 August 1708, Rákóczi's horse stumbled, and he fell to the ground, which knocked him unconscious. The kuruc forces thought him dead and fled. This defeat was fatal for the uprising. Numerous Kuruc leaders transferred their allegiance to the Emperor, hoping for clemency. Rákóczi's forces became restricted to the area around Munkács and Szabolcs County.
February 1711: Not trusting the word of János Pálffy, who was the Emperor's envoy charged with negotiations with the rebels, the Prince left the Kingdom of Hungary for Poland.
A series of wars fought in northern and northeastern Europe from the 16th to the 18th century.
22.1.Great Northern War
Was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.
22.1.1.Phase 1: Swedish Dominance
Was the first phase of the Great Northern War, characterized by Swedish victories.
22.1.1.1.War against Augustus II
Was a military campaign initiated by Sweden during the Great Northern war. The goal of the campaign was the overthrow of Augustus II the Strong, who was at the same the Elector fo Saxony and the King of Poland-Lithuania.
September 1706: In the summer of 1706, Charles XII of Sweden with his troops from eastern Poland, on August via Silesia into the Electorate of Saxony. The Swedes conquered the electorate step by step and crushed all resistance.
September 1706: Having pursued Augustus of Saxony in his homeland, the Swedish King forced Augustus to sign the Altranstadt Peace Treaty on 24 september 1706. The Elector of Saxony renounced the Polish crown "forever" and dissolved the alliance with Russia.
Was a conflict between the Papal States and the Holy Roman Empire over territorial rights.
November 1708: Brandenburg units, i.e. Protestant soldiers, marched into the Papal States and advanced rapidly. The papal troops were driven back. Wirich Philipp von und zu Daun had a large part of the Papal States occupied. Ferrara was included. The capital was spared for fear of a second Sack of Rome.
January 1709: Due to the Holy Roman occupation, the pope was forced to accept the imperial peace terms on Januar 1st 1709. This included the Pope’s recognition of Archduke Charles as King of Spain. With the peace treaty the military occupation of the Papal States ended.
Was a war between the Habsburg Domains and the Ottoman Empire.
October 1716: Siege of Temeşvar.
August 1717: The Austrian defeat of the Ottomans in the Battle of Belgrade on August 16, 1717, led to the Ottoman cession of their portion of Hungary and much of Serbia.
24.1.Treaty of Passarowitz
Was the treaty that ended the Austro-Turkish War (1716-1718).
July 1718: Part of Wallachia (an autonomous Ottoman vassal) known as the Lesser Wallachia (Oltenia) was also ceded to the Habsburg Monarchy.
July 1718: Southeastern Syrmia, central part of present-day Serbia (from Belgrade to south of Kruševac), was taken by the Austrians.
July 1718: Northern Bosnia conquered by austria.
July 1718: The Ottoman Empire lost the Banat to Prince Eugene of Savoy and the Habsburg Monarchy in 1718. This marked a significant victory for the Habsburgs in their ongoing conflict with the Ottomans over control of territories in Eastern Europe.
Was a war initiated by Spain to recover territories lost after the War of the Spanish Succession.
September 1717: In August 1717, the Spanish forces, led by the Viceroy of Sardinia, the Marquis of Lede, landed on the island to regain control from the Austrians. By November of the same year, they successfully re-established Spanish rule over Sardinia through military occupation.
October 1718: The Austrians, led by Count Claude Florimond de Mercy, were defeated by the Spanish forces under the command of Duke Victor Amadeus of Savoy in the First Battle of Milazzo. The Habsburg Empire's military occupation of Milazzo was short-lived as they were unable to maintain control of the territory.
November 1719: In 1719, Prince Eugene of Savoy, leading the Habsburg Empire forces, achieved victory in the second Battle of Milazzo against the Spanish forces. Following this success, he captured the city of Messina in October, solidifying Habsburg control over the territory.
25.1.Treaty of The Hague
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Quadruple Alliance. Spain left all the territories occupied during the war.
February 1720: Savoy exchanged Sicily for Sardinia.
February 1720: With the Treaty of The Hague the War of the Quadruple Alliance ended with the status quo ante bellum.
February 1720: Philip V of Spain was forced to relinquish all territory captured during the War of the Quadruple Alliance.
May 1720: After a treaty that exchanged Sardinia with Sicily between Savoy and Austria, in the Hague Treaty Spain decided to leave Sicily. [...] He agreed to negotiate the evacuation of his troops only in the following months, signing the relevant articles on May 6, 1720.
Was a major European conflict sparked by a Polish civil war over the succession to Augustus II of Poland.
26.1.French Invasion of northern Italy
Was the French invasion of northern Italy during the War of the Polish Succession.
October 1733: The French and Savoyard troops, led by Charles Emmanuel III of Savoy, invaded the territory of Pavia in 1733. The military occupation by France lasted until the end of the War of the Polish Succession in 1738.
November 1733: By November 3 1733, the city of Milan surrendered to the French, although the Austrian governor, Count Wirich Philipp von Daun, still held the fortress.
June 1734: The Battle of Colorno was a battle fought between May 25 and June 5 1734, between Franco-Sardinian and Austrian (Habsburg) troops.
September 1734: Following their defeat at Guastalla at the hands of the French, which resulted in heavy casualties, the Austrians retreated to the Oglio River. They maintained this position for the remainder of the year.
January 1735: The French army entered winter quarters in December 1734, leaving the North Bank of the Po River.
September 1735: The Austrian main army withdrew through Mantua, leaving the region to the French.
26.2.Spanish invasion of Southern Italy
Was the French invasion of southern Italy during the War of the Polish Succession.
May 1734: After the battle of bitonto most of the kingdom of naples was de facto acquired by spain.
May 1734: The fortress of Bari also surrendered to the besieging army under Montemar on May 26th.
August 1734: Gaeta is besieged by the Kingdom of Naples.
August 1734: At the end of August 1734 Neapolitan troops under Montemar landed in Sicily. The capital, Palermo, quickly opened its gates.
October 1734: Syracuse resisted longer but was conquered by Neapolitan forces.
October 1734: The citadel of Messina is conquered by Neapolitan forces.
October 1734: Trapani conquered by naples.
November 1734: Capua is besieged by the Kingdom of Naples.
26.3.Treaty of Vienna (1738)
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Polish Succession. Augustus III was officially confirmed as King of Poland.
November 1738: In 1738, Charles of Parma, also known as Charles III, ceded control of Parma to the Austrian Empire. This decision was made as part of the Treaty of Vienna, which aimed to reorganize the territories of Italy following the War of the Polish Succession.
November 1738: After the Treaty of Vienna in 1738, which concluded the War of the Polish Succession, the French evacuated the territories they had occupied.
November 1738: Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia received territories in the western part of the Duchy of Milan west of the Ticino, including Novara and Tortona.
Expansion during the rule of Shahu I in the Maratha Empire.
January 1734: In 1733 the British and Dutch convinced the Mughal general at Hugli to attack Bankipur. He attacked Bankipur and the garrison of only fourteen soldiers escaped and set sail for Europe.
Were a series of wars between the Habsburg Domains and Prussia for the control of Silesia. The war started during the War of the Austrian Succession, when Frederick the Great of Prussia invaded Habsburg-held Silesia.
28.1.First Silesian War
Was the first of three wars between Austria and Prussia for the control of Silesia. It was part of the War of the Austrian Succession. The war started when Prussia invaded Silesia. The possession of the region by Prussia was aknowledged by Austria at the end of the war.
28.1.1.Silesian Theatre (First War)
Was the Silesian theatre of the First Silesian War.
January 1741: The Prussians swept through the province, taking control of the capital at Breslau without a fight.
January 1741: The fortress at Ohlau was taken without resistance by Prussian forces.
January 1741: By the end of January 1741, almost the entirety of Silesia had come under Prussian control, and the remaining Austrian strongholds of Glogau, Brieg and Neisse were besieged.
March 1741: Prince Leopold II of Anhalt-Dessau took Glogau by storm.
May 1741: Brieg (today Brzeg) surrendered to the Prussians on 4 May.
November 1741: On 9 October Austria and Prussia agreed to a secret armistice known as the Convention of Klein Schnellendorf, under which both belligerents would cease hostilities in Silesia, and Austria would eventually concede Lower Silesia in return for a final peace to be negotiated before the end of the year. Neipperg's Austrian forces were then recalled from Silesia to defend Austria against the western invaders, abandoning Neisse after a sham siege in early November and leaving the whole of Silesia under Prussian control.
June 1742: The Treaty of Breslau was a preliminary peace agreement signed in 1742 between Prussian King Frederick the Great and Austrian Empress Maria Theresa, ending the First Silesian War. The treaty ceded most of Silesia to Prussia, marking a significant territorial gain for the Kingdom of Prussia.
28.1.2.Austrian Theatre
Was the Austrian theatre of the First Silesian War.
September 1741: On 5 June, Frederick signed an alliance against Austria with France, who crossed the Rhine on 15 August. A combined Franco-Bavarian force now advanced along the Danube, towards Vienna, capturing Linz on 14 September.
October 1741: In mid-October 1741, Charles Albert of Bavaria, supported by French forces, was preparing to besiege Vienna during the War of the Austrian Succession. The military occupation of the territory by France and Bavaria posed a significant threat to the Austrian capital.
October 1741: The French deprecated a decisive move on Vienna, wishing to see Austria reduced rather than destroyed. So, on 24 October their forces turned north to march instead on Prague.
January 1742: Surrender of 10,000 French soldiers at Linz Habsburg forces led by Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine.
28.1.3.Bohemian Theatre (First Silesian WarWar)
Was the Bohemian theatre of the First Silesian War.
November 1741: The Bavarian, French and Saxon armies converged around Prague in November, besieging it and ultimately storming it.
December 1741: Charles Albert was the Elector of Bavaria, who was supported by France in his claim to the Bohemian throne during the War of the Austrian Succession. He proclaimed himself King of Bohemia on 7 December 1741 after his forces occupied the territory.
January 1742: Prince Leopold's army besieged the fortress at Glatz on the edge of Bohemia.
April 1742: Frederick took Kłodzko.
January 1743: Siege of Prague.
28.1.4.Moravian Theatre
Was the Moravian theatre of the First Silesian War.
December 1741: In December Schwerin's army advanced through the Sudetes into Moravia, occupying the capital at Olmütz on 27 December.
April 1742: Prussian forces moved onto Židlochovice in March 1742.
May 1742: The Moravian campaign in 1742 was part of the War of the Austrian Succession. The Prussians, led by King Frederick the Great, retreated from Moravia after failing to make significant gains against the Habsburg Empire. The territory was then occupied by the Habsburg military.
28.1.5.Bavarian Theatre
Was the Bavarian theatre of the First Silesian War.
January 1742: Von Khevenhüller defeated a Bavarian army at Schärding.
February 1742: On January 24, 1742, during the War of the Austrian Succession, Bavarian Field Marshal Bärenklau captured the capital city of Munich, which was under the control of the Habsburg Empire at the time.
May 1743: The Battle of Simbach in 1743 saw the Bavarians defeated by Charles of Lorraine, who was a general in the Habsburg Empire. This military occupation resulted in the territory of Simbach falling under Habsburg control.
June 1743: In mid-June, the Pragmatic army arrived at Aschaffenburg, on the north bank of the River Main.
October 1744: Prince Charles's army was able to return to Bohemia quickly, in good order and at full strength, though it was forced to abandon control of Alsace and Bavaria. Austrian diplomats also persuaded Saxony to re-enter the conflict on Austria's side, though in a strictly defensive role. By early October the Austrians were advancing through southwestern Bohemia toward Prague.
April 1745: With Prussia's forces driven out of Bohemia, Austria renewed its offensive against Bavaria in March 1745, swiftly over-running the defences that had been reestablished there during the winter. On 15 April the Austrians under Count Batthyány decisively defeated the Franco-Bavarian army at the Battle of Pfaffenhofen and drove the allied forces entirely out of Bavaria.
April 1745: After this defeat, Maximilian III of Bavaria (the son of the late Emperor Charles Albert) made peace with Maria Theresa by the Treaty of Füssen on 22 April.
28.2.Second Silesian War
Was the second of three wars between Austria and Prussia for the control of Silesia. It was part of the War of the Austrian Succession.
28.2.1.Bohemian Theatre (Second Silesian War)
Was the Bohemian theatre of the Second Silesian War.
September 1744: The Second Silesian War began in 1744. Frederick of Prussia was disquieted by the universal success of the Austrians and their alliance with Sardinia.
The invading army of around 70,000 men entered Bohemia in three columns: the eastern column, led by Count Kurt von Schwerin, advanced from Silesia through Glatz and across the Giant Mountains; the central column, led by Prince Leopold II of Anhalt-Dessau, marched through Saxony (with an order from the Emperor guaranteeing safe conduct), passing through Lusatia and advancing to Leitmeritz; the western column, led by Frederick himself, advanced up the Elbe through Dresden and across the Ore Mountains to Leitmeritz. After entering Bohemia, all three forces converged on Prague by the beginning of September, surrounding and besieging the Bohemian capital.
September 1744: Prague underwent a week of heavy artillery bombardment, eventually surrendering to the Prussians on 16 September.
September 1744: Frederick the Great left a modest garrison in Prague and quickly marched on to the south, occupying Tabor, Budweis and Frauenberg.
November 1744: By early November the Prussians were forced to retreat to Prague and the Elbe.
November 1744: After some weeks of manoeuvre an Austrian-Saxon force crossed the Elbe on 19 November. At this point the Prussians abandoned Prague and gave up Bohemia, retreating in poor morale into Upper Silesia.
June 1745: The Prussians followed the retreating Austrian-Saxon army into Bohemia, harassing its rear as far as Königgrätz.
November 1745: The Prussian's supplies were exhausted and they withdrew again into Upper Silesia for the winter.
28.2.2.Silesian Theatre (Second War)
Was the Silesian theatre of the Second Silesian War.
April 1745: Frederick abandoned the mountainous southern tip of Upper Silesia to the Austrian vanguard of pandurs, concentrating his defences around the town of Frankenstein in the valley of the Eastern Neisse.
May 1745: At the end of May, the Austrian-Saxon force crossed through the Giant Mountains and camped around the Silesian village of Hohenfriedberg.
June 1745: The ensuing Battle of Hohenfriedberg ended in a decisive Prussian victory, sending Prince Charles's army retreating in disarray back into the mountains.
Was a European conflict caused by the succession to the Habsburg Domains. Maria Theresa succeeded her father Charles VI, and the opposition to female inheritance of the throne was a pretext for starting a war. It was a global conflict that saw fight in Europe, Asia, America and Africa.
29.1.Italian Theatre (War of the Austrian Succession)
Was the Italian theatre of the War of the Austrian Succession.
October 1746: On 6 September 1746, Genoa was besieged by the Austrians who had crossed the territories of the King of Sardinia. The Austrians, led by General Brown and the Genoese exile Antoniotto Botta Adorno, had presented themselves in Sampierdarena imposing excruciating peace conditions on the Genoese. Among these conditions was the dismantling of the city fortifications and their transfer to the Austrians.
December 1746: The revolt in the city lasted three days, as on 9 December Botta Adorno agreed to the negotiations and left the city almost immediately.
29.2.Treaty of Worms
On 13 September, Great Britain, Austria and the Kingdom of Sardinia agreed the Treaty of Worms, aimed at the expulsion of Spain from Italy. In return for Sardinian support in Lombardy, the Austrians ceded all their territories west of the Ticino River and Lake Maggiore, along with lands south of the Po River.
September 1743: On 13 September, Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, Maria Theresa and Britain agreed the Treaty of Worms, aimed at the expulsion of Spain from Italy. In return for Sardinian support in Lombardy, the Austrians ceded all their territories west of the Ticino River and Lake Maggiore, along with lands south of the Po River.
29.3.Rhineland Theatre (Austrian Succession)
Was the theatre of war in the Rhineland during the War of the Austrian Succession.
July 1744: Prince Charles, who, assisted by the veteran Marshal Traun, skillfully manoeuvred his allied army over the Rhine near Philippsburg on 1 July 1744 and captured the lines of Weissenburg, and cut off Marshal Coigny and his army from Alsace.
November 1744: During the War of the Austrian Succession, Louis XV of France besieged and captured Freiburg in 1744. This military occupation was part of France's efforts to expand its territory and influence in the region.
29.4.Low Countries Theatre (War of the Austrian Succession)
Was the theatre of war in the Low Countries during the War of the Austrian Succession.
July 1744: During the War of the Austrian Succession, King Louis XV of France led a military invasion of the Austrian Netherlands in July 1744. With a force of 90,000 men, he successfully captured the cities of Menin and Ypres, marking a significant victory for the French forces.
June 1745: After the Battle on Fontenoy, the fortress of Tournay surrendered to the French.
January 1746: The British and Dutch withdrew from Fontenoy in good order but the French-backed Jacobite rising of August, 1745 forced the British to transfer troops from Flanders to deal with it. By the end of 1745, the French held the strategic towns of Ghent, Oudenarde, Bruges, and Dendermonde, as well as the ports of Ostend and Nieuwpoort, threatening Britain's links to the Low Countries.
January 1747: During 1746, the French continued their advance into the Austrian Netherlands, taking Antwerp and then clearing Dutch and Austrian forces from the area between Brussels and the Meuse.
29.5.Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Austrian Succession, following a congress assembled on 24 April 1748 at the Free Imperial City of Aachen.
October 1748: France returned the Southern Netherlands (i.e. today's Belgium) to Austria.
October 1748: The State that obtained the greatest advantage was Prussia, which definitively annexed the rich region of Silesia, wrested from Austria.
Was a global conflict that involved most of the European great powers, and was fought primarily in Europe, the Americas, and Asia-Pacific. At the end of the war the main winner was Great Britain, that obtained territories in North America, the Caribbean and India, becoming the most powerful maritime and colonial of the European powers.
30.1.Third Silesian War
Was the last of three wars between Austria and Prussia for the control of Silesia. It was also part of the Seven Years' War.
30.1.1.Bohemian Theatre (Third War)
Was the Bohemian theatre of the Third Silesian War.
April 1757: In 1757, during the Seven Years' War, the Prussian forces under Field Marshal von Bevern defeated the Austrian corps led by Count Königsegg in the Battle of Reichenberg. This victory resulted in the territory of Reichenberg falling under Prussian military occupation.
May 1757: The invading columns reunited north of Prague, while the retreating Austrians reformed under the command of Prince Charles of Lorraine to the city's east, and on 6 May the two armies fought the Battle of Prague.
June 1757: The resulting Battle of Kolín on 18 June ended in a decisive Austrian victory; the Prussian position was ruined, and the invaders were forced to lift the siege and withdraw from Bohemia altogether, pursued by Daun's army, which was enlarged by the Prague garrison.
April 1758: Frederick the Great, King of Prussia led a field army into Moravia, reaching Olmütz.
June 1758: On June 30 Austrian forces commanded by General Ernst von Laudon intercepted a massive supply convoy from Silesia bound for the Prussian army at Olmütz and destroyed it in the Battle of Domstadtl. After this loss, the Prussians were forced to break off the siege and withdraw from Moravia, abandoning their final major invasion of Austrian territory during the war.
30.1.2.Russian invasion of Brandenburg (Third Silesian War)
Was the Russian invasion of Brandenburg during the Third Silesian War.
October 1757: Cavalrymen of the Holy Roman Empire attacked and briefly occupied Berlin, the capital of Prussia.
October 1757: The Holy Roman Empire army leaves Berlin.
30.1.3.Silesian Theatre (Third War)
Was the Silesian theatre of the Third Silesian War.
November 1757: While Frederick's army manoeuvred in western Saxony and Thuringia, the Austrian army of Prince Charles and Daun pressed eastward into Lower Silesia. In November they reached Breslau, where they were opposed by the Silesian garrison under Bevern. The Austrians had overwhelming numbers, and in the Battle of Breslau on 22 November they drove the Prussians from the field. the commander of the garrison surrendered Breslau to the Austrians on 25 November in return for safe passage.
December 1757: Despite his troops' fatigue from the rapid march, Frederick engaged the superior Austrian force on 5 December and won another unexpected victory in the Battle of Leuthen.The Prussians pursued Prince Charles's defeated army all the way back to Bohemia.
December 1757: Breslau were besieged until their surrender on 19-20 December, bringing the bulk of Silesia back under Prussian control.
April 1758: Schweidnitz, the last Austrian-occupied stronghold in Silesia, surrendered.
March 1760: After an inconclusive engagement with the Prussian garrison near Neustat on 15 March, Laudon's Austrians gradually advanced through Lower Silesia.
June 1760: Battle of Landeshut.
July 1760: Parchwitz conquered by austria.
July 1760: Liegnitz conquered by austria.
July 1760: Glatz was taken by the Austrians on 29 July.
August 1760: Laudon's corps, moving ahead of Daun's main army, attacked Frederick's position near Liegnitz on 15 August. The resulting Battle of Liegnitz ended in a Prussian victory, with the Prussians defeating Laudon before Daun's larger force could arrive to support him. This reversal disrupted the Austrians' manoeuvres and restored Prussian control of Lower Silesia, as Daun moved his army back into Saxony.
October 1761: The allies, led by Russian Field Marshal Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin, Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Joseph von Daun, and Swedish Field Marshal Carl Gustav Armfeldt, achieved a modest victory by capturing the fortress at Schweidnitz on 1 October 1761. This forced the Prussians, under the command of King Frederick the Great, to retreat to winter quarters in northern Silesia and Brandenburg.
October 1762: Daun's forces withdrew to Glatz, and the Prussians besieged Schweidnitz, recapturing it at length on 9 October.
30.1.4.Treaty of Hubertusburg
Was the treaty that ended the Third Silesian War, and, together with the Treaty of Paris (1763) it ended also the Seven Years' War.
February 1763: At the end of the Third Silesian War, the warring parties agreed restore the status quo ante bellum. Austria withdrew from Glatz, restoring full Prussian control of Silesia, in exchange for Prussia's evacuation of Saxony.
Was a revolt of Polish nobles that revolted against Russian influence to protect the independence of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The revolt was put down and shortly after the First Partition of Poland took place.
31.1.First Partition of Poland
Was the first of the three partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At the time the country was occupied by Russia. The first partition saw Polish-Lithuanian territories taken by Austria, Russia and Prussia.
August 1772: On 19 February 1772, the agreement of partition was signed in Vienna. A previous agreement between Prussia and Russia had been made in Saint Petersburg on 6 February 1772. Early in August Russian, Prussian and Austrian troops simultaneously entered the Commonwealth and occupied the provinces agreed upon among themselves. On 5 August, the three parties signed the treaty on their respective territorial gains on the Commonwealth's expense.
August 1772: The Treaty of Lubowla was signed in 1412 between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Kingdom of Poland. The annexation of 13 Hungarian towns by Austria in 1769 was a violation of this treaty, leading to tensions between the two powers.
January 1773: With the First Partition of Poland, Zator fell to the Habsburg Empire.
31.2.Third Partition of Poland
Was the third an final partition of Poland-Lithuania whose immediate reason was the Kościuszko Uprising against Prussia and Russia. The Polish-Lithuanian remaining territories were partitioned between the Habsburg Monarchy, Prussia and Russia. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ceased to exist.
Was a dispute between the Austrian Habsburg monarchy and an alliance of Saxony and Prussia over the succession to the Electorate of Bavaria after the extinction of the Bavarian branch of the House of Wittelsbach. Bavaria was finally united with Palatinate (where another Branche of the Wittelsbach ruled) but lost the Innviertel region ot Austria.
August 1778: Frederick the Great of Prussia led his troops to invade Bohemia. The Prussian forces occupied Náchod but did not advance further into Bohemia.
32.1.Treaty of Teschen
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Bavarian Succession.
May 1779: Prussia leaves the territories occupied in the Habsburg Domains after the War of the Bavarian Succession was ended with the Treaty of Teschen.
May 1779: By the peace of Teschen (13 May 1779) the Innviertel was ceded to Austria.
Was a war between the Habsbaug Domains and the Ottoman Empire.
August 1788: In July 1788, the Ottomans, led by Grand Vizier Cenaze Hasan Pasha, crossed the Danube and invaded the Austrian Banat, leading to a military occupation of the border regions. This event was part of the Austro-Turkish War of 1788-1791.
September 1788: In 1788, the balance of power shifted towards Austria as the Turks were expelled from parts of Croatia, the Banat, and Bosnia.
October 1789: Belgrade was taken in a three-week campaign by the Austrian Field Marshal Laudon.
November 1789: Habsburg-occupied Serbia (1788-92) was established.
33.1.Treaty of Sistova
Was the treaty that ended the Austro-Turkish War (1788-1791). The Habsburgs gained some borderlands in Croatia.
August 1791: Austrian withdrawal from a large territory in the Balkans with the Treaty of Sistova (1792). The territory was regained by the Ottomans.
August 1791: In the final negotiated outcome of the Austro-Turkish War (1788-1791), established in the Treaty of Sistova of 4 August 1791, Austria's gains were "meagre": Austria returned all the territory from its conquests save the small town of Orsova and a strip of Croatian land near the Bosnian-Croatian border (e.g. Drežnik Grad, Cetin Castle, Donji Lapac, Srb).
August 1791: By 1791 the Austrians (the Habsburg) were forced into withdrawal across the Danube and Sava rivers, joined by thousands of Serbian families who feared Ottoman persecution.
Was an armed insurrection that occurred in the Austrian Netherlands (modern-day Belgium) between October 1789 and December 1790. The revolution, which occurred at the same time as revolutions in France and Liège, led to the brief overthrow of Habsburg rule and the proclamation of a short-lived polity, the United Belgian States.
January 1790: A confederal republic in the Southern Netherlands (modern-day Belgium and Luxembourg) which was established after the Brabant Revolution. It existed from January to December 1790 as part of the unsuccessful revolt against the Habsburg Emperor.
December 1790: The United Belgian States, an unsuccessful revolt against the Habsburg Emperor, existed until December 1790.
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
February 1803: With the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss 1803 in the course of the reorganization of the Holy Roman Empire, Tarasp fell to the Helvetic Republic as the last Austrian enclave in Switzerland.
February 1803: In 1803 the prince bishopric of Brixen was abolished by the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss and incorporated into the Austrian sovereignty.
January 1804: In 1803 the rule of Freising ended, and "Bayrisch Waidhofen", one of the exclaves of the Bishopric, became part of the Habsburg Domains.
January 1804: The Trento Prince-Bishopric is acquired by the Habsburgs.
August 1804: The territory of the Austrian Empire was founded on August 11, 1804 as a hereditary monarchy by Archduke Franz of Austria, who, as Franz II, was the last Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
August 1804: The Principality of Transylvania was founded on August 11, 1804 as a hereditary monarchy by Archduke Franz of Austria, who, as Franz II, was the last Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. The territory went to the Austrian Empire (Territories outside HRE).
January 1805: The Bretzenheim Lordship is acquired by the Austrian Empire.
January 1805: The County of Rothenfels briefly became part of Austria in 1804 with around 13,000 inhabitants and an area of around 450 square kilometers.
January 1806: The Kingdom of Bavaria had its origins in the Peace of Pressburg on December 26, 1805 between the representatives of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte and the German and Austrian (double) Emperor Franz II./I. concluded peace treaty. On January 1, 1806, King Maximilian I Joseph was proclaimed in Munich.
January 1806: The Salzburg Electorate is acquired by the Austrian Empire.
January 1806: The former Imperial Citiy of Konstanz is ceded to Baden.
January 1808: Based on Gustav Droysen's Map of the Germany during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic periods.
January 1808: After the Peace of Pressburg in 1805, the territory of the Republic of Ragusa was occupied by France under Napoleon Bonaparte (May 27, 1806). The Republic was ultimately abolished by decree issued by General Marmont on January 31, 1808.
January 1811: In 1810, the Alpine territories surrounding Sillian and Lienz were added to the First French Empire under the rule of Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte.
35.1.War of the First Coalition
Were a series of wars between the Kingdom of France (later the French Republic) and several European Monarchies. The French Revolution had deteriorated the relations of France with the other European countries, that tried several times to invade France in order to crash the revolutionary government.
January 1795: The French armies drove the Austrians, British, and Dutch beyond the Rhine, occupying Belgium, the Rhineland, and the south of the Netherlands.
October 1797: Following the Treaty of Campo Formio, where Napoleon Bonaparte decreed the final dissolution of the Venetian Republic, Preveza - like other Venetian possessions in Greece and Albania - was ceded to Revolutionary France.
35.1.1.Belgian front
Was the Belgian theatre of the War of the First Coalition.
June 1792: In 1792, during the French Revolutionary Wars, General Luckner led a 20,000 strong French force to invade the Austrian Netherlands. They successfully captured Menen and Kortrijk on 19 June.
June 1792: The French forces, led by General Charles François Dumouriez, withdrew back to Lille on 30 June 1792 after facing resistance from Austrian and Dutch troops in Menen and Kortrijk.
35.1.2.Battle of Jemappes
Was a battle between France and Austria in modern-day Belgium during the War of the First Coalition.
October 1792: Advancing French forces reach Mons.
35.1.3.Flanders Campaign
Was a French military campaign in the Flanders.
February 1793: The French Armée du Nord commanded by general Charles-François Dumouriez advanced from Antwerp and invaded Dutch Brabant.
October 1793: In mid October French officer Vandamme laid siege to Nieuport. At the same time French marshal MacDonald took Werwicq.
October 1793: Dumonceau (France) drove the Hanoverians from Menen.
April 1794: French generals Jean-Charles Pichegru and Lazare Hoche defeated Austrian General Clerfayt at the Battle of Mouscron. As a result, they were able to retake the territories of Courtrai (Kortrijk) and Menen, which had been under Austrian control.
June 1794: Ypres surrendered to French General Charles Pichegru.
July 1794: After suffering defeats at the hands of French revolutionary forces, Austrian General Coburg retreated to Tienen in 1794.
July 1794: Brussels is conquered by French troops led by general Jean-Charles Pichegru on 11 July 1794.
August 1794: Mechelen, a city in present-day Belgium, fell to French forces on the 15th of January, 1794.
September 1794: Antwerp was evacuated by the Austrian forces on the 24th of November 1794. Three days later, General Pichegru, a prominent French military leader during the French Revolutionary Wars, occupied the city.
October 1794: General Jean-Baptiste Jourdan led the French forces to capture the city of Namur in present-day Belgium.
December 1794: By 28 December the French had occupied the Bommelwaard and the Lands of Altena.
35.1.4.Peace of Basel
Were a series of Treaties between the French Republic and Prussia, Spain and Hesse-Kassel that ended the War of the First Coalition with these countries.
April 1795: Peace of Basel of 1795 at the end of the War of the First Coalition between the Kingdom of Prussia and the French Republic. France gained the left bank of the Rhine.
35.1.5.Italian theatre (War of the first coalition)
Was the Italian theatre of the War of the First Coalition.
May 1796: French forces occupy Lodi and Milan.
May 1796: The Duchy of Milan was ruled by the Habsburgs and became the Transpadane Republic after being occupied by Napoleon's French forces in 1796. This marked the end of Habsburg rule in the region and the establishment of a new republic.
September 1796: In September, Napoleon Bonaparte marched north against Trento in Tyrol. Bonaparte overran the holding force at the Battle of Rovereto.
November 1796: The Austrians defeated the French at Calliano.
February 1797: French troops advanced directly toward Austria over the Julian Alps. General Barthélemy Joubert invaded Tyrol.
March 1797: Archduke Charles of Austria was defeated at the Tagliamento on 16 March, and Napoleon proceeded into Austria, occupying Klagenfurt.
April 1797: The French advanced as far as Judenburg by the evening of April 7th.
35.1.6.Rhine campaign of 1800
Was one of a series of battles in the Rhineland during the War of the First Coalition.
October 1796: The French retreated across the rivers Rhine and Elz, destroying all the bridges.
35.1.7.Treaty of Campo Formio
Was a treaty between France and Austria that ended the War of the First Coalition.
October 1797: The Treaty of Campo Formio was signed on 17 October 1797 (26 Vendémiaire VI). The treaty transferred the Austrian Netherlands to France. The territories of Venice were partitioned, most were acquired by Austria. Austria recognized the Cisalpine Republic and the newly created Ligurian Republic. Extension of the borders of France up to the Rhine, the Nette, and the Roer.
January 1798: The Treaty of Campo Formio was signed on 17 October 1797 (26 Vendémiaire VI). The treaty transferred the Austrian Netherlands to France. The territories of Venice were partitioned, most were acquired by Austria. Austria recognized the Cisalpine Republic and the newly created Ligurian Republic. Extension of the borders of France up to the Rhine, the Nette, and the Roer.
35.2.War of the Second Coalition
Was the second war that saw revolutionary France against most of the European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria, and Russia, and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Naples, and various German monarchies. Prussia did not join this coalition, and Spain supported France.
35.2.1.German Front (War of the Second Coalition)
Was the German theatre of the War of the Fifth Coalition.
March 1799: On 1 March 1799, the French Army of Observation, in an order of battle of approximately 30,000 men in four divisions, crossed the Rhine at Kehl and Basel.
March 1799: At the intensely fought Battle of Ostrach, 21-22 March 1799, French suffered significant losses and were forced to retreat from the region, taking up new positions to the west at Messkirch.
May 1800: After French general Claude Lecourbe had captured Stockach, the Austrians led by general Paul Kray retreated to Messkirch, where they enjoyed a more favourable defensive position.
May 1800: The French army forced the Austrians to retreat to Ulm.
June 1800: After being defeated by the French at the Battle of Höchstädt, Hungarian General Paul Kray retreated to Munich.
December 1800: Austria was defeated by France in the Battle of Hohenlinden (3 December 1800). By december, 25th the French forces were 80 km from Vienna. The Austrians requested an armistice, which French general Moreau granted on 25 December.
35.2.2.Treaty of Lunéville
Was a treaty between the French Republic and the Holy Roman Empire that formally ended the partecipation of Austria and the Holy Roman Empire in the War of the Second Coalition.
February 1801: The Treaty of Lunéville was signed in the Treaty House of Lunéville between the French Republic and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II. Certain Austrian holdings within the borders of the Holy Roman Empire were relinquished, and French control was extended to the left bank of the Rhine, "in complete sovereignty" but France renounced any claim to territories east of the Rhine. Contested boundaries in Italy were set. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was awarded to the French.
35.3.War of the Third Coalition
Was a European conflict spanning the years 1805 to 1806. During the war, France and its client states under Napoleon I opposed an alliance, the Third Coalition, made up of the United Kingdom, the Holy Roman Empire, the Russian Empire, Naples, Sicily, and Sweden. Prussia remained neutral during the war.
35.3.1.Ulm Campaign
Was a series of French and Bavarian military maneuvers and battles to outflank and capture an Austrian army in 1805 during the War of the Third Coalition. It took place in the vicinity of and inside the city of Ulm.
October 1805: The French army crossed the Danube at Donauwörth.
October 1805: Battle at Wertingen between the Austrians led by Auffenburg troops and the French of Murat and Lannes.
December 1805: French forces seized Vienna in November 1805.
35.3.2.Venetian front or Italian campaign of 1805
Was the Venetian theatre of the War of the Third Coalition.
November 1805: By November 14th, 1805 the French armies had reached the Isonzo but the army of Archduke Charles of Austria prevented them to cross the river.
35.3.3.Peace of Pressburg
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Third Coalition.
December 1805: On December 16, 1805, the area of Königsegg-Rothenfels went to the Kingdom of Bavaria through the Peace of Pressburg.
December 1805: Territorial changes after the Peace of Pressburg.
December 1805: After the Austrian defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz and the Peace of Pressburg in 1805, Further Austria was entirely dissolved and the former Habsburg territories were assigned to the Grand Duchy of Baden (Breisgau), the Kingdom of Württemberg (Rottenburg and Horb) and the Kingdom of Bavaria (Weitnau Günzburg, Weißenhorn). Minor estates passed to Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and the Grand Duchy of Hesse.
December 1805: The Fricktal passed to the Swiss Confederation with the Napoleonic Acts of Mediation.
December 1805: French evacuation of occupied territories after the Peace of Pressburg.
35.4.Adriatic campaign of 1807-1814
Was the theatre of war in the Adriatic Sea during the Napoleonic Wars.
February 1814: By 16 February 1814 every French harbour in the Illyrian provinces had been captured by British or Austrian troops. Over 700 French merchant ships had been seized and the only remaining French outpost in the region was Corfu.
35.5.War of the Fifth Coalition
Was a conflict between a colition of European monarchies and Napoleon's French Empire.
July 1809: Battle of Gefrees. After taking the capital, Dresden, and pushing back an army under the command of Napoleon's brother, Jérôme Bonaparte, the Austrians were effectively in control of all of Saxony.
35.5.1.Dalmatian Campaign (1809)
Was the Dalmatian theatre of the War of the Fifth Coalition.
March 1809: In 1809, during the Napoleonic Wars, the French forces led by Marshal Marmont were defeated and driven back to Knin and Zadar by the Austrian Empire under the command of Archduke John of Austria. This marked the beginning of the Austrian military occupation of the territory.
May 1809: In 1809, Marshal Marmont, a French military commander, achieved a significant victory over the Austrians at Pribudić.
May 1809: French forces under general Marmont take the city of Gospić.
June 1809: Ljubljana conquered by france.
35.5.2.Danube Campaign (War of the Fifth Coalition)
Was a French military campaign in the Danube area during the War of the Fifth Coalition. The French forces defeated the Austrian army and occupied Vienna.
April 1809: The Austrian advance guard, led by Archduke Charles of Austria, beat back the Bavarians, commanded by Marshal Lefebvre, near Landshut in 1809 during the War of the Fifth Coalition. This victory led to the Austrian Empire occupying the territory.
May 1809: After defeating the Austrian forces led by Archduke Charles, Napoleon Bonaparte occupied Vienna in May 1809.
July 1809: After the Battle of Wagram, Napoleon's forces, led by Marshal Davout, pursued the retreating Austrians under Archduke Charles. The exhausted French troops caught up with the Austrians at Znaim in mid-July 1809, leading to a military occupation of the territory by France.
35.5.3.Austro-Polish War
Was a war between the Austrian Empire and the Napoleon-allied Duchy of Warsaw.
April 1809: After the Battle of Raszyn on 19 April, where Poniatowski's Polish troops brought an Austrian force twice their number to a standstill (but neither side defeated the other decisively), the Polish forces nonetheless retreated, allowing the Austrians to occupy the Duchy's capital, Warsaw.
May 1809: Polish forces took the major cities of Lublin.
May 1809: In 1809, Sandomierz was incorporated into the Duchy of Warsaw.
May 1809: Zamość conquered by france.
May 1809: Lwów conquered by france.
June 1809: The Austrians abandoned Warsaw on 1 June.
June 1809: The Austrian main army under Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph, unable to push further on the left bank, and in danger of having its supply lines cut by Poniatowski, was forced to abandon the siege of Toruń.
June 1809: The Austrians took back Sandomierz and Lwów.
July 1809: Kielce and Kraków conquered by france.
35.5.4.Treaty of Schönbrunn
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Fifth Coalition.
October 1809: The Treaty of Schönbrunn was signed between France and Austria at Schönbrunn Palace near Vienna.
October 1809: The Treaty of Schönbrunn was signed between France and Austria at Schönbrunn Palace near Vienna. West Galicia was ceded to the Duchy of Warsaw.
October 1809: The Treaty of Schönbrunn was signed between France and Austria at Schönbrunn Palace near Vienna. Austria lost its access to the Adriatic Sea by waiving the Littoral territories of Gorizia and Gradisca and the Imperial Free City of Trieste, together with Carniola, the March of Istria, western ("Upper") Carinthia with East Tyrol, and the Croatian lands southwest of the river Sava to the French Empire (Illyrian provinces).
October 1809: The Illyrian Provinces (in French: Gouvernement des Provinces Illyriennes) were a French governorate of the Napoleonic era, a sort of exclave of metropolitan France, created with the union of the territories ceded by the Austrian Empire and the Italian Kingdom Napoleonic empire to the French Empire as a result of the Treaty of Schönbrunn (October 14, 1809).
October 1809: The Treaty of Schönbrunn was signed between France and Austria at Schönbrunn Palace near Vienna.Austria had to cede the Duchy of Salzburg to Bavaria.
January 1811: Due to the Peace of Schönbrunn in 1809, Bavaria once again took possession of the Innviertel in 1810.
35.6.War of the Sixth Coalition
Was a war between France and a a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, and a number of German States. The coalition emerged after the decimation of the French army in the French invasion of Russia. The coalition ultimately invaded France and forced Napoleon to abdicate and go into exile.
January 1814: Following Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, the Congress of Vienna opted to mediatize the Leyen Principality and give it to Austria.
January 1814: Görz and Trient are annexed by Austria.
May 1814: The Valtellina, formerly owned by Graubunden, was granted to Austria.
35.7.Congress of Vienna
Was a series of international diplomatic meetings after the end of the Napoleonic wars whose aim was a long-term peace plan for Europe. It redraw the borders of Europe and partially restored the Monarchies of the pre-revolutionary period.
January 1815: Tirol is annexed by Austria.
June 1815: The Austrian Empire receives the Tarnopol district from Russia.
June 1815: Not all Austrian territories became part of the German onfederation.
35.8.War of the Seventh Coalition (The Hundred Days)
Napoleon escaped the exile he had been forced after the War of the Sixth Coalition and reorganized the French army. He was defeated by a coalition that included Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia and sent into permanent exile on the island of Saint Helena.
35.8.1.Neapolitan War
Was a conflict between the Napoleonic Kingdom of Naples and the Austrian Empire during the War of the Seventh Coalition. Naples, which was still ruled by the Napoleonic general Joachim Murat, decided to side with Napoleon. The Austrian won the war and reinstated Ferdinand IV as King of Naples and Sicily.
35.8.1.1.Austrian counterattack (Neapolitan War)
Was the Austrian invasion of Italy during the Neapolitan War.
May 1815: By 12 May, Bianchi, who was now in command of both his and Neipperg's corps, had taken the town of L'Aquila.
May 1815: Nugent intercepted Murat at San Germano (now Cassino).
May 1815: The Austrian armies united near Calvi and began the march on Naples.
May 1815: Neapolitan Generals Pepe and Carrascosa sued for peace and concluded the Treaty of Casalanza with the Austrians, bringing the war to an end.
35.8.1.2.King Ferdinand restored
On 23 May, at the end of the Neaopolitan War, the main Austrian army entered Naples and restored King Ferdinand to the Neapolitan throne.
May 1815: The main Austrian army entered Naples and restored King Ferdinand to the Neapolitan throne.
The dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire occurred de facto on 6 August 1806, when the last Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, abdicated his title and released all imperial states and officials from their oaths and obligations to the Empire.
August 1806: End of the Holy Roman Empire.
Was a war between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire.
37.1.Treaty of Bucharest
The Treaty of Bucharest between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, was signed on 28 May 1812 at the end of the Russo-Turkish War of 1806-12. The eastern half of the Principality of Moldavia was ceded by the Ottoman Empire to Russia.
July 1812: The Treaty of Bucharest between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, was signed on 28 May 1812, in Manuc's Inn in Bucharest, and ratified on 5 July 1812, at the end of the Russo-Turkish War. The eastern half of the Principality of Moldavia, between Prut and Dniester Rivers, with an area of 45,630 km2 (Bessarabia), was ceded by the Ottoman Empire (to which Moldavia was a vassal) to Russia.
Was a revolutionary wave in Europe that started in France. The revolutions were essentially democratic and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states, as envisioned by romantic nationalism.
38.1.Revolution in Venice
Was a revolt against Austrian rule in Venice during the 1848 Revolutions.
March 1848: The Republic of San Marco was a state established in Venice on 22 March 1848 following the insurrection of the city.
March 1848: Between 24 and 29 March Treviso, Padua, Belluno, Rovigo, Udine and Vicenza joined the Republic.
38.2.Revolution in Lombardy
Was an insurrection in Lombardy against Austrian rule. It was part of the 1848 Revolutions.
March 1848: The provisional government of Milan, in the history of the Italian Risorgimento indicates the institution that governed Milan during the Five Days.
Was a war between Russia and an alliance comprising the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Sardinia.
39.1.Danube campaign (Crimean War)
Was the Danubian theatre of the Crimean War.
July 1854: On 26 July 1854, Tsar Nicholas I, responding to an Austrian ultimatum, ordered the withdrawal of Russian troops from the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. Their place in the Principalities was taken by the Austrians, as a neutral peacekeeping force.
March 1856: Moldavia and Walachia (Romania) were recognized as quasi-independent states under Ottoman suzerainty. They gained the left bank of the mouth of the Danube and part of Bessarabia from Russia.
39.2.Black Sea theatre
Was the Black Sea theatre of the Crimean War.
Was a series of conflicts that led to the unification of the Italian Peninsula into the Kingdom of Italy. It includes the three wars considered the three independency wars of Italy, in addition to a series of military operations like the Expedition of the Thousand and the Sardinian military campaign in Central Italy.
40.1.First Italian War of Independence
Was the first of the three traditional Italian Wars of Independence. It was fought by the Kingdom of Sardinia against the Austrian Empire but it did not led to any territorial modification.
40.1.1.Pedmontese Front (First Italian War of Independence)
Was the Piedmontese front of the First Italian War of Independence.
40.1.1.1.Battle of Custoza
The First Battle of Custoza was fought on July 24 and 25, 1848, during the First Italian War of Independence between the armies of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia.
40.1.2.Venetian Front
Was the Venetian front of the First Italian War of Independence.
40.1.3.Papal State Front
Was the front in the Papal States of the First Italian War of Independence.
40.1.4.Modena and Parma Operation
Was an Austrian military operation by prince Franz Joachim von Liechtenstein to restore the deposed dukes of Parma and Modena. .
40.1.5.Garibaldi's popular war
Was a small military action by Giuseppe Garibaldi during the First Italian War of Independence.
40.1.6.Austrian Invasion of the Papal States
Was an Austrian military campaign against the insurgents that had created the Roman Republic in the Papal States.
40.1.7.French Invasion of the Papal States
Was a French military campaign against the insurgents that had created the Roman Republic in the Papal States.
40.1.8.Austrian Invasion of Tuscany
Was an Austrian military campaign against the insurgents that had created the Republic of Tuscany.
40.2.Second Italian War of Independence
Was the second of the three traditional Italian Wars of Independence. It was fought by the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Kingdom of France against the Austrian Empire. It resulted in the Sardinian annexion of Austrian ruled Lombardy, as well as the annexion of several Italian polities in Central Italy.
May 1859: The advance on Turin in 1859 was led by Austrian General Ludwig von Benedek, who commanded the 7th Army Corps. The occupation of Vercelli was part of Austria-Hungary's military campaign during the Second Italian War of Independence.
May 1859: In 1859, during the Second Italian War of Independence, the Austrian 2nd Army, led by Field Marshal Ferencz Gyulai, halted their advance and concentrated near Mortara in response to the growing threat posed by the French and Piedmontese forces.
May 1859: Battle of Montebello (1859).
May 1859: Battle of Palestro.
June 1859: Battle of Magenta.
June 1859: Battle of Melegnano (1859).
June 1859: One of the bloodiest battles of the 19th century, the Battle of Solferino on June 24, 1859, marked an important step forward in the unification of Italy. The defeat of Austria by the Piedmontese and French troops eventually led to territorial concession of Austria to the Kingdom of Sardinia.
July 1859: The Franco-Sardinian fleet took possession of the island of Lussino in the Gulf of Kvarner and 3,000 men landed, joyfully welcomed by the population who waved the two tricolors. Subsequently, the Austrian military also withdrew from the island of Cres.
40.2.1.Peace of Villafranca
Was an armistice that ended the Second War of Italian Independence. Italy annexed Lombardy from Austria, but had to cede Savoy and Nice to France.
July 1859: Armistice of Villafranca: Austria-Hungary ceded Lombard to the Kingdom of Sardinia (nominally, it was ceded to France which then transferred the region to Sardinia). Austrian and Savoy troops also left militarly occupied territories.
40.3.Third Italian War of Independence
Was the last of the three traditional Italian Wars of Independence, and also represented the southern theatre of the larger Austro-Prussian War. It was fought by the Kingdom of Italy against the Austrian Empire, resulting in the Italian annexion of the remaining territories of the Austrian Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia.
40.3.1.Austrian Operations in Val Vestino
Was an Austrian military operation in Val Vestino during the Third Italian War of Independence.
40.3.2.Austrian Operations in Valtellina
Was an Austrian military operation in Valtellina during the Third Italian War of Independence.
Were a series of wars that resulted in the creation of the German Empire under Prussian leadership in 1871.
41.1.Second Schleswig War
Was a war caused by the status of the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg, that were Dnish possession but at the same also part of the German confederation. When the Danish King died without an heir acceptable to the German Confederation, Prussian and Austrian troops invaded and occupied the duchies.
41.1.1.Gastein Convention
Was an agreement between Prussia and Austria over the occupied duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Saxe-Lauenburg. .
41.2.Austro-Prussian War
Was a war between the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire over the dominance of the German states. The war resulted in a Prussian victory. The German confederation was abolished and in 1871 Prussia united all the German states but Austria in the German Empire.
41.2.1.Front in Bohemia (Austro-Prussian War)
Was the Bohemian front of the Austro-Prussian War.
June 1866: Battle of Hühnerwasser (modern-day Kuřívody, Czech Republic).
June 1866: Battle of Nachod.
June 1866: Battle of Podol.
June 1866: Battle of Skalitz.
June 1866: Battle of Munich Grätz.
June 1866: Battle of Trautenau.
June 1866: Battle of Schweinschädel (modern-day Bitva u Svinišťan, Czech Republic).
June 1866: Battle of Gichin.
June 1866: Battle of Königinhof (modern-day Dvůr Králové nad Labem, Czech Republic)
July 1866: The Battle of Königgrätz was the culminating military event in the 1866 Austro Prussian War. It was also the largest European land battle before World War I. The battle was won by Prussia, that become the dominant German state.
July 1866: Battle of Blumenau.
July 1866: Battle of Trautenau.
41.2.2.Peace Treaties (Austro-Prussian War)
Were a series of treaties that ended the Austro-Prussian War. Prussia annexed the Austro-Prussian condominium of Schleswig and Holstein and several other territories. The German Confederation was dissolved, and a Prussian domained Northern German Confederation, that excluded the southern German states, was created.
August 1866: Peace of Prague: renunciation of rights to the condominium in Schleswig and Holstein; Recognition of Prussian supremacy in northern Germany.
September 1866: After the Austro-Prussian War, Prussia evacuated the territories it had occupied in Austria.
Was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and a coalition led by the Russian Empire, and including Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro.
42.1.Treaty of San Stefano
Was a treaty between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire that ended the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878). The Ottoman Empire recognized the independence of Montenegro, Romania and Serbia.
March 1878: The advancement of Russian forces toward the Ottomans forced them to sign a peace treaty on 3 March 1878, recognising the independence of Montenegro. They also increased Montenegro's territory from 4,405 km² to 9,475 km². Montenegro gained the towns of Nikšić, Kolašin, Spuž, Podgorica, Žabljak, Bar, as well as access to the sea.
42.2.Treaty of Berlin
The Congress of Berlin (13 June - 13 July 1878) was a meeting of the representatives of the era's six great powers in Europe (Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Germany), the Ottoman Empire and four Balkan states (Greece, Serbia, Romania and Montenegro). It aimed at determining the territories of the states in the Balkan Peninsula after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 and came to an end with the signing of the Treaty of Berlin, which replaced the preliminary Treaty of San Stefano. The treaty formally recognized the independence of the de facto sovereign principalities of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro.
July 1878: Territorial change based on available maps.
July 1878: The Vilayet of Bosnia was placed under Austro-Hungarian occupation although it formally remained part of the Ottoman Empire.
A period (1839-1949) of foregin interventions in China resulting in the occupation, conquest or lease of large territories by foregin countries.
43.1.Concessions in China
During the XIX and XX century China was forced into treaties with foreign powers that established concessions (factually enclaves) in its territory.
December 1902: On December 27, 1902, Austria-Hungary gained a concession zone in Tianjin as part of the reward for its contribution to the Alliance during the Boxer Rebellion.
August 1917: Austria-Hungary was, due to World War I, unable to maintain control of its Concession in Tianjin. The concession zone was swiftly occupied by China at the Chinese declaration of war on the Central powers and on 14 August 1917 the lease was terminated.
Were two wars fought in southeastern Europe in 1912-1913 during which the states of the Balkan League (Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia) first conquered Macedonia and much of Thrace from the Ottomans and then clashed with each other over the division of the conquered lands.
44.1.First Balkan War
Was a war fought in southeastern Europe where the states of the Balkan League (Kingdom of Bulgaria, Kingdom of Greece, Kingdom of Montenegro and Kingdom of Serbia) conquered Macedonia and much of Thrace (virtually all remaining territories of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans) from the Ottomans.
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44.1.1.Treaty of London (1913)
The Treaty of London (1913) was signed on 30 May following the London Conference of 1912-13. It ended the First Balkan War and dealt with the territorial adjustments arising out of the conclusion of the First Balkan War.
May 1913: The Treaty of London was signed on 30 May following the London Conference of 1912-13. It dealt with the territorial adjustments arising out of the conclusion of the First Balkan War. Albania was declared independent.
44.2.Second Balkan War
Was a war fought by Bulgary against a coalition of Balkan states. During the First Balkan War the Balkan League had conquered most of the Ottoman Balkan territories. Bulgaria was dissatisfied by the territorial partition and invaded its former allies.
44.2.1.Treaty of Bucarest
Was the treaty that ended the Second Balkan War.
August 1913: The eastern frontier of Serbia was drawn from the top of Patarika and followed the watershed between the Vardar and Struma rivers to the Greek-Bulgarian border, except for the Strumica valley which remained in Bulgaria.
Was a global conflict between two coalitions, the Allies (primarily France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). It was mainly caused by the competition of the western countries over domain in Europe and in the rest of the world with their colonial empires. The war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. The war also caused the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War.
45.1.World War I Balkan Theatre
Was the theatre of war in the Balkan Peninsula during World War I.
45.1.1.Albania during World War I
Albanian theatre of World War I.
January 1917: Austria-Hungary used the French precedent in Korçë to justify the proclamation of the independence of Albania under its protectorate on January 3, 1917 in Shkodër.
45.1.1.1.Collapse of Albania
Invasion of Albania by the central powers during World War I.
January 1916: In late January 1916 Austro-Hungarian forces invaded northern Albania in pursuit of the remnants of the Serbian army.
February 1916: The Austro-Hungarian XIX Army Corps occupied Tirana without encountering resistance.
February 1916: An Austrian attack in force on the morning of February 23, immediately put Italian general Ferrero's units under pressure and prompting the Italian command to order the evacuation of the city. The last units of the Savona Brigade were embarked on the evening of 26 February.
May 1916: An agreement between Vienna and Sofia in April 1916 finally resulted in the cession of the districts of Prizren and Pristina in Kosovo to Bulgaria in exchange for the Bulgarian evacuation of Elbasan in northeastern Albania, where the Austro-Hungarians established a provisional government.
November 1916: French general Sarrail detached a French cavalry column which occupied Korçë the following November 29 with little resistance.
45.1.2.Serbia during World War I
Serbian theatre of World War I.
45.1.2.1.Invasion of Serbia
Invasion of Serbia by the Central Powers during World War I.
August 1914: In 1914, the Austro-Hungarian armies, led by General Oskar Potiorek, crossed the border and the Drina River into Serbia. This marked the beginning of World War I in the region.
August 1914: After a fierce four-day battle in Car, the Austro-Hungarians were forced to retreat.
September 1914: Front line shift in the region of Galicia, which is now part of Ukraine.
October 1914: Under pressure from its allies, Serbia conducted a limited offensive across the Sava river into the Austro-Hungarian region of Syrmia with its Serbian First Army. It was the Battle of Drina.
November 1914: Line to which the Serbian army withdrew voluntarly.
November 1914: Advancement of Austria-Hungary in Serbia by 30th November.
December 1914: The Austro-Hungarian Army entered Belgrade.
December 1914: The Serbian Army recaptured Belgrade. Serbia reconqiered all its territory.
October 1915: The Austro-Hungarians and Germans began their attack on 7 October with their troops crossing the Drina and Sava rivers.
October 1915: The city of Belgrade was captured by the Central Powers.
November 1915: Front Line of Austria Hungary military occupation of Serbia by November 5th, 1914.
November 1915: The Serbian government and supreme command made the decision to retreat through Montenegro and Albania where they hoped to reach the Adriatic coast and be rescued by Allied ships.
January 1916: By January 1916, the Serbian Army had been defeated by an Austrian-Hungarian, German and Bulgarian invasion.
45.1.3.Montenegro during World War I
Montenegrin theatre of World War I.
45.1.3.1.Invasion of Montenegro
Invasion fo Montenegro by the Central Powers during World War I.
January 1916: The Austro-Hungarian 62nd and 53rd Infantry Division entered Montenegro from the North-East.
January 1916: Austro-Hungarian forces advanced towards Pljevlja and Bijelo Polje, where they were stopped by the Montenegrins in the Battle of Mojkovac.
January 1916: The Austrian 10th and 18th Mountain brigades advanced from Novi Pazar and on 10 January took the city of Berane.
January 1916: By 11 January 1916, Mount Lovćen was in Austrian hands.
January 1916: The vanguard of the Austrian army reached the Montenegrin capital Cetinje.
January 1916: The Austro-Hungarian 205th and 9th Mountain brigades advanced westwards from Priština and took Peć and Velika.
January 1916: The government of Montenegro issued a proclamation to the Montenegrin armed forces to surrender all weapons and signed an armistice with Austria-Hungary.
45.1.4.Liberation of the Balkan States
Was the liberation of the Balkan states from the Central Powers during World War I.
October 1918: The 2nd Serbian Army under Stepa Stepanovic, with French forces, advanced northwest towards Kosovo. Pristina was liberated by the 11th French Colonial Division on 10 October.
October 1918: Peć conquered by Kingdom of Serbia.
October 1918: Colonel Dragutin Milutinović led a Serbian force, the "Scutari Troops" (later "Adriatic Troops"), northwest through Albania aiming to liberate Montenegro. This force arrived in Podgorica on 31 October.
November 1918: Belgrade conquered by Kingdom of Serbia.
November 1918: The Serbian army reached the border with Bosnia-Hercegovina at Dobor Pole.
November 1918: After a last skirmish, the Austro-Hungarian occupation force evacuated Montenegro.
45.2.World War I eastern Front
Was the theatre of war in eastern Europe during World War I.
February 1915: Russian advancement on the Eastern front by 7th February.
January 1916: During the first year of the war, German and Austrian troops quickly conquered the Russian Vistula Land, the former Congress Poland, and in 1915, divided its administration between a German Governor General in Warsaw and an Austrian counterpart in Lublin.
45.2.1.Battle of Galicia
Was a major battle between Russia and Austria-Hungary during the early stages of World War I. The Austro-Hungarian armies were severely defeated and forced out of Galicia.
August 1914: The Austro-Hungarian 1st Army under Viktor Dankl moved in the north towards Lublin. Battle of Kraśnik.
August 1914: Battle of Komarow.
August 1914: Battle of Gnila Lipa won by Russia.
September 1914: Battle of Rawa won by Russia.
September 1914: Avancement into Galica by Russia.
December 1914: After the battle of Lodz in 1914, the Eastern Front of World War I stabilized between the cities of Lodz and Warsaw.
45.2.2.Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive
The Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive during World War I was initially conceived as a minor German offensive to relieve Russian pressure on the Austro-Hungarians to their south on the Eastern Front, but resulted in the Central Powers' chief offensive effort of 1915, causing the total collapse of the Russian lines and their retreat far into Russia.
May 1915: The Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive during World War I was initially conceived as a minor German offensive to relieve Russian pressure on the Austro-Hungarians to their south on the Eastern Front, but resulted in the Central Powers' chief offensive effort of 1915, causing the total collapse of the Russian lines and their retreat far into Russia.
June 1915: Border changes during the Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive.
June 1915: The Russians abandoned Galicia.
September 1915: Border changes during the Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive.
45.2.3.Brusilov Offensive
Was a major Russian offensive against the Central Powers during World War I.
June 1916: Russian conquests of the Brusilov Offensive.
July 1916: Russian conquests of the Brusilov Offensive.
September 1916: Russian conquests of the Brusilov Offensive.
45.2.4.Romania during World War I
Romanian theatre of World War I.
May 1918: Romania signed a formal peace treaty with the Central Powers, the Treaty of Bucharest of 1918. Romania ceded the Carpathian mountain passes to Austria-Hungary. The central powers evacuated the remnant territories of Romania.
45.2.4.1.Battle of Transylvania
Was the first major operation of Romania against Austria-Hungary during World War I.
45.2.5.Kerensky Offensive
Was the last Russian offensive of World War I. Starting on July 1, 1917 the Russian troops attacked the Austro-Germans in Galicia, pushing toward Lviv.
July 1917: In the last Russian offensive of World War I, the Russian troops attacked the Austro-Germans in Galicia, pushing toward Lviv.
July 1917: The Russian line collapsed altogether by July 16. On the 18th the Austro-Germans counterattacked, meeting little resistance and advancing through Galicia and Ukraine until the Zbruch River.
July 1917: The Russians retreated about 240 kilometers in the territory of modern-day Ukraine.
45.3.World War I Italian Theatre
Involved a series of battles at the border between Austria-Hungary and Italy, fought between 1915 and 1918 in the course of World War I.
June 1916: Limit of Austrian advance from Tyrol.
June 1916: In 1916, during World War I, the Austrians voluntarily withdrew to the defensive line in Tyrol, known as the "Line of Demarcation."
October 1917: Line after the last six italian attacks.
45.3.1.Italian initial gains (Italian Front of WWI)
Were the early military operations against Austria-Hungary in the Italian front of World War I.
June 1915: Areas occupied by italy up to the first battle with Austria Hungary.
45.3.2.Battles of Isonzo (I-V)
Were a series of 12 battles between the Austro-Hungarian and Italian armies in World War I mostly on the territory of present-day Slovenia.
March 1916: The Italians launched the Fifth Battle of the Isonzo on 9 March 1916, and captured the strategic Mount Sabatino.
45.3.3.Battles of Isonzo (VI)
Were a series of 12 battles between the Austro-Hungarian and Italian armies in World War I mostly on the territory of present-day Slovenia.
March 1916: Line after the first five italian attacks (Isonzo front).
August 1916: An Italian offensive gained nothing of strategic value but did take Gorizia.
45.3.4.Battle of Caporetto
The Battle of Caporetto (also known as the Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo) was fought between the Kingdom of Italy and the Central Powers. It was the most serious defeat in the history of the Italian army, leading to the retreat of the entire Italian army as far as the Piave river.
October 1917: Conquests by Austrian and German forces following the Battle of Caporetto, or the Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo. The battle was fought on the Italian front of World War I, between the combined forces of the Austro-Hungarian and German armies against the Italian Royal Army. The attack, which began on October 24, 1917, led to the most severe defeat in the history of the Italian army, the collapse of entire army corps, and the retreat of the entire Italian army to the Piave River.
November 1917: Conquests by Austrian and German forces following the Battle of Caporetto, or the Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo. The battle was fought on the Italian front of World War I, between the combined forces of the Austro-Hungarian and German armies against the Italian Royal Army. The attack, which began on October 24, 1917, led to the most severe defeat in the history of the Italian army, the collapse of entire army corps, and the retreat of the entire Italian army to the Piave River.
45.3.5.Battle of Vittorio Veneto
It was the last armed clash between Italy and the Austro-Hungarian Empire during the First World War.
October 1918: Conquests by the Italian Kingdom after the battle of Vittorio Veneto.
November 1918: Conquests by the Italian Kingdom after the battle of Vittorio Veneto.
November 1918: An Italian naval Expedition seized Trieste on 3 November. Also Trento is taken the same day.
45.3.6.Occupation of northern Dalmatia and Tyrol
Was the Italian occupation of Austro-Hungarian territories in Dalmatia and Tyrol at the end of World War I.
November 1918: From 5-6 November 1918, Italian forces were reported to have reached Lissa, Lagosta, Sebenico, and other localities on the Dalmatian coast.
November 1918: After November 4th, the Italian military occupied also Innsbruck and all Tyrol.
45.4.Aftermath of World War I
Were a series of treaties and military events that can be considered a direct consequence of World War I.
October 1918: The Czechoslovak declaration of independence, created in Washington, was published by the Czechoslovak National Council, signed by Masaryk, Štefánik and Beneš on October 18, 1918 in Paris, and proclaimed on October 28 in Prague.
November 1918: The Banat Republic was proclaimed on November 1, 1918 in Timisoara in the area of the historical Banat.
November 1918: All territories of Cislethania that were not de facto controlled by other states (for example Czechoslovakia) became the Republic of German Austria.
September 1919: The Treaty of St. Germain established the borders of Austria.
May 1934: The Federal State of Austria was a continuation of the First Austrian Republic between 1934 and 1938 when it was a one-party state led by the clerico-fascist Fatherland Front.
45.4.1.Aftermath of World War I in Poland
Events that happened shortly after the end of World War I in Poland.
45.4.1.Aftermath of World War I in Yugoslavia
Events that happened shortly after the end of World War I in Yugoslavia.
October 1918: The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs was a political entity that was constituted at the end of World War I, by Slovenes, Croats and Serbs resident in what were the southernmost parts of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
December 1918: Thirty-three days after it was proclaimed, the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs joined the Kingdom of Serbia to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
45.4.2.Aster Revolution
Was a revolution in Hungary led by Count Mihály Károlyi in the aftermath of World War I which led to the foundation of the short-lived First Hungarian People's Republic.
October 1918: A revolution in Hungary led by Count Mihály Károlyi, in the aftermath of World War I, led to the foundation of the short-lived First Hungarian People's Republic.
45.4.3.Hungarian-Romanian War
Was a war between Romania and Hungary over territorial disputes after the dissolution of Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I.
45.4.3.1.Hungarian-Romanian War Aftermath
The border between Romania and Hungary after World War I was decided in the The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919).
September 1919: The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye is signed, recognizing Romanian sovereignty over Bukovina but the frontiers of Romania was to be later fixed.
45.4.4.Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia
Was a military engagement that ensued in the aftermath of World War I between forces loyal to the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and later the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and forces loyal to the Republic of German-Austria.
45.4.4.1.Second Yugoslavian Offensive
Was a Yugoslavian offensive against Austrian forces during the Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia.
May 1919: On 2 May Austrian Carinthian units took control of Völkermarkt.
May 1919: The Austrian counter-offensive reached the Gallizien-Apače-Sankt Margareten im Rosental line.
May 1919: The remaining Slovene units continued to retreat back into lower Styria, while almost all of the Carinthian area that was gained during the winter clashes was lost to the advancing Austrian units. The last to fall was Dravograd.
May 1919: Before the Royal Yugoslav Army's 36th infantry regiment under control of Lt.Col. Vladimir Uzorinac managed to hold ground in Guštanj (Gutenstein).
June 1919: The Royal Yugoslav Army's 36th infantry regiment under control of Lt.Col. Vladimir Uzorinac managed to hold ground in Guštanj (Gutenstein).
November 1920: The border in Carinthia was decided through a Plebiscite after the treaty of Saint Germain. Most of the population voted for Austria. The region was placed under Austrian administration on 18 November 1920 and declared part of the sovereign Austrian Republic on November 22.
45.4.4.2.Third Yugoslavian Offensive
Was a Yugoslavian offensive against Austrian forces during the Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia.
June 1919: On May 26 a new Yugoslav offensive was authorised which lasted throughout May and until June 6, during which they managed to capture much of the Klagenfurt region to as north as Maria Saal.
45.4.4.3.First Yugoslavian Offensive
Was a Yugoslavian offensive against Austrian forces during the Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia.
November 1919: Captain Alfred Lavrič's unit (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes) was designated to be in charge of capturing Carinthia, and began taking control of the territory on 13 November, when his units entered the Jaun Valley and Ferlach.
November 1919: Captain Rudolf Knez entered Sittersdorf (Žitara vas) and settled his units there.
November 1919: From November 27 onward, the Slovene fighters under direct command of Maister, took control of Spielfeld, Bad Radkersburg, Mureck, Leutschach, Marenberg, and Muta, while the units from Celje under command of Franjo Malgaj took control of the Meža Valley and Bleiburg.
November 1919: Units from Ljubljana took control of Dravograd, Lavamünd and Sankt Paul. The capture of Völkermarkt on November 30 sparked much criticism, as it allegedly wasn't included in the demarcation line plans.
45.4.5.Treaty of St Germain
Was a treaty that settled the dissolution of Austria-Hungary after World War I.
September 1919: After World War I, the southern half of the former Tyrolean crownland up to the Brenner Pass, including predominantly German-speaking South Tyrol and the present-day Trentino province, together with the Carinthian Canal Valley around Tarvisio fell to Italy, as well as the Austrian Littoral (Gorizia and Gradisca, the Imperial Free City of Trieste, and Istria as recognized by the Treaty of Rapallo in 1920).
Was a Civil War in Russia that involved varios factions but mainly the Bolsheviks and the conservative White Army in the core Russian territories, as well as a multitude of local secessionist states. At the end of war the Bolsheviks were victorious and established the Soviet Union.
46.1.Ukrainian-Soviet War
Was a conflict between Ukrainian nationalist forces and the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War. It also included a multitude of ethnical and local factions.
November 1918: The West Ukrainian People's Republic was proclaimed.
Was an uprising in the city of Sopron in western Hungary that had been assigned to Austria after World War I. After a referendum Sopron and its surrounding eigth villages were transferred from Austria to Hungary.
December 1921: The Sopron plebiscite took place on December 14-16, 1921. Sopron and surronding areas are awarded to Hungary.
Was the annexation of the Federal State of Austria into the German Reich on 13 March 1938.
March 1938: On 12 March, the German Wehrmacht crossed the border into Austria, unopposed by the Austrian military. The Germans were greeted with great enthusiasm. A plebiscite held on 10 April officially ratified Austria's annexation by the Reich.
Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.
49.1.End of World War II in Europe
Refers to the surrender of Axis forces and the end of World War II and to the territorial changes that were a direct consequence of World War II but happened after the traditional end of the War.
49.1.1.Austrian State Treaty
The Austrian State Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state after World War II.
July 1955: The Austrian State Treaty was signed on May 15, 1955, in Vienna, Austria. The treaty was signed by the foreign ministers of the United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, and France, officially ending the Allied occupation of Austria and re-establishing the country as a sovereign state.
January 1174: Schwyz fell to the Habsburgs.
January 1201: Expansion of the Hababsurg possessions in central Switzerland.
January 1219: The House of Zähringen died out in 1218, which put an end to the dream of this noble family of establishing a territorially closed princely state in the area of southern Germany and German-speaking Switzerland. A large part of the inheritance, eas acquired by the Habsburgs.
January 1241: Schwyz is declared a free imperial valley.
January 1246: The County of Carniola falls to Austria.
January 1247: Krain is acquired by the Duchy of Carinthia.
January 1250: After the death of the first Meranian Duke in 1159, his son Konrad III. was his successor. He is only mentioned as Duke of Merania, thus Croatia and Dalmatia had disappeared from the Duchy.
January 1265: After the Kyburgs died out in 1264, their possessions passed to the Habsburgs through inheritance.
January 1265: In 1264 Laupen was conquered by Rudolf von Habsburg.
January 1268: In 1267 Peter of Savoy conquered Laupen.
January 1269: The imperial county of Ortenau entered into the domains of the Habsburgs.
January 1270: Laupen was reconquered by Rudolf von Habsburg.
January 1271: As early as 1269, the Regensbergers sold Grüningen to the Habsburgs.
January 1274: With the end of Hohenstaufen Dynasty influence from 1273, many imperial territories were acquired by states of the Holy Roman Empire.
January 1277: Krain is annexed to Austria.
January 1278: Freiburg im Üechtland was bought by the House of Habsburg in 1277 for 3040 silver marks.
August 1278: Rudolf I of Habsburg defeats Ottokar II of Bohemia at the Battle of Marchfeld and takes over his Austrian possessions: Austria and Styria. These territories, the hereditary states, formed the heart of the possessions of the House of Habsburg.
January 1282: Löwenstein is acquired by the Habsburg Dynasty.
January 1284: For almost 500 years, Villingen was part of the Upper Austria. Only from 1806 to 1918 did Villingen belong to the Grand Duchy of Baden.
January 1284: The county of Löwenstein was acquired by Albert of Schenkenberg who took the title of count of Löwenstein.
January 1287: In 1286, the territory of Carinthia was transferred to the control of the Görz County, ruled by the Counts of Gorizia-Tyrol.
January 1289: In 1288 Pappenheim was granted town rights by King Rudolf von Habsburg.
January 1292: In 1291 Rudolf I of Habsburg acquired authority over the Monastery of St. Leodgar and its lands, including Lucerne.
January 1292: Because the people of Veringen were obviously in dire financial straits, Heinrich (the younger) sold the territory, now called the county, to Rudolf von Habsburg in 1291.
January 1296: In 1295, the rulers of Eschenlohe became extinct and the county was partitioned between Austria and the Duchy of Bavaria.
January 1301: The Habsburg pledged the county of Behringen back to the Veringers.
January 1301: Rudolf I of Germany acquires Grüningen-Landau.
January 1302: Transfer of the Burgau Margraviate to the Habsburgs around 1301.
January 1304: Burkard de Frick mentions the existence of the village and writes that in 1303 the castle and the village of Landser were bought by the princes of the house of Austria.
September 1306: Walter IV von Eschenbach-Schnabelburg sold the castle along with other properties in August 1306 to Albrecht von Habsburg's sons.
January 1325: Bern annexes Laupen.
January 1325: In 1324 the county passed to the Habsburgs through the marriage of the heiress Johanna von Pfirt to Albrecht II, Duke of Austria.
January 1332: Warthausen is acquired by the Habsburgs.
January 1333: In 1332, the city of Lucerne, trying to achieve Reichsfreiheit from the Habsburgs, joined the Swiss Confederacy.
January 1336: Carinithia and Carniola are annexed to the Austrian domains.
January 1344: The last Count of Berg-Schelklingen sold the dominion to the House of Austria in 1343 and received it back as a fief. When the last Count of Berg-Schelklingen died in 1346, the rule of Schelklingen fell to Austria.
January 1344: In 1343 the Berge Lordship fell to Austria.
January 1347: After the Berger Grafenhaus died out, Ehingen fell to the House of Austria in 1346.
May 1352: On May 1, 1351, Zug was finally completely surrounded by federal territory. On June 8, 1352, the Confederates besieged the city of Zug after the surrounding area had offered no resistance. When Duke Albrecht of Habsburg refused to send help, the city was handed over.
January 1356: From 1355 to 1797 the town of triberg belonged to the House of Habsburg and thus to the Austrian dominion of Anterior Austria.
January 1361: Aalen is declared a Free Imperial City.
January 1369: Freiburg ia annexed by Austria.
January 1370: In 1369, Tyrol fell through the Treaty of Schärding to the Habsburgs.
January 1376: Montfort-Feldkirch is sold to Austria.
January 1376: Feldkirch is acquired by the Habsburgs.
January 1379: Based on Gustav Droysen's Map of the Holy Roman Empire in the XIV century.
January 1379: The St. Blasien Abbey is acquired by the Habsburgs.
January 1382: Hohenberg County is sold to Austria.
January 1385: The da Carrara of padua took control of Treviso.
January 1386: Threatened by the expansion policy of the city of Lucerne, the town of Sempach joined Lucerne on January 6, 1386.
January 1391: Schaumberg is made a fief of Austria.
January 1396: The Free Imperial Valley of Glarus becomes a member of the Swiss Confederation.
January 1398: In 1397 the castle of Unspunnen came into the possession of the Bernese.
January 1403: Acquisitions of the Old Swiss Confederacy in the Zürichgau.
January 1404: Freiburg im Üechtland renews an alliance treaty with Bern ("Burgrecht treaty").
January 1409: Bern bought Thun and Burgdorf, the most important cities of Neu-Kyburg, and the remaining towns of Neu-Kyburg by 1408.
January 1412: In 1411, Friuli was a battleground between the imperial army led by Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Venetian army. The conflict was between the cities of Cividale and Udine. In December 1411, the emperor's forces successfully captured Udine, leading to the territory falling under the control of the Habsburg Domains.
January 1412: In 1411, Friuli was the site of a conflict between the imperial army, led by Emperor Sigismund, and the Venetian army. The city of Udine, aligned with Venice, was taken by the emperor's forces in December 1411, resulting in the territory falling under the control of the Habsburg Domains.
January 1413: The Swiss conquered the Aargau. A large part became Bernese, while the County of Baden was subsequently administered by the confederation as a common property until 1798.
January 1414: Werdenberg-Heiligenberg is sold to Austria.
January 1416: Acquisitions of the Old Swiss Confederacy in the Zürichgau.
July 1419: The Venetian troops, led by the condottiero Niccolò Piccinino, gradually pushed back the imperial forces of the Holy Roman Empire. On July 13, 1419, the Venetians successfully occupied Cividale, a strategic town in the region of Friuli, solidifying their control over the territory.
June 1420: Udine fell to Venetian forces.
August 1420: In 1420, a peace treaty between the Republic of Venice and the Holy Roman Empire solidified the de facto control over the territory.
January 1421: In 1420, Rovereto became a Venetian colony after being annexed by the Republic of Venice. The territory was governed by a Podestà, Provveditore, and Castellano appointed by Venice until 1509.
January 1438: When Bohemian king Sigismund of Luxembourg died in 1437, the Bohemian estates elected Albert of Austria as his successor.
January 1452: The Elder line of Montfort sold its territories to Austria.
January 1454: Acquisitions of the Old Swiss Confederacy in the Zürichgau.
January 1454: In 1452 the duke pledged his county and state of Friedberg to the steward Eberhard von Waldburg, including the castle and the town of Scheer, the castle, castle stables, town grounds, courts, compulsions, bans, fishing rights, taxes, plus the bailiwick of the villages of Tissen (Groß - and small bites). This pledge agreement was converted into a purchase agreement a few days later.
January 1458: After Ladislaus the Posthumous, who was both King of Bohemia and Duke of Austria, died of leukemia in 1457, the Bohemian estates elected George of Poděbrady as king of Bohemia.
January 1458: The western Duchy of Auschwitz was sold to the Polish king in 1457.
June 1461: Duke Sigismund of Austria got involved in a power struggle with Pope Pius II over the nomination of a bishop in Tyrol in 1460. The confederates took advantage of the problems of the Habsburgs and conquered the Habsburg Thurgau and the region of Sargans in the autumn of 1460, which became both commonly administered property. In a peace treaty from June 1, 1461, the duke had no choice but to accept the new situation.
January 1466: Tengen County is sold to Austria and attached to Further Austria.
January 1466: Via Duke Sigismund of Tyrol, who bought the castle from the Lords of Matsch for 2000 guilders, Tarasp came into Habsburg and thus Austrian possession as a county in 1464.
January 1467: After several changes of ownership, Count Hugo von Werdenberg sold Belfort to Sigmund of Austria in 1466.
January 1470: In 1469, Siegmund of Austria-Tyrol pledged the county of Pfirt to Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy.
January 1478: Based on Gustav Droysen's Map of the Holy Roman Empire in the XV century.
January 1478: Through the marriage of Mary of Burgundy to Maximilian of Austria, Pfirt reverted to the Habsburgs.
December 1482: In 1482, the Burgundian territories passed to the Habsburg Domains. This transfer of power occurred during the reign of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, who was married to Mary of Burgundy, the heiress of the Burgundian territories.
January 1494: With parts of the Burgundian inheritance, Charolais came first to France in 1477 and to the House of Habsburg in 1493, but remained under the feudal sovereignty and within the legal sphere of the French crown.
January 1498: In 1497 the city and the rulership of Haigerloch fell to the Hohenzollerns through an exchange.
January 1501: In 1500, the Reichsgrafschaft Goerz territory became extinct and was transferred to the Habsburg Domains.
January 1515: In 1514, Bartolomeo d'Alviano definitively brought Pordenone back under the control of the Venice.
January 1517: King Charles I, known as Emperor Charles V, in 1516 united all the kingdoms on the Iberian peninsula, save the Kingdoms of Portugal and the Algarve. At the same time his territories also encompassed the Habsburg domains in central Europe and in the Low Countries.
January 1520: Württemberg proper is acquired by Austria.
January 1522: The Kleve-Mark Duchy is disestablished.
January 1524: The Montfort younger line sold to Austria.
January 1524: In 1523, George of Schellenberg, a nobleman and landowner, was forced to sell Krnov to the Hohenzollern margrave George of Brandenburg-Ansbach.
November 1526: On 29 August 1526, at the Battle of Mohács, the Christian forces led by Louis II of Hungary were defeated by Ottoman forces led by Suleiman. The Ottoman victory led to the partition of Hungary for several centuries between the Ottoman Empire, the Habsburg Monarchy, and the Principality of Transylvania.
November 1526: Battle of Mohacs.
December 1526: In 1526 Vladislav's son, King Louis, was decisively defeated by the Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Mohács and subsequently died. As a result, the Turks conquered part of the Kingdom of Hungary, and the rest (mainly present-day Slovakia territory) came under Habsburg rule under the terms of King Louis' marriage contract.
January 1535: The Duchy of Württemberg is restored.
January 1536: With the arbitral award of Trento in 1535, Aquileia was returned to the Patriarch.
January 1537: Pazin was acquired by the Habsburgs.
January 1544: In 1543 Nicolò Della Torre had an Austrian garrison set up in Aquileia, putting an end to the temporal dominion of the patriarchs over the city.
January 1548: Based on Gustav Droysen's Map of the Holy Roman Empire at the time of the Reformation.
January 1549: In 1547, King Ferdinand of Bohemia ceded Plauen to the Burgrave of Meissen.
January 1549: In 1548, as a reward for the knights' service in the wars against the Turks, Emperor Charles V granted it princely rank and admitted it to the Imperial Diet "with seat and vote".
September 1550: Mahdiya conquered by austria.
January 1554: Hagenau is annexed by Austria.
January 1556: The Seventeen Provinces were a group of territories in the Low Countries, including modern-day Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg. Emperor Charles V was a powerful ruler of the Habsburg Empire who abdicated in 1556, passing the territories to his son, King Philip II of Spain.
January 1556: Charles V, who was King of Spain and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, left the Spanish Empire to his son Philip and the Austrian Lands to his brother Ferdinand I.
January 1557: In 1556, Milan became a subsidiary country of the Spanish crown as a result of the Habsburg division of inheritance.
January 1571: In 1570, John II of Hungary signed the Treaty of Speyer with Maximilian of Habsburg. John II renounced his claim as king of Hungary in favor of Maximilian, thus ending the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom.
January 1571: In 1570, John II signed the Treaty of Speyer with Ferdinand's successor, Maximilian. John II again renounced his claim as king of Hungary in favor of Maximilian, thus ending the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom.
January 1573: Conquests in Hungary by the Habsburgs in 1572.
January 1602: After 1601 the Principality of Transylvania for a short time was under the rule of Rudolf I.
January 1623: In 1622 Oderberg (today Bohumín) was confiscated by Emperor Rudolf II and fell under Austrian sovereignty.
January 1642: Sternstein County gains imperial immediacy.
January 1657: On July 17, 1651, Count Johann Ludwig von Sulz sold the Rafzerfeld[20] with all sovereign rights to the city of Zurich and in 1656 the northern part of the county to the city of Schaffhausen, which had belonged to the Confederation since 1501.
January 1676: In 1675, the Bishopric of Bamberg relinquished sovereignty over the properties in Carinthia and sold them to the Habsburgs.
November 1682: Oath of allegiance of Imre Thököly to the sultan.
January 1684: In 1683, during the Great Turkish War, the Ottoman Empire laid siege to Vienna. The city was successfully defended by the Holy Roman Empire led by King John III Sobieski of Poland. This victory marked a turning point in the Ottoman-Habsburg wars and led to the liberation of Hungary from Ottoman rule.
January 1684: Following the Battle of Vienna in the same year, the area was ceded to the Principality of Transylvania.
December 1686: In 1686, Frederick William turned toward the Habsburg emperor, with whom he concluded an alliance on 22 December 1686. For this alliance, Frederick William relinquished rights on Silesia in favor of the Habsburgs, and in turn received the Silesian County of Schwiebus which bordered the Neumark.
January 1702: In 1701 the Margraviate of Baden-Baden was enfeoffed with the Landvogtei.
January 1705: John Churchill, the 1st Duke of Marlborough, was honored by Emperor Leopold I with the title of Imperial Prince on April 28, 1704, in recognition of his outstanding military achievements during the War of the Spanish Succession. He was granted control of the newly created Principality of Mindelheim.
January 1708: The slow decline of Mantua began, accompanied by the decline of the lordship of the Gonzagas who, in 1707, left the city in Austrian hands.
January 1709: From 1708 to 1733 the State of the Presidi passed to the crown of Austria.
April 1711: After the unsettled period of Rákóczi's War of Independence, the Principality of Transylvania was subordinated within the Habsburg Monarchy.
January 1718: Formed from the territories to the south of the rivers Sava and Danube, corresponding to the Sanjak of Smederevo, it was conquered by the Habsburgs from the Ottoman Empire in 1717.
January 1723: Bankipur was an ancient village on the Hugli river located in what is now West Bengal, north of Barrackpore, a little north of Ishapore.
January 1734: Bourbons start their rule on the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
January 1739: Austria conquers Guastalla.
January 1743: The southern part of the duchy and the town of Jägerndorf itself remained with Bohemia and were added to the newly created Austrian Silesia.
January 1766: The Hohenems Imperial County is acquired by the Habsburgs.
January 1769: Austria conquers the Barony of Retegno-Bettola.
January 1776: In 1775 Moldavia lost to the Habsburg Empire its northwestern part, which became known as Bukovina.
January 1777: Austria conquers Rolo.
December 1777: Electoral Palatinate-Bavaria came into being in 1777 when Elector Karl Theodor took over the inheritance of the Bavarian line of his house (Electorate of Bavaria), which had died out in the male line.
July 1778: The Nicobarese natives signed a document that ceded all twenty-four islands to Austria.
January 1786: The colonists continued on, and managed successfully until Gottfried Stahl, leader of the colonization effort, died in 1783. After Stahl's death, the remaining colonists decided to abandon the islands in 1785.
January 1787: Based on Gustav Droysen's Map of the Holy Roman Empire in the XVIII century.
October 1809: The Tarnopolsky District of Austria within the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria was cquired by Russia under an agreement.
May 1816: Only in the Munich Treaty did the Kingdom of Bavaria finally cede the Innviertel and other areas to the Austrian Empire on May 1, 1816.
January 1819: The former Bohemian area of Auschwitz-Zator is transferred to the Austrian territories that were within the borders of the Holy Roman Empire.
October 1819: In 1818 the Principality von der Leyen passed to the Grand Duchy of Baden.
November 1846: In 1846, in the aftermath of the unsuccessful Kraków Uprising, the Free City of Cracow was annexed by the Austrian Empire.
January 1851: In 1850 the city of Rolo was ceded to the Duchy of Modena and Reggio with the Treaty of Vienna.
January 1857: The Principality of Moldavia falls under international protection (1856-1859).
May 1858: Grand Voivode Mirko Petrović, elder brother of Danilo I, led a strong army of 7,500 and won a crucial battle against the Turks. This victory forced the Great Powers to officially demarcate the borders between Montenegro and Ottoman Turkey, de facto recognizing Montenegro's centuries-long independence. Montenegro gained Grahovo, Rudine, Nikšić, more than half of Drobnjaci, Tušina, Uskoci, Lipovo, Upper Vasojevići, and part of Kuči and Dodoši tribal regions.
August 1866: In 1866, the German Confederation was dissolved following the Austro-Prussian War.
June 1867: After Austria was defeated in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 was adopted, joining together the Kingdom of Hungary and the Empire of Austria to form Austria-Hungary.
October 1908: Bosnia is annexed by Austria-Hungary.
September 1914: Siege of Przemyśl.
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austria
