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The cluster includes all the forms of Ancient Egypt up to the Ptolemaic Kingdom.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Ancient Egypt
Ptolemaic Kingdom
Establishment
January 3149 BC: Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt in c. 3150 BC and start of the Early Dynastic Period, also known as Archaic Period or the Thinite Period.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Upper and Lower Egypt were unified in c. 3150 BC, starting the Early Dynastic Period of Egypt.
Military campaigns by Egyptian Pharaoh Hor-Aha.
January 3099 BC: Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt in c. 3150 BC and start of the Early Dynastic Period, also known as Archaic Period or the Thinite Period.
January 3099 BC: The Egyptian Pharaoh Hor-Aha led an expedition against the Nubians.
February 3099 BC: The Egyptian Pharaoh Hor-Aha led an expedition against the Nubians.
It is believed that in ca. 2700 BC the Egyptian Pharaoh decided to split the Kingdom of Ancient Egypt between his two sons.
3.1.Split of Ancient Egypt in Lower and Higher Egypt
It is believed that in ca. 2700 BC the Egyptian Pharaoh decided to split the Kingdom of Ancient Egypt between his two sons.
January 2699 BC: Partition of Egypt into Lower and Upper Egypt. It is believed that Egyptian Pharaoh Senedj split Egypt between his two sons.
3.2.Reunification of Lower and Higher Egypt
The division of Egypt that happened in ca. 2700 BC was brought to an end by king Khasekhemwy.
January 2689 BC: The division of Egypt was brought to an end by Pharaoh Khasekhemwy.
Ancient Egyptian military expedition into Sinai.
January 2659 BC: Egyptian Pharaoh Djoser led a military expeditions to the Sinai Peninsula, during which the local inhabitants were subdued.
Military campaigns of Pharoah Sneferu in Libya and Nubia.
January 2588 BC: The Annals of Sneferu on the Palermo Stone and Cairo Fragment no. 4 record Egyptian expeditions against the Nubians and Libyans with a resulting booty of prisoners and cattle
February 2588 BC: The Annals of Sneferu on the Palermo Stone and Cairo Fragment no. 4 record Egyptian expeditions against the Nubians and Libyans with a resulting booty of prisoners and cattle
Military campaign of Egyptian Pharoh Pepi I in Nubia.
January 2331 BC: Egyptian Pharaoh Pepi I's reign was marked by aggressive expansion into Nubia. The Pharaoh received the Nubian chieftains on the southern border.
Was a period of weak central power in Ancient Egypt.
January 2215 BC: During the reign of Pharaoh Pepi II Neferkare, Nubia became again indipendent from Egypt.
January 2169 BC: The First Intermediate Period was a dynamic time in which rule of Egypt was roughly equally divided between two competing power bases. One of the bases was at Heracleopolis in Lower Egypt, a city just south of the Faiyum region, and the other was at Thebes, in Upper Egypt.
January 2024 BC: The Theban ruler Mentuhotep II, after his rise around 2025 B.C., reunited Lower and Upper Egypt.
The military campaign of Pharaoh Mentuhotep II in Nubia.
January 2024 BC: Egyptian Pharaoh Mentuhotep II launched military campaigns under the command of his vizier Khety south into Nubia (which had gained its independence during the First Intermediate Period) during his 29th and 31st years of reign. This is the first attested appearance of the term Kush for Nubia in Egyptian records. In particular, Mentuhotep posted a garrison on the island fortress of Elephantine so troops could rapidly be deployed southwards.
Was a period when ancient Egypt was broken into smaller dynasties for a second time, between the end of the Middle Kingdom and the start of the New Kingdom.
9.1.Secession of Avaris (XIV Dinasty)
Creation of one of the many local dynasties that emerged in Ancient Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period.
January 1704 BC: Pharaoh Nehesi founded a separate Dynasty (the XIV Dynasty) in Avaris around 1705 BC.
9.2.Secession of Xois (XIV Dinasty)
Creation of one of the many local dynasties that emerged in Ancient Egypt during the second intermediate period.
January 1693 BC: The sixth nome of Lower Egypt, whose capital was Xoïs, was ruled by the XIVth dynasty of Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period. It is unclear whether this Dynasty also ruled at the same time over Avaris.
9.3.Conquests of the Hyksos
The Hyksos were people of probable Levantine origin who established the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt (1650-1550 BC).
January 1649 BC: The Hyksos were people of probable Levantine origin, who established the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Based at the city of Avaris in the Nile delta, from where they ruled the northern part of the country.
January 1642 BC: The Pharaohs of the XIIIth dynasty ruled over most of Egypt until Dedumose I. Then the Hyksos seized seized Egypt, thanks to the support of their superior technology.
9.4.Secession of Abydos Dinasty
Creation of one of the many local dynasties that emerged in Ancient Egypt during the second intermediate period.
January 1649 BC: The discovery of the tomb of an unknown pharaoh, Senebkay, accredits the thesis of a possible local dynasty, baptized "Dynasty of Abydos" which would be parallel to the XVth and XVIth dynasties.
January 1599 BC: The Abydos Dynasty disappeared approximately in 1600 BC.
9.5.War between Thebes and Hyksos
The Egyptian dynasty of Thebes reconquered most of the secessionist polities and reuinited Egypt.
January 1559 BC: Egyptian Pharaoh Senakhtenre Ahmose, of the XVIIth dynasty reconquered Nubia.
January 1559 BC: Pharaoh Ahmose I conquered Thebes.
January 1549 BC: Pharaoh Ahmose I completed the conquest and expulsion of the Hyksos from the Nile Delta.
Military campaigns of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ahmose I.
January 1549 BC: Pharaoh Ahmose I reasserted Egyptian power in Canaan.
January 1549 BC: Pharaoh Ahmose I reasserted Egyptian power in Canaan.
January 1523 BC: Pharaoh Ahmose I successfully reasserted Egyptian power in its formerly subject territories of Nubia and Canaan.
10.1.Punitive Expedition in Canaan
Military campaign of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ahmose I in Canaan.
January 1526 BC: Ahmose I began a military expedition in Syria and Nubia during his 22nd year of reign. He reached Djahy in the Levant and perhaps as far as the Euphrates. Ahmose did reach at least as far as Kedem (thought to be near Byblos), according to an ostracon in the tomb of his wife, Ahmose-Nefertari.
February 1526 BC: Ahmose I started a military expedition in Syria and Nubia during his 22nd year of reign. At the end of the expedition the Pharaoh left most of the territories.
Military campaign of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Amenhotep I in Nubia.
January 1529 BC: Two tomb texts indicate that Egyptian Pharaoh Amenhotep I led campaigns into Nubia. He sought to expand Egypt's border southward into Nubia and he led an invasion force which defeated the Nubian army. Amenhotep II built a temple at Saï, showing that he had established Egyptian settlements almost as far as the third cataract.
Military campaigns of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmose I.
January 1504 BC: Syrian campaign of Thutmose I at the beginning of his second regnal year. During this campaign, the Syrian princes declared allegiance to Thutmose.
January 1503 BC: After Thutmose I returned in Egypt, the Syrian vassals of Egypt discontinued tribute and began fortifying against future incursions.
Military campaigns of Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmose II.
13.1.Syrian Campaigns of Thutmose III
Were the military campaigns of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmose III in Syria.
13.1.1.First Syria Campaign
Military campaign of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmose III in Syria.
January 1456 BC: The Battle of Megiddo was fought between Egyptian forces under the command of Pharaoh Thutmose III and a large rebellious coalition of Canaanite vassal states led by the king of Kadesh. Egyptian dominance in the Levant was re-established
13.1.2.Attack on Mitanni (Eighth Syria Campaign)
Military campaign of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmose III against the Kingdom of Mitanni.
January 1446 BC: After Pharaoh Thutmose III had taken control of the Syrian cities, the obvious target for his eighth campaign was the state of Mitanni. Thutmose III then went freely from city to city and pillaged them while the nobles hid in caves.
February 1446 BC: After Pharaoh Thutmose III had taken control of the Syrian cities, the obvious target for his eighth campaign was the state of Mitanni. Thutmose III then went freely from city to city and pillaged them while the nobles hid in caves.
Military campaigns of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmose III.
14.1.Nubian Campaign
Military campaign of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmose III in Nubia.
January 1428 BC: Pharaoh Thutmose's last campaign was waged in his 50th regnal year. He attacked Nubia, but only went so far as the fourth cataract of the Nile. Although no king of Egypt had ever penetrated so far with an army, previous kings' campaigns had spread Egyptian culture that far already.
Military campaign of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Amenhotep II against the Kingdom of Mitanni.
January 1415 BC: Military campaign of Amenhotep II against Mitanni during his ninth year.
February 1415 BC: Military campaign of Amenhotep II against Mitanni during his ninth year. After the campaign, the Egyptian and Mitannian kingdoms seem to have reached some sort of peace.
Military campaigns of Hittite king Tudḫaliya I.
January 1399 BC: During his reign (c. 1400 BC), Hittite King Tudhaliya I, conquered the Hurrian region of Aleppo from Mitanni.
Military campaigns of Hittite king Šuppiluliuma I.
17.1.Akhenaten´s Loss of control of Syrian states
During the kingdom of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten the influence of Egypt in Syria vanished.
January 1351 BC: During the reign of Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten, Egypt was unable to oppose the rise of the Hittites, thus losing control of a series of vassal states of Asia Minor.
Military campaigns of Hittite king Muršili II.
January 1294 BC: Having inherited a position of strength in the east, Hittite King Mursili was able to turn his attention to the west, where he attacked Arzawa and a city known as Millawanda (Miletus), which was under the control of Ahhiyawa.
Military campaigns of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Seti I.
19.1.Seti´s Campiagn in Syria
Military campaign of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Seti I in Syria.
January 1289 BC: In his first regnal year, pharaoh Seti I led his armies along the "Horus Military road," the coastal road that went from the Egyptian city of Tjaru in the northeast of the Nile Delta along the northern coast of the Sinai peninsula ending in the town of "Canaan" in the modern Gaza strip. The campaign continued into Lebanon where the pharaoh received the submission of local chiefs.
19.2.Capture of Kadesh
Conquest of Kadesh by Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Seti I.
January 1287 BC: Kadesh reverted to Hittite control because the Egyptians could not maintain a permanent military occupation of the area, which was close to the Hittite homelands. Pharaoh Seti I probably reached an agreement with the Hittite king Muwatalli on the precise boundaries of the Egyptian and Hittite Empires.
January 1286 BC: It seems that by the end of 1287 BC the Egyptians were again in control of the cities of Kadesh and Fenchu, located in an are disputed with the Hittite Empire.
Military campaigns of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II.
January 1274 BC: The first campaign of pharaoh Ramesses II took place in Syria ca. in the fourth year of his reign. He captured the Hittite vassal state of Amurru.
20.1.Second Syrian campaign
Military campaign of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II in Syria.
June 1274 BC: Battle of Kadesh: the Hittites defeated the Egyptians. Egypt's sphere of influence was now restricted to Canaan while Syria fell into Hittite hands.
20.2.Third Syrian Campaign
Military campaign of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II in Syria.
January 1271 BC: Canaanite princes, seemingly encouraged by the Egyptian incapacity to impose their will and goaded on by the Hittites, began revolts against Egypt. In the seventh year of his reign, Ramesses II returned to Syria once again. The reunited army then marched on Hesbon, Damascus, on to Kumidi, and finally, recaptured Upi (the land around Damascus), reestablishing Egypt's former sphere of influence.
20.3.Egyptian Loss of Tunip
The army of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II left Tunip, a city in the Levant.
January 1269 BC: The conquests of pharaoh Ramesses II in Syria proved to be ephemeral. The Hittites soon reconquered the lands of Tunip, Dapur, Amurru and Kadesh.
20.4.Fifth Syrian campaign of Ramesses II
Military campaign of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II in Syria.
January 1268 BC: Egyptian pharaoh Ramesses II marched once more in Syria during his tenth year. He took towns in Retenu, and Tunip in Naharin.
20.5.Later campaigns in Syria by Ramesses II
Military campaigns in Syria during the late reign of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II.
20.5.1.Egyptian-Hittite peace treaty
Was a treaty concluded between Ramesses II and Ḫattušili III in year 21 of Ramesses's reign (c. 1258 BC). The frontiers are not laid down in this treaty, but may be inferred from other documents. The harbour town of Sumur, north of Byblos, is mentioned as the northernmost town belonging to Egypt, suggesting it contained an Egyptian garrison.
January 1257 BC: The Egyptian-Hittite peace treaty (or the treaty of Kadesh) between Egyptian pharaoh Ramesses II and Hittite king Ḫattušili III was ratified in the 21st year of Ramesses II's reign (1258 BC) and continued in force until the Hittite Empire collapsed eighty years later. The frontiers are not laid down in this treaty, but the harbour town of Sumur, north of Byblos, is mentioned as the northernmost town belonging to Egypt, suggesting it contained an Egyptian garrison.
20.6.Egyptian Expansion in Libya
Military campaign of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II in Libya.
January 1212 BC: During the reign of Ramesses II, the Egyptians were evidently active on a 300 kilometers stretch along the Lybian coast, at least as far as Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham. Although the exact events surrounding the foundation of the coastal forts and fortresses is not clear, some degree of political and military control must have been held over the region to allow their construction.
Brief secession of Upper Egypt by Amenmesse, possibly a brother of Seti II.
January 1196 BC: Brief secession of Upper Egypt by Amenmesse, possibly a brother of Pharaoh Seti II.
January 1194 BC: Amenmesse was finally defeated by his rival, Pharaoh Seti II, and his domain re-absorbed into the Egyptian Kingdom.
Military campaign of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses III in Libya.
January 1180 BC: Libyan tribesmen invaded Egypt's western delta regions duirng the 5th year of reign of Ramesses III.
February 1180 BC: The Egyptian pharaoh chase away the lybian invaders.
Military campaign of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses III in Libya.
January 1174 BC: Libyan tribesmen invaded Egypt's western delta regions again duirng the 11th year of reign of Ramesses III.
February 1174 BC: The Egyptian pharaoh chase away the lybian invaders.
Was a period of political instability that followed the death of Pharaoh Ramesses XI and coincided with the Late Bronze Age collapse.
January 1068 BC: During the Third Intermediate Period of Egypt, a separate dynasty (the XXII Dynasty) ruled over Bubastis.
January 833 BC: Egypt quickly fragmented after Rudamun's death, with the rise of local city states under kings such as Peftjaubast of Herakleopolis, Nimlot of Hermopolis, and Ini at Thebes. He is believed to have ascended to the throne of a divided Egypt in either 845 BC or 834 BC.
24.1.Secession of Thebes and of Nubia
With the disintegration of the New Kingdom around 1070 BC, Kush became an independent kingdom centered at Napata in modern northern Sudan.
January 1069 BC: With the disintegration of the so-called New Kingdom of Egypt around 1070 BC, Kush became an independent kingdom centered at Napata in modern northern Sudan.
24.2.Egyptian War with Assyria of Pharaoh Osorkon II
Was a war of Ancient Egypt against Assyria for the domain of the Levant.
January 852 BC: Egypt failed in a further expansionist attempt in the Near East. Pharaoh Osorkon II, flanked by numerous allies such as Persia, Israel, Hama, Phenicia, Canaanite, the Arabs, the Arameans and the Neo-Hittites, fought in the battle of Qarqar against the powerful Assyrian king Salmanassar III (853 BC). The coalition was defeated and the Assyrian Empire continued to dominate the Levant.
February 852 BC: Egypt failed in a further expansionist attempt in the Near East. Pharaoh Osorkon II, flanked by numerous allies such as Persia, Israel, Hama, Phenicia, Canaanite, the Arabs, the Arameans and the Neo-Hittites, fought in the battle of Qarqar against the powerful Assyrian king Salmanassar III (853 BC). The coalition was defeated and the Assyrian Empire continued to dominate the Levant.
24.3.Secession of Leontopolys
Was a secessionist Egyptian Dynasty during the the Third Intermediate Period.
January 753 BC: In the last phase of the Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt, a number of rulers ruled from Leontopolis over the western part of the Nile Delta and part of Middle Egypt. The first of them, Iuput II, ruled over Leontopolis from 754 to 720/715 BC.
24.4.Secession of Sais
The Twenty-Fourth Dynasty was a short-lived group of pharaohs who had their capital at Sais in the western Nile Delta.
January 731 BC: The Twenty-Fourth Dynasty (c. 732-720 BC) was a short-lived group of Pharaohs who had their capital at Sais in the western Nile Delta.
24.5.Nubian Conquest of Egypt
As ruler of Nubia and Upper Egypt, Piye took advantage of the political weakness of Egypt during the third intermediate period.
January 720 BC: As ruler of Nubia and Upper Egypt, Piye took advantage of weakness of Egypt's rulers by expanding Nubia. Despite Piye's successful campaign into the Delta, his authority only extended northward from Thebes up to the western desert oases and Herakleopolis.
January 712 BC: Shabaka, Piye's successor, attacked Sais and defeated Tefnakht's successor Bakenranef.
24.5.1.Conquests of Shebitku
Ancient Kushite King Shebitku, the son of King Piye, was able to conclude the conquest of all Ancient Egyptians territories that his father had started.
January 705 BC: Shebitku was a pharaoh of the 25th Dynasty of Egypt, also known as the Kushite Dynasty. He successfully conquered the entire Nile valley, including Upper and Lower Egypt, establishing his rule over the region by 707/706 BC.
24.6.Assyrian conquest of Egypt
Were a series of Assyrian military campaigns that led to the conquest of Egypt.
24.6.1.Ashurbanipal's second invasion
Was the second military campaign of Assyrian King Ashurbanipal in Egypt to reconquer the region after an invasion by the Kingdom of Kush.
January 662 BC: Egypt was still seen as vulnerable and Tantamani invaded Egypt in hopes of restoring his family to the throne. This led to a renewed conflict with Ashurbanipal in 663 BC.
24.7.Independance of Egypt from Assyria
While the Neo-Assyrian Empire was busy with revolts and civil war over control of the throne, Egypt seceeded from the empire.
January 652 BC: The removal of the Assyrian garrisons in Egypt occurred in 653 BC.
Military campaign of Median king Cyaxares.
25.1.Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire
Was a war fought between Media and Babylon against the Neo-Assyrian Empire that led to the fall of the latter.
25.1.1.Necho´s first campaign in syria
Was a military campaign by Egyptian Pharaoh Necho II that invaded the Levant to help the Assyrian in their war against Media and Babylon.
June 609 BC: Egyptian Pharaoh Necho led a sizable force to help the Assyrians. He soon captured Kadesh on the Orontes and moved forward, joining forces with Assyrian ruler Ashur-uballit and together they crossed the Euphrates and laid siege to Harran. Although Necho became the first pharaoh to cross the Euphrates since Thutmose III, he failed to capture Harran, and retreated back to northern Syria.
January 608 BC: Egyptian Pharaoh Necho led a sizable force to help the Assyrians. He soon captured Kadesh on the Orontes and moved forward, joining forces with Assyrian ruler Ashur-uballit and together they crossed the Euphrates and laid siege to Harran. Although Necho became the first pharaoh to cross the Euphrates since Thutmose III, he failed to capture Harran, and retreated back to northern Syria.
Egypt was a regional power in the Levant until its defeat in the Battle of Charchameshin against Babylonia and Media in 606 BC.
January 604 BC: Egypt was the regional power until Battle of Charchameshin 606BC. Later, Babylonia came and ended the Egyptian rule, and established its own rule in the levant.
Military campaigns of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Psamtik II.
27.1.Incursion in the Kingdom of Kush by Psamtik II
Was a military campaign of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Psamtik II against the Kingdom of Kush.
January 591 BC: Psamtik II led a foray into Nubia marching as far south as the Third or even the Fourth Cataract of the Nile, according to a contemporary stela from Thebes (Karnak), which dates to Year 3 of this king's name and refers to a heavy defeat that was inflicted upon the kingdom of Kush. As a result of Psamtik's devastating campaign, Kush's power was crushed, and its kings from Aspelta onwards lost any opportunity of ever regaining control of Egypt. Instead, the Nubian rulers decided to shift their capital further south from Napata to the relative safety of Meroë. Curiously, however, Psamtik II does not appear to have capitalized on his victory. His troops retreated back to the First Cataract, and Elephantine continued to be the southern border of Egypt.
February 591 BC: Psamtik II led a foray into Nubia marching as far south as the Third or even the Fourth Cataract of the Nile, according to a contemporary stela from Thebes (Karnak), which dates to Year 3 of this king's name and refers to a heavy defeat that was inflicted upon the kingdom of Kush. As a result of Psamtik's devastating campaign, Kush's power was crushed, and its kings from Aspelta onwards lost any opportunity of ever regaining control of Egypt. Instead, the Nubian rulers decided to shift their capital further south from Napata to the relative safety of Meroë. Curiously, however, Psamtik II does not appear to have capitalized on his victory. His troops retreated back to the First Cataract, and Elephantine continued to be the southern border of Egypt.
27.2.Incursion in Palestine by Psamtik II
Was a military campaign of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Psamtik II in Palestine.
January 590 BC: In 591 BC, during the fourth year of his reign, Psamtik II launched an expedition into Palestine "to foment a general Levantine revolt against the Babylonians" that involved, among others, Zedekiah of the Kingdom of Judah.
February 590 BC: In 591 BC, during the fourth year of his reign, Psamtik II launched an expedition into Palestine "to foment a general Levantine revolt against the Babylonians" that involved, among others, Zedekiah of the Kingdom of Judah.
Was the military conquest of Cyprus by Egyptian Pharaoh Amasis II.
January 569 BC: In 570 BC, Cyprus was conquered by Egypt under Amasis II.
Were a series of expansionistic military campaigns by the first Achaemenid ruler Cyrus the Great.
January 544 BC: Persia ruled Cyprus from 545 BC.
Conquests by Achaemenid ruler Cambyses II.
30.1.Battle of Pelusium
Egypt was lost to the Persians during the battle of Pelusium in 525 BC.
January 524 BC: Egypt was finally lost to the Persians during the battle of Pelusium in 525 BC.
Was the struggle of Egypt to became independent from the Achaemenid Empire that started with the secession of Amyrtaeus from Persia around 404 BC and ended with the reconquest of Egypt by Artaxerxes III.
31.1.Secession of Egypt from Persia
Egypt was effectively a province (satrapy) of the Achaemenid Persian Empire between 525 BC and 404 BC. It was disestablished upon the rebellion and crowning of Amyrtaeus as Pharaoh.
January 403 BC: Egypt was effectively a province (satrapy) of the Achaemenid Persian Empire between 525 BC and 404 BC. It was disestablished upon the rebellion and crowning of Amyrtaeus as Pharaoh.
31.2.Persian Conquest of Upper Egypt
The Persians conquered Upper Egypt from Pharaoh Amyrtaeus who had been able to make Egypt a Kingdom independent from Persia a couple of years before.
January 399 BC: The Elephantine papyri also demonstrate that between 404 and 400 BC (or even 398) Upper Egypt remained under Persian control, while the forces of Amyrtaeus dominated the Delta.
31.3.Persian Campaign in Egypt (385 BC)
The Persians first attacked Egypt in 385 BCE but after three years of war the Egyptians managed to defeat the invaders.
January 384 BC: This period is quite obscure, but it seems that the Persians first attacked Egypt in 385 BC and, after three years of war, the Egyptians managed to defeat the invaders.
February 384 BC: This period is quite obscure, but it seems that the Persians first attacked Egypt in 385 BC and, after three years of war, the Egyptians managed to defeat the invaders.
January 372 BC: Joint Egyptian and Spartan forces occupy Phoenicia.
February 372 BC: The Persians did manage to defeat a joint Egyptian-Spartan effort to conquer Phoenicia
January 358 BC: In 359 BC, Artaxerxes III, the King of the Achaemenid Empire, launched an attack on Egypt in response to Egypt's unsuccessful attempts to conquer coastal regions of Phoenicia. This marked the beginning of the Achaemenid rule over Ancient Egypt.
February 358 BC: In -358 BC, the Persian king Artaxerxes III attacked Egypt in retaliation for Egypt's unsuccessful attacks on the coastal regions of Phoenicia. This conflict marked a significant event in the ongoing power struggles between the Persian Empire and Ancient Egypt.
31.4.First Egyptian Campaign of Artaxerxes II
Was the first military campaign to reconquer Egypt by Achaemenid ruler Artaxerxes III.
January 350 BC: In around 351 BC, Artaxerxes embarked on a campaign to recover Egypt. At the same time a rebellion had broken out in Asia Minor supported by Thebes. Levying a vast army, Artaxerxes marched into Egypt, and engaged Nectanebo II. After a year of fighting the Egyptian Pharaoh, Nectanebo inflicted a crushing defeat on the Persians with the support of mercenaries led by the Greek generals Diophantus and Lamius. Artaxerxes was compelled to retreat and postpone his plans to reconquer Egypt.
February 350 BC: In around 351 BC, Artaxerxes embarked on a campaign to recover Egypt. At the same time a rebellion had broken out in Asia Minor supported by Thebes. Levying a vast army, Artaxerxes marched into Egypt, and engaged Nectanebo II. After a year of fighting the Egyptian Pharaoh, Nectanebo inflicted a crushing defeat on the Persians with the support of mercenaries led by the Greek generals Diophantus and Lamius. Artaxerxes was compelled to retreat and postpone his plans to reconquer Egypt.
31.5.Second Egyptian Campaign of Artaxerxes II
Was the second Egyptian campaign of Artaxerxes II where the Achaemenid ruler reconquered Egypt.
January 342 BC: Second Egyptian Campaign of Achaemenid ruler Artaxerxes II.
Were a series of conflicts that were fought between the generals of Alexander the Great, known as the Diadochi, over who would rule his empire following his death.
32.1.Second War of the Diadochi
Was the conflict between the coalition of Polyperchon (as regent of the Macedonian Empire), Olympias and Eumenes and the coalition of Cassander, Antigonus, Ptolemy and Lysimachus following the death of Cassander's father, Antipater (the old regent).
32.1.1.Consolidation of the borders after the Second War of the Diadochi
Were a series of events and military operations after the Second war of the Diadochi that led to the consolidation of the borders between the successor states of the Macedonian Empire.
April 315 BC: After the death of Alexander the Great (323 BC), Cyrenaica became subject to the Ptolemaic dynasty.
April 315 BC: Ptolemy controls Egypt, Syria, Cyrene and Cyprus.
January 314 BC: Ptolemy sent military support to his allies, providing troops under the command of Seleucus and Menelaus. Lapithos-Kyrenia was occupied after a siege and Marion capitulated. Diodorus Siculus tells us that Amathus was forced to provide hostages, while Kition was laid siege to in about 315 BC.
32.2.Third War of the Diadochi
Was a war between Macedonian Generals that saw Ptolemy, Lysimachus and Cassander fight against Antigonus.
April 314 BC: Ptolemy, Lysimachus and Cassander were unwilling to see Antigonus reign whole Asia, thus formed an alliance against him. Antigonos marched into Pheonicia and besieged Tyre.
September 314 BC: Antigonus conquered Joppa and Gaza.
November 314 BC: Cyprus conquered by Ptolemaic Kingdom.
September 313 BC: Antigpnos conquers Tyros.
November 313 BC: Demetrios is appointed governor in Syria.
September 312 BC: Ptolemaic march in Chalkis, Oropos, Attica, Boeotia and Locris.
October 312 BC: Ptolemy (the nephew of general of Antigonus I Monophthalmus) marches through Chalkis and Oropos, as well as Attica, Boeotia and Locris freeing these regions from the occupation of the Ptolemaic Kingdom.
October 312 BC: Ptolemy (the nephew of general of Antigonus I Monophthalmus) frees Chalkis and Oropos, and marches through Attica, Boeotia and Locris.
November 312 BC: Battle of Gaza: Ptolemy defeats Demetrios.
April 311 BC: Antigonus marches into Syria, Ptolemy retreats to Egypt.
32.3.Consolidation of the borders after the Third War of the Diadochi
Were a series of events and military operations after the Third war of the Diadochi that led to the consolidation of the borders between the successor states of the Macedonian Empire.
January 297 BC: Demetrios conquers Gaza and Samaria from Ptolemy.
January 293 BC: Cyprus came once again under Ptolemaic control in 294 BC.
January 293 BC: Ptolemy I recovers Cyprus, eastern Cilicia, and Lycia.
32.4.Fourth War of the Diadochi
Was a war between Macedonian generals that saw Ptolemy, Lysimachus and Cassander fight against Antigonus and Demetrios.
September 308 BC: Ptolemy seizes Sicyon and Corinth.
January 307 BC: In the time of the Diadochi, Megara came under the rule of Ptolemy I in 308.
January 307 BC: When the Macedonian commander Alexander was murdered in Sicyon in 314 BC, his wife Cratesipolis took control of the city and ruled it for six years, until she was induced by king Ptolemy I to hand it over to the Egyptians.
January 307 BC: In 308 the Nesiotic League was freed by Ptolemy I of Egypt.
September 307 BC: Demetrios frees Megara.
April 306 BC: Battle of Salamis: Demetrios defeats Ptolemy by land and sea and conquers Cyprus.
January 302 BC: In 303 BC Sicyon was conquered by Demetrius Poliorcetes.
April 301 BC: Ptolemy annexes Coile-Syria.
32.5.Fifth War of the Diadochi
Was a war between Macedonian Generals that saw Ptolemy, Lysimachus and Seleucus fight against Demetrios.
January 286 BC: In -287, Ptolemy I Soter, the founder of the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt, took over the territories of Sidon and Tyre. These cities were important Phoenician ports known for their trade and naval power. Ptolemy's conquest further expanded his influence in the region.
January 286 BC: The Nesiotic League in Macedonia was under the control of the Antigonid dynasty until around 287 BC. At that time, it came under the rule of the Ptolemaic Kingdom, which was founded by Ptolemy I Soter, one of Alexander the Great's generals.
Were a series of six wars between the Seleucid Empire and the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, successor states to Alexander the Great's empire, during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC mainyl over the region then called Coele-Syria.
33.1.First Syrian War
Was one of the wars between the Seleucid Kingdom and the Ptolemaic Kingdom over the domain in the Levant.
January 273 BC: The Seleucid Empire annexed Coele-Syria.
January 270 BC: Ptolemy II Philadelphus reconquered territories in Syria and Cilicia.
33.2.Second Syrian War
Was one of the wars between the Seleucid Kingdom and the Ptolemaic Kingdom over the domain in the Levant.
January 260 BC: Antioch was conquered by the Seleucids during the Third Syrian War.
January 260 BC: Antiochus II Theos regained Miletus and Ephesus.
33.3.Third Syrian War
Was one of the wars between the Seleucid Kingdom and the Ptolemaic Kingdom over the domain in the Levant.
January 245 BC: After 246, for about half a century, the Ptolemies, a dynasty of Macedonian Greek origin, ruled over the territory of nan. The Ptolemaic Kingdom was established by Ptolemy I Soter, a general of Alexander the Great, after his death in 323 BC.
January 245 BC: Seleucid presence was replaced by that of the Ptolemies, who established a satrapy in coastal Thrace.
January 245 BC: Ptolemaic forces conquered several cities of the coast of Propontic Thrace during the Third Syrian War around 246 BC.
January 244 BC: Defeated at the Battle of Andros sometime between 258 and 245 BC, the Ptolemies ceded the Cyclades to Macedonia.
January 240 BC: Antiochus II left two ambitious mothers in a competition to put their respective sons on the throne of the Seleucid Kingdom, Laodice and Berenice. Berenice asked her brother Ptolemy III, the new Ptolemaic king, to come to Antioch and help place her son on the throne. When Ptolemy arrived, Berenice and her child had been assassinated.
Ptolemy declared war on Laodice's newly crowned son, Seleucus II, in 246 BC, and campaigned with great success. In exchange for a peace in 241 BC, Ptolemy was awarded new territories on the northern coast of Syria, including Seleucia Pieria, the port of Antioch.
33.4.Fourth Syrian War
Was one of the wars between the Seleucid Kingdom and the Ptolemaic Kingdom over the domain in the Levant.
33.4.1.Invasion of Phoenicia
Was a Seleucid military campaign in Pheonicia to reconquer the region from the Ptoleamic Kingdom during the Fourth Syrian War.
January 218 BC: Upon taking the Seleucid throne in 223 BC, Antiochus III the Great (241-187 BC) set himself the task of restoring the lost imperial possessions of Seleucus I Nicator. Egypt had been significantly weakened by court intrigue and public unrest. The rule of the newly inaugurated Ptolemy IV Philopator (reigned 221-204 BC) began with the murder of queen-mother Berenice II. The young king quickly fell under the absolute influence of imperial courtiers.
Antiochus sought to take advantage of this chaotic situation. He finally began the Fourth Syrian War in 219 BC. He recaptured Seleucia Pieria as well as cities in Phoenicia, amongst them Tyre.
33.5.Fifth Syrian War
Was one of the many wars between the Ptolemaic Kingdom and the Seleucid Kingdom over the region of Coele-Syria.
January 199 BC: The death of Ptolemy IV in 204 BC was followed by a bloody conflict over the regency as his heir, Ptolemy V, was just a child. The regency was passed from one adviser to another, and the kingdom was in a state of near anarchy.
Seeking to take advantage of this turmoil, Antiochus III staged a second invasion of Coele-Syria. After a brief setback at Gaza, he delivered a crushing blow to the Ptolemies at the Battle of Panium near the head of the River Jordan which earned him the important port of Sidon.
January 197 BC: Antiochus completed the subjugation of Coele-Syria in 198 BC and went on to raid Ptolemy's remaining coastal strongholds in Caria and Cilicia.
33.6.Sixth Syrian War
Was one of the wars between the Seleucid Kingdom and the Ptolemaic Kingdom over the domain in the Levant.
33.6.1.Conquest of Pelusium
The Seleucids conquered Pelusium, in Egypt.
December 170 BC: The Seleucids, led by King Antiochus IV, captured the strategic city of Pelusium in -170. This victory allowed the Seleucid Kingdom to expand its territory and exert control over key trade routes in the region.
33.6.2.Egypt becomes a Seleucid puppet state
Seleucid King Antiochus took Egyptian King Ptolemy VI (who was his nephew) under his guardianship, giving him effective control of Ptolemaic Egypt. .
December 169 BC: The Egyptians realised their folly in starting the war, Eulaeus and Lenaeus were overthrown and replaced by two new regents, Comanus and Cineas, and envoys were sent to negotiate a peace treaty with Antiochus. Antiochus took Ptolemy VI (who was his nephew) under his guardianship, giving him effective control of Egypt.
33.6.3.Revolt of Egypt against the Seleucids
Egypt revolted against Antiochus IV and expelled the Seleucids.
January 168 BC: The people of Alexandria proclaimed Ptolemy Physcon as sole king. Antiochus besieged Alexandria but he was unable to cut communications to the city so, at the end of 169, he withdrew his army.
33.6.4.Intervention of Rome in the Sixth Syrian War
Due to the intervention of Rome, the Seleucid King Antiochus IV was forced to leave the territories conquered from the Ptolemaic Kingdom during the Sixth Syrian War.
January 167 BC: At Eleusis, on the outskirts of the capital, Antiochus met Popilius Laenas, with whom he had been friends during his stay in Rome. But instead of a friendly welcome, Popilius offered the king an ultimatum from the Senate: he must evacuate Egypt and Cyprus immediately. Antiochus begged to have time to consider but Popilius drew a circle round him in the sand with his cane and told him to decide before he stepped outside it. Antiochus chose to obey the Roman ultimatum. The "Day of Eleusis" ended the Sixth Syrian War and Antiochus' hopes of conquering Egyptian territory.
With Ptolemy's eye focused eastward, his half-brother Magas declared his province of Cyrenaica to be independent. It would remain independent until 250 BC, when it was reabsorbed into the Ptolemaic Kingdom.
January 270 BC: With Ptolemy's eye focused eastward, his half-brother Magas declared his province of Cyrenaica to be independent.
Was a War between the Kingdom of Kush and the Ptolemaic Kingdom resulting in the latter conquering Kushite territory as far south as modern-day Port Sudan.
January 269 BC: Ptolemy II defeated the Kingdom of Kush in war, gaining the Ptolemies free access to Kushite territory and control of important gold-mining areas south of Egypt known as Dodekasoinos. As a result, the Ptolemies established hunting stations and ports as far south as Port Sudan, from where raiding parties searched for war elephants. Hellenistic culture would acquire an important influence on Kush at this time.
Magas, the half-brother of the Ptolemaic King, declared the province of Cyrenaica to be independent.
January 249 BC: With Ptolemy's eye focused eastward, his half-brother Magas declared his province of Cyrenaica to be independent.
Was a revolt against the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Upper Egypt.
January 216 BC: Nationalist sentiment had developed among the native Egyptians who had fought at Raphia. Confident and well-trained, they broke from Ptolemy in what is known as the Egyptian Revolt, establishing their own kingdom in Upper Egypt which the Ptolemies finally reconquered around 185 BC.
Were a seris of conflicts between the Roman Republic and Antigonid Macedonia over control of Greece and the eastern Mediterranean Basin. .
38.1.Second Macedonian War
Was a war fought by Rome, allied with the Kingdoms of Pergamons and Rhodes, against Antigonid Macedonia.
January 203 BC: In the last years of the 3rd century, Macedonia under king Philip V began a renewed expansion to the east, exploiting the weakness of the Ptolemies after the death of Ptolemy IV.
Was fought by King Philip V of Macedon, the Aetolian League, many Cretan cities (of which Olous and Hierapytna were the most important) and Spartan pirates against the forces of Rhodes and later Attalus I of Pergamum, Byzantium, Cyzicus, Athens, and Knossos.
January 199 BC: The Ptolemaic Kingdom was captured by Philip V of Macedon in 200 BC.
January 199 BC: In -200, the Macedonians, led by King Philip V of Macedon, advanced on the Thracian Chersonese and captured several cities including Perinthus, Sestos, Elaeus, Alopeconnesus, Callipolis, and Madytus. This expansion of territory was part of Philip V's efforts to strengthen his control over the region.
January 199 BC: Philip attacked and occupied the cities in Thrace which still belonged to Ptolemy, Maroneia, Cypsela, Doriscus, Serrheum and Aemus.
Were a series of succesful military campaigns by Antiochus III to expand Selecuid territories in Asia Minor.
40.1.Conquest of Thracia
Was a succesful military campaign led by Seleucid ruler Antiochus III in Thrace.
January 195 BC: Seleucid ruler Antiochus conquered Thrace.
Was a revolt against the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Upper Egypt.
January 184 BC: The war between Upper and Lower Egypt continued until 185 BC with the arrest of Ankhmakis by Ptolemaic general Conanus. This victory re-established Ptolemaic rule in Upper Egypt, as well as the Triakontaschoinos.
Cyrenaica was separated from the main kingdom by Ptolemy VIII and given to his son Ptolemy Apion.
January 115 BC: Cyrenaica was separated from the main kingdom of Egypt by Ptolemy VIII and given to his son Ptolemy Apion. When Ptolemy Apion died without heirs in 96 BC, he bequeathed Cyrenaica to the Roman Republic.
Were a series of military campaigns (against the Seleucid Kingdom and the Nabateans) by the Hasmonean Kings to expand their territory.
43.1.Conquests of Alexander Jannaeus
Military campaigns of Hasmonean King Alexander Jannaeus.
January 95 BC: Conquests of Alexander Jannaeus (Hasmonean Kingdom) by 96 BC.
Ptolemy of Cyprus was the king of Cyprus c. 80-58 BC. He was the younger brother of Ptolemy XII Auletes, King of Egypt.
January 79 BC: Ptolemy of Cyprus was the king of Cyprus c. 80-58 BC. He was the younger brother of Ptolemy XII Auletes, king of Egypt, and, like him, an illegitimate son of Ptolemy IX Lathyros, he was also the uncle of Cleopatra VII. He appears to have been acknowledged king of Cyprus at the same time that his brother Auletes obtained the possession of the throne of Egypt, 80 BC.
Egypt became entangled in a Roman civil war, which ultimately led to its conquest by Rome as the last independent Hellenistic state.
January 29 BC: Egypt became entangled in a Roman civil war, which ultimately led to its conquest by Rome as the last independent Hellenistic state.
January 1699 BC: The Kerma kingdom extended ist reach northward into Lower Nubia and the border of Egypt.
January 1549 BC: Pharaoh Ahmose I reasserted Egyptian power in Canaan.
January 1492 BC: By the end of his reign Pharaoh Thutmose I had defeated Mitanni.
January 1424 BC: The Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmosis III conquers the northern Syrian region of Nuḫašše.
January 1419 BC: King Barattarna of Mitanni expanded the kingdom west to Aleppo and made the Amorite king Idrimi of Alalakh his vassal.
January 1399 BC: The first documented leader of Amurru was Abdi-Ashirta, under whose leadership Amurru was a vassal of the Egyptian empire.
January 1399 BC: Expansion of Mitanni until 1400 BC.
January 1321 BC: Amurru King Aziru, who was a vassal of Egypt, defected to the Hittites.
January 1299 BC: The Egyptians regain control of the city of Qatna under Seti I, around 1300 BC.
January 1299 BC: Edom was an ancient kingdom in Transjordan since ca. 1300 BC. It was located between Moab to the northeast, the Arabah to the west, and the Arabian Desert to the south and east.
January 1259 BC: Musri was a neo-Hittite kingdom in Iraqi Kurdistan. Its existence is confirmed by a military expedition of Assyrian king Salmanassar I in the region ca. 1260 BC.
January 1199 BC: Philistine city-states formed a confederation ca. 1200 BC.
January 1136 BC: Egyptian presence in Canaan was terminated during or soon after Ramesses VI's rule,with the last garrisons leaving southern and western Palestine around the time, and the frontier between Egypt and abroad returning to a fortified line joining the Mediterranean to the Red Sea.
January 1029 BC: According to biblical accounts, the Davidic-Solomonic Empire, known as the United Monarchy of Israel in English-speaking countries, was a state in the eastern Mediterranean during the 10th century BC. This kingdom encompassed the territories that would later become the separate kingdoms of Judah and Israel.
January 799 BC: The Qedarites formed a powerful Arab tribal confederation which expanded its territory throughout the 9th to 7th centuries.
January 663 BC: Ashurbanipal installed a native Egyptian Pharaoh, Psammetichus, as a vassal king in 664 BC. However, after Gyges of Lydia's appeal for Assyrian help against the Cimmerians was rejected, Lydian mercenaries were sent to Psammetichus. By 652 BC, this vassal king was able to declare outright independence from Assyria .
January 569 BC: It seems the city of Naukratis was turned over to the Greeks, "chartered," in the years immediately following 570 BC.
January 278 BC: In 279 BC Miletus was taken from Seleucid king Antiochus II by Egyptian king Ptolemy II Philadelphus.
January 262 BC: Ephesus came under Egyptian rule between 263 and 197 BC.
January 249 BC: The Zenon papyri, a collection of documents from the time of Ptolemy II Philadelphus, provide evidence of the Nabataeans expanding into the Hauran region around -250 BC. This marked the Nabatean Kingdom's territorial expansion and influence in the area during this period.
January 245 BC: Ptolemaic forces conquered several cities of the coast of Propontic Thrace during the Third Syrian War around 246 BC.
January 199 BC: After 246 BC, for about half a century, the Ptolemies, a dynasty of Macedonian Greek origin, ruled over the territory of Nan. However, in -200 BC, the territory was conquered by the Seleucid Kingdom, a Hellenistic state founded by Seleucus I Nicator, one of Alexander the Great's generals.
January 199 BC: Remained in their control through 200 BC.
January 61 BC: During the reign of Aretas III (87 to 62 BC) the Nabatean Kingdom reached its territorial zenith.
Disestablishment
January 29 BC: Egypt became entangled in a Roman civil war, which ultimately led to its conquest by Rome as the last independent Hellenistic state.
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https://www.latsis-foundation.org/content/elib/book_17/thiba_en.pdf
ancient egypt
