This article is about the specific polity Ancient Egypt and therefore only includes events related to its territory and not to its possessions or colonies. If you are interested in the possession, this is the link to the article about the nation which includes all possessions as well as all the different incarnations of the nation.
If you are looking for the page with the statistics about this polity you can find it here:All Statistics
Ancient Egypt was a Kingdom in Northeast Africa situated in the Nile Valley. It originated from the union of Upper and Lower Egypt and transitioned gradually to an unified state. It lasted around 3000 years (with interruptions).
Establishment
January 3149 BC: Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt in c. 3150 BC and start of the Early Dynastic Period, also known as Archaic Period or the Thinite Period.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Upper and Lower Egypt were unified in c. 3150 BC, starting the Early Dynastic Period of Egypt.
Military campaigns by Egyptian Pharaoh Hor-Aha.
January 3099 BC: Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt in c. 3150 BC and start of the Early Dynastic Period, also known as Archaic Period or the Thinite Period.
January 3099 BC: The Egyptian Pharaoh Hor-Aha led an expedition against the Nubians.
February 3099 BC: The Egyptian Pharaoh Hor-Aha led an expedition against the Nubians.
It is believed that in ca. 2700 BC the Egyptian Pharaoh decided to split the Kingdom of Ancient Egypt between his two sons.
3.1.Split of Ancient Egypt in Lower and Higher Egypt
It is believed that in ca. 2700 BC the Egyptian Pharaoh decided to split the Kingdom of Ancient Egypt between his two sons.
January 2699 BC: Partition of Egypt into Lower and Upper Egypt. It is believed that Egyptian Pharaoh Senedj split Egypt between his two sons.
3.2.Reunification of Lower and Higher Egypt
The division of Egypt that happened in ca. 2700 BC was brought to an end by king Khasekhemwy.
January 2689 BC: The division of Egypt was brought to an end by Pharaoh Khasekhemwy.
Ancient Egyptian military expedition into Sinai.
January 2659 BC: Egyptian Pharaoh Djoser led a military expeditions to the Sinai Peninsula, during which the local inhabitants were subdued.
Military campaigns of Pharoah Sneferu in Libya and Nubia.
January 2588 BC: The Annals of Sneferu on the Palermo Stone and Cairo Fragment no. 4 record Egyptian expeditions against the Nubians and Libyans with a resulting booty of prisoners and cattle
February 2588 BC: The Annals of Sneferu on the Palermo Stone and Cairo Fragment no. 4 record Egyptian expeditions against the Nubians and Libyans with a resulting booty of prisoners and cattle
Military campaign of Egyptian Pharoh Pepi I in Nubia.
January 2331 BC: Egyptian Pharaoh Pepi I's reign was marked by aggressive expansion into Nubia. The Pharaoh received the Nubian chieftains on the southern border.
Was a period of weak central power in Ancient Egypt.
January 2215 BC: During the reign of Pharaoh Pepi II Neferkare, Nubia became again indipendent from Egypt.
January 2169 BC: The First Intermediate Period was a dynamic time in which rule of Egypt was roughly equally divided between two competing power bases. One of the bases was at Heracleopolis in Lower Egypt, a city just south of the Faiyum region, and the other was at Thebes, in Upper Egypt.
January 2024 BC: The Theban ruler Mentuhotep II, after his rise around 2025 B.C., reunited Lower and Upper Egypt.
The military campaign of Pharaoh Mentuhotep II in Nubia.
January 2024 BC: Egyptian Pharaoh Mentuhotep II launched military campaigns under the command of his vizier Khety south into Nubia (which had gained its independence during the First Intermediate Period) during his 29th and 31st years of reign. This is the first attested appearance of the term Kush for Nubia in Egyptian records. In particular, Mentuhotep posted a garrison on the island fortress of Elephantine so troops could rapidly be deployed southwards.
Was a period when ancient Egypt was broken into smaller dynasties for a second time, between the end of the Middle Kingdom and the start of the New Kingdom.
9.1.Secession of Avaris (XIV Dinasty)
Creation of one of the many local dynasties that emerged in Ancient Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period.
January 1704 BC: Pharaoh Nehesi founded a separate Dynasty (the XIV Dynasty) in Avaris around 1705 BC.
9.2.Secession of Xois (XIV Dinasty)
Creation of one of the many local dynasties that emerged in Ancient Egypt during the second intermediate period.
January 1693 BC: The sixth nome of Lower Egypt, whose capital was Xoïs, was ruled by the XIVth dynasty of Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period. It is unclear whether this Dynasty also ruled at the same time over Avaris.
9.3.Conquests of the Hyksos
The Hyksos were people of probable Levantine origin who established the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt (1650-1550 BC).
January 1649 BC: The Hyksos were people of probable Levantine origin, who established the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Based at the city of Avaris in the Nile delta, from where they ruled the northern part of the country.
January 1642 BC: The Pharaohs of the XIIIth dynasty ruled over most of Egypt until Dedumose I. Then the Hyksos seized seized Egypt, thanks to the support of their superior technology.
9.4.Secession of Abydos Dinasty
Creation of one of the many local dynasties that emerged in Ancient Egypt during the second intermediate period.
January 1649 BC: The discovery of the tomb of an unknown pharaoh, Senebkay, accredits the thesis of a possible local dynasty, baptized "Dynasty of Abydos" which would be parallel to the XVth and XVIth dynasties.
January 1599 BC: The Abydos Dynasty disappeared approximately in 1600 BC.
9.5.War between Thebes and Hyksos
The Egyptian dynasty of Thebes reconquered most of the secessionist polities and reuinited Egypt.
January 1559 BC: Pharaoh Ahmose I conquered Thebes.
January 1559 BC: Egyptian Pharaoh Senakhtenre Ahmose, of the XVIIth dynasty reconquered Nubia.
January 1549 BC: Pharaoh Ahmose I completed the conquest and expulsion of the Hyksos from the Nile Delta.
Military campaigns of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ahmose I.
January 1549 BC: Pharaoh Ahmose I reasserted Egyptian power in Canaan.
January 1549 BC: Pharaoh Ahmose I reasserted Egyptian power in Canaan.
January 1523 BC: Pharaoh Ahmose I successfully reasserted Egyptian power in its formerly subject territories of Nubia and Canaan.
10.1.Punitive Expedition in Canaan
Military campaign of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ahmose I in Canaan.
January 1526 BC: Ahmose I began a military expedition in Syria and Nubia during his 22nd year of reign. He reached Djahy in the Levant and perhaps as far as the Euphrates. Ahmose did reach at least as far as Kedem (thought to be near Byblos), according to an ostracon in the tomb of his wife, Ahmose-Nefertari.
February 1526 BC: Ahmose I started a military expedition in Syria and Nubia during his 22nd year of reign. At the end of the expedition the Pharaoh left most of the territories.
Military campaign of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Amenhotep I in Nubia.
January 1529 BC: Two tomb texts indicate that Egyptian Pharaoh Amenhotep I led campaigns into Nubia. He sought to expand Egypt's border southward into Nubia and he led an invasion force which defeated the Nubian army. Amenhotep II built a temple at Saï, showing that he had established Egyptian settlements almost as far as the third cataract.
Military campaigns of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmose I.
January 1504 BC: Syrian campaign of Thutmose I at the beginning of his second regnal year. During this campaign, the Syrian princes declared allegiance to Thutmose.
January 1503 BC: After Thutmose I returned in Egypt, the Syrian vassals of Egypt discontinued tribute and began fortifying against future incursions.
Military campaigns of Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmose II.
13.1.Syrian Campaigns of Thutmose III
Were the military campaigns of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmose III in Syria.
13.1.1.First Syria Campaign
Military campaign of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmose III in Syria.
January 1456 BC: The Battle of Megiddo was fought between Egyptian forces under the command of Pharaoh Thutmose III and a large rebellious coalition of Canaanite vassal states led by the king of Kadesh. Egyptian dominance in the Levant was re-established
13.1.2.Attack on Mitanni (Eighth Syria Campaign)
Military campaign of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmose III against the Kingdom of Mitanni.
January 1446 BC: After Pharaoh Thutmose III had taken control of the Syrian cities, the obvious target for his eighth campaign was the state of Mitanni. Thutmose III then went freely from city to city and pillaged them while the nobles hid in caves.
February 1446 BC: After Pharaoh Thutmose III had taken control of the Syrian cities, the obvious target for his eighth campaign was the state of Mitanni. Thutmose III then went freely from city to city and pillaged them while the nobles hid in caves.
Military campaigns of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmose III.
14.1.Nubian Campaign
Military campaign of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmose III in Nubia.
January 1428 BC: Pharaoh Thutmose's last campaign was waged in his 50th regnal year. He attacked Nubia, but only went so far as the fourth cataract of the Nile. Although no king of Egypt had ever penetrated so far with an army, previous kings' campaigns had spread Egyptian culture that far already.
Military campaign of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Amenhotep II against the Kingdom of Mitanni.
January 1415 BC: Military campaign of Amenhotep II against Mitanni during his ninth year.
February 1415 BC: Military campaign of Amenhotep II against Mitanni during his ninth year. After the campaign, the Egyptian and Mitannian kingdoms seem to have reached some sort of peace.
Military campaigns of Hittite king Tudḫaliya I.
January 1399 BC: During his reign (c. 1400 BC), Hittite King Tudhaliya I, conquered the Hurrian region of Aleppo from Mitanni.
Military campaigns of Hittite king Šuppiluliuma I.
17.1.Akhenaten´s Loss of control of Syrian states
During the kingdom of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten the influence of Egypt in Syria vanished.
January 1351 BC: During the reign of Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten, Egypt was unable to oppose the rise of the Hittites, thus losing control of a series of vassal states of Asia Minor.
Military campaigns of Hittite king Muršili II.
January 1294 BC: Having inherited a position of strength in the east, Hittite King Mursili was able to turn his attention to the west, where he attacked Arzawa and a city known as Millawanda (Miletus), which was under the control of Ahhiyawa.
Military campaigns of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Seti I.
19.1.Seti´s Campiagn in Syria
Military campaign of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Seti I in Syria.
January 1289 BC: In his first regnal year, pharaoh Seti I led his armies along the "Horus Military road," the coastal road that went from the Egyptian city of Tjaru in the northeast of the Nile Delta along the northern coast of the Sinai peninsula ending in the town of "Canaan" in the modern Gaza strip. The campaign continued into Lebanon where the pharaoh received the submission of local chiefs.
19.2.Capture of Kadesh
Conquest of Kadesh by Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Seti I.
January 1287 BC: Kadesh reverted to Hittite control because the Egyptians could not maintain a permanent military occupation of the area, which was close to the Hittite homelands. Pharaoh Seti I probably reached an agreement with the Hittite king Muwatalli on the precise boundaries of the Egyptian and Hittite Empires.
January 1286 BC: It seems that by the end of 1287 BC the Egyptians were again in control of the cities of Kadesh and Fenchu, located in an are disputed with the Hittite Empire.
Military campaigns of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II.
January 1274 BC: The first campaign of pharaoh Ramesses II took place in Syria ca. in the fourth year of his reign. He captured the Hittite vassal state of Amurru.
20.1.Second Syrian campaign
Military campaign of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II in Syria.
June 1274 BC: Battle of Kadesh: the Hittites defeated the Egyptians. Egypt's sphere of influence was now restricted to Canaan while Syria fell into Hittite hands.
20.2.Third Syrian Campaign
Military campaign of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II in Syria.
January 1271 BC: Canaanite princes, seemingly encouraged by the Egyptian incapacity to impose their will and goaded on by the Hittites, began revolts against Egypt. In the seventh year of his reign, Ramesses II returned to Syria once again. The reunited army then marched on Hesbon, Damascus, on to Kumidi, and finally, recaptured Upi (the land around Damascus), reestablishing Egypt's former sphere of influence.
20.3.Egyptian Loss of Tunip
The army of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II left Tunip, a city in the Levant.
January 1269 BC: The conquests of pharaoh Ramesses II in Syria proved to be ephemeral. The Hittites soon reconquered the lands of Tunip, Dapur, Amurru and Kadesh.
20.4.Fifth Syrian campaign of Ramesses II
Military campaign of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II in Syria.
January 1268 BC: Egyptian pharaoh Ramesses II marched once more in Syria during his tenth year. He took towns in Retenu, and Tunip in Naharin.
20.5.Later campaigns in Syria by Ramesses II
Military campaigns in Syria during the late reign of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II.
20.5.1.Egyptian-Hittite peace treaty
Was a treaty concluded between Ramesses II and Ḫattušili III in year 21 of Ramesses's reign (c. 1258 BC). The frontiers are not laid down in this treaty, but may be inferred from other documents. The harbour town of Sumur, north of Byblos, is mentioned as the northernmost town belonging to Egypt, suggesting it contained an Egyptian garrison.
January 1257 BC: The Egyptian-Hittite peace treaty (or the treaty of Kadesh) between Egyptian pharaoh Ramesses II and Hittite king Ḫattušili III was ratified in the 21st year of Ramesses II's reign (1258 BC) and continued in force until the Hittite Empire collapsed eighty years later. The frontiers are not laid down in this treaty, but the harbour town of Sumur, north of Byblos, is mentioned as the northernmost town belonging to Egypt, suggesting it contained an Egyptian garrison.
20.6.Egyptian Expansion in Libya
Military campaign of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses II in Libya.
January 1212 BC: During the reign of Ramesses II, the Egyptians were evidently active on a 300 kilometers stretch along the Lybian coast, at least as far as Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham. Although the exact events surrounding the foundation of the coastal forts and fortresses is not clear, some degree of political and military control must have been held over the region to allow their construction.
Brief secession of Upper Egypt by Amenmesse, possibly a brother of Seti II.
January 1196 BC: Brief secession of Upper Egypt by Amenmesse, possibly a brother of Pharaoh Seti II.
January 1194 BC: Amenmesse was finally defeated by his rival, Pharaoh Seti II, and his domain re-absorbed into the Egyptian Kingdom.
Military campaign of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses III in Libya.
January 1180 BC: Libyan tribesmen invaded Egypt's western delta regions duirng the 5th year of reign of Ramesses III.
February 1180 BC: The Egyptian pharaoh chase away the lybian invaders.
Military campaign of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Ramesses III in Libya.
January 1174 BC: Libyan tribesmen invaded Egypt's western delta regions again duirng the 11th year of reign of Ramesses III.
February 1174 BC: The Egyptian pharaoh chase away the lybian invaders.
Was a period of political instability that followed the death of Pharaoh Ramesses XI and coincided with the Late Bronze Age collapse.
January 1068 BC: During the Third Intermediate Period of Egypt, a separate dynasty (the XXII Dynasty) ruled over Bubastis.
January 833 BC: Egypt quickly fragmented after Rudamun's death, with the rise of local city states under kings such as Peftjaubast of Herakleopolis, Nimlot of Hermopolis, and Ini at Thebes. He is believed to have ascended to the throne of a divided Egypt in either 845 BC or 834 BC.
24.1.Secession of Thebes and of Nubia
With the disintegration of the New Kingdom around 1070 BC, Kush became an independent kingdom centered at Napata in modern northern Sudan.
January 1069 BC: With the disintegration of the so-called New Kingdom of Egypt around 1070 BC, Kush became an independent kingdom centered at Napata in modern northern Sudan.
24.2.Egyptian War with Assyria of Pharaoh Osorkon II
Was a war of Ancient Egypt against Assyria for the domain of the Levant.
January 852 BC: Egypt failed in a further expansionist attempt in the Near East. Pharaoh Osorkon II, flanked by numerous allies such as Persia, Israel, Hama, Phenicia, Canaanite, the Arabs, the Arameans and the Neo-Hittites, fought in the battle of Qarqar against the powerful Assyrian king Salmanassar III (853 BC). The coalition was defeated and the Assyrian Empire continued to dominate the Levant.
February 852 BC: Egypt failed in a further expansionist attempt in the Near East. Pharaoh Osorkon II, flanked by numerous allies such as Persia, Israel, Hama, Phenicia, Canaanite, the Arabs, the Arameans and the Neo-Hittites, fought in the battle of Qarqar against the powerful Assyrian king Salmanassar III (853 BC). The coalition was defeated and the Assyrian Empire continued to dominate the Levant.
24.3.Secession of Leontopolys
Was a secessionist Egyptian Dynasty during the the Third Intermediate Period.
January 753 BC: In the last phase of the Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt, a number of rulers ruled from Leontopolis over the western part of the Nile Delta and part of Middle Egypt. The first of them, Iuput II, ruled over Leontopolis from 754 to 720/715 BC.
24.4.Secession of Sais
The Twenty-Fourth Dynasty was a short-lived group of pharaohs who had their capital at Sais in the western Nile Delta.
January 731 BC: The Twenty-Fourth Dynasty (c. 732-720 BC) was a short-lived group of Pharaohs who had their capital at Sais in the western Nile Delta.
24.5.Nubian Conquest of Egypt
As ruler of Nubia and Upper Egypt, Piye took advantage of the political weakness of Egypt during the third intermediate period.
January 720 BC: As ruler of Nubia and Upper Egypt, Piye took advantage of weakness of Egypt's rulers by expanding Nubia. Despite Piye's successful campaign into the Delta, his authority only extended northward from Thebes up to the western desert oases and Herakleopolis.
January 712 BC: Shabaka, Piye's successor, attacked Sais and defeated Tefnakht's successor Bakenranef.
24.5.1.Conquests of Shebitku
Ancient Kushite King Shebitku, the son of King Piye, was able to conclude the conquest of all Ancient Egyptians territories that his father had started.
January 705 BC: Shebitku was a pharaoh of the 25th Dynasty of Egypt, also known as the Kushite Dynasty. He successfully conquered the entire Nile valley, including Upper and Lower Egypt, establishing his rule over the region by 707/706 BC.
24.6.Assyrian conquest of Egypt
Were a series of Assyrian military campaigns that led to the conquest of Egypt.
24.6.1.Ashurbanipal's second invasion
Was the second military campaign of Assyrian King Ashurbanipal in Egypt to reconquer the region after an invasion by the Kingdom of Kush.
January 662 BC: Egypt was still seen as vulnerable and Tantamani invaded Egypt in hopes of restoring his family to the throne. This led to a renewed conflict with Ashurbanipal in 663 BC.
24.7.Independance of Egypt from Assyria
While the Neo-Assyrian Empire was busy with revolts and civil war over control of the throne, Egypt seceeded from the empire.
January 652 BC: The removal of the Assyrian garrisons in Egypt occurred in 653 BC.
Military campaign of Median king Cyaxares.
25.1.Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire
Was a war fought between Media and Babylon against the Neo-Assyrian Empire that led to the fall of the latter.
25.1.1.Necho´s first campaign in syria
Was a military campaign by Egyptian Pharaoh Necho II that invaded the Levant to help the Assyrian in their war against Media and Babylon.
June 609 BC: Egyptian Pharaoh Necho led a sizable force to help the Assyrians. He soon captured Kadesh on the Orontes and moved forward, joining forces with Assyrian ruler Ashur-uballit and together they crossed the Euphrates and laid siege to Harran. Although Necho became the first pharaoh to cross the Euphrates since Thutmose III, he failed to capture Harran, and retreated back to northern Syria.
January 608 BC: Egyptian Pharaoh Necho led a sizable force to help the Assyrians. He soon captured Kadesh on the Orontes and moved forward, joining forces with Assyrian ruler Ashur-uballit and together they crossed the Euphrates and laid siege to Harran. Although Necho became the first pharaoh to cross the Euphrates since Thutmose III, he failed to capture Harran, and retreated back to northern Syria.
Egypt was a regional power in the Levant until its defeat in the Battle of Charchameshin against Babylonia and Media in 606 BC.
January 604 BC: Egypt was the regional power until Battle of Charchameshin 606BC. Later, Babylonia came and ended the Egyptian rule, and established its own rule in the levant.
Military campaigns of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Psamtik II.
27.1.Incursion in the Kingdom of Kush by Psamtik II
Was a military campaign of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Psamtik II against the Kingdom of Kush.
January 591 BC: Psamtik II led a foray into Nubia marching as far south as the Third or even the Fourth Cataract of the Nile, according to a contemporary stela from Thebes (Karnak), which dates to Year 3 of this king's name and refers to a heavy defeat that was inflicted upon the kingdom of Kush. As a result of Psamtik's devastating campaign, Kush's power was crushed, and its kings from Aspelta onwards lost any opportunity of ever regaining control of Egypt. Instead, the Nubian rulers decided to shift their capital further south from Napata to the relative safety of Meroë. Curiously, however, Psamtik II does not appear to have capitalized on his victory. His troops retreated back to the First Cataract, and Elephantine continued to be the southern border of Egypt.
February 591 BC: Psamtik II led a foray into Nubia marching as far south as the Third or even the Fourth Cataract of the Nile, according to a contemporary stela from Thebes (Karnak), which dates to Year 3 of this king's name and refers to a heavy defeat that was inflicted upon the kingdom of Kush. As a result of Psamtik's devastating campaign, Kush's power was crushed, and its kings from Aspelta onwards lost any opportunity of ever regaining control of Egypt. Instead, the Nubian rulers decided to shift their capital further south from Napata to the relative safety of Meroë. Curiously, however, Psamtik II does not appear to have capitalized on his victory. His troops retreated back to the First Cataract, and Elephantine continued to be the southern border of Egypt.
27.2.Incursion in Palestine by Psamtik II
Was a military campaign of Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Psamtik II in Palestine.
January 590 BC: In 591 BC, during the fourth year of his reign, Psamtik II launched an expedition into Palestine "to foment a general Levantine revolt against the Babylonians" that involved, among others, Zedekiah of the Kingdom of Judah.
February 590 BC: In 591 BC, during the fourth year of his reign, Psamtik II launched an expedition into Palestine "to foment a general Levantine revolt against the Babylonians" that involved, among others, Zedekiah of the Kingdom of Judah.
Was the military conquest of Cyprus by Egyptian Pharaoh Amasis II.
January 569 BC: In 570 BC, Cyprus was conquered by Egypt under Amasis II.
Were a series of expansionistic military campaigns by the first Achaemenid ruler Cyrus the Great.
January 544 BC: Persia ruled Cyprus from 545 BC.
Conquests by Achaemenid ruler Cambyses II.
30.1.Battle of Pelusium
Egypt was lost to the Persians during the battle of Pelusium in 525 BC.
January 524 BC: Egypt was finally lost to the Persians during the battle of Pelusium in 525 BC.
Was the struggle of Egypt to became independent from the Achaemenid Empire that started with the secession of Amyrtaeus from Persia around 404 BC and ended with the reconquest of Egypt by Artaxerxes III.
31.1.Secession of Egypt from Persia
Egypt was effectively a province (satrapy) of the Achaemenid Persian Empire between 525 BC and 404 BC. It was disestablished upon the rebellion and crowning of Amyrtaeus as Pharaoh.
January 403 BC: Egypt was effectively a province (satrapy) of the Achaemenid Persian Empire between 525 BC and 404 BC. It was disestablished upon the rebellion and crowning of Amyrtaeus as Pharaoh.
31.2.Persian Conquest of Upper Egypt
The Persians conquered Upper Egypt from Pharaoh Amyrtaeus who had been able to make Egypt a Kingdom independent from Persia a couple of years before.
January 399 BC: The Elephantine papyri also demonstrate that between 404 and 400 BC (or even 398) Upper Egypt remained under Persian control, while the forces of Amyrtaeus dominated the Delta.
31.3.Persian Campaign in Egypt (385 BC)
The Persians first attacked Egypt in 385 BCE but after three years of war the Egyptians managed to defeat the invaders.
January 384 BC: This period is quite obscure, but it seems that the Persians first attacked Egypt in 385 BC and, after three years of war, the Egyptians managed to defeat the invaders.
February 384 BC: This period is quite obscure, but it seems that the Persians first attacked Egypt in 385 BC and, after three years of war, the Egyptians managed to defeat the invaders.
January 372 BC: Joint Egyptian and Spartan forces occupy Phoenicia.
February 372 BC: The Persians did manage to defeat a joint Egyptian-Spartan effort to conquer Phoenicia
January 358 BC: In 359 BC, Artaxerxes III, the King of the Achaemenid Empire, launched an attack on Egypt in response to Egypt's unsuccessful attempts to conquer coastal regions of Phoenicia. This marked the beginning of the Achaemenid rule over Ancient Egypt.
February 358 BC: In -358 BC, the Persian king Artaxerxes III attacked Egypt in retaliation for Egypt's unsuccessful attacks on the coastal regions of Phoenicia. This conflict marked a significant event in the ongoing power struggles between the Persian Empire and Ancient Egypt.
31.4.First Egyptian Campaign of Artaxerxes II
Was the first military campaign to reconquer Egypt by Achaemenid ruler Artaxerxes III.
January 350 BC: In around 351 BC, Artaxerxes embarked on a campaign to recover Egypt. At the same time a rebellion had broken out in Asia Minor supported by Thebes. Levying a vast army, Artaxerxes marched into Egypt, and engaged Nectanebo II. After a year of fighting the Egyptian Pharaoh, Nectanebo inflicted a crushing defeat on the Persians with the support of mercenaries led by the Greek generals Diophantus and Lamius. Artaxerxes was compelled to retreat and postpone his plans to reconquer Egypt.
February 350 BC: In around 351 BC, Artaxerxes embarked on a campaign to recover Egypt. At the same time a rebellion had broken out in Asia Minor supported by Thebes. Levying a vast army, Artaxerxes marched into Egypt, and engaged Nectanebo II. After a year of fighting the Egyptian Pharaoh, Nectanebo inflicted a crushing defeat on the Persians with the support of mercenaries led by the Greek generals Diophantus and Lamius. Artaxerxes was compelled to retreat and postpone his plans to reconquer Egypt.
31.5.Second Egyptian Campaign of Artaxerxes II
Was the second Egyptian campaign of Artaxerxes II where the Achaemenid ruler reconquered Egypt.
January 342 BC: Second Egyptian Campaign of Achaemenid ruler Artaxerxes II.
January 1699 BC: The Kerma kingdom extended ist reach northward into Lower Nubia and the border of Egypt.
January 1549 BC: Pharaoh Ahmose I reasserted Egyptian power in Canaan.
January 1492 BC: By the end of his reign Pharaoh Thutmose I had defeated Mitanni.
January 1424 BC: The Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmosis III conquers the northern Syrian region of Nuḫašše.
January 1419 BC: King Barattarna of Mitanni expanded the kingdom west to Aleppo and made the Amorite king Idrimi of Alalakh his vassal.
January 1399 BC: Expansion of Mitanni until 1400 BC.
January 1399 BC: The first documented leader of Amurru was Abdi-Ashirta, under whose leadership Amurru was a vassal of the Egyptian empire.
January 1299 BC: The Egyptians regain control of the city of Qatna under Seti I, around 1300 BC.
January 1299 BC: Edom was an ancient kingdom in Transjordan since ca. 1300 BC. It was located between Moab to the northeast, the Arabah to the west, and the Arabian Desert to the south and east.
January 1259 BC: Musri was a neo-Hittite kingdom in Iraqi Kurdistan. Its existence is confirmed by a military expedition of Assyrian king Salmanassar I in the region ca. 1260 BC.
January 1199 BC: Philistine city-states formed a confederation ca. 1200 BC.
January 1136 BC: Egyptian presence in Canaan was terminated during or soon after Ramesses VI's rule,with the last garrisons leaving southern and western Palestine around the time, and the frontier between Egypt and abroad returning to a fortified line joining the Mediterranean to the Red Sea.
January 1029 BC: According to biblical accounts, the Davidic-Solomonic Empire, known as the United Monarchy of Israel in English-speaking countries, was a state in the eastern Mediterranean during the 10th century BC. This kingdom encompassed the territories that would later become the separate kingdoms of Judah and Israel.
January 799 BC: The Qedarites formed a powerful Arab tribal confederation which expanded its territory throughout the 9th to 7th centuries.
January 663 BC: Ashurbanipal installed a native Egyptian Pharaoh, Psammetichus, as a vassal king in 664 BC. However, after Gyges of Lydia's appeal for Assyrian help against the Cimmerians was rejected, Lydian mercenaries were sent to Psammetichus. By 652 BC, this vassal king was able to declare outright independence from Assyria .
January 569 BC: It seems the city of Naukratis was turned over to the Greeks, "chartered," in the years immediately following 570 BC.
Disestablishment
January 342 BC: Second Egyptian Campaign of Achaemenid ruler Artaxerxes II.
Selected Sources
"Giant Sarcophagus Leads Penn Museum Team in Egypt To the Tomb of a Previously Unknown Pharaoh". Penn Museum. January 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014 on https://web.archive.org/web/20150420164031/http://www.penn.museum/press-releases/1032-pharaoh-senebkay-discovery-josef-wegner.html
Bernd Schipper, 2010, Egypt and the Kingdom of Judah under Josiah and Jehoiakim, p. 218
Bietak, Manfred (2001). "Hyksos". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 136–143.
Breasted, James Henry. Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol. II University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1906. ISBN 90-04-12989-8. pp.17-18
Bunnens, Guy; Hawkins, J. D.; Leirens, I. A new Luwian stele and the cult of the storm-god at Til Barsib-Masuwari, 2006, p. 88-94. ISBN 9789042918177.
Bunson, M.R. (2014): Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Infobase Publishing, p. 103
Bunson, M.R. (2014): Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Infobase Publishing, p. 110
Bunson, M.R. (2014): Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Infobase Publishing, p. 14
Bunson, M.R. (2014): Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Infobase Publishing, p. 405
Callender, In: Ian Shaw (edit.), Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, p. 140.
Cline, Eric H. (May 2002). The Battles of Armageddon: Megiddo and the Jezreel Valley from the Bronze Age to the Nuclear Age. University of Michigan Press. Pp. 16-22
Detlef Franke, « Zur Chronologie des Mittleren Reiches. Teil II: Die sogenannte Zweite Zwischenzeit Altägyptens », dans : Orientalia 57 (1988), p. 259
Edwards, I.E.S. / Gadd, C.J. / Hammond, N.G.L. (2008): The Cambridge Ancient History, 3rd ed., Vol. I, Part 2, Cambridge University Press, p. 1
Edwards, I.E.S. / Gadd, C.J. / Hammond, N.G.L. (2008): The Cambridge Ancient History, 3rd ed., Vol. I, Part 2, Cambridge University Press, p. 167
Edwards, I.E.S. / Gadd, C.J. / Hammond, N.G.L. (2008): The Cambridge Ancient History, 3rd ed., Vol. I, Part 2, Cambridge University Press, pp. 191-193
Edwards, I.E.S. / Gadd, C.J. / Hammond, N.G.L. (2008): The Cambridge Ancient History, 3rd ed., Vol. I, Part 2, Cambridge University Press, pp. 195-196
Faulkner, R.O. (2003): The Literature of Ancient Egypt: An Anthology of Stories, Instructions, Stelae, Autobiographies, and Poetry, Yale University Press, p. 368ff
Fischer-Hansen, T. (1988): East and West: Cultural Relations in the Ancient World, Museum Tusculanum Press, p. 25
Francesco Tiradritti & Anna Maria Donadoni Roveri: Kemet: Alle Sorgenti Del Tempo. Electa, Milano 1998, ISBN 88-435-6042-5, page 80–85.
Freeman, C. (2014):Egypt, Greece, and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean, OUP Oxford , p.62
Gardiner, Alan (1961) Egypt of the Pharaohs (Oxford University Press), 107–109.
George Steindorff and Keith C. Seele (1942): When Egypt ruled the East, University of Chicago Press, p. 35
George Steindorff and Keith C. Seele (1942): When Egypt ruled the East, University of Chicago Press, p. 36
Grimal, Nicolas (1992). A History of Ancient Egypt. Translated by Ian Shaw. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-19396-8. p. 192
Grimal, Nicolas-Christophe (1992). A History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-17472-1., p. 256.
Grimal, Nicolas. A History of Ancient Egypt. p.215. Librairie Arthéme Fayard, 1988.
Hafsaas-Tsakos, Henriette (2009). "The Kingdom of Kush: An African Centre on the Periphery of the Bronze Age World System". Norwegian Archaeological Review. 42 (1): 50–70. doi:10.1080/00293650902978590. S2CID 154430884.
Hermann Alexander Schlögl: Das Alte Ägypten: Geschichte und Kultur von der Frühzeit bis zu Kleopatra. Beck, Hamburg 2006, ISBN 3-406-54988-8, page 77-78 & 415.
Kim Steven Bardrum Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800–1550 BC, Copenhague, Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997, 463 p
Na'aman, N. (2005): Canaan in the Second Millennium B.C.E., Eisenbrauns, p. 199
Near East 1400 BCE. Wikipedia. Retrieved on 1 April 2024 on https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Near_East_1400_BCE.png
Nicolas Grimal: A History of Ancient Egypt. Wiley-Blackwell, Weinheim 1994, ISBN 978-0-631-19396-8, page 55.
Otto Schaden, "Amenmesse Project Report, "ARCE Newsletter", No.163 (Fall 1993) pp. 1–9
Redford, D. B. (1992): Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times, Princeton (USA), p. 164
Redford, Donald B. (2003). The Wars in Syria and Palestine of Thutmose III. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 16. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12989-4. p. 226.
Szpakowska, K. (2007): Daily Life in Ancient Egypt, John Wiley & Sons, p.4
Toby A. H. Wilkinson: Early Dynastic Egypt. Routledge, London u. a. 1999, S. 97.
Trevisanato, S. I. (2007). "The 'Hittite plague', an epidemic of tularemia and the first record of biological warfare". Medical Hypotheses. 69 (6): 1371–1374. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2007.03.012. PMID 17499936.
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, pp.4-5
Van De Mieroop, Marc (2007). A History of the Ancient Near East c. 3000–323BC (2nd ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. p. 152.
Weinstein, J. M. (1981): The Egyptian Empire in Palestine: A Reassessment, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research nr. 241, p.7
Ancient Egypt
