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The cluster emerged from the union of Brandenburg and Prussia. Despites the country being later names "Kingdom of Prussia", the cluster remains unchanged. It ceased to exist when Prussia merged with other German polities to form the German Empire.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Brandenburg-Prussia
Prussia (Swedish Vassal)
Kingdom of Prussia
Establishment
January 1619: The Electors of Brandenburg inherited the Duchy of Prussia upon Albert Frederick's death in 1618.
January 1619: Union of Brandenburg and Prussia.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
The Elector of Brandenburg inherited the Duchy of Prussia upon Duke Albert Frederick's death in 1618.
Were a series of wars in Europe (and the overseas possessions of European countries) the 16th, 17th and early 18th that started after the Protestant Reformation. Although the immediate causes of the wars were religious, the motives were complex and also included territorial ambitions.
2.1.Thirty Years' War
Was a war that took place mainly in central Europe between 1618 and 1648. The war began as a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestant in the Holy Roman Empire but then escalated into a conflict for the hegemony in Europe between Habsburg Spain and Austria, Sweden and France.
2.1.1.Bohemian-Palatine period
Was the first period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with a protestant revolt in Bohemia, at the time a territory of the Habsburg Domains.
2.1.1.1.War in Bohemia
Was the theatre of war in Bohemia during the first phase of the Thirty Years' War.
January 1621: After the Battle of the White Mountain, Beuthen reverted to Bohemia as a fief.
2.1.1.2.War in Palatinate
Was the theatre of war in Palatinate during the first phase of the Thirty Years' War.
January 1622: German Protestant military leader Christian of Brunswick captures Lippstadt.
January 1622: Christian of Brunswick captures Soest.
September 1622: From the summer of 1622, the territories of the Palatinate on the right bank of the Rhine were occupied by the troops of the Catholc League. Frederick V of the Palatinate eventually lost his electoral dignity on February 23, 1623, which was transferred to Maximilian of Bavaria.
2.1.2.Swedish Period
Was the third main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of Sweden.
May 1631: After the Swedish occupation of Frankfurt an der Oder in April 1631, Pomerania, Mecklenburg, Brandenburg and Saxony signed alliance treaties with Sweden.
September 1633: The Swedes take Osnabrück.
2.1.3.Franco-Swedish Period
Was the fourth main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of France.
2.1.3.1.North German Front (Sweden)
Was the north German front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
October 1636: The Battle of Wittstock took place during the Thirty Years' War near the town of Wittstock on October 4, 1636. A Swedish-allied army commanded jointly by Johan Banér and Alexander Leslie decisively defeated a combined Imperial-Saxon army, led by Count Melchior von Hatzfeld and the Saxon Elector John George I.
November 1637: After the death of Swedish King Ferdinand II, his son and successor Ferdinand III brought the Swedish troops back to Pomerania, leaving the territories occupied by Sweden in Germany.
December 1643: In 1643 Swedish general Torstensson invaded Moravia for the second time.
January 1644: In 1643, when the Torstensson War broke out, the Swedish military focused entirely on Denmark and thus enabled an imperial offensive to Jutland.
November 1644: In 1644 Swedish field marshal Torstenson led his army for the third time into the heart of Germany and routed the imperials at the battle of Jüterbog.
January 1645: At the beginning of January 1645 the Swedes broke into Bohemia.
September 1646: The exausted Swedish army led by Field Marshal Torstensson left Germany in the early summer of 1646 and returned to Sweden.
July 1647: The Imperial Army liberated the fortress of Egra (today known as Cheb in the Czech Republic) from Swedish occupation.
June 1648: In May 1648, there was the last major field battle of the Thirty Years' War between French-Swedish and Imperial-Bavarian armies near Augsburg.
2.1.4.Peace of Westphalia
Were a series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War. Catholics and Protestants were redefined as equal in the territories of the Holy Roman Empire. There were major territorial adjustments. In particular, France, Sweden and Brandenburg had major territorial gains, and several religious territories of the Holy Roman Empire were secularized.
October 1648: The Minden Prince-Bishopric is secularized as a principality for Brandenburg.
October 1648: With the 1648 Peace of Westphalia, Further Pomerania was assigned to Brandenburg-Prussia who held the rights for inheritance (Province of Pomerania (1653-1815)). Hither Pomerania stayed with the Swedish Empire and henceforth became known as Swedish Pomerania. The border was settled in the Treaty of Stettin (1653).
October 1648: The Halberstadt Prince-Bishopric is secularized as a principality for Brandenburg.
October 1648: With the Peace of Westphalia Sweden received Western Pomerania (henceforth Swedish Pomerania), Wismar, and the Prince-Bishoprics of Bremen and Verden as hereditary fiefs. Sweden evacuated the remnant territories it had occupied in the Holy Roman Empire.
2.2.Düsseldorf Cow War
Was a military conflict over the status of church property in the duchies Jülich and Berg between the Palatinate and the Margraviate of Brandenburg.
July 1651: In June 1651, 3,800 Brandenburg troops led by Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, invaded Berg, which was ruled by Wolfgang Wilhelm, Duke of Berg. The invasion resulted in the death of two civilians, the bombardment of Wolfgang Wilhelm's palace, and the seizure of his wife's cows. The Brandenburg troops then established an encampment at Angermund as part of Prussia's military occupation of the territory.
November 1651: In 1651, during the Thirty Years' War, Neuburg and Brandenburg, led by Wolfgang Wilhelm, Duke of Neuburg, and Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, respectively, disbanded their troops in the occupied regions, which then came under military occupation by Kurpfalz.
November 1651: In 1651, during the Thirty Years' War, the territories of Neuburg and Brandenburg had disbanded their troops in the occupied regions, which then went under the control of the Archbishopric of Cologne.
Was a war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden.
3.1.Invasion of Polish Prussia
Swedish invasion of Prussia during the Polish-Swedish War (1626-1629).
July 1626: 7,000 Swedish soldiers landed in Piława .
3.2.Truce of Altmark
Was the treaty that ended the Polish-Swedish War (1626-1629).
September 1629: In 1629, during the Thirty Years' War, the Coastal Stripe of Prussia was ceded to the Kingdom of Sweden. This territory included the cities of Elbing, Memel, Fischhausen, Braunsberg, and Frauenburg.
3.3.Treaty of Stuhmsdorf
Was a treaty where Sweden returned territories of Brandenburg-Prussia and Poland-Lithuania that were invaded in the previous years.
September 1635: The Swedes had to return to the commonwealth the territories they occupied in Baltic Prussia: ports of Elbing, Memel and Pillau, the latter two returning to George William, Elector of Brandenburg and withdraw their garrisons from them
Was a war of succession in the United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg between Brandenburg and the Palatinate.
January 1631: The County Ravenstein came to the Catholic Duchy of Palatinate-Neuburg in 1630.
July 1651: Brandenburg troops invaded Berg.
4.1.Treaty of Cleve
Was a treaty between Palatinate-Neuburg and Brandenburg that officially paritioned the Duchy of Jülich-Cleves-Mark and ended the War of the Jülich Succession.
September 1666: In 1666 the Treaty of Kleve was ratified, which significantly reduced the conflict between Pfalz-Neuburg and Brandenburg. With this settlement, the Duchy of Kleve and the counties of Mark and Ravensberg fell to the Elector of Brandenburg, Friedrich Wilhelm. The Count Palatine Philipp Wilhelm received the duchies of Jülich and Berg as well as the small Flemish dominions of Wijnendale west of Ghent and Breskesand on the extreme southwestern Scheldt island.
A series of wars fought in northern and northeastern Europe from the 16th to the 18th century.
5.1.Second Northern War
Was a war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden (along with their respective allies) over the hegemony in the Baltic Sea.
January 1656: In 1656, during the Second Northern War, the "Great Elector" of Brandenburg, Frederick William, was forced to join the Swedish camp and became a Swedish vassal for the Duchy of Prussia and Ermland. This decision was a strategic move to protect his territories from Polish and Russian threats.
November 1656: The Treaty of Labiau was a treaty signed between Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg and Charles X Gustav of Sweden. With several concessions, the most important being the elevation of Frederick William I from a Swedish vassal to a full sovereign in the Duchy of Prussia and in Ermland (Ermeland, Warmia).
November 1657: Ermland returned to Poland.
5.2.Scanian War
Was a war that saw Denmark and Brandenburg-Prussia fight against Sweden.
5.2.1.Swedish-Brandenburg War
Was the fight between Brandenburg-Prussia and Sweden in the first part of the Scanian War, when Swedeish troops invaded Brandenburg.
5.2.2.Bremen-Verden campaign
Was the invasion of Bremen-Verden (at the time part of Sweden) by an alliance of countries led by Denmark during the Scanian War.
5.2.3.Invasion of Swedish Pomerania by Brandenburg-Prussia
Was the invasion of Swedish Pomerania by Brandenburg-Prussia during the Scanian War.
5.2.4.Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Was a peace treaty between France and the Electorate of Brandenburg at the end of the Scanian War.
5.3.Great Northern War
Was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.
5.3.1.Phase 2: Sweden Defending itself
Was the second phase of the Great Northern War. It consisted in the counterattack of all the countries that Sweden had invaded during the first phase of the war.
5.3.1.1.North German Front of the Great Northern War
Was the theatre of war of northern Germany in the second phase of the Great Northern War.
February 1710: Russian storming of Elbing (today: Elbląg).
October 1713: A few days after the handover, the Allies agreed with Prussia in the Treaty of Schwedt, which was to take over the city as a neutral occupying power and was allowed to keep it in the future for a payment of 400,000 Reichstaler. After paying this sum, Prussian troops marched into Stettin on October 6, 1713.
5.3.2.Peace Treaties of the Great Northern War
Were the peace treaties that ended the Great Northern War.
5.3.2.1.Peace of Stockholm (1720)
Two treaties signed in 1719 and 1720 that ended the war between Sweden and an alliance of Hanover and Prussia.
February 1720: In 1720, the Kingdom of Prussia acquired Stettin, Western Pomerania up to the Peene River, and the islands of Usedom and Wollin from Sweden. This territorial exchange was part of the Treaty of Stockholm, negotiated by Swedish diplomat Johan Gyllenstierna and Prussian envoy Friedrich Wilhelm von Grumbkow. The payment of two million thalers was made to Sweden as part of the agreement.
5.3.2.2.Peace of Nystad
Was a treaty that ended the Great Northern War between the Tsardom of Russia and the Swedish Empire.
September 1721: Russia evacuates the military occupied territories at the end of the war.
Was a war between the Kingdom of France and the Dutch Republic.
6.1.French invasion of the Dutch Republic
Was the French invasion of the Dutch Republic during the Franco-Dutch War.
June 1672: French forces conquer Burick.
December 1673: Münster and Cologne left the war in November. With the war expanding into the Rhineland and Spain, French troops withdrew from the Dutch Republic, retaining only Grave and Maastricht.
The death of childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700 led to a struggle for control of the Spanish Empire between his heirs, Philip of Anjou and Charles of Austria, and their respective supporters. It was a global war, with fighting taking place in Europe, Asia, and America. At the end of the war, Philip II, who was the successor chosen by Charles II as a descendant of Charles' paternal half-sister Maria Theresa, became King of Spain and of its overseas empire. The Spanish possessions in Europe were partitioned between various European Monarchies.
7.1.Dutch and German Theatre (War of the Spanish Succession)
Was the theatre of war of the War of the Spanish Succession in Germany and the Low Countries.
July 1703: Rheinberg and Bonn fell early to the Allied forces led by France.
7.2.Treaty of Utrecht
Were a series of treaties to end the War of the Spanish Succession.
April 1713: In 1713, the region of Upper Gelderland, known as Overkwartier, was divided between Prussia. This included Gelderland, Viersen, Horst, and Venray. The transfer of territory was part of the Treaty of Utrecht, which ended the War of the Spanish Succession.
7.3.Treaty of Baden
Was a treaty between France and the Holy Roman Empire, to end the War of the Spanish Succession.
September 1714: In the Treaty of Baden the French and their allies returned the east bank of the Rhine River (the Breisgau) to Austria.
Were a series of wars between the Habsburg Domains and Prussia for the control of Silesia. The war started during the War of the Austrian Succession, when Frederick the Great of Prussia invaded Habsburg-held Silesia.
8.1.First Silesian War
Was the first of three wars between Austria and Prussia for the control of Silesia. It was part of the War of the Austrian Succession. The war started when Prussia invaded Silesia. The possession of the region by Prussia was aknowledged by Austria at the end of the war.
8.1.1.Silesian Theatre (First War)
Was the Silesian theatre of the First Silesian War.
January 1741: The Prussians swept through the province, taking control of the capital at Breslau without a fight.
January 1741: The fortress at Ohlau was taken without resistance by Prussian forces.
January 1741: By the end of January 1741, almost the entirety of Silesia had come under Prussian control, and the remaining Austrian strongholds of Glogau, Brieg and Neisse were besieged.
March 1741: Prince Leopold II of Anhalt-Dessau took Glogau by storm.
May 1741: Brieg (today Brzeg) surrendered to the Prussians on 4 May.
November 1741: On 9 October Austria and Prussia agreed to a secret armistice known as the Convention of Klein Schnellendorf, under which both belligerents would cease hostilities in Silesia, and Austria would eventually concede Lower Silesia in return for a final peace to be negotiated before the end of the year. Neipperg's Austrian forces were then recalled from Silesia to defend Austria against the western invaders, abandoning Neisse after a sham siege in early November and leaving the whole of Silesia under Prussian control.
June 1742: The Treaty of Breslau was a preliminary peace agreement signed in 1742 between Prussian King Frederick the Great and Austrian Empress Maria Theresa, ending the First Silesian War. The treaty ceded most of Silesia to Prussia, marking a significant territorial gain for the Kingdom of Prussia.
June 1742: The Treaty of Breslau was a preliminary peace agreement signed in 1742 between Maria Theresa of Austria and Frederick II of Prussia, ending the First Silesian War. The treaty ceded the territory of Silesia to the Kingdom of Prussia.
8.1.2.Bohemian Theatre (First Silesian WarWar)
Was the Bohemian theatre of the First Silesian War.
January 1742: Prince Leopold's army besieged the fortress at Glatz on the edge of Bohemia.
April 1742: Frederick took Kłodzko.
8.1.3.Moravian Theatre
Was the Moravian theatre of the First Silesian War.
December 1741: In December Schwerin's army advanced through the Sudetes into Moravia, occupying the capital at Olmütz on 27 December.
April 1742: Prussian forces moved onto Židlochovice in March 1742.
May 1742: The Moravian campaign in 1742 was part of the War of the Austrian Succession. The Prussians, led by King Frederick the Great, retreated from Moravia after failing to make significant gains against the Habsburg Empire. The territory was then occupied by the Habsburg military.
8.2.Second Silesian War
Was the second of three wars between Austria and Prussia for the control of Silesia. It was part of the War of the Austrian Succession.
8.2.1.Bohemian Theatre (Second Silesian War)
Was the Bohemian theatre of the Second Silesian War.
September 1744: The Second Silesian War began in 1744. Frederick of Prussia was disquieted by the universal success of the Austrians and their alliance with Sardinia.
The invading army of around 70,000 men entered Bohemia in three columns: the eastern column, led by Count Kurt von Schwerin, advanced from Silesia through Glatz and across the Giant Mountains; the central column, led by Prince Leopold II of Anhalt-Dessau, marched through Saxony (with an order from the Emperor guaranteeing safe conduct), passing through Lusatia and advancing to Leitmeritz; the western column, led by Frederick himself, advanced up the Elbe through Dresden and across the Ore Mountains to Leitmeritz. After entering Bohemia, all three forces converged on Prague by the beginning of September, surrounding and besieging the Bohemian capital.
September 1744: Prague underwent a week of heavy artillery bombardment, eventually surrendering to the Prussians on 16 September.
September 1744: Frederick the Great left a modest garrison in Prague and quickly marched on to the south, occupying Tabor, Budweis and Frauenberg.
November 1744: By early November the Prussians were forced to retreat to Prague and the Elbe.
November 1744: After some weeks of manoeuvre an Austrian-Saxon force crossed the Elbe on 19 November. At this point the Prussians abandoned Prague and gave up Bohemia, retreating in poor morale into Upper Silesia.
June 1745: The Prussians followed the retreating Austrian-Saxon army into Bohemia, harassing its rear as far as Königgrätz.
November 1745: The Prussian's supplies were exhausted and they withdrew again into Upper Silesia for the winter.
8.2.2.Silesian Theatre (Second War)
Was the Silesian theatre of the Second Silesian War.
April 1745: Frederick abandoned the mountainous southern tip of Upper Silesia to the Austrian vanguard of pandurs, concentrating his defences around the town of Frankenstein in the valley of the Eastern Neisse.
May 1745: At the end of May, the Austrian-Saxon force crossed through the Giant Mountains and camped around the Silesian village of Hohenfriedberg.
June 1745: The ensuing Battle of Hohenfriedberg ended in a decisive Prussian victory, sending Prince Charles's army retreating in disarray back into the mountains.
November 1745: Frederick the Great won the actions of Katholisch-Hennersdorf on 24 November and Görlitz on 25 November.
November 1745: Leopold I was the Duke of Anhalt-Dessau and a Prussian general during the War of the Austrian Succession. His army's advance into Leipzig in 1745 marked a significant military occupation by Prussia in the region.
December 1745: The armies of King Charles VII of Bavaria and King Frederick II of Prussia converged toward Dresden in early December 1745.
December 1745: Leopold's force attacked and destroyed Rutowsky's army in the Battle of Kesselsdorf.
December 1745: The Prussians occupied Dresden on 18 December.
December 1745: This Treaty of Dresden ended the Second Silesian War between Austria, Saxony, and Prussia.
8.3.Third Silesian War
Was the last of three wars between Austria and Prussia for the control of Silesia. It was also part of the Seven Years' War.
8.3.1.Saxon Theatre (Polish-Soviet War)
Was the theatre of War in the Electorate of Saxony, which was invaded by Prussia, during the Third Silesian War.
8.3.2.Bohemian Theatre (Third War)
Was the Bohemian theatre of the Third Silesian War.
8.3.3.Russian invasion of East Prussia (Third Silesian War)
Was the Russian invasion of East Prussia during the Third Silesian War.
8.3.4.Russian invasion of Brandenburg (Third Silesian War)
Was the Russian invasion of Brandenburg during the Third Silesian War.
8.3.5.Silesian Theatre (Third War)
Was the Silesian theatre of the Third Silesian War.
8.3.6.Russia switches sided
On 5 January 1762 the ailing Russian Empress Elizabeth died. Her nephew and successor, Tsar Peter III, was an ardent admirer of Frederick the Great of Prussia, and he reversed Russia's foreign policy and ordered a ceasefire with Prussia. Peter agreed to an armistice with Prussia in March and lifted the Russian occupation of East Prussia and Pomerania.
8.3.7.Treaty of Hubertusburg
Was the treaty that ended the Third Silesian War, and, together with the Treaty of Paris (1763) it ended also the Seven Years' War.
Was a European conflict caused by the succession to the Habsburg Domains. Maria Theresa succeeded her father Charles VI, and the opposition to female inheritance of the throne was a pretext for starting a war. It was a global conflict that saw fight in Europe, Asia, America and Africa.
9.1.Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Austrian Succession, following a congress assembled on 24 April 1748 at the Free Imperial City of Aachen.
October 1748: The State that obtained the greatest advantage was Prussia, which definitively annexed the rich region of Silesia, wrested from Austria.
Was a global conflict that involved most of the European great powers, and was fought primarily in Europe, the Americas, and Asia-Pacific. At the end of the war the main winner was Great Britain, that obtained territories in North America, the Caribbean and India, becoming the most powerful maritime and colonial of the European powers.
10.1.Central German Theatre
Was the theatre of war in central Germany of the Seven Years' War.
10.1.1.French Invasion (German Theatre of the Seven Years' War)
Was a French large-scale invasion of Germany during the Seven Years' War.
July 1757: The Prussian port of Emden fell to the French.
August 1757: Under Richelieu the French continued their drive, taking Minden.
August 1757: During the Seven Years' War, French Marshal Louis Charles César Le Tellier led the siege of Geldern, which was defended by Prussian General von Spörcken. The prolonged siege resulted in the French army being delayed in their campaign.
November 1757: French marshal Louis François Armand de Richelieu moved his forces to take up winter quarters around Halberstadt.
November 1757: The Prussian army leaves Rossbach.
10.1.2.Counteroffensive against the French invasion of Germany
Was the Prussian and British counteroffensive against the French invasion of Germany during the Seven Years' War.
April 1758: During the Seven Years' War, Ferdinand of Brunswick led the Allied forces, including British and Hanoverian troops, to re-capture the port of Emden from the French in 1758. This victory was a significant turning point in the war.
10.1.3.Rhineland Theatre (Seven Years' War)
Was the theatre of War in the Rhineland during the Seven Years' War.
August 1759: On 1 August 1759, the Anglo-German army of Ferdinand Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg, routed the French during the Battle of Minden.
10.2.Pomeranian War
Was a theatre of war of the Seven Years' War. The term is used to describe the fighting between Sweden and Prussia between 1757 and 1762 in Swedish Pomerania, Prussian Pomerania, northern Brandenburg and eastern Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
September 1757: Swedish Major Carl Constantin De Carnall was able to reach Fehrbellin with 800 men to defend it from about 5,000 Prussians at a battle fought there on 28 September.
October 1757: After the failure of the Austrian invasion of Saxony, Hamilton left Neuruppin on 10 October and headed for the River Oder, in the hopes of joining up with the Russians. He failed in this and the Swedish force had to go into winter quarters, with Hamilton returning to Swedish Pomerania. .
April 1759: In 1759, during the Seven Years' War, the Swedish commander Carl August Ehrensvärd was forced to retreat to Stralsund by a superior Prussian force. This resulted in the loss of the garrisons at Demmin, Anklam, and Peenemünde to Prussia through military occupation.
June 1759: The Russian advance in May liberated Swedish Pomerania.
October 1759: The Swedish army captured Usedom and Wollin.
December 1759: In 1759, during the Seven Years' War, Russian Field Marshal Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin was unable to besiege Stettin due to lack of cooperation from his allies. As a result, he withdrew into Swedish Pomerania, specifically in Usedom and Wollin, which then became part of the Kingdom of Prussia.
January 1760: Swedish troops penetrated as far as Anklam.
September 1760: However, despite these successes and despite the Prussian army's attention mainly being elsewhere, Lantingshausen and his 15,000 troops were under-supplied and only able to invade Prussia in August, mainly in order to find supplies. He pushed forward to Prenzlow (now Prenzlau) in Brandenburg with his main force of 6,000 troops, leaving Augustin Ehrensvard with a detachment in Pasewalk.
December 1760: Then many officers left to participate in parliament and the resulting shortage of officers forced Lantingshausen to return to Swedish Pomerania, where he remained for the whole winter without being attacked by the Prussians.
Was a revolt of Polish nobles that revolted against Russian influence to protect the independence of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The revolt was put down and shortly after the First Partition of Poland took place.
11.1.First Partition of Poland
Was the first of the three partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At the time the country was occupied by Russia. The first partition saw Polish-Lithuanian territories taken by Austria, Russia and Prussia.
August 1772: On 19 February 1772, the agreement of partition was signed in Vienna. A previous agreement between Prussia and Russia had been made in Saint Petersburg on 6 February 1772. Early in August Russian, Prussian and Austrian troops simultaneously entered the Commonwealth and occupied the provinces agreed upon among themselves. On 5 August, the three parties signed the treaty on their respective territorial gains on the Commonwealth's expense.
August 1772: First partition of Poland: Prussia buys Ermland (Warmia) and Royal Prussia (organized in the province of West Prussia), the county of Pomerania, but without the city of Danzig, the counties of Marienburg (Malbork), Kulm ( Chełmno), but without the city of Torun, and some districts in Greater Poland.
11.2.Second Partition of Poland
The second of three partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth happened in the aftermath of the Polish-Russian War of 1792. Polish-Lithuanian territories were acquired by Prussia and Russia.
11.3.Third Partition of Poland
Was the third an final partition of Poland-Lithuania whose immediate reason was the Kościuszko Uprising against Prussia and Russia. The Polish-Lithuanian remaining territories were partitioned between the Habsburg Monarchy, Prussia and Russia. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ceased to exist.
Was a dispute between the Austrian Habsburg monarchy and an alliance of Saxony and Prussia over the succession to the Electorate of Bavaria after the extinction of the Bavarian branch of the House of Wittelsbach. Bavaria was finally united with Palatinate (where another Branche of the Wittelsbach ruled) but lost the Innviertel region ot Austria.
August 1778: Frederick the Great of Prussia led his troops to invade Bohemia. The Prussian forces occupied Náchod but did not advance further into Bohemia.
12.1.Treaty of Teschen
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Bavarian Succession.
May 1779: Prussia leaves the territories occupied in the Habsburg Domains after the War of the Bavarian Succession was ended with the Treaty of Teschen.
Was a Prussian military campaign in September-October 1787 to restore the Orange stadtholderate in the Dutch Republic against the rise of the democratic Patriot movement.
September 1787: The fortress city of Gorinchem (the only garrison south of Amsterdam still in a position to offer resistance, after the Woerden Defense Council had ordered all other troops to retreat to Amsterdam on 15 September) was ordered to surrender by Knobelsdorff on 17 September.
September 1787: The main Prussian force, led by Gaudi and Knobelsdorff, reached Leimuiden.
September 1787: Naarden and Weesp were part of the Dutch Republic during the Patriot movement in the late 18th century. Adam Gerard Mappa was a prominent Patriot leader who led the surrender of Naarden to Prussian forces in 1787 during the Prussian military occupation of the Dutch Republic.
October 1787: Prussian military occupation of Sloten
October 1787: The Prussian forces left the city of Leiden.
Was an uprising against the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia led by Tadeusz Kościuszko in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and in the Prussian territories in Poland. The revolt was caused by the first two partitions of Poland.
14.1.Revolt proper (Kościuszko Uprising)
On 24 March 1794, Tadeusz Kościuszko, a veteran of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War, announced a general uprising of Poland-Lithuania against Russia and Prussia.
June 1794: The Prussian army captured Kraków unopposed.
October 1794: A Polish corps under Jan Henryk Dąbrowski captured Bydgoszcz and entered Pomerania almost unopposed.
November 1794: The commander of the Kościuszko Uprising, Tomasz Wawrzecki, surrendered to Russian and Prussian forces Radoszyce.
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
January 1803: In 1802, the territory of Paderborn was transferred to the Kingdom of Prussia. This decision was made as part of the secularization process in the Holy Roman Empire, which aimed to redistribute ecclesiastical lands to secular rulers.
January 1803: Salm was created in 1802 as a state of the Holy Roman Empire in order to compensate the princes of Salm-Kyrburg and Salm-Salm, who had lost their states to France in 1793-1795. The new territory was not near most of the old territories of the princes, but instead extended the County of Anholt, which had been a minor possession of the prince of Salm-Salm. Most of the area was taken from the dissolved Bishopric of Münster.
January 1803: Several exclaves of the Mainz Archibishopric, including Erfurt, are given to the Kingdom of Prussia.
January 1803: In 1802, the territory of Mühlhausen (Thuringia) was transferred to the Kingdom of Prussia. This decision was made as part of the territorial reorganization following the Napoleonic Wars.
February 1803: Reichsdeputationsschluss: the Imperial Recess of 1803, was a resolution passed by the Reichstag (Imperial Diet) of the Holy Roman Empire. The law secularized nearly 70 ecclesiastical states and abolished 45 imperial cities to compensate numerous German princes for territories to the west of the Rhine that had been annexed by France as a result of the French Revolutionary Wars.
February 1803: By the German Mediatisation of 1803, Oldenburg acquired the Oldenburg Münsterland and the Prince-Bishopric of Lübeck.
January 1804: The Werden Abbey is acquired by the Kingdom of Prussia.
January 1804: The Hildesheim Prince-Bishopric is acquired by the Kingdom of Prussia.
January 1804: The Imperial City of Goslar is acquired by the Kingdom of Prussia.
October 1804: In 1804 Weißenburg in Bayern was annexed by Prussia.
March 1806: On 15 March 1806, the French emperor created the Granduchy of Berg and put it under the rule of his brother-in-law Joachim Murat. The Grand Duchy was a Napoleonic creation on territories formally part of several German states. Its capital was Düsseldorf.
October 1806: In September 1802, the city of Nuremberg lost its imperial freedom and came under the control of Electoral Bavaria. In 1804, it was transferred to Prussia before finally becoming part of the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1806.
January 1807: In 1806, during the Napoleonic Wars, the Kingdom of Prussia annexed the territory of Hannover. This decision was made as a result of the Treaty of Tilsit.
January 1807: Ostfriesland and Ravenstein are annexed by Holland.
January 1807: Establishment of the Kingdom of Westphalia.
January 1808: In 1806, in the reorganization of Germany occasioned by the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, Maximilian I Joseph, now King of Bavaria, ceded Berg to Napoleon in return for the Principality of Ansbach.
January 1809: The Kingdom of Westphalia was created received territories ceded by the Kingdom of Prussia in the Peace of Tilsit, among them the region of the Duchy of Magdeburg west of the Elbe River, the Brunswick-Lüneburg territories of Hanover and Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, and the Electorate of Hesse.
15.1.War of the First Coalition
Were a series of wars between the Kingdom of France (later the French Republic) and several European Monarchies. The French Revolution had deteriorated the relations of France with the other European countries, that tried several times to invade France in order to crash the revolutionary government.
January 1795: The French armies drove the Austrians, British, and Dutch beyond the Rhine, occupying Belgium, the Rhineland, and the south of the Netherlands.
15.1.1.Flanders Campaign
Was a French military campaign in the Flanders.
December 1794: By 28 December the French had occupied the Bommelwaard and the Lands of Altena.
January 1795: On 10 January French general Pichegru ordered a general advance across the frozen river between Zaltbommel and Nijmegen and the allies were forced to retreat behind the Lower Rhine.
15.1.2.Peace of Basel
Were a series of Treaties between the French Republic and Prussia, Spain and Hesse-Kassel that ended the War of the First Coalition with these countries.
April 1795: The Peace of Basel of 1795 consisted of three peace treaties involving France during the French Revolution. The first was with Prussia (represented by Karl August von Hardenberg) on 5 April. France returned all of the lands east of the Rhine captured during the war.
April 1795: Peace of Basel of 1795 at the end of the War of the First Coalition between the Kingdom of Prussia and the French Republic. France gained the left bank of the Rhine.
15.1.3.Rhine campaign of 1800
Was one of a series of battles in the Rhineland during the War of the First Coalition.
October 1796: The French retreated across the rivers Rhine and Elz, destroying all the bridges.
15.1.4.Treaty of Campo Formio
Was a treaty between France and Austria that ended the War of the First Coalition.
January 1798: The Treaty of Campo Formio was signed on 17 October 1797 (26 Vendémiaire VI). The treaty transferred the Austrian Netherlands to France. The territories of Venice were partitioned, most were acquired by Austria. Austria recognized the Cisalpine Republic and the newly created Ligurian Republic. Extension of the borders of France up to the Rhine, the Nette, and the Roer.
15.2.War of the Second Coalition
Was the second war that saw revolutionary France against most of the European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria, and Russia, and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Naples, and various German monarchies. Prussia did not join this coalition, and Spain supported France.
15.2.1.Suvorov Swiss campaign
Was a military campaign led by Russian general Alexander Suvorov against France that took place in Switzlerand.
October 1799: The Russian troops were forced by the French to abandon their hold on the left bank of the Rhine.
15.2.2.Treaty of Lunéville
Was a treaty between the French Republic and the Holy Roman Empire that formally ended the partecipation of Austria and the Holy Roman Empire in the War of the Second Coalition.
February 1801: The Treaty of Lunéville was signed in the Treaty House of Lunéville between the French Republic and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II. Certain Austrian holdings within the borders of the Holy Roman Empire were relinquished, and French control was extended to the left bank of the Rhine, "in complete sovereignty" but France renounced any claim to territories east of the Rhine. Contested boundaries in Italy were set. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was awarded to the French.
15.3.War of the Third Coalition
Was a European conflict spanning the years 1805 to 1806. During the war, France and its client states under Napoleon I opposed an alliance, the Third Coalition, made up of the United Kingdom, the Holy Roman Empire, the Russian Empire, Naples, Sicily, and Sweden. Prussia remained neutral during the war.
February 1806: The assignment treaties of Paris in 1806 involved the transfer of territory to the Grand Duchy of Berg.
February 1806: The assignment treaties of Paris in 1806 involved Napoleon Bonaparte and King Frederick William III of Prussia. As a result of these treaties, the territory of Neuchatel Principality was transferred from Prussia to Napoleon's control.
15.4.Franco-Swedish War
Was a war between France and Sweden that took place in Swedish Pomerania.
15.4.1.Offensive in Swedish Pomerania
Were a series of French campaigns were Swedish Pomerania was occupied.
May 1809: The French occupation of Stralsund was interrupted when a Prussian freikorps under Ferdinand von Schill seized the city.
May 1809: The Prussian freikorps are defeated by the French who recaptured Stralsund.
15.5.War of the Fourth Coalition
Was a war between the French Empire and a coalition of European monarchies, mainly Prussia and Russia.
15.5.1.Prussian Campaign (War of the Fourth Coalition)
Was a French military campaign in Prussia during the War of the Fourth Coalition.
October 1806: French Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte defeated Eugene Frederick Henry, Duke of Württemberg, at the Battle of Halle and chased his forces across the Elbe River.
October 1806: Napoleon entered Berlin on 27 October 1806.
15.5.2.Polish, Russian and Swedish campaigns (War of the Fourth Coalition)
Was the theatre of war in Poland, Russia and Sweden during the War of the Fourth Coalition.
February 1807: The Battle of Eylau was fought between Napoleon's Grande Armée and the Imperial Russian Army led by General Levin August von Bennigsen. It was one of the bloodiest battles of the Napoleonic Wars, with heavy casualties on both sides. The battle ended inconclusively, with neither side achieving a decisive victory.
June 1807: In 1807, Napoleon Bonaparte defeated the Russian army at the Battle of Friedland. This victory led to the Treaty of Tilsit, where Russia ceded territory to France and solidified Napoleon's dominance in Europe.
15.5.3.Peace of Tilsit
Were a series of treaties that ended the War of the Fourth Coalition.
July 1807: With the second Treaty signed in Tilsit, Prussia lost Cottbus to Saxony.
July 1807: The second of the Treaties of Tilsit was signed by France with Prussia on 9 July 1807 and awarded the left bank of the Elbe to the newly created Kingdom of Westphalia.
July 1807: Towards the end of 1806, the French entered Poland and Napoleon created a new Duchy of Warsaw.
July 1807: After the defeat of King Frederick William III of Prussia at the 1806 Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, according to the Franco-Prussian Treaty of Tilsit of 9 July 1807, the territory of the free state was carved out from lands that made up part of the West Prussia province.
July 1807: The Duchy of Warsaw was a Polish state established by Napoleon in 1807 from the Polish lands ceded by the Kingdom of Prussia under the terms of the Treaties of Tilsit.
July 1807: The Peace of Tilsit was signed in 1807 between Emperor Napoleon I of France and Tsar Alexander I of Russia. The treaty divided Europe into spheres of influence, with the Duchy of Warsaw being created out of Prussian territory as a French client state.
July 1807: Peace of Tilsit.
July 1807: The treaty signed between Prussia and France at Tilsit, following the War of the Fourth Coalition, was highly disadvantageous to Prussia. As a result of this agreement, the Kingdom lost most of its Polish territories to the newly created Duchy of Warsaw. Additionally, it ceded most of its territories in central Germany and the Rhineland to France, the Grand Duchy of Berg, and the Kingdom of Westphalia. The remnant territories occupied by France in Germany were evacuated.
15.6.War of the Sixth Coalition
Was a war between France and a a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, and a number of German States. The coalition emerged after the decimation of the French army in the French invasion of Russia. The coalition ultimately invaded France and forced Napoleon to abdicate and go into exile.
April 1813: On 5 April, in the Battle of Möckern, combined Prusso-Russian forces defeated French troops. The French withdrew to Magdeburg.
October 1813: The Grand Duchy's short existence came to an end when the French forces pulled back in the course of the 1813 Battle of Leipzig. The territory was then administered by Prussia, which officially incorporated the former Grand Duchy according to the Final Act of the 1815 Congress of Vienna.
October 1813: Napoleon is defeated in Leipzig by the Coalition forces. The French Army is forced to leave Germany.
January 1814: Ostfriesland is annexed by Russia.
January 1814: Dortmund, Ostfriesland, Gleichenstein, Goslar, Halberstadt, Mark, Nordhausen, Paderborn, Tecklenburg are annexed by Prussia.
January 1814: Cottbus is ccupied by Prussia and later added to the Province of Brandenburg.
15.6.1.Treaty of Paris (1814)
Was the treaty that ended the war between France and the Sixth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars.
May 1814: Lingen and Ravensberg are acquired by the Kingdom of Prussia.
15.7.Congress of Vienna
Was a series of international diplomatic meetings after the end of the Napoleonic wars whose aim was a long-term peace plan for Europe. It redraw the borders of Europe and partially restored the Monarchies of the pre-revolutionary period.
September 1814: On September 12, 1814, Neuchâtel became the capital of the 21st canton, but also remained a Prussian principality.
October 1814: The "Electorate of Hanover" (the core duchy) was enlarged with the addition of other lands and became the kingdom of Hanover in 1814 at the peace conferences (Congress of Vienna) settling the future shape of Europe in the aftermath of the Napoleonic wars.
January 1815: In 1814 the Kingdom of Hanover bartered Saxe-Lauenburg against Prussian East Frisia.
June 1815: After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the territory of Nain went to the Kingdom of Prussia, specifically outside the German Confederation. This decision was made by the European powers to reorganize the political landscape of Europe after the Napoleonic Wars.
June 1815: In the 1815 Congress of Vienna, Poland was formally partitioned between Russia, Prussia and Austria.
June 1815: Lingen fell to Hanover with the Congress of Vienna.
June 1815: Prussia received three-fifths of Saxony with the Congress of Vienna.
June 1815: Territories awarded to the Kingdom of Saxony by the Congress of Vienna.
June 1815: Based on Gustav Droysen's Map of the Germany during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic periods.
June 1815: Territories awarded to the Duchy of Anhalt by the Congress of Vienna.
June 1815: With the Congress of Vienna, the Kingdom of prussia acquired a large territory in the Rhineland which formed the Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine, a new province of the Kingdom of Prussia.
October 1815: Prussia agreed to exchange Swedish Pomerania with the cession of the duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg to Denmark and assumed the Danish war debt to Sweden. The delivery via the Swedish governor to the Prussian plenipotentiary minister took place in October 1815.
The dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire occurred de facto on 6 August 1806, when the last Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, abdicated his title and released all imperial states and officials from their oaths and obligations to the Empire.
August 1806: In 1806, the Holy Roman Empire came to an end in the city of nan. This marked the dissolution of a political entity that had existed for over a thousand years. The territory was then absorbed into the Kingdom of Prussia under the leadership of King Frederick William III.
Were a series of wars that resulted in the creation of the German Empire under Prussian leadership in 1871.
17.1.Second Schleswig War
Was a war caused by the status of the duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg, that were Dnish possession but at the same also part of the German confederation. When the Danish King died without an heir acceptable to the German Confederation, Prussian and Austrian troops invaded and occupied the duchies.
17.1.1.Gastein Convention
Was an agreement between Prussia and Austria over the occupied duchies of Schleswig, Holstein and Saxe-Lauenburg. .
17.2.Austro-Prussian War
Was a war between the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire over the dominance of the German states. The war resulted in a Prussian victory. The German confederation was abolished and in 1871 Prussia united all the German states but Austria in the German Empire.
17.2.1.Front in Bohemia (Austro-Prussian War)
Was the Bohemian front of the Austro-Prussian War.
June 1866: Battle of Hühnerwasser (modern-day Kuřívody, Czech Republic).
June 1866: Battle of Nachod.
June 1866: Battle of Podol.
June 1866: Battle of Skalitz.
June 1866: Battle of Trautenau.
June 1866: Battle of Munich Grätz.
June 1866: Battle of Schweinschädel (modern-day Bitva u Svinišťan, Czech Republic).
June 1866: Battle of Königinhof (modern-day Dvůr Králové nad Labem, Czech Republic)
June 1866: Battle of Gichin.
July 1866: The Battle of Königgrätz was the culminating military event in the 1866 Austro Prussian War. It was also the largest European land battle before World War I. The battle was won by Prussia, that become the dominant German state.
July 1866: Battle of Blumenau.
July 1866: Battle of Trautenau.
17.2.2.Front in Hannover (Austro-Prussian War)
Was the Hannoverian front of the Austro-Prussian War.
June 1866: On June 29, 1866, Hanover's army capitulates due to military exhaustion, Hanover is annexed by Prussia.
17.2.3.Campaign of the Main
Was a campaign of the Prussian army in the area of the river Main against the allies of Austria in Southern Germany during the Austro-Prussian War of 1866.
July 1866: Battle of Kissingen.
July 1866: The Prussians won the battle near Laufach against Hessian-Darmstadt troops and stormed Aschaffenburg on July 14 in fierce street fighting against Austrian troops under Field Marshal Erwin von Neipperg.
July 1866: On the day after next, on July 16, the Prussian Main Army occupied the city of Frankfurt without a fight.
July 1866: Battle of Hundheim.
July 1866: Battle near Tauberbischofsheim.
July 1866: Battle near Werbach.
July 1866: Battle of Gerchsheim.
July 1866: Battle of Helmstadt.
July 1866: Battle of Rossbrunn.
August 1866: Battle of Rossbrunn.
17.2.4.Peace Treaties (Austro-Prussian War)
Were a series of treaties that ended the Austro-Prussian War. Prussia annexed the Austro-Prussian condominium of Schleswig and Holstein and several other territories. The German Confederation was dissolved, and a Prussian domained Northern German Confederation, that excluded the southern German states, was created.
August 1866: Peace of Prague: renunciation of rights to the condominium in Schleswig and Holstein; Recognition of Prussian supremacy in northern Germany.
September 1866: After the Austro-Prussian War, Prussia evacuated the territories it had occupied in Austria.
September 1866: At the end of the Austro-Prussian War, Prussia left the territories occupied in Bavaria.
September 1866: The peace treaty of September 3, 1866 with the Grand Duchy of Hesse resulted in territorial gains for the Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine, specifically acquiring the territories of Rumpenheim und Amt Dorheim. This treaty was signed following the Austro-Prussian War, which ended with the defeat of Austria and its allies by Prussia and its allies.
September 1866: After the Austro-Prussian War, Prussia evacuated the territories it had occupied in Baden.
September 1866: Prussia annexed Frankfurt.
September 1866: Annexation of Nassau by Prussian law.
September 1866: In 1866, Hesse-Homburg was inherited by the grand-duke of Hesse-Darmstadt, Louis III. Meisenheim, on the other hand, fell to Prussia as part of the territorial changes resulting from the Austro-Prussian War.
September 1866: Hessen-Kassel was annexed by Prussia in 1866 following the Austro-Prussian War.
17.3.Franco-Prussian War
Was a war that saw the Second French Empire fight against an alliance of German states led by the Kingdom of Prussia. The war was caused by the struggle over dominance in continental Europe between Prussia and France. The German states were victorious and in 1871 merged to form the German Empire. France was occupied and forced to cede Alsace-Lorraine to Germany.
17.3.1.French Army incursion
Was a French military operation at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War.
August 1870: Battle of Saarbrücken.
17.3.2.German Invasion (Franco-Prussian War)
Was the invasion of the Second French Empire by an alliance of German states during the Franco-Prussian War. The French defeat at Sédan (1870) caused the fall of the French Empire.
August 1870: Upon learning from captured Prussian soldiers and a local area police chief that the Prussian Crown Prince's Third Army was just 48 km north from Saarbrücken near the Rhine river town Wissembourg, General Le Bœuf and Napoleon III decided to retreat to defensive positions. General Frossard, without instructions, hastily withdrew his elements of the Army of the Rhine in Saarbrücken back across the river to Spicheren and Forbach.
17.3.3.Unification of Germany (1871)
Was the unification of 25 German states into the German Empire under the leadership of the Kingdom of Prussia, officially proclaimed on 18 January 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France.
January 1871: Unification of Germany into a German Empire with tight political and administrative integration, replacing the decentralized German Confederation and Holy Roman Empire, was officially proclaimed on 18 January 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France.
January 1622: Brandenburg acquires Ravenstein.
January 1632: The Lordship of Gimborn fell directly under the control of the Holy Roman Empire.
January 1681: The Magdeburg Archbishopric is secularised as Duchy for Brandenburg.
June 1682: In May 1682 the newly founded Brandenburg African Company, which had been granted a charter by Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg (core of the later Prussian kingdom), established a small West African colony.
May 1684: Fort Dorothea, also called Accada (now Akwid), was established by Brandenburg in modern-day Ghana.
November 1685: The Brandenburg Navy-General Director Benjamin Raule signed a rental agreement with the Danish West India Company.
January 1686: Between 1683 and 1685, the Brandenburgers, led by Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, expanded their settlements and fortifications in the area. Despite this, Fort Groß Friedrichsburg remained the key stronghold on the Brandenburger Gold Coast.
January 1686: In 1685, Captain Cornelius Reers of the frigate Rother Löwe occupied the old Portuguese fort on the island. He successfully concluded a treaty with the native king in which Brandenburg was accepted as a protecting power.
December 1686: In 1686, Frederick William turned toward the Habsburg emperor, with whom he concluded an alliance on 22 December 1686. For this alliance, Frederick William relinquished rights on Silesia in favor of the Habsburgs, and in turn received the Silesian County of Schwiebus which bordered the Neumark.
January 1688: The Dutch, led by Governor Hendrik Hertog, occupied Fort Dorothea (Akwida) in 1687 as part of their control over the Dutch Gold Coast. The fort was later abandoned in 1698 due to conflicts with the local tribes.
January 1690: In 1689, Vieques was controlled by Brandenburg-Prussia under the name "Isle of Crabs".
January 1692: Brandenburg acquires the city of Tauroggen (now Tauragė in Lithuania) thanks to the marriage between Louis of Brandenburg and Princess Ludwika Karolina Radziwiłł.
January 1694: In 1693 the Brandenburg section of Saint Thomas was seized by the Danes without any resistance or repayment.
January 1694: During the period from 1689 to 1693, the island of Vieques was under the control of Brandenburg-Prussia, known as the "Isle of Crabs".
January 1697: Establishment of the Brandenburg-Prussia Colony of Tertholen on the Caribbean Island of Tortola.
January 1698: Tertholen was transferred to the British Virgin Islands in 1697.
January 1699: The Dutch, led by Admiral Willem de la Palma, occupied Fort Dorothea (Akwida) in 1687. However, in 1698, the territory was transferred to the Brandenburger Gold Coast, a trading company established by the Electorate of Brandenburg.
January 1701: The small colony was renamed Prussian Gold Coast Settlements, in connection with the founding of the Prussian kingdom, which formally took place three days later.
January 1701: On 17 January 1701, Frederick dedicated the royal coat of arms, the Prussian black eagle, and motto, "suum cuique". On 18 January, he crowned himself and his wife Sophie Charlotte in a baroque ceremony in Königsberg Castle.
January 1703: The Lingen County is acquired by the Kingdom of Prussia.
June 1707: In 1707, following the death of Marie de Nemours, Duchess of Nemours and Princess of Neuchâtel, the city, which was on the border of the Swiss Confederation, had to choose her successor from among fifteen claimants.the Protestant cantons of the Swiss Confederation encouraged Neuchâtel to select the Protestant King Frederick I of Prussia.
January 1708: Tecklenburg County is sold to Prussia.
January 1717: A year earlier, in 1716, the last German representative in Groß Friedrichsburg, General Director Dubois, decided to transfer the protection of the fortress to the powerful local trader and de facto ruler of the coastal area Jan Conny and to return to Prussia.
January 1722: Arguin remained a colony of Brandenburg until 1721 when the French successfully assaulted the fort and then took control of the island.
January 1722: In 1721 the rights to the colony were sold to the Dutch, who renamed it Hollandia, as part of their larger Dutch Gold Coast colony.
January 1723: The Dutch took Arguin from the French.
January 1725: Arguin conquered by france.
January 1743: The southern part of the duchy and the town of Jägerndorf itself remained with Bohemia and were added to the newly created Austrian Silesia.
January 1745: The Principality of Ostfriesland is acquired by the Kingdom of Prussia.
December 1777: Electoral Palatinate-Bavaria came into being in 1777 when Elector Karl Theodor took over the inheritance of the Bavarian line of his house (Electorate of Bavaria), which had died out in the male line.
January 1781: In 1780, the dynasty of Mansfeld became extinct. The Saxon portion of Mansfeld went to the Electorate of Saxony (Albertines), while the Magdeburgian portion went to Magdeburg (which was part of Prussia).
January 1787: Based on Gustav Droysen's Map of the Holy Roman Empire in the XVIII century.
January 1788: Based on Gustav Droysen's Map of the Holy Roman Empire in the XVIII century.
January 1792: On 2 December 1791, the reigning Prince and Margrave of Ansbach, Charles Alexander, who had also succeeded to Bayreuth, sold the sovereignty of his principalities to King Frederick William II of Prussia. Ansbach was formally annexed on 28 January 1792.
June 1816: Moresnet was a mall Belgian-Prussian condominium in central-western Europe that existed from 1816 (Aachen Agreement) to 1920 and was jointly administered by the United Kingdom of the Netherlands (Belgium after its independence in 1830) and the Kingdom of Prussia.
January 1817: On 7 June 1815, after 14 months under its rule, Prussia granted Saxe-Lauenburg to Sweden, receiving in return former Swedish Pomerania, however, additionally paying 2.6 million Taler to Denmark, in order to compensate Denmark for the loss of Norway. Denmark gained that ducal territory north of the Elbe, now ruled in personal union by the Danish House of Oldenburg, from Sweden, which thus again compensated Danish claims to Swedish Pomerania. On 6 December 1815 Frederick VI of Denmark issued his Asseveration Act (Versicherungsacte) affirming the given laws, the constitution and the Ritter- und Landschaft of Saxe-Lauenburg.
January 1835: Lichtenberg was ceded to Prussia.
March 1848: A bloodless revolution in Neuchâtel declared itself, on March 1, 1848, a republic within the Swiss Confederation.
December 1848: The autonomy of the Grand Duchy of Posen was abolished after the greater polish uprising.
January 1849: In 1848-1851, the eastern provinces of Prussia and - subject to a regulation for the Polish population - Poznań, became part of the German Confederation as a result of a Bundestag decision by Prussia.
March 1850: The democratic Revolution of 1848 was relatively successful in Hohenzollern, and on 16 May 1848, the Prince was forced to accept the establishment of a constitution. However, the conflict between monarch and democrats continued, and on 6 August 1849, Hohenzollern was occupied by Prussian forces. On 7 December 1849, Prince Friedrich Wilhelm Konstantin sold the country to his relative, King Frederick William IV of Prussia. On 12 March 1850, Hohenzollern-Hechingen officially became part of Prussia.
April 1850: Its ruler, Charles, was deposed in the revolutions of 1848. His son, Karl Anton, succeeded him, and turned to Prussia for aid. Prussian troops arrived in August 1849, and in a treaty signed in December Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was annexed by Prussia, effective in March 1850.
January 1852: From 1848 to 1851, Prussia's eastern provinces, Prussia and Posen (subject to a settlement for the Polish population), were included in the German Confederation due to a Bundestag decision. In 1851, Prussia reversed this inclusion to emphasize its status as an independent great power with territories outside the Confederation.
August 1866: In 1866, the German Confederation was dissolved following the Austro-Prussian War.
Disestablishment
January 1871: Unification of Germany into a German Empire with tight political and administrative integration, replacing the decentralized German Confederation and Holy Roman Empire, was officially proclaimed on 18 January 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France.
Selected Sources
Addington, L. (1994): The Patterns of War Since the Eighteenth Century, Bloomington (USA), p.24
Alison, A. (1835): History of Europe, W. Blackwood and Sons, pp. 86-90.
Articles secrets et convention additionelle du traité de Campo Formio. Retrieved on March, 24th 2024 on https://books.google.de/books?id=SStJAAAAcAAJ&dq=Trait%C3%A9%20de%20paix%20de%20Campo%20Formio&hl=de&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=Trait%C3%A9%20de%20paix%20de%20Campo%20Formio&f=false
Dreißigjähriger Krieg. Austria Forum. Retrieved on 30 march 2024 on https://austria-forum.org/af/AustriaWiki/Drei%C3%9Figj%C3%A4hriger_Krieg
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Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), pp. 46-47
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), pp. 48-49.
Frieden von Campoformio. Retrieved on March, 24th 2014 on https://books.google.de/books?id=UbGMtENHaBIC&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false
Frost, R. I. (2000): The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721, London (UK), p. 210
Gagliardo, J. (1980): Reich and Nation: The Holy Roman Empire as Idea and Reality, 1763–1806, Bloomington (USA), p. 192
Graf von Moltke, H. (2022): The Franco-German War of 1870-71, Good Press, pp.2, 4
Guthrie, W. (1798): A New geographical, historical and commercial grammar and present state of the several kingdoms of the world, printed for Charles Dilly and G.G. and J. Robinson, p. 473
Jorio, M. (2002): Basel, Frieden von (1795). Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz. https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/044887/2002-05-01/
Köbler, G. (2014) Historische Enzyklopädie der Länder der Deutschen, C.H. Beck München, pp. 28-31
O'Mahony, C. I. (2013). War within the Walls: Conflict and Citizenship in the Murals of the Hôtel de Ville, Paris. Journal of War & Culture Studies, 6(1), 6-23.
Panhuysen, L. (2009): Rampjaar 1672: Hoe de Republiek aan de ondergang ontsnapte, Uitgeverij Atlas
Poole, R.L. (1902): Historical Atlas of Modern Europe, Oxford (United Kingdom), Plate XI
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Spindler, M. (2017): Geschichte Schwabens bis zum Ausgang des 18. Jahrhunderts, Munich (Germany), p. 266
Swiss campaign of Suvorov and his wonder-heroes. Top War. 30 September 2011. https://en.topwar.ru/7227-shveycarskiy-pohod-suvorova-i-ego-chudo-bogatyrey.html
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.230
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.302
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.352
Westfälischer Friede - Vertrag von Osnabrück, https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Westf%C3%A4lischer_Friede_%E2%80%93_Vertrag_von_Osnabr%C3%BCck
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