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Was a vassal state of the Austrian Empire that was created in 1815 by resolution of the Congress of Vienna. The territory was lost to the Kingdom of Italy during the Italian Wars of Independence.
Establishment
May 1814: The Valtellina, formerly owned by Graubunden, was granted to Austria.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
1.1.War of the Sixth Coalition
Was a war between France and a a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, and a number of German States. The coalition emerged after the decimation of the French army in the French invasion of Russia. The coalition ultimately invaded France and forced Napoleon to abdicate and go into exile.
Was a revolutionary wave in Europe that started in France. The revolutions were essentially democratic and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states, as envisioned by romantic nationalism.
2.1.Revolution in Venice
Was a revolt against Austrian rule in Venice during the 1848 Revolutions.
March 1848: The Republic of San Marco was a state established in Venice on 22 March 1848 following the insurrection of the city.
March 1848: Between 24 and 29 March Treviso, Padua, Belluno, Rovigo, Udine and Vicenza joined the Republic.
2.2.Revolution in Lombardy
Was an insurrection in Lombardy against Austrian rule. It was part of the 1848 Revolutions.
March 1848: The provisional government of Milan, in the history of the Italian Risorgimento indicates the institution that governed Milan during the Five Days.
2.3.First Italian War of Independence
Was the first of the three traditional Italian Wars of Independence. It was fought by the Kingdom of Sardinia against the Austrian Empire but it did not led to any territorial modification.
August 1849: Return to the status quo ante bellum at the end of the First Italian War of Independence.
2.3.1.Pedmontese Front (First Italian War of Independence)
Was the Piedmontese front of the First Italian War of Independence.
March 1848: General Michele Giuseppe Bes was an Italian military leader who fought during the Italian Wars of Independence. The Kingdom of Sardinia, led by King Charles Albert, was involved in a military occupation of Boffalora in 1848 as part of the broader struggle for Italian unification.
March 1848: In 1848, during the Italian Wars of Independence, the Kingdom of Sardinia, led by King Charles Albert and General Giuseppe Garibaldi, occupied Pavia. The people of Pavia welcomed the Sardinian forces as they entered the city, showing their support for the movement towards Italian unification.
March 1848: The Sardinian forces arrived in Brescia.
April 1848: In 1848, during the First Italian War of Independence, the Kingdom of Sardinia, led by King Charles Albert, conducted a military occupation of Marcaria. The strategic move involved crossing the Oglio River as part of their campaign against Austrian forces.
April 1848: Battle of the Goito bridge.
April 1848: The Piedmontese took possession of the Monzambano bridge.
April 1848: The siege began on the 27th.
April 1848: Battle of Pastrengo.
May 1848: The battle of Santa Lucia in 1848 was a significant event during the First Italian War of Independence. The Piedmontese forces, led by King Charles Albert of Sardinia, were defeated by the Austrian army. This loss shifted the military initiative to the Austrians in the conflict.
June 1848: The battle of Santa Lucia in 1848 was a significant event during the First Italian War of Independence. The Piedmontese forces, led by King Charles Albert of Sardinia, were defeated by the Austrian army, shifting the military advantage to the Austrians in the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia.
July 1848: The Second Battle of Governolo took place during the First Italian War of Independence in 1848. It was fought between the Austrian Empire, led by Field Marshal Radetzky, and the Kingdom of Sardinia, led by King Charles Albert. The battle resulted in a victory for the Austrian forces, leading to the territory of Governolo being placed under military occupation by the Kingdom of Sardinia.
August 1848: The Piedmontese were always being pursued at a short distance by the Austrians and on 4 August 1848, in the southern area of Milan, what would have been Radetzky's last attack of the first campaign began on the road to Melegnano. On the 6th the Piedmontese had crossed the Ticino again and on that same day the Austrians entered Milan.
August 1848: On August 9, 1848, Austrian field marshal Radetzky and Piedmontese General Salasco concluded an armistice in which it was established that the Piedmontese troops would withdraw from all of the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia.
2.3.1.1.Battle of Custoza
The First Battle of Custoza was fought on July 24 and 25, 1848, during the First Italian War of Independence between the armies of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia.
July 1848: At 9 pm the general retreat movement of the Piedmontese towards the Oglio began and at 12 noon on July 28 the Piedmontese army was gathered behind the lower reaches of the river.
July 1848: The Piedmontese army retreated behind the Adda ready to resist.
August 1848: The advance guards of the Piedmontese army, led by General Alfonso La Marmora, were near Milan in 1848 during the First Italian War of Independence. The city was under Austrian control at the time, part of the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia.
2.3.2.Venetian Front
Was the Venetian front of the First Italian War of Independence.
April 1848: The bulk of the Austrian forces attacked Udine which on the 22nd, after an artillery bombardment, surrendered.
May 1848: On May 5, the Austrians entered Belluno.
May 1848: In 1848, during the First Italian War of Independence, the brigade led by Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi went beyond the Piave River to Feltre, a town in the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia. This action was part of the movement to unify Italy and break away from Austrian control.
May 1848: Battle of Cornuda.
June 1848: Battle of Monte Berico.
July 1848: Venice is the only city in Lombardo-Veneto to still remain in the hands of the insurgents.
October 1848: In Osoppo, in Friuli, following the armistice, about 350 patriots barricaded themselves in the village fortress, under the leadership of Leonardo Andervolti , surrendering to the Austrians on October 13, 1848.
August 1849: Siege of Venice (1849).
2.3.3.Papal State Front
Was the front in the Papal States of the First Italian War of Independence.
April 1848: Giovanni Durando was an Italian general who fought in the First Italian War of Independence. The Papal States, led by Pope Pius IX, sent Durando and his troops to Ostiglia in 1848 to occupy the territory as part of their military campaign.
April 1848: Durando was a general in the army of the Kingdom of Sardinia, led by King Charles Albert. Pius IX was the Pope of the Papal States. The military occupation of Treviso by the Papal States in 1848 was part of the Italian Wars of Independence.
July 1848: General Welden crossed the Po towards Ferrara starting from July 28.
August 1848: Territorial change based on available maps.
2.3.4.Garibaldi's popular war
Was a small military action by Giuseppe Garibaldi during the First Italian War of Independence.
August 1848: At Luino it collided with a column of about 450-500 Austrians who were put to flight, leaving 2 dead and 14 wounded on the field.
August 1848: Garibaldi, after two short fights at Arcisate and Morazzone on August 25 and 26, escaped to Switzerland, leaving Luino to the Austrians.
Was a series of conflicts that led to the unification of the Italian Peninsula into the Kingdom of Italy. It includes the three wars considered the three independency wars of Italy, in addition to a series of military operations like the Expedition of the Thousand and the Sardinian military campaign in Central Italy.
3.1.Second Italian War of Independence
Was the second of the three traditional Italian Wars of Independence. It was fought by the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Kingdom of France against the Austrian Empire. It resulted in the Sardinian annexion of Austrian ruled Lombardy, as well as the annexion of several Italian polities in Central Italy.
June 1859: Battle of Magenta.
June 1859: Battle of Melegnano (1859).
June 1859: One of the bloodiest battles of the 19th century, the Battle of Solferino on June 24, 1859, marked an important step forward in the unification of Italy. The defeat of Austria by the Piedmontese and French troops eventually led to territorial concession of Austria to the Kingdom of Sardinia.
3.1.1.Peace of Villafranca
Was an armistice that ended the Second War of Italian Independence. Italy annexed Lombardy from Austria, but had to cede Savoy and Nice to France.
July 1859: Armistice of Villafranca: Austria-Hungary ceded Lombard to the Kingdom of Sardinia (nominally, it was ceded to France which then transferred the region to Sardinia). Austrian and Savoy troops also left militarly occupied territories.
3.2.Third Italian War of Independence
Was the last of the three traditional Italian Wars of Independence, and also represented the southern theatre of the larger Austro-Prussian War. It was fought by the Kingdom of Italy against the Austrian Empire, resulting in the Italian annexion of the remaining territories of the Austrian Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia.
January 1851: In 1850 the city of Rolo was ceded to the Duchy of Modena and Reggio with the Treaty of Vienna.
Disestablishment
June 1866: Battle of Custoza (1866).
July 1866: Rovigo conquered by italy.
July 1866: Padova conquered by italy.
July 1866: Treviso is conquered by the Italians.
July 1866: San Doná di Piave conquered by italy.
July 1866: On July 5, the siege of the fortress of Borgoforte began, lasting until July 18.
July 1866: The Italians occupy Vladobbiadene and Oderzo.
July 1866: General Medici, having left Padua, occupied Cittadella.
July 1866: The Italians occupy Bassano.
July 1866: Vicenza conquered by italy.
July 1866: Giacomo Medici's Division occupied Primolano.
July 1866: Udine conquered by italy.
July 1866: The Italians occupy Borgo Valsugana.
July 1866: Beyond Palmanova an Italian avant-garde clashed with an Austrian avant-garde, beating them, on 24 July.
July 1866: The last battle took place two days later at Ponte di Versa, after which the Italians victoriously entered Versa, in the province of Gorizia.
August 1866: On 9 August the news of the forthcoming armistice between Italy and Austria arrived and with it the order from La Marmora to clear Trentino within 24 hours.
October 1866: Through the Treaty of Vienna the third war of independence was declared closed. Under the peace agreement, the Austrian Empire would have ceded Veneto, Friuli and the province of Mantua (the last remaining territories of the Lombard-Veneto kingdom) to France , which in turn would then transfer them to the Kingdom of Italy, subject to the consent of the inhabitants of the territories concerned, through a plebiscite.
October 1866: The Treaty of Vienna signed on 12 October 1866 marked the end of the Third Italian War of Independence. It resulted in the transfer of Veneto from the Austrian Empire to the Kingdom of Italy, following the defeat of Austria by the Italian forces led by King Victor Emmanuel II and Prime Minister Bettino Ricasoli.
Selected Sources
Delta del Po - Storia, retrieved November, 11th, 2020 on https://web.archive.org/web/20140505001813/http://www.atuttascuola.it/contributi/scienze/delta_del_po6.htm
Preti, V. (1997) Martin Mistère e i segreti del Po (CD-ROM), Leonardo Studio, Italy, animation of the evolution of Po delta
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.331
Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
