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Was an alliance and league of sovereign states in Boeotia emerged in 550 BC, under the leadership of Thebes.
Establishment
January 549 BC: The Beotian league developed as an alliance of sovereign states in Boeotia about 550 BC, under the leadership of Thebes.
Chronology
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Were a series of conflicts between the Achaemenid Empire and Greek city-states.
1.1.Second Persian invasion of Greece
Was an unsuccesful military campaign waged by Achaemenid King Xerxes I that sought to conquer all of Greece.
September 480 BC: The Battle of Thermopylae was fought in 480 BC between the Achaemenid Persian Empire under Xerxes I and an alliance of Greek city-states led by Sparta under Leonidas I. Persia gained control of Phocis, Boeotia, and Attica after defeating the Greek forces.
October 480 BC: The Persian victory at Thermopylae (480 BC) meant that all Boeotia fell to Xerxes.
October 480 BC: Athens, with the whole of Attica, fell to the Achaemenid Empire in September 480 BC.
January 479 BC: With the Allies now dug in across the isthmus, there was therefore little chance of the Persians conquering the rest of Greece by land. In summary, if Xerxes could destroy the Allied navy, he would be in a strong position to force a Greek surrender; this seemed the only hope of concluding the campaign in that season. Conversely by avoiding destruction, or as Themistocles hoped, by destroying the Persian fleet, the Greeks could avoid conquest. Partly as a result of subterfuge on the part of Themistocles, the navies finally engaged in the cramped Straits of Salamis. The Greek fleet attacked, and scored a decisive victory. All of the Persian forces abandoned Attica, with Mardonius over-wintering in Boeotia and Thessaly. Some Athenians were thus able to return to their burnt-out city for the winter.
April 479 BC: After the failed Greek uprising against the Persian rule, the Athenians, led by Themistocles, abandoned their city once more in -479. The Persians, under the command of Xerxes I, then regained control of Athens and Attica.
July 479 BC: Mardonius, a Persian general, retreated to Boeotia near Plataea to draw the Allied army, led by the Athenian general Pausanias, into open terrain where his cavalry could be advantageous. This event took place in -479 during the Greco-Persian Wars.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Boeotian League.
January 478 BC: After the defeat of the Greeks at Thermopylae, Thebes and most of Boeotia sided with the Persians during the Persian invasions of 480 and 479. After the battle of Plataea, the victorious Greeks deprived Thebes of its predominance in the league, which was de facto dissolved (nominally, the Boeotian League continued to exist).
Was a war fought between Sparta as leader of the Peloponnesian League and Sparta's other allies, most notably Thebes, against the Delian League led by Athens with support from Argos.
January 445 BC: The Boeotians remained weak until 446, when they revolted against Athenian domination and reconstituted the league.
Was an ancient Greek war fought between Athens and Sparta and their respective allies for the hegemony of the Greek world.
January 426 BC: The Beotian League was destroyed in 427 BC.
Was a conflict in ancient Greece which pitted Sparta against a coalition of city-states comprising Thebes, Athens, Corinth and Argos, backed by the Achaemenid Empire.
January 394 BC: Lysander, arriving before Pausanias, successfully persuaded the city of Orchomenus to revolt from the Boeotian confederacy.
January 394 BC: The Locrians appealed to Thebes for assistance, and the Thebans invaded Phocian territory.
January 393 BC: After the battle of Coronea in 394 BC, the Spartan army, led by the polemarch Gylis, retreated to Phocis and then invaded Locris. During the invasion, Gylis was killed in action.
January 363 BC: The Boeotian League sacked Orchomenos in 364 BC.
January 362 BC: From 363 BC Antron came under Boeotian control.
January 362 BC: From 363 BC Halos came under Boeotian control.
January 362 BC: From 363 BC Kypaira came under Boeotian control.
January 362 BC: From 363 BC Melitaia came under Boeotian control.
January 362 BC: From 363 BC Peuma came under Boeotian control.
January 362 BC: From 363 BC Phylake came under Boeotian control.
January 362 BC: From 363 BC Thaumakoi came under Boeotian control.
January 362 BC: From 363 BC Thebai (Achaia Phthiotis) came under Boeotian control.
January 362 BC: From 363 BC Ekkarra came under Boeotian control.
January 362 BC: From 363 BC Pyrasos came under Boeotian control.
January 362 BC: From 363 BC Proerna came under Boeotian control.
January 362 BC: From 363 BC Larisa (Achaia Phthiotis) came under Boeotian control.
4.1.The King's Peace / Peace of Antalcidas
Was a peace treaty guaranteed by the Persian King Artaxerxes II that ended the Corinthian War in ancient Greece.
January 386 BC: Under threat of Spartan intervention, Thebes disbanded its league.
Was a series of military conflicts fought between Sparta and Thebes for hegemony over Greece. Sparta had emerged victorious from the Peloponnesian War against Athens (431-404 BC), and occupied an hegemonic position over Greece. However, the Spartans' violent interventionism upset their former allies, especially Thebes and Corinth.
5.1.Boeotian war
The Boeotian War broke out in 378 BC as the result of a revolt in Thebes against Sparta. The war saw Thebes become dominant in the Greek World at the expense of Sparta.
January 378 BC: In 379 BC the democratic party surprised and killed their chief political opponents in Thebes, and roused the people against the Spartan garrison, which surrendered to an army gathered by Pelopidas.
January 375 BC: The Thebans, led by Epaminondas and Pelopidas, defeated the Spartans in -376, capturing their strongholds in Boeotia. The Spartan base in Thespiae fell, leading to the territory being incorporated into the Boeotian League.
January 374 BC: The Boeotian League captured Plataea.
5.2.Battle of Leuctra (Aftermath)
The aftermath of the Battle of Leuctra, a battle between the Boeotians and the Spartans.
August 371 BC: In the immediate aftermath of Leuctra Epaminondas occupied himself with consolidating the Boeotian confederacy, compelling the previously Spartan-aligned polis of Orchomenus to join the league.
5.2.1.Second invasion of the Peloponnese
Was a Theban military campaign in the territories of Sparta in the Peoloponnese that resulted in several cities controlled by Sparta becoming independent.
January 368 BC: The countryside of Troezen and Epidaurus was ravaged by Boeotian forces.
January 368 BC: Sikyonia was invaded by Epameinondas, conquered and forced to join the Theban alliance. Sicyon and Pellene became allied to Thebes.
February 368 BC: Sikyonia was invaded by Epameinondas, conquered and forced to join the Theban alliance. Sicyon and Pellene became allied to Thebes.
February 368 BC: The countryside of Troezen and Epidaurus was ravaged by Boeotian forces.
5.2.2.Third invasion of the Peloponnese
Was a Theban military campaign in the territories of Sparta in the Peoloponnese that resulted in several cities controlled by Sparta becoming independent.
January 366 BC: Epaminondas marched to Achaea, seeking to secure their allegiance to Thebes. No army dared to challenge him in the field, and the Achaean oligarchies therefore acquiesced to the request that they be allied to Thebes.
Expansion of Macedonia under King Philip II.
6.1.Third Sacred War
Was fought between the forces of the Delphic Amphictyonic League, principally represented by Thebes, and latterly by Philip II of Macedon, and the Phocians.
July 346 BC: Philip II made a truce with Phalaikos (ruler of Phocis) on 19 July. Phalaikos surrendered Phocis to Macedon, in return for being allowed to leave.
January 345 BC: Philip II of Macedon controlled the city of Nicaea, near Thermopylae, since 346 BC.
January 345 BC: By the end of 346 BC Philip II of Macedon left the territories occupied in Phocis.
6.2.Philip II's campaign in Greece (Fourth Sacred War)
Was the military campaign of Macedonia king Philip II in Greece during the Fourth Sacred War.
April 339 BC: The Thebans seized the town of Nicaea near Thermopylae.
April 338 BC: The Macedonians took Amphissa and expelled its citizens, turning it over to Delphi.
August 338 BC: Philip II of Macedon advanced into Boeotia in an attempt to march on Thebes and Athens.
January 337 BC: The battle of Chaeronea (338 BC) was fought in 338 BC, in Boeotia, between Macedonia under Philip II and an alliance of city-states led by Athens and Thebes. The battle ended with a decisive victory of the Macedonians. Philip had no intention of conquering any territory and soon the Macedonian armies left southern Greece. After the battle, Macedon established hegemony over the majority of Southern Greece (except Sparta).
Were a series of conquests that were carried out by Alexander III of Macedon (known as Alexander "The Great") from 336 BC to 323 BC. Alexander conquered the Persian Empire and also expanded his kingdom into the Indian Subcontinent.
7.1.Alexander's Balkan campaign
Was a campaign waged by Alexander the Great in the Balkan against a number of rebellious vassals of the Macedonian kingdom.
September 335 BC: After breaching the walls, Alexander's forces killed 6,000 Thebans, took 30,000 inhabitants as prisoners of war, and burned the city to the ground as a warning that convinced all other Greek states except Sparta not to challenge Alexander again.
Were a series of conflicts that were fought between the generals of Alexander the Great, known as the Diadochi, over who would rule his empire following his death.
8.1.Lamian War
Was a war fought by a coalition of cities including Athens and the Aetolian League against Macedon and its ally Boeotia. The war broke out after the death of the King of Macedon, Alexander the Great, and was part of a series of attempts to challenge Macedonian hegemony over mainland Greece.
January 321 BC: Achaea Phthiotis, a historical region of Thessaly in ancient Greece, split away from the Boeotian League during the Lamian War.
8.2.Third War of the Diadochi
Was a war between Macedonian Generals that saw Ptolemy, Lysimachus and Cassander fight against Antigonus.
September 312 BC: Ptolemaic march in Chalkis, Oropos, Attica, Boeotia and Locris.
October 312 BC: Ptolemy (the nephew of general of Antigonus I Monophthalmus) marches through Chalkis and Oropos, as well as Attica, Boeotia and Locris freeing these regions from the occupation of the Ptolemaic Kingdom.
8.3.Consolidation of the borders after the Third War of the Diadochi
Were a series of events and military operations after the Third war of the Diadochi that led to the consolidation of the borders between the successor states of the Macedonian Empire.
January 312 BC: Thebes was liberated by Kassandros and in 315 BC rebuilt with the help of the Athenians.
January 289 BC: Demetrius I of Macedon conquers Thebes. The city was put under siege by King Demetrius I of Macedon after it had revolted against Macedonian rule.
January 288 BC: Thebes was occupied by Demetrius of Macedon after a revolt. The Macedonian army left Thebes after executing a few leaders of the rebellion.
8.4.Fourth War of the Diadochi
Was a war between Macedonian generals that saw Ptolemy, Lysimachus and Cassander fight against Antigonus and Demetrios.
April 304 BC: Military offensive of Cassander in Aetolia and in Athens.
September 304 BC: Demetrios (Antigonid Dynasty) liberates Chalkidiki, Boeotia, and Aetolia.
Was a war fought between Sparta and the Achaean League for the control of the Peloponnese.
January 221 BC: Antigonus III Doson of Macedon leaves Sparta having militarly occupied the city for a short time.
9.1.Spartan Domination of the Peloponnese
Was a Spartan campaign in the Peloponnese.
January 226 BC: Spartan King Cleomenes advanced into the territory of Megalopolis and captured the village of Leuctra.
February 226 BC: An Achaean army inflicted a minor defeat on the Spartan army and freed the city of Leuctra.
Was a military conflict between two coalitions led by the Roman Republic and the Seleucid Empire. The fighting ended with a clear Roman victory. In the Treaty of Apamea, the Seleucids were forced to give up Asia Minor, which fell to Roman allies.
January 191 BC: Seleucid Invasion of Greece up to the Thermopylae.
10.1.Treaty of Apamea
Was a peace treaty conducted in 188 BC between the Roman Republic and Antiochus III, ruler of the Seleucid Empire. It ended the Roman-Seleucid War.
January 187 BC: The Romans sent an army to Greece which defeated Antiochus' army at Thermopylae. This defeat proved crushing, and the Seleucids were forced to retreat from Greece.
Were a seris of conflicts between the Roman Republic and Antigonid Macedonia over control of Greece and the eastern Mediterranean Basin. .
11.1.Third Macedonian War
Was a war fought by Rome against Antigonid Macedonia. The war was won by Rome, and Macedonia was divided in four client states of Rome.
January 170 BC: Rome dissolved the Boeotian League in 171 BC.
January 170 BC: A contingent of the Roman fleet went through the Gulf of Corinth and conducted operations against the Boeotians. It besieged Haliartus with 10,000 mariners and 2,000 troops. Eventually the city fell.
January 430 BC: Potniai synoecised (united) with Thebes in 431 BC.
January 300 BC: Chaleion was a greek polis in the ancient region of West Lokris founded in the IV century BC.
January 272 BC: c. 273 BC the Aetolian League expanded to Hypata.
January 244 BC: Boeotia was enrolled for a short time in the Aetolian League (245-244 BC).
January 243 BC: Boeotia leaves the Aetolian League.
January 223 BC: In 224 - 146 BC it joined the Boeotian League.
January 222 BC: In 223 BC, Megara in Attica deserted the Achaean League and joined the Boeotian Confederacy.
January 192 BC: Not more than thirty years later, however, the Megarians grew tired of the Boeotian decline and returned their allegiance to Achaea. The Achaean strategos Philopoemen fought off the Boeotian intervention force and secured Megara's return, either in 203 or in 193 BC.
Disestablishment
January 170 BC: A contingent of the Roman fleet went through the Gulf of Corinth and conducted operations against the Boeotians. It besieged Haliartus with 10,000 mariners and 2,000 troops. Eventually the city fell.
January 170 BC: Rome dissolved the Boeotian League in 171 BC.
Selected Sources
Cawkwell, G. (1978): Philip II of Macedon, London (UK), p. 142
Cawkwell, G. (1978): Philip II of Macedon, London (UK), pp. 147-166
Diodorus: Historical Library, XV, 69
Fine, J.V.A. (1983): The Ancient Greeks: A Critical History, Harvard University Press, p. 368
Fine, J.V.A. (1983): The Ancient Greeks: A Critical History, Harvard University Press, p. 674
Fine, J.V.A. (1983): The Ancient Greeks: A Critical History, Harvard University Press, pp. 311-312
Hansen, M. G. / Nielsen, T. H. (2004): An inventory of archaic and classic polities, Oxford University Press, p. 431-432
Herodotus, The Histories, IX.66
Holland, T. (2006): Persian Fire: The First World Empire and the Battle for the West, London (UK), pp. 276–281
Xenophon: Hellenica 3.5.3-5
Xenophon: Hellenica, 7.2
Boeotian League
