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Data

Name: Liege Prince-Bishopric

Type: Polity

Start: 986 AD

End: 1794 AD

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Was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire that was situated for the most part in present-day Belgium.

Establishment


  • January 986: The bishops of Liège acquired their status as a Prince-bishop between 980 and 985 when Bishop Notger, who had been the bishop of Liege since 972, received secular control of the County of Huy from Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor.
  • Chronology


    Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation

    1. War of the Cow


    Was a conflict in the Holy Roman Empire between the Prince-Bishopric of Liège under Bishop John of Enghien and the Marquisate of Namur under Marquis Guy of Dampierre. What began as a dispute over stolen property.

  • January 1273: The Marquis of Namur, assisted by Duke John I of Brabant and Lord Gerard of Durbuy, invaded Hesbaye.
  • January 1273: Henry V of Luxembourg attacked Condroz.
  • April 1276: Ciney is occupied by forces of Liege.
  • May 1276: Henry V of Luxembourg stormed the city of Ciney.
  • January 1278: In 1277, at the battle of La Warde de Steppes, a coalition of Liègeois militias, led by Prince-Bishop Henri de Gueldre, was victorious over the forces of Namur, led by Count Guy of Dampierre.
  • January 1279: In 1278, the War of the Cow was resolved by King Philip III of France, who ordered the restoration of the status quo ante bellum. The territory in question belonged to the Liege Prince-Bishopric.

  • 2. European wars of religion


    Were a series of wars in Europe (and the overseas possessions of European countries) the 16th, 17th and early 18th that started after the Protestant Reformation. Although the immediate causes of the wars were religious, the motives were complex and also included territorial ambitions.

    2.1.Thirty Years' War

    Was a war that took place mainly in central Europe between 1618 and 1648. The war began as a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestant in the Holy Roman Empire but then escalated into a conflict for the hegemony in Europe between Habsburg Spain and Austria, Sweden and France.

    2.1.1.Thirty Years' War Minor Scenarios

    A series of conflicts related to the Thirty Years' War.

    2.1.1.1.Invasion of Franche Comté (Ten Years War)

    Was French invasion of modern-day Franche-Comté, at the time a possession of the Habsburg, during the Thirty Years' War.

  • January 1645: Following a treaty concluded with Cardinal Mazarin in 1644, France committed to cease hostilities in Franche-Comté, in exchange for the considerable sum of 40,000 écus, thus guaranteeing the region's neutrality once again. The year 1644 thus marked the end of the Ten Years' War in Franche-Comté.

  • 2.1.2.Franco-Swedish Period

    Was the fourth main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of France.

    2.1.2.1.Low Countries Front (France)

    Was the Low Countries front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.

  • May 1635: Battle of Les Avins.

  • 2.2.Nine Years' War

    Was a conflict between France and the Grand Alliance, a coalition including the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch Republic, England, Spain, and Savoy. It is considered the first war that saw fighting globally because battles occured in Europe, America, Africa and India.

    2.2.1.Low Countries Theatre (Nine Years' War)

    Was the Low Countries Theatre of the the Nine Years' War.

  • July 1693: The French took Huy.
  • October 1693: In 1693, during the Nine Years' War, the French military leaders Luxembourg and Vauban captured Charleroi on 10 October. This victory, along with earlier conquests of Mons, Namur, and Huy, strengthened France's defensive position in the region.
  • September 1694: In 1694, during the Nine Years' War, the French Marshal Luxembourg was unable to prevent the Allies from garrisoning Dixmude and recapturing Huy in the Liege Prince-Bishopric.

  • 3. Franco-Dutch War


    Was a war between the Kingdom of France and the Dutch Republic.

    3.1.Peace of Nijmegen

    Were a series of treaties that ended various interconnected wars, notably the Franco-Dutch War.

  • September 1678: Peace of Nijmegen

  • 4. War of the Spanish Succession


    The death of childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700 led to a struggle for control of the Spanish Empire between his heirs, Philip of Anjou and Charles of Austria, and their respective supporters. It was a global war, with fighting taking place in Europe, Asia, and America. At the end of the war, Philip II, who was the successor chosen by Charles II as a descendant of Charles' paternal half-sister Maria Theresa, became King of Spain and of its overseas empire. The Spanish possessions in Europe were partitioned between various European Monarchies.

    4.1.Dutch and German Theatre (War of the Spanish Succession)

    Was the theatre of war of the War of the Spanish Succession in Germany and the Low Countries.

  • November 1703: Huy, Limburg, and Geldern conquered by joint Durch and British forces.

  • 4.2.Treaty of Utrecht

    Were a series of treaties to end the War of the Spanish Succession.

  • April 1713: As a result of the Treaty of Utrecht that ended the War of Spanish Succession, the Spanish part of Guelders was partitioned. The Austrians received the areas of Roermond, Niederkrüchten and Weert.

  • 4.3.Treaty of Baden

    Was a treaty between France and the Holy Roman Empire, to end the War of the Spanish Succession.

  • September 1714: In the Treaty of Baden the French and their allies returned the east bank of the Rhine River (the Breisgau) to Austria.

  • 5. War of the Austrian Succession


    Was a European conflict caused by the succession to the Habsburg Domains. Maria Theresa succeeded her father Charles VI, and the opposition to female inheritance of the throne was a pretext for starting a war. It was a global conflict that saw fight in Europe, Asia, America and Africa.

    5.1.Low Countries Theatre (War of the Austrian Succession)

    Was the theatre of war in the Low Countries during the War of the Austrian Succession.

  • January 1747: During 1746, the French continued their advance into the Austrian Netherlands, taking Antwerp and then clearing Dutch and Austrian forces from the area between Brussels and the Meuse.

  • 5.2.Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

    Was the treaty that ended the War of the Austrian Succession, following a congress assembled on 24 April 1748 at the Free Imperial City of Aachen.

  • October 1748: France returned the Southern Netherlands (i.e. today's Belgium) to Austria.

  • 6. French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars


    Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.

    6.1.War of the First Coalition

    Were a series of wars between the Kingdom of France (later the French Republic) and several European Monarchies. The French Revolution had deteriorated the relations of France with the other European countries, that tried several times to invade France in order to crash the revolutionary government.

    6.1.1.Flanders Campaign

    Was a French military campaign in the Flanders.

  • November 1794: The French army occupies Liège.
  • December 1794: By 28 December the French had occupied the Bommelwaard and the Lands of Altena.

  • 7. Further events (Unrelated to Any War)


  • January 1367: Looz falls to the Bishopric of Liège.

  • January 1379: Based on Gustav Droysen's Map of the Holy Roman Empire in the XIV century.

  • January 1577: Hoorn is acquired by the Bishopric of Liège.

  • Disestablishment


  • November 1794: The French army occupies Liège.
  • December 1794: By 28 December the French had occupied the Bommelwaard and the Lands of Altena.
  • Selected Sources


  • Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), pp. 30-31
  • Guthrie, W. (1798): A New geographical, historical and commercial grammar and present state of the several kingdoms of the world, printed for Charles Dilly and G.G. and J. Robinson, p. 473
  • Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), https://www.ieg-friedensvertraege.de/treaty/1748%20X%2018%20Friedensvertrag%20von%20Aachen/t-283-1-de.html?h=1
  • Zeller, O. (2024): La Bresse et le pouvoir: Le Papier journal de Jean Corton, syndic du tiers état (1641-1643), Dijon (France), p. 12
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