This article is about the specific polity Achaemenid Empire and therefore only includes events related to its territory and not to its possessions or colonies. If you are interested in the possession, this is the link to the article about the nation which includes all possessions as well as all the different incarnations of the nation.
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Was the ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC. It was the largest empire the world had ever seen at its time, spanning a total of 8.5 million square kilometres (3.3 million square miles) from the Balkans and Egypt in the west to Central Asia and the Indus Valley in the east. By 330 BC, the Achaemenid Empire was conquered by Alexander the Great.
Establishment
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series of expansionistic military campaigns by the first Achaemenid ruler Cyrus the Great.
January 549 BC: Kromna was captured by the Persians in 550 BC.
January 549 BC: By the mid-6th century BC, Caucasian Albania was incorporated in the Achaemenid empire.
January 549 BC: Odeinios was captured by the Persians in 550 BC.
January 549 BC: Lykastos was captured by the Persians in 550 BC.
January 549 BC: Kytoros was captured by the Persians in 550 BC.
January 549 BC: The city of Colchis was invaded by Scythians and Cimmerians roughly between 720 and 730 BC. and the kingdom disintegrated into various statelets. Around the middle of the 6th century B.C. these fell under Achaemenid rule.
January 549 BC: Kotyora was captured by the Persians in 550 BC.
January 549 BC: Koloussa was captured by the Persians in 550 BC.
January 549 BC: Karoussa was captured by the Persians in 550 BC.
January 549 BC: Karambis was captured by the Persians in 550 BC.
January 549 BC: Iasonia was captured by the Persians in 550 BC.
January 549 BC: Herakleia (Pontic Coast of Asia Minor) was captured by the Persians in 550 BC.
January 549 BC: Amisos was captured by the Persians in 550 BC.
January 549 BC: Carmania was conquered by Cyrus the Great, founder of the Achaemenid Empire, in the 6th century BC.
January 549 BC: Kinolis was captured by the Persians in 550 BC.
January 549 BC: Trapezous (Pontic Coast of Asia Minor) was captured by the Persians in 550 BC.
January 549 BC: Tieion was captured by the Persians in 550 BC.
January 549 BC: Themiskyra was captured by the Persians in 550 BC.
January 549 BC: Stameneia was captured by the Persians in 550 BC.
January 549 BC: Sesamos was captured by the Persians in 550 BC.
January 548 BC: Nagidos was conquered by Persia in 549.
January 548 BC: Soloi (Kilikia) was conquered by Persia in 549.
January 548 BC: Kelenderis was conquered by Persia in 549.
January 548 BC: Issos was conquered by Persia in 549.
January 548 BC: Holmoi was conquered by Persia in 549.
January 548 BC: Aphrodisias was conquered by Persia in 549.
January 548 BC: Achaemenids could manage to defeat Lydians, thus Appuašu had to recognize the authority of the Persians in 549BC to keep the local administration with the Cilicians. Cilicia became an autonomous satrapy under the reign of Cyrus II.
January 548 BC: Mallos was conquered by Persia in 549.
January 545 BC: Achaemenid Empire conquests in Asia Minor. Cyrus the Great conquers the Ionian Greeks.
January 545 BC: After the defeat of neighboring Lydia by the Persians in 546 BC Rhodes came under the influence of the Persian Empire of the Achaemenids.
January 544 BC: Persia ruled Cyprus from 545 BC.
October 539 BC: Cyrus the Great, king and founder of the Persian Achaemenid Empire, took Babylon.
January 538 BC: Margiana, located in present-day Turkmenistan, was conquered by the Persian king Cyrus the Great. The territory became part of the Achaemenid Empire's satrapy of Bactria between 545 and 539 BC.
January 538 BC: The fall of the kingdom of Judah does not seem to have affected the Ammonites at first. However, they too are later lost in the mixture of peoples of the Persian empire.
1.1.Cyrus' Conquest of the Lydian Empire
Was a war between the Achaemenid and the Lydian Empires that ended with the demise of the latter.
December 547 BC: Battle of Pteria: in 547 BC, the Persian forces of Cyrus the Great fought a drawn battle with the invading Lydian forces of Croesus, forcing Croesus to withdraw back west into his own kingdom.
January 546 BC: The Battle of Thymbra was the decisive battle in the war between Croesus of the Lydian Kingdom and Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid Empire. The battle was won by the Persians led by Cyrus the Great. Lydia became the Persian satrapy Sparda.
January 545 BC: After Cyrus the Great defeated King Croesus of Lydia in -546, the region of Pamphylia, including the city of Aspendos, came under the control of the Achaemenid Empire. This marked the expansion of Persian influence in the region.
January 545 BC: After Cyrus the Great defeated King Croesus of Lydia in -546, the region of Pamphylia, including the city of Idyros, came under the control of the Achaemenid Empire. This marked the expansion of Persian influence in the region.
January 545 BC: After Cyrus the Great defeated King Croesus of Lydia in -546, the region of Pamphylia, including the city of Perge, came under the control of the Achaemenid Empire. This marked the expansion of Persian influence in the region.
January 545 BC: After Cyrus the Great defeated King Croesus of Lydia in -546, Pamphylia, a region in modern-day Turkey, came under the control of the Achaemenid Empire. This marked the expansion of Persian influence in the region.
1.2.Conquest of Sogdia
Was an Achaemenid military campaign in Sogdia.
January 545 BC: Herodotus, a Greek historian, noted that Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, conquered and incorporated Sogdia into his empire during his military campaigns from 546-539 BC. Sogdia was a region located in Central Asia.
1.3.Cyrus' Conquest of Babylonia
Was a military campaign of the Achaemenid ruler Cyrus the Great that resulted in the conquest of the Neo-Babylonian Empire.
October 539 BC: The Battle of Opis took place in -539 between Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid Empire and the Babylonian army. The decisive victory for Cyrus led to the fall of Babylon and the incorporation of the territory into the Achaemenid Empire.
October 539 BC: Sippar was seized by the Achaemenids without a battle.
October 539 BC: On October 12 (proleptic Gregorian calendar), Gubaru's troops entered Babylon, again without any resistance from the Babylonian armies, and detained Nabonidus.
A revolt led by the first Achaemenid ruler Cyrus the Great in which the province of ancient Persis, which had been under Median rule, declared its independence and fought a successful revolution, separating from the Median Empire.
January 549 BC: Cyrus the Great declared the independence of the province of ancient Persis from the Median Empire and established the Achaemenid Empire.
January 549 BC: In 553 BC the Median nobility allied themselves with the Persians, which led to the end of the rule of the Medes in 550 BC. The Medes Confederation was subdued by Cyrus II.
After the collapse of the Babylonian Empire Tyam became an independent kingdom.
January 538 BC: The last Babylonian king, Nabonidus (ruled c. 556-539 BC), conquered Tayma and for ten years of his reign retired there to worship and search for prophecies.
Conquests by Achaemenid ruler Cambyses II.
January 523 BC: Following the conquest of Egypt by Cambyses, the Libyans and Greeks of Cyrene and Barca surrendered to the Achaemenid Empire in -524. This marked the expansion of Achaemenid control over the region.
January 523 BC: Following the conquest of Egypt by Cambyses, the Libyans and the Greeks of Cyrene and Barca in Libya surrendered to him. This event took place in -524, with Barca becoming part of the Achaemenid Empire.
January 523 BC: Cambyses improved the Empire's strategic position in Africa by conquering the Kingdom of Meroë and taking strategic positions in the western oases.
January 521 BC: Samos, having lost its charismatic leader, was easily conquered by the Persians in 522 BC.
4.1.Battle of Pelusium
Egypt was lost to the Persians during the battle of Pelusium in 525 BC.
January 524 BC: Egypt was finally lost to the Persians during the battle of Pelusium in 525 BC.
Conquests by Achaemenid ruler Darius I.
January 513 BC: Abydos was occupied by the Persian Empire in 514 BC.
January 512 BC: Darius the Great invaded European Scythia in 513 BC.
January 512 BC: Darius the Great, the ruler of the Achaemenid Empire from 521-486 BC, led military operations in 513 BC that resulted in the subjugation of the Paeonians in their territory of Paeonia.
January 512 BC: The city of Byzantion was taken by the Persian Empire at the time of the Scythian campaign (513 BC) of King Darius I.
January 512 BC: Around 513 BC, an army of the mighty Persian dynasty of the Achaemenids crossed the Bosphorus. King Darius I' goal was a punitive expedition against the Scythians at the northern shores of the Black Sea. Most eastern Thracian tribes submitted peacefully, except of the Getai, who were defeated.
January 511 BC: Larisa (Troas) was occupied by the Achaemenid Empire during the military campaigns of Darius I in Asia Minor.
January 511 BC: Neandreia was occupied by the Achaemenid Empire during the military campaigns of Darius I in Asia Minor.
January 511 BC: Skepsis was occupied by the Achaemenid Empire during the military campaigns of Darius I in Asia Minor.
January 511 BC: Ophryneion was occupied by the Achaemenid Empire during the military campaigns of Darius I in Asia Minor.
January 511 BC: Around 512 BC Chios was conquered by the expansion of the Persian Empire.
January 511 BC: Dardanos was occupied by the Achaemenid Empire during the military campaigns of Darius I in Asia Minor.
January 511 BC: In 512 BC Otanes, the Persian satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia, captured the city of Antandros while subduing north-west Asia Minor.
January 511 BC: Kolonai (Troas) was occupied by the Achaemenid Empire during the military campaigns of Darius I in Asia Minor.
January 511 BC: Rhoiteion was occupied by the Achaemenid Empire during the military campaigns of Darius I in Asia Minor.
January 511 BC: Arisbe was occupied by the Achaemenid Empire during the military campaigns of Darius I in Asia Minor.
January 511 BC: Assos was occupied by the Achaemenid Empire during the military campaigns of Darius I in Asia Minor.
January 511 BC: Astyra was occupied by the Achaemenid Empire during the military campaigns of Darius I in Asia Minor.
January 511 BC: Astyra Troika was occupied by the Achaemenid Empire during the military campaigns of Darius I in Asia Minor.
January 511 BC: Birytis was occupied by the Achaemenid Empire during the military campaigns of Darius I in Asia Minor.
January 511 BC: Gargara was occupied by the Achaemenid Empire during the military campaigns of Darius I in Asia Minor.
January 511 BC: Gentinos was occupied by the Achaemenid Empire during the military campaigns of Darius I in Asia Minor.
January 511 BC: Gergis was occupied by the Achaemenid Empire during the military campaigns of Darius I in Asia Minor.
January 511 BC: Ilion was occupied by the Achaemenid Empire during the military campaigns of Darius I in Asia Minor.
January 511 BC: Kebren was occupied by the Achaemenid Empire during the military campaigns of Darius I in Asia Minor.
January 511 BC: Lamponeia was occupied by the Achaemenid Empire during the military campaigns of Darius I in Asia Minor.
January 511 BC: Palaiperkote was occupied by the Achaemenid Empire during the military campaigns of Darius I in Asia Minor.
January 511 BC: Perkote was occupied by the Achaemenid Empire during the military campaigns of Darius I in Asia Minor.
January 511 BC: Sigeion was occupied by the Achaemenid Empire during the military campaigns of Darius I in Asia Minor.
January 511 BC: Kokylion was occupied by the Achaemenid Empire during the military campaigns of Darius I in Asia Minor.
January 510 BC: Lemnos was conquered by Otanes, a general of Darius Hystaspis.
January 510 BC: In 511 or 512 BC the island of Imbros was captured by the Persian general Otanes.
January 510 BC: Persian conquest of Thracia.
January 507 BC: The Persians occupied Samothrace in 508 BC.
January 499 BC: Northern border of the 5th Satrapy of the Persian Empire at the time of Herodotus.
January 499 BC: By the 5th century BC the Kings of Persia were either ruling over or had subordinated territories encompassing not just all of the Persian Plateau and all of the territories formerly held by the Assyrian Empire (Mesopotamia, the Levant, Cyprus and Egypt), but beyond this all of Anatolia and Armenia, as well as the Southern Caucasus and parts of the North Caucasus, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, all of Bulgaria, Paeonia, Thrace and Macedonia to the north and west, most of the Black Sea coastal regions, parts of Central Asia as far as the Aral Sea, the Oxus and Jaxartes to the north and north-east, the Hindu Kush and the western Indus basin (corresponding to modern Afghanistan and Pakistan) to the far east, parts of northern Arabia to the south, and parts of northern Libya to the south-west, and parts of Oman, China, and the UAE.
January 498 BC: The island of Nisyros was captured by the Persians.
5.1.Achaemenid invasion of the Indus Valley
Were a series of military campaigns by the Achaemenid rulers in the Indus valley.
5.2.Scythian campaign of Darius I
The Scythian campaign of Darius I was a military expedition into parts of European Scythia by Darius I, the king of the Achaemenid Empire, in 513 BC.
January 512 BC: The Scythian campaign of Darius I was a military expedition into parts of European Scythia by Darius I, the king of the Achaemenid Empire, in 513 BC.
Were a series of conflicts between the Achaemenid Empire and Greek city-states.
6.1.Ionian Revolt
Were a series of revolts of Greek city-states of Asia Minor against Achaemenid rule.
January 498 BC: Cius was taken by the Persians, after the burning of Sardis, in 499 BC.
January 498 BC: The island of Astypalaia was captured by the Persians.
January 498 BC: The island of Brykous was captured by the Persians.
January 498 BC: The island of Syme was captured by the Persians.
January 498 BC: The island of Saros was captured by the Persians.
January 498 BC: The island of Leros was captured by the Persians.
January 498 BC: The island of Kos Meropis was captured by the Persians.
January 498 BC: The island of Kos was captured by the Persians.
January 498 BC: The island of Halasarna was captured by the Persians.
January 498 BC: The island of Astypalaia (Kos) was captured by the Persians.
January 498 BC: The island of Karpathos was captured by the Persians.
January 498 BC: The island of Eteokarpathioi was captured by the Persians.
January 498 BC: The island of Arkesseia was captured by the Persians.
January 498 BC: The island of Kalymna was captured by the Persians.
January 498 BC: The island of Chalke was captured by the Persians.
January 498 BC: Aristagoras brought all of Hellenic Asia Minor into revolt.
January 498 BC: The island of Kasos was captured by the Persians.
January 498 BC: The island of Telos was captured by the Persians.
January 498 BC: In a desperate attempt to save himself, as he had failed in the conquest to Naxos for the Achaemenids, Aristagoras chose to incite his own subjects, the Milesians, to revolt against their Persian masters, thereby beginning the Ionian Revolt. He therefore openly declared his revolt against Darius, abdicated from his role as tyrant, and declared Miletus to be a democracy.
6.1.1.Ionian offensive
Was a revolt of the Greek cities of Ionia (Asia Minor) against Achaemenid rule.
June 498 BC: Artaphernes still held the citadel with a significant force of men. The lower city then caught on fire, Herodotus suggests accidentally, which quickly spread. The Persians in the citadel, being surrounded by a burning city, emerged into the market-place of Sardis, where they fought with the Greeks, forcing them back. The Greeks, demoralised, then retreated from the city, and began to make their way back to Ephesus.
January 497 BC: Despite the defeat at Ephesus, the revolt actually spread further. The Ionians sent men to the Hellespont and Propontis and captured Byzantium and the other nearby cities.
January 497 BC: Seeing the spread of the Ionians rebellion, the kingdoms of Cyprus also revolted against Persian rule without any outside persuasion. In Cyprus, all the kingdoms had revolted except that of Amathus.
April 497 BC: The Ionians persuaded the Carians to join the rebellion against the Achaemenid Empire.
6.1.2.Flight of Aristagoras
Flight of the tyrant of Miletus, Aristagoras, from the city.
January 496 BC: At the height of the Persian counter-offensive, Aristagoras, sensing his untenable position, decided to abandon his responsibilities as leader of Miletus and of the revolt. In Thrace, he took control of the city that Histiaeus had founded, Myrcinus.
6.1.3.Persian counter-offensive agains the rebel Poleis
Were a series of military offensives by the Achaemenids to reconquere rebel territories in Asia Minor.
January 496 BC: The revolt in Cyprus was crashed.
January 495 BC: Carian Campaign: Battle of the Labraunda.
January 492 BC: In -493 BC, the Persian fleet and army, led by the Persian king Darius I, wintered at Miletus before launching a campaign to suppress the Ionian Revolt. The islands of Chios, Lesbos, and Tenedos were captured by the Persian forces as they sought to regain control of the region.
January 492 BC: The Persian army then re-conquered the settlements on the Asian side of the Propontis, while the Persian fleet sailed up the European coast of the Hellespont, taking each settlement in turn. With all of Asia Minor now firmly returned to Persian rule, the revolt was finally over.
January 492 BC: The Gallipoli Peninsula was abandoned to the Persians in 493 BC.
6.2.First Persian invasion of Greece
Were a series of campaigns of Achaemenid ruler Darius the Great against the poleis of Greece resulting in Persian occupation of Thrace but also in the Persian defeat in Greece proper.
January 490 BC: Persian embassies demanded the submission of Greek states. The citizens decided to submit to the Persian ambassadors.
January 490 BC: The Persians besiege and destroy Eretria.
January 490 BC: The Athenians, troubled by the possibility of Persia using Aegina as a naval base, asked Sparta to intervene. Faced with two Spartan kings, the Aeginetans capitulated.
October 490 BC: The Persian defeat at Marathon ended for the time being the Persian invasion of Greece.
January 489 BC: Kimolos passed under Persian control during the First Persian invasion of Greece.
January 489 BC: Keria passed under Persian control during the First Persian invasion of Greece.
January 489 BC: Arkesine passed under Persian control during the First Persian invasion of Greece.
January 489 BC: Pholegandros passed under Persian control during the First Persian invasion of Greece.
January 489 BC: Anaphe passed under Persian control during the First Persian invasion of Greece.
January 489 BC: Syros passed under Persian control during the First Persian invasion of Greece.
January 489 BC: Mykonos passed under Persian control during the First Persian invasion of Greece.
January 489 BC: Minoa passed under Persian control during the First Persian invasion of Greece.
January 489 BC: Thera passed under Persian control during the First Persian invasion of Greece.
January 489 BC: Poiessa passed under Persian control during the First Persian invasion of Greece.
January 489 BC: Koresia passed under Persian control during the First Persian invasion of Greece.
January 489 BC: Ioulis passed under Persian control during the First Persian invasion of Greece.
January 489 BC: Ios passed under Persian control during the First Persian invasion of Greece.
January 489 BC: Paros passed under Persian control during the First Persian invasion of Greece.
January 489 BC: Aigiale passed under Persian control during the First Persian invasion of Greece.
January 489 BC: Andros passed under Persian control during the First Persian invasion of Greece.
January 489 BC: The Persian fleet, led by King Darius I, approached Delos in -490. The Delians, fearing the Persian invasion, abandoned their homes and sought refuge elsewhere. The territory of Delos eventually fell under the control of the Achaemenid Empire.
January 489 BC: Tenos passed under Persian control during the First Persian invasion of Greece.
January 489 BC: Siphnos passed under Persian control during the First Persian invasion of Greece.
January 489 BC: Sikinos passed under Persian control during the First Persian invasion of Greece.
January 489 BC: Seriphos passed under Persian control during the First Persian invasion of Greece.
January 489 BC: Rheneia passed under Persian control during the First Persian invasion of Greece.
January 489 BC: Kythnos passed under Persian control during the First Persian invasion of Greece.
February 489 BC: The Persian fleet, led by King Darius I, approached Delos, a sacred island in the Aegean Sea. The Delians, fearing the Persian invasion, abandoned their homes and sought refuge in nearby Athenai. This event marked the beginning of the Greco-Persian Wars.
January 488 BC: The colony was established about 450 BC, during the first Athenian empire, and was retained by Athens (with brief exceptions) for the next six centuries.
January 485 BC: The towns of Halisarna, Pergamum, and Teuthrania had been given by the Persian king Darius I to the Spartan king Demaratus about the year 486 BC for his help in the expedition against Greece.
January 485 BC: Phasis, a city in Colchis, was conquered by the Achaemenid Empire under the rule of Darius I in -486. This event marked the incorporation of Colchis into the Persian Empire, as evidenced by later historical events.
January 485 BC: Colchis is conquered by Persia.
January 480 BC: Eion was fortified in the V Century.
January 480 BC: Greek colony established in the V century BC by East Greeks.
6.2.1.Mardonius' campaign
Was the military campaign of Achaemenid general Mardonius during the First Persian Invasion of Greece.
January 491 BC: Whilst the Persian army was camped in Macedon, the Brygians, a local Thracian tribe, launched a night raid against the Persian camp, killing many of the Persians, and wounding Mardonius. Despite his injury, Mardonius made sure that the Brygians were defeated and subjugated, before leading his army back to the Hellespont.
January 491 BC: The Persian fleet crossed to Thasos, resulting in the Thasians submitting to the Persians.
January 491 BC: The army then marched through Thrace, re-subjugating it, since these lands had already been added to the Persian Empire in 512 BC.
6.2.2.Datis and Artaphernes' campaign
Was the military campaign of Achaemenid generals Datis and Artapherne during the First Persian Invasion of Greece.
January 489 BC: The Persian fleet, led by King Darius I, sailed next to Naxos to punish the Naxians for their rebellion against the Achaemenid Empire. The failed expedition a decade earlier had resulted in the Persians being driven out of the island.
February 489 BC: In -489, the Persian fleet, led by King Darius I, sailed to Naxos to punish the Naxians for their resistance to the failed expedition led by Mardonius a decade earlier. The territory of Naxos was then taken over by Athenai.
6.3.Second Persian invasion of Greece
Was an unsuccesful military campaign waged by Achaemenid King Xerxes I that sought to conquer all of Greece.
June 480 BC: Having crossed into Europe in April 480 BC, the Persian army began its march to Greece.
September 480 BC: The Battle of Thermopylae was fought in 480 BC between the Achaemenid Persian Empire under Xerxes I and an alliance of Greek city-states led by Sparta under Leonidas I. Persia gained control of Phocis, Boeotia, and Attica after defeating the Greek forces.
October 480 BC: The Persian victory at Thermopylae (480 BC) meant that all Boeotia fell to Xerxes.
October 480 BC: Athens, with the whole of Attica, fell to the Achaemenid Empire in September 480 BC.
November 480 BC: A Persian general known as Artabazus escorted Xerxes to the Hellespont with 60,000 men; as he neared Pallene on the return journey to Thessaly. Despite attempts to capture Potidaea by treachery, the Persians were forced to keep up the siege for three months. Artabazus was thus forced to lift the siege, and return to Mardonius in Thessaly with the remnants of his men.
January 479 BC: Elateia (Phokis) was destroyed in 480 BC (and then probably reubilt).
January 479 BC: With the Allies now dug in across the isthmus, there was therefore little chance of the Persians conquering the rest of Greece by land. In summary, if Xerxes could destroy the Allied navy, he would be in a strong position to force a Greek surrender; this seemed the only hope of concluding the campaign in that season. Conversely by avoiding destruction, or as Themistocles hoped, by destroying the Persian fleet, the Greeks could avoid conquest. Partly as a result of subterfuge on the part of Themistocles, the navies finally engaged in the cramped Straits of Salamis. The Greek fleet attacked, and scored a decisive victory. All of the Persian forces abandoned Attica, with Mardonius over-wintering in Boeotia and Thessaly. Some Athenians were thus able to return to their burnt-out city for the winter.
January 479 BC: The Persians left Abai.
January 479 BC: Charadra was destroyed in 480 BC (and then probably reubilt).
January 479 BC: Daulis was destroyed in 480 BC (and then probably reubilt).
January 479 BC: Drymos: Destroyed in 480 BC.
January 479 BC: Erochos was destroyed in 480 BC (and then probably reubilt).
January 479 BC: Hyampolis: Destroyed in 480 BC.
January 479 BC: Parapotamioi was destroyed in 480 BC (and then probably reubilt).
January 479 BC: Phanoteus: Destroyed in 480 BC.
January 479 BC: The city of Pedieis in Phokis was destroyed in -480 BC during the Greco-Persian Wars.
April 479 BC: After the failed Greek uprising against the Persian rule, the Athenians, led by Themistocles, abandoned their city once more in -479. The Persians, under the command of Xerxes I, then regained control of Athens and Attica.
July 479 BC: Mardonius, a Persian general, retreated to Boeotia near Plataea to draw the Allied army led by the Athenian general Pausanias into open terrain where his cavalry could be advantageous. This event took place in -479 during the Greco-Persian Wars.
July 479 BC: Mardonius, a Persian general, retreated to Boeotia near Plataea in -479, attempting to lure the Allied army led by the Athenian general Pausanias into open terrain to leverage his cavalry advantage.
July 479 BC: Mardonius, a Persian general, retreated to Boeotia near Plataea to draw the Allied army, led by the Athenian general Pausanias, into open terrain where his cavalry could be advantageous. This event took place in -479 during the Greco-Persian Wars.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Amyros.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Methone (Makedonia).
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Mende.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Haisa.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Amphanai.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Atrax.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Gomphoi.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Kierion.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Kondaia.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Larisa (Thessalia).
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Methylion.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Mopsion.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Orthos.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Pagasai.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Peirasia.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Pelinnaion.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Pharkadon.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Pharsalos.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Ktimene.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Ekkarra.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Halos.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Kypaira.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Larisa (Achaia Phthiotis).
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Melitaia.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Peuma.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Proerna.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Thaumakoi.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Eurymenai (Magnesia).
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Kasthanaie.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Rhizous.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Spalauthra.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Chyretiai.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Ereikinion.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Gonnos.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Malloia.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Mylai (Perrhaibia).
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Kingdom of Elemia.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Aige.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Aioleion.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Akrothooi.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Anthemous.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Assera.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Dion (Chalkidike).
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Kalindoia.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Kithas.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Mekyberna.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Neapolis (Chalkidike).
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Olophyxos.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Pleume.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Sane (Pallene).
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Sarte.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Sermylia.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Singos.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Sinos.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Skabala.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Strepsa.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Therambos.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Tinde.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Maroneia.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Selymbria.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Abdera.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Akanthos.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Stryme.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Neapolis (Thrace).
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Perinthos.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Europos.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Ichnai.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Therme.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Phalanna.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Daminon Teichos.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Serrion Teichos.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Apollonia (Pontos).
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Bisanthe.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Galepsos (Chalkidike).
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Dikaia (Thrace).
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Aineia.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Mesambria (Pontos).
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Arethousa.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Bormiskos.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Chalestre.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Herakleia (Mygdonia).
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Lete.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Sindos.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Dikaia (Chalkidike).
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Skithai.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Apollonia (Thrace).
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Bergepolis.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Kypsela.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Mesambria (Thrace).
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Sale.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Zone.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Argilos.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Traïlos.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Myrkinos.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Kingdom of Macedonia (Persia).
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Sane (Akte).
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Eion.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Torone (Chalkidike).
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Gyrton.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Pherai.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Trikka.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Pyrasos.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Homolion.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Meliboia.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Methone (Magnesia).
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Olizon.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in no entity.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Amphikaia.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Boion.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Kytinion.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Antikyre.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Echinos (Malis).
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Herakleia/Trachis.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Lamia.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Boulis.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Athenai.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Boeotian League.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Ambryssos.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Antikyra.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Delphoi.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Medeon.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Phlygonion.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Stiris.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Trachis.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Troneia.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Lilaia.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Iolkos.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Oisyme.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Drys.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Argoussa.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Piloros.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Stagiros.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Azoros.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Phylake.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Olynthos.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Skotoussa.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Pythoion.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Thetonion.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Kyrrhos.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Pistyros.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Gigonos.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Anthele.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Pydna.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Spartolos.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Kleonai (Chalkidike).
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Erineos.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Ainos.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Oloosson.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Ledon.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Stolos/Skolos.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Galepsos (Thrace).
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Edessa.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Mondaia.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Phaloria.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Aphytis.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Thyssos.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Angeia.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Antron.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Skione.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Heraion Teichos.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Aiolidai.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Krannon.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Phagres.
September 479 BC: The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek Poleis during the second Persian invasion of Greece. The Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to General Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved and 40,000 troops managed to escape to Thessaly. The Persians also left territories occupied in Doliche.
6.4.Greek reconquests after the Second Persian Invasion of Greece
The final defeat of the Persians at Mycale during the Second Persian Invasion of Greece encouraged the Greek cities of Asia to revolt, and the Persians lost all of their territories in Europe.
August 479 BC: After the Battle of Mycale in -479, the islands of Samos, Chios, and Lesbos joined the Delian League, an alliance led by Athenian statesman and general, Themistocles. The league was formed to defend against the Persian Empire and promote Athenian interests in the Aegean region.
August 479 BC: The immediate result of the victory at Mycale was a second revolt amongst the Greek cities of Asia Minor. The Samians and Milesians had actively fought against the Persians at Mycale, thus openly declaring their rebellion.
October 479 BC: The Persian governor, Artayctes, had not prepared for a siege, not believing that the Allies would attack. The Athenians therefore were able to lay a siege around Sestos. The Persians fled at night from the least guarded area of the city. The Athenians were thus able to take possession of the city.
January 478 BC: The Odrysians eventually stepped into the light of history in the aftermath of the Persian failure in Greece. Teres most likely came to dominate central Thrace soon after 480 BC.
January 478 BC: The final defeat of the Persians at Mycale, led by the Greek general Leotychides and the Spartan general Xanthippus, encouraged the Greek cities of Asia to revolt. This resulted in the Persians losing all of their territories in Europe, allowing Macedonia to regain its independence under King Alexander I.
January 477 BC: The Greek fleet then sailed to Byzantium, which they besieged and captured.
January 477 BC: The Persians were defeated by forces from Athens in 478 BC.
6.5.Wars of the Delian League
Were a series of campaigns fought between the Delian League of Athens and her allies (and later subjects), and the Achaemenid Empire of Persia.
January 477 BC: Prokonnesos joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Pythopolis joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Zeleia joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Kyzikos joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Elaia joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Gryneion joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Karene joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Kyme (Aiolis) joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Pitane joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Pordoselene joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Erythrai (Ionia) joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Klazomenai joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Airai joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Ephesos joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Lebedos joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Marathesion joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Myous joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Pygela joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: In the 5th century BC, Kelenderis was a member of the Attic-Delic Sea League.
January 477 BC: Neandreia joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Harpagion joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Kalchedon joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Kolonai (Propontic Coast of Asia Minor) joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Miletouteichos joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: After the Persian Wars, Amphipolis became a member of the Attic Sea League.
January 477 BC: Priapos joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Pteleon joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Kolophon joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Priene joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Polichnitai (Ionia) joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Lampsakos joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Arkesine became a member of the Delian League, an alliance led by Athens.
January 477 BC: Parion joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Myrina (Aiolis) joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Myrleia/Bryllion joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Notion (Ionia) joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Daskyleion joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Arisbe joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Didymon Teichos joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Bysbikos joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Astakos (Propontic Coast of Asia Minor) joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Artake joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Artaiou Teichos joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Tenedos joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Kokylion joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Skepsis joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Sigeion joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Perkote joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Palaiperkote joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Lamponeia joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Kebren joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Ilion joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Gergis joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Gentinos joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Gargara joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Dardanos joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Birytis joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Astyra Troika joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Assos joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: The city of Rhoiteion was freed after the war with the Persians.
January 477 BC: Liberation of Ophryneion.
January 477 BC: After the failed Persian invasion, Abydos became a member of the Athenian-led Delian League.
January 477 BC: Several cities passed to the Delian League after the persians were beaten back.
January 477 BC: The Persians were expelled from the Thracian Chersonese (modern-day Gallipoli Peninsula), after which the peninsula was for a time ruled by Athens, which enrolled it into the Delian League in 478 BC.
January 477 BC: Traïlos joined the Delian League at its founding in 478 BC.
January 477 BC: After the defeat of Xerxes the Thasians joined the Delian League.
January 477 BC: Minoa became a member of the Delian League, an alliance led by Athens.
January 477 BC: Aigiale became a member of the Delian League, an alliance led by Athens.
January 477 BC: After the capture of Byzantium, the Spartans elected not to continue the war effort, and a new alliance, commonly known as the Delian League, was formed, with Athens very much the dominant power.
January 477 BC: Boutheia joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Teos joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Astyra joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: In 478 BC, several cities joined the Athenian-dominated Delian League.
January 477 BC: Tereia joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Sidousa joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Dios Hieron joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Phokaia joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 477 BC: Larisa (Aiolis) joined the Delian League. The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states founded in 478 BC under the leadership of Athens.
January 474 BC: Eion is besieged by the Athenian Empire.
January 473 BC: After the fall of Eion, other coastal cities of the area surrendered to the Delian League, with the notable exception of Doriscus.
January 469 BC: According to Plutarch, Cimon sailed with these 200 triremes to the Greek city of Phaselis (in Lycia) but was refused admittance. He therefore began ravaging the lands of Phaselis, but with the mediation of the Chian contingent of his fleet, the people of Phaselis agreed to join the league.
January 467 BC: Cimon, in 468 BC, attacked the city and it was enrolled in the Delian Confederacy.
January 465 BC: The accession of further cities of Asia Minor to the Delian league, particularly from Caria, probably followed the battle of Eurymedon.
January 464 BC: At this point, some Persian forces were holding (or had re-taken) some part of the Chersonesos with the help of native Thracians. Cimon sailed to the Chersonesos with just 4 triremes, but managed to capture the 13 ships of the Persians, and then proceeded to drive them out of the peninsula.
January 464 BC: At some point between 468 and 465 BC, the Athenians under Cimon fought the Persians at the Eurymedon, and won, thus adding Pamphylia to their "Delian League" empire.
January 464 BC: At some point between 468 and 465 BC, the Athenians under Cimon fought the Persians at the Eurymedon, and won; thus adding Pamphylia to their "Delian League" empire.
January 464 BC: The Achaemenids probably recalled the Governor of Doriscus Mascames with his garrison around 465 BC, and finally abandoned this last Achaemenid stronghold in Europe.
6.5.1.Expedition in Achaemenid Egypt
Was a Greek military campaign in the Achaemenid satrapy of Egypt.
January 459 BC: Inaros appealed to the Delian League for assistance in their fight against the Persians.
January 454 BC: Siege of Prosopitis.
Was an ancient Greek war fought between Athens and Sparta and their respective allies for the hegemony of the Greek world.
January 429 BC: The Lycians once again fell under Persian domination, and by 412 BC, Lycia is documented as fighting on the winning side of Persia.
January 427 BC: Caria returned to Achaemenid rule for about one century, from around 428 BC.
January 426 BC: Athens took over all the so-called Actaean cities in the Troad.
7.1.Second Phase - Deceleian War
Was the second phase of the Peloponnesian War, where Sparta allied with Persia against Athens, which capitulated and lost its empire.
January 403 BC: Toward the end of the Peloponnesian War, the Athenians were weakened enough that the Persians were able to retake several territories.
January 403 BC: Toward the end of the Peloponnesian War, the Athenians were weakened enough that the Persians were able to retake Pamphylia.
January 403 BC: Heraclea Cybistra taken back by Persia.
January 403 BC: Following the end of the Peloponnesian War in 404 BC, Adramyttium came again under the control of Mytilene.
January 403 BC: In -404, the city of Athens was a member of the Attic-Delic Sea League, an alliance of city-states in ancient Greece. The league was led by Athens and played a significant role in the politics and military affairs of the region during that time.
Was the struggle of Egypt to became independent from the Achaemenid Empire that started with the secession of Amyrtaeus from Persia around 404 BC and ended with the reconquest of Egypt by Artaxerxes III.
8.1.Secession of Egypt from Persia
Egypt was effectively a province (satrapy) of the Achaemenid Persian Empire between 525 BC and 404 BC. It was disestablished upon the rebellion and crowning of Amyrtaeus as Pharaoh.
January 403 BC: Egypt was effectively a province (satrapy) of the Achaemenid Persian Empire between 525 BC and 404 BC. It was disestablished upon the rebellion and crowning of Amyrtaeus as Pharaoh.
8.2.Persian Conquest of Upper Egypt
The Persians conquered Upper Egypt from Pharaoh Amyrtaeus who had been able to make Egypt a Kingdom independent from Persia a couple of years before.
January 399 BC: The Elephantine papyri also demonstrate that between 404 and 400 BC (or even 398) Upper Egypt remained under Persian control, while the forces of Amyrtaeus dominated the Delta.
8.3.Persian Campaign in Egypt (385 BC)
The Persians first attacked Egypt in 385 BCE but after three years of war the Egyptians managed to defeat the invaders.
January 384 BC: This period is quite obscure, but it seems that the Persians first attacked Egypt in 385 BC and, after three years of war, the Egyptians managed to defeat the invaders.
February 384 BC: This period is quite obscure, but it seems that the Persians first attacked Egypt in 385 BC and, after three years of war, the Egyptians managed to defeat the invaders.
January 372 BC: Joint Egyptian and Spartan forces occupy Phoenicia.
February 372 BC: The Persians did manage to defeat a joint Egyptian-Spartan effort to conquer Phoenicia
January 358 BC: In 359 BC, Artaxerxes III, the King of the Achaemenid Empire, launched an attack on Egypt in response to Egypt's unsuccessful attempts to conquer coastal regions of Phoenicia. This marked the beginning of the Achaemenid rule over Ancient Egypt.
February 358 BC: In -358 BC, the Persian king Artaxerxes III attacked Egypt in retaliation for Egypt's unsuccessful attacks on the coastal regions of Phoenicia. This conflict marked a significant event in the ongoing power struggles between the Persian Empire and Ancient Egypt.
8.4.First Egyptian Campaign of Artaxerxes II
Was the first military campaign to reconquer Egypt by Achaemenid ruler Artaxerxes III.
January 350 BC: In around 351 BC, Artaxerxes embarked on a campaign to recover Egypt. At the same time a rebellion had broken out in Asia Minor supported by Thebes. Levying a vast army, Artaxerxes marched into Egypt, and engaged Nectanebo II. After a year of fighting the Egyptian Pharaoh, Nectanebo inflicted a crushing defeat on the Persians with the support of mercenaries led by the Greek generals Diophantus and Lamius. Artaxerxes was compelled to retreat and postpone his plans to reconquer Egypt.
February 350 BC: In around 351 BC, Artaxerxes embarked on a campaign to recover Egypt. At the same time a rebellion had broken out in Asia Minor supported by Thebes. Levying a vast army, Artaxerxes marched into Egypt, and engaged Nectanebo II. After a year of fighting the Egyptian Pharaoh, Nectanebo inflicted a crushing defeat on the Persians with the support of mercenaries led by the Greek generals Diophantus and Lamius. Artaxerxes was compelled to retreat and postpone his plans to reconquer Egypt.
8.5.Second Egyptian Campaign of Artaxerxes II
Was the second Egyptian campaign of Artaxerxes II where the Achaemenid ruler reconquered Egypt.
January 342 BC: Second Egyptian Campaign of Achaemenid ruler Artaxerxes II.
Were a series of conflicts fought between ancient Carthage and the Greek city-states led by Syracuse (Sicily) over the control of Sicily and the western Mediterranean.
9.1.Third Sicilian War
Was a conflict fought between ancient Carthage and the Greek city-states led by Syracuse (Sicily) over the control of Sicily and the western Mediterranean.
January 397 BC: Larisa (Troas) is freed by the Spartan Dercylidas in 398 BC.
January 397 BC: Spartan expedition to Ionia in 398 BC. Agesilaus campaigned effectively against the Persians in Lydia, advancing as far inland as Sardis. The satrap Tissaphernes was executed for his failure to contain Agesilaus, and his replacement, Tithraustes, bribed the Spartans to move north, into the satrapy of Pharnabazus, Hellespontine Phrygia.
Was a conflict in ancient Greece which pitted Sparta against a coalition of city-states comprising Thebes, Athens, Corinth and Argos, backed by the Achaemenid Empire.
January 393 BC: Following the victory in the battle of Cnedus, Conon and Pharnabazus sailed along the coast of Ionia, expelling Spartan governors and garrisons from the cities, although they failed to reduce the Spartan bases at Abydos and Sestos under the command of Dercylidas.
January 392 BC: In -393, the Athenian fleet, led by Conon and Pharnabazus, sought revenge on the Spartans by attacking Lacedaemonian territory. They devastated Pherae and raided the Messenian coast, ultimately gaining control of the region for the Achaemenid Empire.
January 392 BC: The Athenian general Conon, a prominent military leader during the Peloponnesian War, joined forces with the Persian satrap Pharnabazus to launch a raid on the Laconian Coast in -393. This alliance between Athens and the Achaemenid Empire was part of a larger strategy to challenge Spartan dominance in the region.
January 392 BC: From 393 BC, Pharnabazus II and Conon sailed with their fleet to the Aegean island of Melos and established a base there.
February 392 BC: In -392 BC, the Persian fleet, led by the admiral Conon, sought revenge on the Spartans for their support of the Athenians in the Peloponnesian War. They invaded Lacedaemonian territory, destroying Pherae and raiding along the Messenian coast. This event marked a significant conflict between Persia and Sparta in ancient Greece.
February 392 BC: The Athenian general Conon, a prominent military leader during the Peloponnesian War, joined forces with the Persian satrap Pharnabazus to launch a raid on the Laconian Coast in -392. This marked a significant shift in alliances and tactics during the ongoing power struggles in ancient Greece.
10.1.The King's Peace / Peace of Antalcidas
Was a peace treaty guaranteed by the Persian King Artaxerxes II that ended the Corinthian War in ancient Greece.
January 386 BC: At the conclusion of the Corinthian War, under the terms of the Peace of Antalcidas in 387 BC, the coast of asia minor was annexed to Persia.
January 386 BC: From 387 BC BC Kalchedon was under Persian suzerainty.
January 385 BC: Mytilene retained control of Adramyttium until 386 BC, after which the city formed again part of the Persian Empire by the terms of the Peace of Antalcidas.
The Achaemenid satrap Datames briefly occupied Sinop around 375 BC.
January 374 BC: The satrap Datames briefly occupied the city of Sinop around 375 BC.
February 374 BC: The satrap Datames was a Persian general and governor of Cappadocia. He briefly occupied Sinope in -374 BC, a Greek city on the Black Sea coast. Sinope was an important city known for its strategic location and trade routes.
Expansion of Macedonia under King Philip II.
12.1.Third Sacred War
Was fought between the forces of the Delphic Amphictyonic League, principally represented by Thebes, and latterly by Philip II of Macedon, and the Phocians.
January 345 BC: From at least as early as 346 Chios fell within the Hekatomnid sphere of power.
12.1.1.Peace of Philocrates
The Peace of Philocrates aknowledged the territorial conquests of Macedonia in Phocis and Thrace.
January 345 BC: On July 19, Philip II of Macedon made a truce with Phalaikos, the ruler of Phocis. As part of the agreement, Phalaikos surrendered the region to Macedonia.
Khababash was a secessionist Egyptian ruler that controlled the area of Sais.
January 337 BC: Khababash was a pharaoh of Upper Egypt who ruled from Sais in Lower Egypt between 338 BC and 336 BC. His reign occurred during the second Persian domination.
January 335 BC: In 336 BC, Upper Egypt fell under the control of the Achaemenid Empire.
Sometime in the 330s BCE the Egyptian ruler of Sais, Khababash, led an invasion into the kingdom of Kush.
January 336 BC: Sometime in the 330s BC, an Egyptian ruler called Kambasuten - who is widely recognized as Khabash - led an invasion into the kingdom of Kush which was defeated by king Nastasen as recorded in a stela now in the Berlin museum. An Apis bull sarcophagus bearing his name was found at Saqqara and dated to his regnal Year 2.
February 336 BC: Sometime in the 330s BC, an Egyptian ruler called Kambasuten - who is widely recognized as Khabash - led an invasion into the kingdom of Kush which was defeated by king Nastasen as recorded in a stela now in the Berlin museum. An Apis bull sarcophagus bearing his name was found at Saqqara and dated to his regnal Year 2.
In 336 BC Philip II of Macedon was authorized by the League of Corinth as its Hegemon to initiate a sacred war of vengeance against the Persians for desecrating and burning the Athenian temples during the Second Persian War, over a century before.
January 335 BC: In 336 BC Philip II of Macedon was authorized by the League of Corinth as its Hegemon to initiate a sacred war of vengeance against the Persians for desecrating and burning the Athenian temples during the Second Persian War, over a century before.
Were a series of conquests that were carried out by Alexander III of Macedon (known as Alexander "The Great") from 336 BC to 323 BC. Alexander conquered the Persian Empire and also expanded his kingdom into the Indian Subcontinent.
16.1.Alexander's War in Persia
Were the military campaigns by Alexander the Great King of Macedon in the territories of the Achaemenid Empire.
16.1.1.Conquest of the Achaemenid Empire
Was a military campaign by Alexander the Great King of Macedon in Asia that resulted in the conquest of the Achaemenid Empire.
June 334 BC: Troy conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
June 334 BC: Battle of the Granicus.
July 334 BC: Sardes conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
July 334 BC: Ephesus conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
August 334 BC: Siege of Miletus.
October 334 BC: Siege of Halicarnassus.
January 333 BC: Phaselis conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
January 333 BC: Lycia conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
February 333 BC: Termessos conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
February 333 BC: Perge conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
May 333 BC: Gordion conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
October 333 BC: Tarsus conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
November 333 BC: Soli conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
November 333 BC: Battle of Issus. Alexander the Great decisively defeats the Persian army of Darius.
December 333 BC: Alexandretta or Alexandria near Issus conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
January 332 BC: Aradus Island conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
January 332 BC: The various kingdoms of Cyprus became allies of Alexander following his victorious campaigns at Granicus (334 BC) and Issus (333 BC).
January 332 BC: Aspendos conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
January 332 BC: Side conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
January 332 BC: Kelainai (near Dinar, Turkey) in Pisidia conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
January 332 BC: Ankyra (Ankara, Turkey) conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
January 332 BC: Cilician Gates conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
January 332 BC: Cydnos River conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
February 332 BC: Sidon (Lebanon), Phoenicia, conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
February 332 BC: Byblos (40 km north of Beirut, Lebanon) conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
August 332 BC: Siege of Tyre. The city fell to the Macedonians.
November 332 BC: Siege of Gaza. The city fell to the Macedonians.
January 331 BC: Damascus conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
January 331 BC: Pelusium (Port Said, Egypt) conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
January 331 BC: Rhodes became part of the rapidly growing Macedonian Empire as Alexander the Great swept through and defeated the Persians in 332 BC, to the great relief of the islands' inhabitants.
January 331 BC: After ending the Persian Empire, Alexander the Great tried to rule Cappadocia through one of his military commanders. But Ariarathes, a Persian aristocrat, somehow became king of the Cappadocians, establishing an independent kingdom.
January 331 BC: Jerusalem conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
February 331 BC: Memphis conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
February 331 BC: Foundation of Alexandria.
March 331 BC: Siwa conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
August 331 BC: Harran conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
August 331 BC: Tigris conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
August 331 BC: Thapsacus (Tipsah) conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
August 331 BC: Edessa, or Urhai (Urfa, Turkey), conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
October 331 BC: Battle of Gaugamela. Alexander's decisive victory leading to the collapse of the Persian Empire.
November 331 BC: Babylon conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
November 331 BC: Arbela (Arbil/Irbil, Iraq) in Mesopotamia conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
January 330 BC: Susa conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
January 330 BC: Alep conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
January 330 BC: Battle of the Persian Gate.
February 330 BC: Persepolis conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
July 330 BC: Rhagae (Rey, Iran) conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
July 330 BC: Ecbatana (Hamadan, Iran) conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
July 330 BC: Caspian Gates (between modern Eyvanakey and Aradan or Tehran and Semnan, Iran, Media/Parthia border) conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
July 330 BC: Deh Bid Pass conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
16.1.2.Persian Conquest of Lesbos
Was a Persian military expedition tha resulted in the conquest of the island of Lesbos.
January 333 BC: When Alexander the Great started the conquest of the Persian Empire, the Persian fleet managed to conquer Lesbos.
January 333 BC: The Persian fleet managed to conquer Lesbos.
16.1.3.Campaigns of Alexander the Great against the Achaemenid rebel Satrapies
Were a series of military campaign by Alexander the Great, King of Macedon, in the regions of the Achaemenid Empire that had become de facto independent after the collapse of the Empire.
August 330 BC: The Macedonian Empire did never control the Kushite region, south of Egypt, which reverted to an independent Kingdom.
August 330 BC: With the death of Achaemenid ruler Darius III the eastern provinces became de facto indipendent.
January 540 BC: Greek colony established by Miletos in the VI century BC.
January 540 BC: Greek colony established in the VI century BC.
January 539 BC: Both Herodotus and Appian describe the conquest of the city by Harpagus on behalf of the Persian Empire, in approximately 540 BC.
January 534 BC: Persian conquest of the Gandhara region.
January 530 BC: Greek colony established by Aiolis in the VI century BC.
January 530 BC: Greek colony established by Astypalaia VII-VI century BC.
January 510 BC: Lemnos was conquered by Otanes, a general of Darius Hystaspis.
January 509 BC: In 510 BC, Lemnos was reconquered by Miltiades the Younger, who was the tyrant of the Thracian Chersonese. After this, Lemnos became an Athenian possession until it was absorbed by the Macedonian empire.
January 500 BC: Mesambria (Pontos) was founded around the VI Century.
January 500 BC: Greek colony established in the VI century BC.
January 500 BC: Greek colony established by Miletos in VI-V century BC.
January 500 BC: Nikonion was founded around the VI Century.
January 499 BC: The year of foundation of the polity of Bormiskos is based on peer group of similar polities in the same region (Phersu Atlas assumption).
January 499 BC: The Greek Polis of Arethousa is established.
January 499 BC: It later passed under Athenian control, and was a member of the Delian League.
January 499 BC: The Greek Polis of Zone is established.
January 499 BC: The Greek Polis of Sale is established.
January 499 BC: The Greek Polis of Kypsela is established.
January 499 BC: The Greek Polis of Drys is established.
January 499 BC: The Greek Polis of Bergepolis is established.
January 499 BC: Gigonos is founded.
January 499 BC: Skithai was a greek polis in the ancient region of Chalkidike from 500 BC.
January 499 BC: Apollonia is founded in Thrace.
January 499 BC: Foundation of the polis of Dikaia (Chalkidike). Based on numismatic evidence.
January 499 BC: The Kingdom of Trigarta is first mentioned by sources in the V century BC.
January 499 BC: Mesembria arose in the course of Greek colonization in the late 6th or early 5th century BC.
January 496 BC: Myrkinos was founded as a polis by colonists from Miletus in 497 BC.
January 404 BC: Iasos was destroyed in 405.
January 400 BC: In 401 BC Miletos was handed over by Sparta to the Persian authority of the satrap Tissaphernes.
January 398 BC: Larisa (Troas) is incorporated into the Persian Empire in 399 BC.
January 398 BC: In 399 BC Kolonai was forcibly reincorporated into the Persian Empire.
January 386 BC: Melos becomes again indipendent from the Persians.
January 374 BC: Karene is conquered by Persia.
January 374 BC: Antandros is conquered by Persia.
January 374 BC: Myous is conquered by Persia.
January 356 BC: Kalchedon was liberated from the Persians by Byzantium.
January 342 BC: The Persian forces were driven out of Phoenicia.
January 341 BC: Phoenicia is reconquered by the Achaemenid Empire.
January 339 BC: The Dodecanese was taken in 340 BC by the Persians.
Disestablishment
January 330 BC: Alep conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
January 330 BC: Susa conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
January 330 BC: Battle of the Persian Gate.
February 330 BC: Persepolis conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
July 330 BC: Caspian Gates (between modern Eyvanakey and Aradan or Tehran and Semnan, Iran, Media/Parthia border) conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
July 330 BC: Ecbatana (Hamadan, Iran) conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
July 330 BC: Deh Bid Pass conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
July 330 BC: Rhagae (Rey, Iran) conquered by Kingdom of Macedonia.
August 330 BC: With the death of Achaemenid ruler Darius III the eastern provinces became de facto indipendent.
August 330 BC: The Macedonian Empire did never control the Kushite region, south of Egypt, which reverted to an independent Kingdom.
Selected Sources
André-Salvini, B. (2005): Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia, University of California Press, p. 45
Behistun inscription, Column i, lines 9-17
Fine, J.V.A. (1983): The Ancient Greeks: A Critical History, Harvard University Press, pp. 311-312
Hansen, M. G. / Nielsen, T. H. (2004): An inventory of archaic and classic polities, Oxford University Press, p. 1394
Hansen, M. G. / Nielsen, T. H. (2004): An inventory of archaic and classic polities, Oxford University Press, p. 1395
Hansen, M. G. / Nielsen, T. H. (2004): An inventory of archaic and classic polities, Oxford University Press, pp. 1363-1364
Hansen, M. G. / Nielsen, T. H. (2004): An inventory of archaic and classic polities, Oxford University Press, pp. 1382-1389
Herodotus, The Histories, IX.66
Herodotus, The Histories, VII.25
Holland, T. (2006): Persian Fire: The First World Empire and the Battle for the West, London (UK), pp. 276–281
Roisman, J. / Yardley, J. C. (2011): Ancient Greece From Homer to Alexander: The Evidence, Hoboken (USA), pp. 96, 105–106
Sen, S. N. (1999): Ancient Indian History and Civilization, New Delhi (India), pp. 116-117
Spence, I. (2002): Historical Dictionary of Ancient Greek Warfare, Scarecrow Press, p. XXII
Spence, I. (2002): Historical Dictionary of Ancient Greek Warfare, Scarecrow Press, p. XXIII
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, pp.11-14
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, pp.37-39
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, pp.40-42
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, pp.43-45
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, pp.7-9
Xenophon: Hellenica, 5.1.31
Achaemenid Empire
