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Was established after the overthrow of the Roman monarchy. The Republic was the period of Rome's maximal expansion: at the end of the period, Rome controlled the entire Mediterranean Basin. The Republic ended after the civil war between Antony and Octavian, won by the latter, who was then granted extraordinary powers by the Senate in 27 BC.
Summary
The origins of Rome are steeped in myth, but it is probable that in the 8th century BC, Latin villagers and refugees from surrounding areas sought safety behind wooden palisades on the Palatine Hill overlooking the Tiber River. Legend recounts that the twin brothers Romulus and Remus, descendants of the Trojan hero Aeneas, founded the city of Rome.
Over the following centuries, Rome gradually conquered and assimilated the diverse peoples of the Italian peninsula. The Etruscans, an advanced civilization that predated the Romans, had a significant influence on early Roman institutions and culture. The Latins, Sabines, and other Italic tribes were slowly incorporated into the growing Roman state.
The governance of the Roman Republic was based on a complex system of checks and balances. The Senate, composed of the wealthy aristocratic families, wielded significant power. The consuls, elected annually, served as the chief magistrates. The Tribune of the Plebs represented the common citizens and could veto actions of the Senate. Through a long struggle, the plebeians (common citizens) gained greater political rights and influence.
Rome's expansion was not the result of a preconceived grand strategy, but rather grew out of a series of commitments made to other Latin towns and interventions in the political squabbles of the Greek cities of southern Italy. Victories in the Punic Wars against Carthage gave Rome mastery of the Mediterranean, making Italy the center of a growing empire.
The assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BC led to a period of civil war, out of which emerged his adopted son Octavian as the first Roman emperor, Augustus, in 27 BC. The transition from Republic to Empire was a gradual process, with Augustus carefully preserving the forms of republican government while consolidating his own power. He was hailed as the "first citizen" (princeps) rather than openly claiming the title of king.
Establishment
January 508 BC: A political revolution replaced the then-existing Roman monarchy under Lucius Tarquinius Superbus with a republic.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
A political revolution replaced the then-existing Roman monarchy under Lucius Tarquinius Superbus with a republic.
Were a series of wars fought between ancient Rome (in both the regal and the republican periods) and the Etruscans. The conquest of Etruria was completed in 265-264 BC.
January 506 BC: Siege of Rome by Lars Porsena, overlord of the city of Clusium, ca. 507 BC.
February 506 BC: End of the Siege of Rome by Lars Porsena, overlord of the city of Clusium, ca. 507 BC.
January 395 BC: The fall of Velius is dated to approximately 396 BC.
January 395 BC: After a long siege, the Etruscan city of Veii is conquered and sacked by the Romans.
January 385 BC: The Roman army, led by the consul Gaius Sulpicius Peticus, marched on Nepet in -386. The city was a stronghold of the Etruscans, who were in conflict with the expanding Roman Republic. The siege of Nepet was part of Rome's efforts to assert control over the region.
January 385 BC: Roman Consuls Camillus and Fabius defeat an alliance of rebel Latins, Hernici and Volsci at Sutrium.
January 294 BC: The army put together from Arezzo, Volterra and Perugia was defeated at Roselle, near Grosseto, in 295 BC. So in the III century BC Arezzo was conquered by the Romans who latinized its Etruscan name Arretium.
January 294 BC: With the battle of Sentino (295 BC), Perusia and most of the rest of Umbria enter the Roman orbit, retaining the use of Etruscan.
January 294 BC: After the battle of Sentino in 295 BC, in which the Roman army defeated the Gallo-Etruscan-Italic league, the Umbrian people were peacefully subjected to the victors, who rewarded their substantial neutrality in the previous war allowing the Umbrians to maintain the customs and of religion and began to colonize the territory.
January 281 BC: The Battle of Lake Vadimone was fought in 283 BC. between Rome and an alliance between the Etruscans and the tribe of Galli Boi. The Roman army, led by the consul Publius Cornelius Dolabella, definitively defeated the Gallo-Etruscan army, so much so that the following year all of Etruria was now firmly controlled by Rome.
January 279 BC: Vulci was strong enough to further resist until Tiberius Coruncanius triumphed over them in 280 BC.
January 263 BC: Rome was the eventual victor in the wars and the last Etruscan resistance was crushed in 264 BC when Volsinii was defeated. The Etruscans were assimilated into Roman culture and Rome became one of the Mediterranean superpowers amongst the Greeks and the Carthaginians, though the Etruscan language survived for another 300 years.
2.1.Siege of Rome by Lars Porsena (508)
In 508 BC former Roman king Tarquin persuaded the king of the Etruscan city of Clusium, Lars Porsena, to wage war on Rome, resulting in a siege of Rome.
January 507 BC: Lars Porsenna, the king of Clusium, besieged Rome after being persuaded by former Roman King Tarquin to do so.
February 507 BC: The siege of Rome by Etruscan forces from Clusium is ended by a peace treaty.
2.2.Capture of Fidenae
Was a war of Rome against Veii that resulted in the city of Fidenae being captured by the Romans.
January 434 BC: Ancient Rome defeated Veii in the Capture of Fidenae in 435 BC.
2.3.10 Year war with Veii
After 10 years of War with Veii the Etruschian city was conquered and destroyed by the Romans.
January 405 BC: After 10 years of War with Veii the Etruscan city is conquered and destroyed by the Romans.
January 405 BC: The Romans placed the Etruscan city of Veii under siege.
2.4.War in Southern Etruria
Roman War against the Etruscans and conquest of southern Etruria.
January 385 BC: Victories in Southern Etruria, creation of 4 rustic tribes and installation of Roman colonists in this territory.
Was a War of the Roman Republic against the Sabellian people.
January 495 BC: The Romans, led by the consul Publius Servilius Priscus Strutto, destroyed the Volscian capital Suessa Pometia.
February 495 BC: The Romans, led by the consul Publius Servilius Priscus Strutto, destroyed the Volscian capital Suessa Pometia.
January 405 BC: Anxur (oggi Terracina) is reoccupied by the Volscians.
January 399 BC: Anxur was reconquered by the Romans in 406 BC, and then again a second time in 400 BC.
January 356 BC: The Volsci and Equi were ancient Italic tribes that frequently clashed with the Roman Republic. After a long period of conflict, Rome finally conquered and incorporated their territories in -357.
Were a series of wars fought between the Roman Republic and the Volsci, an ancient Italic people.
4.1.Attack of Rome by the Volsci
Was an invasion of the Roman territory by the Volsci people.
January 494 BC: After the Battle of Lake Regillo in 496 BC, the Romans, led by consul Publius Servilius Priscus Strutto, proved their strength by defeating the Volsci at Suessa Pometia in -494.
February 494 BC: After having defeated the Latins, the Roman army leaves Suessa Pometia.
4.2.War with the Volsci
Was a War between the Roman Republic and the Volsci people.
January 492 BC: The Volsci were preparing for war. Against which it was decided to undertake yet another military action, entrusting it to the consul Postumio Cominio. The latter began the military campaign by leading the Roman army against the Volsci of Anzio, at the end of which the city was conquered. Subsequently the Roman army marched against the Volscian cities of Longula, Polusca and Corioli, which also ended up being conquered by the Romans.
January 406 BC: It was decided to concentrate the actions on the Volsci, the Roman army was divided and sent to plunder the territory of the enemies. Lucio Valerio Potito headed for Anzio, Gneo Cornelio Cosso headed for Ecetra and Gneo Fabio Ambusto attacked and conquered Anxur.
4.3.Sac of Cenone
Roman conquest of the Volscian city of Cenonen.
January 468 BC: Under the command of Tito Numicio Prisco, the Romans conquered and destroyed the Volscan city of Cenone, port and emporium of Anzio.
February 468 BC: Under the command of Tito Numicio Prisco, the Romans conquered and destroyed the Volscan city of Cenone, port and emporium of Anzio.
Were a series of wars fought between ancient Rome (including both the Roman Kingdom and the Roman Republic) and the Latins, from the earliest stages of the history of Rome until the final subjugation of the Latins to Rome in the aftermath of the Latin War.
January 489 BC: The Ernici Tribe entered into an alliance with Rome.
January 385 BC: The ancient city of Satricum was captured by the Roman general Camillus.
January 382 BC: In 383 BC the city of Lanuvium, which although until then had been faithful to Rome, being of all the ancient Latin cities the closest to the Pontine plain, it is not strange that it joined the fight against Rome.
January 379 BC: Defeat of Palestrina.
January 357 BC: In 358 BC Lazio was again threatened by an invasion by the Gauls. Livy writes that the Romans granted a new treaty to the Latins at their request.
June 354 BC: In 354 BC, the Romans captured Sassula, another city subjected to Tivoli. After this the Tiburtini surrendered and the war was brought to an end. The Fasti triumphales report that Marco Fabio Ambusto, consul, triumphed over the Tiburtini on 3 June.
5.1.Latin War (498-493 BC)
Was a war fought between the Roman Republic and the Latin League from 498 BC to 493 BC.
January 495 BC: Decisive Roman victory against the Latins in 496 BC at Crustumerium.
5.2.Foedus Cassianum
The Treaty of Cassius was a treaty which formed an alliance between the Roman Republic and the Latin League in 493 BC after the Battle of Lake Regillus. It ended the war between the Latin League and Rome, placing Rome as equal in power to all of the members of the League combined.
January 492 BC: The Treaty of Cassius was a treaty which formed an alliance between the Roman Republic and the Latin League in 493 BC after the Battle of Lake Regillus. It ended the war between the Latin League and Rome, placing Rome as equal in power to all of the members of the League combined.
5.3.End of the Roman influence on the Latin League
Rome lost its prominent position in the Latin League.
January 388 BC: In 390 BC a group of Gallic warriors first defeated the Roman army at the Battle of the Allia River and then sacked Rome. According to Livy, the Latins and the Hernici (while according to Plutarch it was only the Latins), after a hundred years of friendship with Rome, took the opportunity, in 389, to cancel their treaty with Rome.
5.4.Latin War (340-338 BC)
Was a conflict between the Roman Republic and its neighbors, the Latin peoples of ancient Italy. It ended in the dissolution of the Latin League and the incorporation of its territory into the Roman sphere of influence.
January 337 BC: The Latins were defeated in 338 BC at the Battle of Antium.
January 337 BC: The Roman Republic expanded its territory by defeating the Latin League in the Latin War
A war between the Roman Republic and the Equi people.
January 393 BC: The capital of the Equi was again conquered by the Romans.
February 393 BC: The Romans leave the capital of the Equi.
Sack of Rome after the Battle of the Allia, by Brennus, king of the Senone Gauls.
January 389 BC: The Gallic warriors, led by Brennus, defeated the Roman army at the Battle of the Allia River in 390 BC. Following their victory, they went on to sack Rome, marking a significant event in the history of the Roman Republic.
February 389 BC: The Gallic warriors, led by their chieftain Brennus, defeated the Roman army at the Battle of the Allia River in 390 BC. Following their victory, they went on to sack Rome, marking a significant event in the history of the Roman Republic.
The majority of the cities of Campania, including Capua, concluded an alliance with Rome upon the conditions of the Roman alliance with the old Latin league. These cities retained their independence, and extended and received the rights of commercium and connubium with Rome. The Roman sphere of influence was thus extended as far south as the Bay of Naples.
January 333 BC: The majority of the cities of Campania, including Capua, concluded an alliance with Rome upon the conditions of the Roman alliance with the old Latin league. These cities retained their independence, and extended and received the rights of commercium and connubium with Rome. The Roman sphere of influence was thus extended as far south as the Bay of Naples.
Were a series of wars between the the Roman Republic and the Samnites, who lived on a stretch of the Apennine Mountains south of Rome.
9.1.Second Samnite War
Was a war between the Roman Republic and the Samnites that took place mainly in Campania and Samnium.
January 325 BC: In 326 BC Neapolis was conquered by the Romans, while retaining Greek character and institutions.
January 319 BC: In 320 BC, the Roman Republic, led by the consul Lucius Papirius Cursor, defeated the Samnites in an open battle in front of Lucera, a city in Apulia. This victory led to the conquest of Lucera by the Romans.
January 317 BC: The Romans conquered Canusio and Teano in Apulia.
January 316 BC: In 317 BC, the territory of Nerulo in Lucania was conquered by the Roman Republic. This marked a significant expansion of Roman influence in the region, as they continued to assert their dominance over neighboring territories.
January 316 BC: The city of Nerulo was founded in Lucania in 317 BC.
January 314 BC: Conquests of Rome during the Siege of Saticula.
January 313 BC: In 314 BC, the Roman Republic conquered the cities of Sora, Ausona, Minturno, and Vescia with the help of traitors. These cities had joined the Samnites, a group of Italic tribes who were in conflict with Rome.
January 312 BC: In 313 BC the Romans took the city of Nola from the Samnites.
January 303 BC: In 305 BC the Romans achieved the decisive victory in the battle of Boviano following which, in 304 BC, the tribes of Sannio asked for peace in Rome, putting an end to the Second Samnite War.
9.2.Third Samnite War
Was a war between of the Roman Republic against the Samnites and their allies (in particular the Etruscans) that resulted in the Roman hegemony over most of central and southern italy.
January 294 BC: Lucio Volumnio Flamma Violente, with proconsular powers, defeated the Samnites near Triferno.
January 289 BC: From Aquilonia, where the Legio Linteata had fought, some survivors took refuge in Bovianum from where they reorganized and led a desperate resistance that lasted until 290, with the last, very hard campaign conducted by the consuls Manio Curio Dentato and Publio Cornelio Rufino. With the victory over the Samnites, the Romans conquered a hegemonic position throughout the central south.
January 289 BC: The definitive submission of the Samnites to Rome was sanctioned by the third Samnite war (298-290 BC).
Conquest of the territories of the Senones Gauls in the area of Ancona by the the Roman Republic.
January 282 BC: In 283 BC after a series of victories over the Gauls, including the Battle of Lake Vadimon, the Romans expelled the Gallic Senones from the coastal region and annexed it down to Ancona, after which it became "Gallia Togata.".
January 267 BC: In 268 BC the Picentes were defeated in Gallia Togata by two consular armies. Evidently they had rebelled against Rome, probably in 269 BC. Ancona and Asculum remained independent but the rest of Picenum was annexed. They were nominally foederati.
Was the Roman conquest of Lucania (the modern-day Italian region of Basilicata).
January 281 BC: Roman consul Gaio Fabricio Luscino advanced into the territory of Thurii, devastating it.
January 281 BC: Roman consul Gaio Fabricio Luscino advanced against the Lucanians defeating their prince Stenio Stallio, as reported in the Fasti triumphales.
Was a war between the Roman Republic and the Kingdom of Epirus.
January 281 BC: In 282 BC the Tarentines, who were drunkenly celebrating parties in honor of the god Dionysus in a theater overlooking the sea, escorted by the Roman ships (of merchants), believed that they were advancing against them and attacked them. After the attack on the Roman fleet, the Tarentines, realizing that their reaction to the Roman provocation could lead to war and convinced of Rome's hostile attitude, marched against Thurii, which was taken and sacked. The Tarentines, who did not respect the following embassies from Rome, thus began the war, also involving Epirus, called to help by the Tarentines against the Romans.
January 281 BC: In 282 BC. the Tarentines, who were drunkenly celebrating parties in honor of the god Dionysus in a theater overlooking the sea, escorted by the Roman ships (of merchants), believed that they were advancing against them and attacked them. After the attack on the Roman fleet, the Tarentines, realizing that their reaction to the Roman provocation could lead to war and convinced of Rome's hostile attitude, marched against Thurii, which was taken and sacked. The Tarentines, who did not respect the following embassies from Rome, thus began the war, also involving Epirus, called to help by the Tarentines against the Romans.
January 276 BC: The Romans conquered Kroton, Croto in Latin, in 277 BC.
January 274 BC: During the Pyrrhic Wars (280-275 BC) fought between Pyrrhus of Epirus and Rome, Locris accepted a Roman garrison and fought against the Epirote king.
January 271 BC: In -272 BC, the Roman Republic gained control over the city of Medma, located in southern Italy. This victory was part of their campaign to establish dominance over the region, which included defeating other Confederate cities and colonies. This expansion marked the Romans' increasing power and influence in the Italian peninsula.
January 271 BC: During the Samnite Wars, the Roman Republic, led by consul Gaius Fabricius Luscinus, defeated the Samnites and secured control over Pandosia in -272. This victory marked the expansion of Roman dominion over southern Italy.
12.1.Roman Conquest of Taras
Was the Roman conquest of the Greek city-state of Taras during the Pyrrhic War.
January 280 BC: In 281 BC the Roman legions, under the command of Lucio Emilio Barbula, entered Taranto and conquered it.
12.2.Intervention of Epirus
Was a military expedition of Pyrrhus in southern Italy.
August 280 BC: After the battle of Eraclea, that anti-Roman understanding between Greeks and Italians, which part of the Tarentine aristocracy had been hoping for for some time, finally seemed to be cemented. Reinforcements from Lucania and Sannio joined Pyrrhus' army. Even the Bruttii rebelled. The Greek cities of Italy allied with Pyrrhus.
January 279 BC: King Pyrrhus of Epirus invaded Latium and Campania.
February 279 BC: The forces of Epirus leave Latium and Campania.
January 275 BC: While Pyrrhus was busy in his intervention in Sicily against the Carthaginians, Rome reoccupied without a fight all the previously lost territory in Apulia and Lucania. Once the rebellion of the Oscans and Samnites had been definitively put down, he arrived in the winter of 276 BC to put Taranto under siege again. The battle of Benevento took place in 275 BC. near the city then called Malevento, and it was the final episode of the Pyrrhic wars fought by Pirro, king of Epirus, against the Romans. Due to the defeat Pyrrhus abandoned the Italian campaign and returned to Epirus.
12.3.Roman Conquest of Rhegion
Was the Roman conquest of the Greek city-state of Rhegion during the Pyrrhic War.
January 269 BC: Rhegion was subdued by the Romans in 270 BC.
January 269 BC: The Bretti were now recognized as a small power on the rise. Their prerogative was to continue to develop as an autonomous and conquering civilization and this drove them to hostility towards Rome. In 270 BC. the territory of the Brettii had completely fallen under the dominion of the Romans.
Were treaties of alliance between the Greek cities of southern italy and the Roman Republic.
January 281 BC: The cities of Reggio, Locri and Crotone asked to be placed under the protection of Rome.
Thurii (a city of Magna Graecia) became a dependent ally of Rome, and was protected by a Roman garrison.
January 281 BC: Thurii now sunk completely into the condition of a dependent ally of Rome, and was protected by a Roman garrison.
The Romans conquered Brindisi.
January 265 BC: In 266 BC Brindisi, like the whole Salento, was conquered by the Romans.
Were a series of wars between 264 and 146 BC fought between Rome and Carthage. The wars ended with the Roman conquest of the Carthaginian Empire.
16.1.First Punic War
Was the first of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean. .
January 258 BC: The land conflict in -259 extended to Sardinia and Corsica, where the city of Alalia was conquered by the Roman Republic. This marked a significant expansion of Roman territory under the leadership of the Roman consul Gaius Sulpicius Paterculus and the Roman general Lucius Cornelius Scipio.
January 255 BC: Tunisi conquered by Roman Republic.
January 255 BC: Roman general Regulus defeated the Carthaginian army in the battle of Adys.
June 255 BC: Carthage, having hired the Spartan mercenary Santippus to reorganize its forces, managed to stop the Roman advance. Xanthippos defeated Regulus in the battle of Tunis and captured him. The Roman invasion of Africa ended with a Carthaginian victory.
March 241 BC: Battle of the Aegates Islands: around 117 Carthaginian and 30 Roman ships (Diodorus) sunk in Roman victory, and Carthaginian survivors flee. Carthage evacuates Sicily.
March 241 BC: After the death of the tyrant Phintias, Akragas passed under Carthaginian control.
March 241 BC: After the treaty of protection that Syracuse signed with the Romans, Syracuse was allowed to retain only its city territory.
January 237 BC: After the first Punic war, the whole island was conquered by the Romans in the third century BC.
16.1.1.Invasion of Sicily
Was the Roman invasion of Sicily during the First Punic War.
January 263 BC: The Romans protected the flank of the advance of the Carthaginians by conquering Adranon and besieging Centuripae, which surrendered.
January 263 BC: The city of Catania surrendered to the Roman Republic.
January 262 BC: When the Romans landed in Sicily in 263 BC the city allied with the invaders together with many other Sicilian cities.
January 260 BC: The Carthaginian forces shut themselves up in Agrigento, the city was besieged by the Romans who conquered it after seven months. Segesta allied with Rome.
January 260 BC: Enna and Halaesa surrender to Rome.
January 257 BC: Mytistratos was at length taken by the consul Aulus Atilius Calatinus in 258 BC.
January 257 BC: The city of Hippana was destroyed by the Romans commanded by the consul Aulus Atilius Calatino in 258 BC, during the First Punic War.
January 253 BC: The Romans besiege and take Panormus (Palermo) on the northern coast of Sicily
January 250 BC: During the First Punic War, Carthaginian general Hanno reinforced the garrison in Sicily and successfully retook the city of Agrigento in -251. This victory was part of Carthage's efforts to maintain control over the island and push back against Roman advances.
January 248 BC: During the First Punic War, the Roman consul Junius Pullo faced a setback when his fleet was lost to a storm. However, he was able to overcome this by successfully capturing the strategic city of Erice in -249, further solidifying Roman control in Sicily.
January 244 BC: It was not until after the fall of Panormus (modern Palermo) in 254 BC that Tyndaris expelled the Carthaginian garrison and joined the Roman alliance.
January 241 BC: The Romans managed to occupy Draepanum (today's Trapani).
January 240 BC: After the Battle of the Aegates Islands, Rome controlled the whole island of Sicily.
16.2.Second Punic War
Was the second of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean. It ended with a Roman victory and the territories of Carthage were reduced to its core territory in modern-day Tunisia.
16.2.1.Spanish Front (Second Punic War)
Was the Carthaginian military campaign in the Iberian Peninsula during the Second Punic War.
January 217 BC: During the Second Punic War, Empúries openly sided with Rome. In 218 BC a Roman army landed in its port and the city became one of the most solid support points of the city in Hispania.
January 217 BC: Hanno was heavily defeated at Cissa, where he suffered heavy losses and was captured.
June 217 BC: Battle of the Ebro River.
January 216 BC: Expansion of the Roman Republic in the Iberian Peninsula by 215 BC.
April 215 BC: Battle of Dertosa.
January 211 BC: Scipio resumed the Roman offensive in Spain in 212 BC managing to reconquer Sagunto.
June 209 BC: Siege of Cartagena.
January 208 BC: Expansion of the Roman Republic in the Iberian Peninsula by 209 BC.
January 207 BC: Battle of Baecula. Roman victory.
January 205 BC: Battle of Ilipa.
16.2.2.Italian Front (Second Punic War)
Was the Carthaginian military campaign in the Italian Peninsula led by General Hannibal during the Second Punic War.
November 218 BC: Battle of the Ticino.
December 218 BC: Battle of the Ticino.
December 218 BC: Battle of Trebbia.
January 217 BC: The Romans dedicated themselves to the fortification of the cities of Cisalpine Gaul and ordered the colonists, 6,000 for each new city to be founded, to be in the established place within thirty days. The first of the colonies was founded on the Po river and was called Placentia, the other was located north of the river and called Cremona.
January 217 BC: The first military action consisted in conquering the Punic stronghold of Melita, which immediately surrendered without a fight.
January 217 BC: Siege of Modena.
January 217 BC: In the year 217 BC the new consuls, Gneo Servilio Gemino and Gaio Flaminio with the four consular legions and allies, around 50,000 men in all, marched towards Rome. The remains of the two legions of Sempronio Longo, strengthened by new elements and by allies of Syracuse, stopped to garrison Etruria under the leadership of Flaminio and two other legions under the command of Servilius Gemino stood at Rimini, the northern border of the peninsula. Rome was abandoning Cisalpine Gaul where it had just begun to enter.
January 217 BC: Hannibal's diplomacy in Cisalpine Gaul pushed the Gauls Boi and Insubri to revolt. These drove the settlers from Piacenza.
January 217 BC: Battle of Trebbia.
February 217 BC: Battle of Piacenza.
March 217 BC: Battle of Piacenza.
June 217 BC: Battle of Lake Trasimeno. Victory of Carthage.
June 217 BC: In -217, Hannibal, a Carthaginian military commander, continued his march through Italy and reached the territories of Luceria and Argos Hippium. These areas were plundered by his soldiers as part of his campaign during the Second Punic War against Rome.
July 217 BC: Battle of Lake Trasimeno.
July 217 BC: In -217, Hannibal, a Carthaginian military commander, led his troops to plunder the territories of Luceria and Argos Hippium in Apulia. This marked a significant advance in his campaign against the Roman Republic during the Second Punic War.
December 217 BC: The Carthaginians eventually settled in the territory of Geronio where an entrenched camp was built.
January 216 BC: Returning to Italy, Servilius contented himself with reoccupying Pantelleria which had fallen into Carthaginian hands.
August 216 BC: In the Battle of Cannae on August 2, 216 BCE, Hannibal Barca’s Carthaginians destroyed two Roman armies in perhaps the most famous double envelopment in history.
September 216 BC: Hannibal lost between 3,000 and 6,000 men at Canne but achieved, after the crushing victory, the first important political-strategic results. Some centers began to abandon the Romans. Hannibal sent his brother Magone south to Bruttium with part of his forces, while he and the bulk of the army headed to Campania where he managed to obtain the defection of Capua after a series of negotiations.
September 216 BC: In -216, after the Battle of Cannae, Hannibal sent his lieutenant Annone to Bruzio in Calabria to secure the territory for Carthage. The Bruttians, a local tribe, supported the Carthaginians in their uprising against Roman control.
September 216 BC: The Piganiol in fact writes that Hannibal, after having obtained the alliance of Daunia, excluding Lucera, and of the Samnites of the most impervious regions, also secured that of Capua, to which the Carthaginian promised the autonomy of the city and to place it at the head of the Italian confederation, replacing it in Rome.
September 216 BC: The Carthaginian army left the area of Cannae after the battle.
November 216 BC: Siege of Nuceria Alfaterna.
January 215 BC: Battle of the Selva Litana.
April 215 BC: During the Second Punic War, the Carthaginian general Hannibal besieged and captured the important center of Casilinum in -215. This victory was part of Hannibal's campaign to conquer Roman territory in Italy.
May 215 BC: During the Second Punic War, the Carthaginian general Hannibal besieged Casilinum, a strategic center in Italy. The Roman Republic eventually lost control of the territory to Hannibal after a prolonged siege lasting from late 216 to early 215 BC.
April 212 BC: Battle of Tarentum. Carthaginian General Hannibal conquers Tarentum.
December 212 BC: The support of Syracuse for Carthage provokes the Roman siege of the city. Rome conquers Syracuse and its territories.
January 211 BC: The first battle of Herdonia was fought in 212 BC, during the Second Punic War, between the Carthaginian army of Hannibal and the Roman army. The Carthaginians defeated the Romans and occupid Apulia.
January 209 BC: Siege of Agrigento.
January 208 BC: The siege of Taranto in 209 BC led to the reconquest of the city, and its port, by the Romans.
June 207 BC: The battle of the Metauro ended with the complete victory of Rome; the Carthaginian army was destroyed and Hasdrubal fell fighting in the field. Hannibal learned of his brother's tragic fate only when Hasdrubal's head was thrown into his camp by the Romans. He decided to abandon Apulia and Lucania again and return to Bruzio. The battle confirmed Roman supremacy over Italy. Without Hasdrubal's army to support him, Hannibal was forced to evacuate pro-Carthaginian cities across much of southern Italy and retreat to Bruttium.
January 204 BC: Scipio Africanus, a Roman general, successfully recaptured the port of Locri from Hannibal, the Carthaginian military commander, in -205. This victory was a significant blow to Hannibal's forces during the Second Punic War.
January 202 BC: After the Roman victories at the Campi Magni, the Carthaginian Senate, seeing that the city was practically defenseless, ordered the remnants of the two armies operating outside Africa, that of Hannibal and that of Mago, to return to defend their homeland. The two generals thus left the territories occupied in Liguria and Calabria.
January 201 BC: During the Second Punic War, Ankon sided with the Romans against the Carthaginians, sending numerous soldiers.
16.2.3.African front (Second Punic War)
Was the African theatre of the Second Punic War that included the Roman invasion of Tunisia led by General Scipio Africanus.
June 204 BC: Scipio left Sicily to ferry his forces to Africa. Rough seas and fog forced his fleet to land near Utica.
January 203 BC: In -204, the Roman general Scipio Africanus conquered the city of Selica, located in modern-day Tunisia. This victory was a significant part of the Roman Republic's campaign against Carthage during the Second Punic War.
January 202 BC: Battle of the Campi Magni.
October 202 BC: The battle of Zama was the last battle of the Second Punic War and determined the definitive downsizing of Carthage as a military and political power in the Mediterranean Sea.
October 202 BC: The battle of Zama took place between the Roman Republic, led by Scipio Africanus, and Carthage, led by Hannibal Barca. The defeat of Carthage marked the end of the Second Punic War and solidified Roman dominance in the Mediterranean.
January 201 BC: The Romans and their Mauretanian allies arrive at Naraggara (Sidi Youssef).
16.2.4.End of the Second Punic War
Was the peace treaty between Rome and Carthage after the Second Punic War that reduced the Carthaginian territory to Tunisia.
February 201 BC: At the conclusion of the Second Punic War, Carthage was compelled to accept peace terms that marked the end of its status as a Mediterranean power. Carthage was prohibited from taking up arms without Rome's permission and had to evacuate territories west of the "Punic trenches," which separated Carthaginian lands from Numidian ones. This evacuation favored Massinissa, who seized the opportunity to annex large parts of Carthaginian territory. Additionally, Carthage lost all its territories in the Iberian Peninsula.
16.3.Third Punic War
Was the third and last of the Punic Wars fought between Carthage and Rome. Carthage was conquered and became the Roman province of Africa.
January 149 BC: The large North African port city of Utica went over to Rome in 149 BC. Aware that its harbour would greatly facilitate any assault on Carthage, the Senate and the People's Assembly declared war. Utica again defied Carthage in the Third Punic War, when it surrendered to Rome shortly before the breakout of war in 150 BC.
January 148 BC: Siege of Carthage. Hinterland of the city of Carthage occupied by the Roman army.
January 147 BC: Neapolis surrendered to the Romans and was subsequently sacked.
January 146 BC: Battle of Nepheris.
June 146 BC: The siege of the city lasted two years and ended in 146 BC. with the looting and complete destruction of Carthage.
After the First Punic War Carthage had to fight with an uprising of African settlements revolting against Carthaginian control.
January 237 BC: Taking advantage of a revolt, Rome occupied Sardinia and Corsica.
Were a series of wars fought by the Roman Republic in Illyria (the Adriatic coast of the Balkanic Peninsula) first to eradicate piracy and then to conquer the region.
18.1.First Illyrian War
Was a war fought by the Romans in Illyria mainly against the Ardiaean Kingdom.
January 228 BC: The Romans lifted the blockade of Issa and provided protection to the city. This strategic move helped solidify Roman control over the region and weaken Illyrian resistance.
January 228 BC: The army now moved inland among the Illyrian peoples of the hinterland. Here, the Romans received delegations from many peoples, including the Atintani and Parthini, from whom a formal surrender was accepted.
January 228 BC: The consul L. Postumius brought an army of 20,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry across from Brundisium to Apollonia, which now joined the Roman alliance.
January 228 BC: The fleet under Fulvius reached Apollonia and the two forces advanced toward Epidamnos, causing the Illyrians to abandon the siege. The city was received into Roman protection.
January 228 BC: Corcyra, an ancient Greek city-state, welcomed the Romans in -229 and surrendered its garrison with the aid of Demetrius, who was likely a local leader or military commander. This event marked the territory's transition to being under the control of the Roman Republic.
January 227 BC: Before the end of winter, Teuta's envoys appeared in Rome and a treaty was concluded. .
18.2.Second Illyrian War
Was a war fought by the Romans in Illyria mainly against the Ardiaean Kingdom.
January 221 BC: Demetrius detached the Illyrian Atintani from their Roman alliance.
January 218 BC: The victorious Roman occupy Issa (modern-day Vis Island), Pharos (today's Stari Grad), Apollonia, Corcyra, Epidamnus, Oricum, Dimale (belonging to the Parthine tribe) and Atintania. The Roman Senate confirmed the protectorate of Rome over Illyria.
January 218 BC: In 219 BC, during the Roman-Seleucid War, the Roman consul Lucius Aemilius secured the city of Dimallum from Demetrius of Pharos within seven days by launching a direct assault. This victory was crucial in weakening Demetrius' power in the region and expanding Roman control.
January 218 BC: Following the Roman victory in the Second Illyrian War against Demetrius of Faro, the island became part of the Roman Empire in 219 BC.
18.3.Third Illyrian War
Was a war fought by the Romans in Illyria mainly against the Ardiaean Kingdom.
January 167 BC: Gentius, king of the illyrians, allied with Macedonia and begun to attack roman cities. Gentius surrendered to the Romans and the Ardiaean State fall.
January 166 BC: To the south, the Romans had subdued the area up to the Nerenta River. This meant that the future goal was to connect the two areas by land.
Was the conquest of Cisalpine Gaul (northern Italy) by the Roman Republic.
March 222 BC: Battle of Clastidium.
January 221 BC: The Roman Republic, led by the general Gaius Flaminius, conquered the capital of the Insubres, Mediolanum, in -222. As a result, Roman colonies were established in Placentia, Cremona, and Mutina in 218 BC.
January 219 BC: War against the Gauls in the Po plain, capture of Mediolanum (Milan) in 222, submission of Cisalpine Gaul. By 220 BC, the Romans had annexed the area as Gallia Cisalpina.
January 192 BC: After a series of wars they were decisively beaten by the Romans in a Battle of Mutina (193 BC) and their territory became part of the Roman province of Cisalpine Gaul.
Was the alliance of Venetia with the Roman Republic, that was gradually inglobated into the Roman State.
January 221 BC: The Romanization process of Venetia took place gradually. Veneti and Romans were allies starting from the 3rd century BC while in 225-222 BC the Veneti and Cenomani formed a military alliance with Rome.
Were a seris of conflicts between the Roman Republic and Antigonid Macedonia over control of Greece and the eastern Mediterranean Basin. .
21.1.First Macedonian War
Was a war fought by Rome, allied (after 211 BC) with the Aetolian League and Attalus I of Pergamon, against Philip V of Macedon, contemporaneously with the Second Punic War (218-201 BC) against Carthage. There were no decisive engagements, and the war ended in a stalemate.
21.1.1.Macedonian Attack in Illyria
Was a military campaign led by Philip V of Macedon in Illyria during the first Macedonian War.
September 214 BC: In the late summer of 214 BC, Philip of Macedon attempted a new invasion of Illyria by sea, with a fleet of 125 bireme lembi. He first besieged Apollonia, then went up the Aoo (today's river Voiussa), and even attacked Oricum, which he occupied without encountering any difficulties.
January 213 BC: Roman general Levinus set off with the fleet and army towards Oricum, managing to conquer the city after a brief battle against the garrison left by Philip V of Macedon.
January 211 BC: Philip of Macedon finally managed to gain access to the Adriatic by capturing the city of Lissus and its citadel.
21.1.2.Campaign of Laevinus in Greece
Was a Roman military campaign in Greece led by Marcus Valerius Laevinus during the first Macedonian War.
January 209 BC: A treaty was signed by the Romans with the Aetolians in 211 BC. The territories conquered by the Romans in Greece would go to them. Roman general Laevinus took possession of Zakynthos.
January 207 BC: In 208 BC the Roman fleet, made up of 35 ships from Pergamon and 25 Roman ships, failed to conquer Lemnos, but instead occupied and plundered the hinterland of the island of Peparethos, present-day Skopelos.
January 204 BC: After another season of fighting, in 206 BC, the members of the Aetolian League surrendered and, without the consent of Rome, signed a separate peace on the terms imposed on them by Philip of Macedon. With no more allies in all of Greece, but having nonetheless achieved their objective of preventing Philip from helping Hannibal, the Romans were now willing to sign peace. A treaty was signed at Phoenix in 205 BC, the so-called Peace of Phoenix, thus ending the First Macedonian War.
21.2.Second Macedonian War
Was a war fought by Rome, allied with the Kingdoms of Pergamons and Rhodes, against Antigonid Macedonia.
January 197 BC: In -198, the Roman general Flaminino launched a military campaign against King Philip V of Macedon in the regions south of Thessaly. The campaign was successful, with Philip being forced to retreat to Thessaly as a result of Flaminino's aggressive tactics.
January 196 BC: The Romans defeated the Macedonians a first time in the battle of Aous and a second time, in June 197 BC, in the subsequent battle of Cynocephalus. At that point Philip V was forced to negotiate peace with Rome. Philip was forced to accept the withdrawal of the Macedonian troops from the newly conquered cities in Thrace and Asia Minor, and to abandon all of Greece.
21.3.Third Macedonian War
Was a war fought by Rome against Antigonid Macedonia. The war was won by Rome, and Macedonia was divided in four client states of Rome.
January 170 BC: A contingent of the Roman fleet went through the Gulf of Corinth and conducted operations against the Boeotians. It besieged Haliartus with 10,000 mariners and 2,000 troops. Eventually the city fell.
January 170 BC: Rome dissolved the Boeotian League in 171 BC.
June 169 BC: In -169, Quintus Marcius, a Roman military commander, led a daring expedition into Macedon through the challenging terrain of the Olympus range. This feat demonstrated his strategic prowess and bravery in the service of the Roman Republic.
June 168 BC: Nigdelis, P. III. Roman Macedonia (168 BC-AD 284). Pp.51-53
January 167 BC: In 168 B.C. the fortress of Lissos was conquered by the Romans.
January 167 BC: Despite their steadfast loyalty to Rome, the League lost Leucas after the Third Macedonian War (171-168 BC), as it became an autonomous state.
January 167 BC: The Roman Legions under Aemilius Paulus destroy the cities of Athamania.
January 167 BC: Orikos is conquered by the Romans in 168 BC (from around 230 to 168 BC it issued its own coins).
January 166 BC: In 167 BC the Romans destroyed Orraon.
January 166 BC: Under the Roman Empire, Byllis became part of the province of Epirus Nova.
January 166 BC: The Nesiotic League, led by the island of Rhodes, lost its independence to the Roman Republic in -167 BC at the end of the Third Macedonian War. This marked the end of Rhodian autonomy and their submission to Roman rule.
January 166 BC: In the year 167 BC BC, after the Third Macedonian War, the Romans under Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus attacked the Koinon of Byllis on the way back and also destroyed Nikaia.
21.4.Fourth Macedonian War
Was a war fought between the Roman Republic and a Macedonian uprising led by the Macedonian pretender to the throne Andriscus. Pretending to be the son of the former king Perseus, who had been deposed by the Romans after the Third Macedonian War in 168 BC, Andriscus sought to re-establish the old Macedonian Kingdom. Anthriscus, after some early successes, was eventually defeated by the Roman general Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus at the Second Battle of Pydna in 148 BC, and the uprising subsequently collapsed.
January 147 BC: Following the Roman annexation of the region, the city of Amantia became part of the Roman province of Macedonia and then Epirus Novus.
21.5.Annexation of Macedonia
After the Roman general Quintus Caecilius Metellus defeated Andriscus of Macedon, the last self-styled king of Macedonia in the Fourth Macedonian War, Macedonia became a Roman province.
January 145 BC: Macedonia became a Roman province.
The Laconian War of 195 BC was fought between the Greek city-state of Sparta and a coalition composed of Rome, the Achaean League, Pergamon, Rhodes, and Macedon.
January 194 BC: Roman general Flamininus led his force of 50,000 against Sparta and, after defeating the Spartans in a battle outside the city walls, began the siege of the city.
January 194 BC: The allied army marched on Tegea, in Arcadia.
January 194 BC: Roman general Flamininus advanced on Caryae.
January 194 BC: The allies, led by the Roman general Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, advanced to the major center of the area, the Spartan port and naval arsenal of Gytheio. This marked a significant strategic move in the Roman Republic's campaign against the Spartans during the Laconian War.
February 194 BC: Roman general Flamininus led his force of 50,000 against Sparta and, after defeating the Spartans in a battle outside the city walls, began the siege of the city.
February 194 BC: The Roman army leaves Caryae.
February 194 BC: The Romans leave Tegea.
February 194 BC: In -194, during the Roman-Spartan War, the allies led by Roman general Titus Quinctius Flamininus advanced to Gytheio, a major Spartan port and naval arsenal. This strategic move marked a significant turning point in the conflict.
Was a military conflict between two coalitions led by the Roman Republic and the Seleucid Empire. The fighting ended with a clear Roman victory. In the Treaty of Apamea, the Seleucids were forced to give up Asia Minor, which fell to Roman allies.
January 191 BC: Seleucid Invasion of Greece up to the Thermopylae.
January 190 BC: The Roman general Marcus Fulvius Nobilior finally conquered Zakynthos in 191 BC for Rome.
January 188 BC: Livy, a Roman historian, mentioned the surrender of Cephallenia to the Roman Republic in 189 BC. He specifically named the Nesiotae, Cranii, Palenses, and Samaei as the groups involved in the surrender. This event marked the Roman expansion into the territory of Same.
January 188 BC: In 189 BC, Livy mentioned the surrender of Cephallenia to the Roman Republic. The Nesiotae, Cranii, Palenses, and Samaei were tribes living in Pronnoi, the territory that was taken over by the Romans. Livy was a Roman historian known for his detailed accounts of Roman history.
January 188 BC: Cranii surrendered to the Romans without resistance in 189 BC.
23.1.Treaty of Apamea
Was a peace treaty conducted in 188 BC between the Roman Republic and Antiochus III, ruler of the Seleucid Empire. It ended the Roman-Seleucid War.
January 187 BC: The defeat of Antiochus in 189 BC robbed the league of its principal foreign ally and made it impossible to stand alone in continued opposition to Rome. The league was forced to sign a peace treaty with Rome that made it a subject ally of the republic.
January 187 BC: The Romans sent an army to Greece which defeated Antiochus' army at Thermopylae. This defeat proved crushing, and the Seleucids were forced to retreat from Greece.
January 187 BC: Oiniadai was returned to Acarnania after the Roman-Seleucid War.
Was a war between the Galatian Gauls and the Roman Republic supported by their allies Pergamon in 189 BC.
January 188 BC: The Romans turned their attention to the Celtic tribes of the Galatians settled in Galatia and defeated them in a battle on Mount Olympus, where the entire Galatian army was annihilated.
February 188 BC: The Roman army leaves Mount Olympus.
Was the war of the Romans to conquer Lusitania (the western Iberian Peninsula). Lusitania was occupied in 179 BC but was plagued by revolts until 139 BC.
January 178 BC: From 179 B.C. the Romans managed to pacify a large part of the region, signing a peace treaty.
Roman conquest of the Istrian Peninsula.
January 177 BC: Istria conquered by Roman Republic.
Roman conquest of Liguria.
January 177 BC: Soumission des tribus guerrières de Ligurie et de l'Apennin septentrional.
The Achaean War of 146 BC was fought between the Roman Republic and the Greek Achaean League. The war marked the beginning of direct Roman control of Greece, and the end of Greek independence.
January 145 BC: The Achaean War of 146 BC was fought between the Roman Republic and the Greek Achaean League. The war marked the beginning of direct Roman control of Greece, and the end of Greek independence.
Roman conquest of Gallia Narbonensis (the southern coast of France).
January 117 BC: The Romans extend their domain to the Greek city of Massilia and to Gallia Narbonensis.
Was an armed conflict between the Roman Republic and king Jugurtha of Numidia, a kingdom on the coast of modern Algeria.
January 109 BC: The Roman general Gaius Marius and his ally Gaius Lusius waged war against Jugurtha, the King of Numidia, in -110. Suthul was a strategic town where the Numidian treasury was located, but despite the siege, the town's strong defenses prevented its capture.
January 109 BC: The cunning Numidian king, who had reportedly bribed Roman officers to facilitate his attack, was able to catch the Romans at a disadvantage.
June 109 BC: In spring of 109, Metellus led his reorganised army into Numidia.
January 108 BC: The Roman army besieges the Numidian city of Zama.
January 108 BC: The Numidians reconquered Zama with irregular warfare tactics.
January 107 BC: Thala is besieged by the Roman Republic.
January 107 BC: At this point Jugurtha retired to the court of his father-in-law, king Bocchus I of Mauretania, who though previously professing friendship for the Romans, now received Jugurtha hospitably, and, without positively declaring war (on Rome), advanced with his troops into Numidia as far as Cirta, the capital.
November 107 BC: In -107 BC, the Roman general Marius led a risky expedition to Capsa, a town in North Africa. After the town surrendered, Marius ordered the execution of all survivors as a brutal display of Roman power and dominance in the region.
January 105 BC: Second Battle of Cirta.
January 105 BC: Ultimately, Marius reached a deal with Bocchus whereby Sulla, who was friendly with members of Bocchus's court, would enter Bocchus's camp to receive Jugurtha as a hostage. In spite of the possibility of treachery on the Mauritanian's part, Sulla agreed; Jugurtha's remaining followers were treacherously massacred, and he himself handed over in chains to Sulla by Bocchus.
Cyrenaica was separated from the main kingdom by Ptolemy VIII and given to his son Ptolemy Apion.
January 95 BC: Cyrenaica was separated from the main kingdom of Ptolemy VIII and given to his son Ptolemy Apion. When Ptolemy Apion died without heirs in 96 BC, he bequeathed the territory to the Roman Republic.
Was a war fought from 91 to 87 BC between the Roman Republic and several of its autonomous allies (socii) in Italy. The Italian allies wanted Roman citizenship, not only for the status and influence that came with it, but also for the right to vote in Roman elections and laws.
December 91 BC: Marco Livio Drusus sided with the Italian cause by putting forward bills in favor of extending citizenship. When Drusus was assassinated, this ignited the social war. The Italians, excluding the Etruscans and Umbrians, rebelled against Rome. The revolt broke out in Ascoli, in the Piceno area, and the rebels organized themselves into a free League with its own army.
January 89 BC: The rebels carried out victorious raids in Apulia and Lucania.
January 88 BC: The Lex Plautia Papiria granted the right of Roman citizenship to all Italians south of the Po who would lay down their arms within 60 days. In this way, Rome was able to take control of all the territories of the Italic League with the exception of Samnium.
January 88 BC: The Romans reconquer many cities in Campania.
January 87 BC: The Samnites continued to resist, but ended up being exterminated in 88 BC.
Were three conflicts fought by Rome against the Kingdom of Pontus and its allies between 88 BC and 63 BC. They are named after Mithridates VI, the King of Pontus during the course of the wars.
33.1.First Mithridatic War
Was a war challenging the Roman Republic's expanding domain over the Greek world. In this conflict, the Kingdom of Pontus and many Greek cities rebelled against Roman rule under the leadership of Mithridates VI of Pontus.
January 87 BC: Mithridates of Pontus finished capturing Asia Minor.
January 84 BC: Pontic ruler Mithridates met with Roman general Sulla at Dardanus (a city in Troas) in 85 BC, and accepted peace terms which restored all his gains in Asia, Cappadocia and Bithynia to their original rulers, but left him his own kingdom.
33.1.1.Campaign in Greece (First Mithridatic War)
A military campaign in Greece by the Kingdom of Pontus under the command of General Archelaus.
January 87 BC: Archelaus was sent to Greece, where he established Aristion as a tyrant in Athens.
January 86 BC: Archelaus was a general in the Kingdom of Pontus, led by King Mithridates VI. The Battle of Chaeronea in -87 was fought against the Roman Republic, led by Lucius Cornelius Sulla. Archelaus' defeat marked a turning point in the First Mithridatic War.
January 86 BC: Mithridates VI of Pontus, a powerful ruler in the Kingdom of Pontus, successfully captured Asia Minor and expanded his influence into northern Greece, Macedonia, and Thessaly in -87. This marked the beginning of his campaign to challenge Roman dominance in the region.
March 86 BC: The Romans quickly declared war. In 87 BC, Consul Lucius Cornelius Sulla landed in Epirus and marched on Athens. Sulla captured Athens on March 1, 86 BC.
January 84 BC: Battle of Orchomenus. Greece was fully restored to Roman rule.
33.1.2.Flaccus mission
Was a Roman military campaign in Greece and Asia minor led by Lucius Valerius Flaccus during the First Mithridatic War.
January 84 BC: After crossing the Hellespont, Flaccus was killed in a mutiny led by Flavius Fimbria, who went on to defeat Mithridates and recapture Pergamum.
33.2.Second Mithridatic War
Was one of three wars fought between Pontus and the Roman Republic.
January 82 BC: Mithridates thus decided to send an embassy to the Senate and to Silla, complaining about Murena's actions. Meanwhile the latter had crossed the Halys river.
February 82 BC: After this raid, Murena was able to return undisturbed to Phrygia and Galatia laden with booty.
January 81 BC: Although Calidio did not have a decree from the Senate with him, he invited him not to harass the king of Pontus anymore, to avoid that this had the meaning of breaking the existing treaty. Murena, however, again invaded the territories of Mithridates, who, this time believed that the war had been so ordered by the Roman Senate itself.
February 81 BC: Mithridates defeats Murena in battle.
33.3.Third Mithridatic War
Was the last and longest of the three Mithridatic Wars, fought between Mithridates VI of Pontus and the Roman Republic. The conflict ended in defeat for Mithridates, ending the Pontic Kingdom, ending the Seleucid Empire (by then a rump state), and also resulting in the Kingdom of Armenia becoming an allied client state of Rome.
December 74 BC: Towards the end of autumn, Eumacus, a general of the King of Pontus, invaded Phrygia and killed a large multitude of Roman citizens, including wives and children. Then Eumacus also subjugated the populations of Pisidia, Isauria, and Cilicia.
January 73 BC: Mithridates arranged to invade Bithynia following the death of its king, Nicomedes IV, who was childless and therefore decided to bequeath his kingdom to the Romans. The then provincial governor, Marcus Aurelius Cotta, a completely cowardly man, could do nothing but flee to Chalcedon with all the forces he had at his disposal. Thus Bithynia returned again under the rule of Mithridates.
January 72 BC: Roman period of the settlement, which began in 73 BC.
January 72 BC: The Romans subjugated Prusa, located at the base of a mountain, and then also occupied Nicaea.
January 72 BC: Roman General Gaius Valerius Triario set sail for Apamea which he occupied.
April 72 BC: The Roman general Lucullus moved his armies towards the eastern front through Bithynia and Galatia, subjugating the territories previously under Roman control and reaching the plain of Themiscyra and the river Thermodon.
January 71 BC: The Battle of Cabira was a clash between the army of the Roman Republic, commanded by Lucius Licinius Lucullus, and that of Mithridates VI of Pontus, fought in 72 BC near the city of Cabira. It saw the Roman forces prevail.
January 71 BC: In 72 BC, Callatis was conquered by the Roman general Lucullus.
January 71 BC: Tomis was conquered during the campaign of Roman general Lucullus of 72 BC.
January 71 BC: Apollonia, located on the west coast of Pontos, was conquered and sacked by the Roman legions of Marcus Lucullus in 72 BC. Marcus Lucullus was a Roman general and politician who served under Lucius Licinius Lucullus during the Third Mithridatic War.
January 70 BC: Roman General Lucullus marched against the last enemy resistance, subjugating the Chaldeans and Tibareni and occupying Armenia Minor.
January 70 BC: However, in 72-71 BC, during the Third Mithridatic War, these cities were occupied by the forces of Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus, the Roman proconsul of Macedonia. A foedus was signed between the Greek colonies and the Roman Empire.
January 70 BC: Mesambria (Pontos) fell under Roman rule in 71 BC.
January 69 BC: Siege of Amiso: the city is conquered by the Romans after three years of siege.
January 69 BC: During 70 BC, the city of Sinop continued to resist. The Roman general Lucullus, upon entering the city, killed 8,000 Cilicians. After capturing the city, he then liberated it and repopulated it.
October 69 BC: Battle of Tigranocerta: The Roman force, led by Consul Lucius Licinius Lucullus, defeated Tigranes, and as a result, captured Tigranes' capital city of Tigranocerta.
January 67 BC: The Battle of Comana Pontica was fought between the Roman army commanded by Lucius Licinius Lucullus' legate, Gaius Valerius Triarius, and the army of the Kingdom of Pontus commanded by Mithridates VI in 68 BC. It saw the Roman commander prevail over the Pontic king.
January 67 BC: Siege of Nisibis (68 BC): the Romans conquer the city of Nisibis.
January 67 BC: The Battle of Artaxata was fought near the Arsanias River in 68 BC between an army of the Roman Republic and the army of the Kingdom of Armenia.
January 67 BC: Mithridates hurried back to what little territory he had left, also reconquering parts of Pontus and Armenia Minor.
January 66 BC: According Appian, while Roman general Lucullus was camped not far from Mithridates, the proconsul of Asia sent him some messengers to inform him that, since he had uselessly prolonged the war, Rome deprived him of command and gave the peremptory order his soldiers to dissociate and abandon him. Mithridates then decided to invade Cappadocia again, managing to conquer almost all of his old domains.
January 65 BC: Border corrections due to military occupations and reorganization.
January 65 BC: Battle of the Lycus. The last major battle of the war. The Roman Republican army under the command of Gnaeus Pompeius defeated the forces of Mithridates VI of Pontus. Mithridates fled to Crimea and committed suicide in 63 BC, finally ending the Third Mithridatic War.
January 65 BC: Tigranes of Armenia surrendered to Rome and was allowed to retain the heartland of his kingdom as a Roman buffer state, while all of his conquests were annexed.
January 65 BC: To Ariobarzanes, Pompeus gave back, once again, Cappadocia, now adding Sophene and Gordiene, as well as the city of Ierapolis Castabala and others of Cilicia.
January 65 BC: Pompey passed through the Taurus Mountains and waged war both against Antiochus I of Commagene, forcing him to seek peace, and against Darius of Media, whom he put to flight because he had aided Antiochus or Tigranes before him.
January 64 BC: The Romans left control of the Lesser Armenia to various client kings.
January 64 BC: Establishment of the Kingdom of Lesser Armenia (Roman Vassal).
January 62 BC: At the end of the Third Mithridatic War, the Kingdom of Pontus was dismantled and reduced to only its eastern portion, while the western part, including the capital Sinope, was incorporated into the Roman province of Bithynia and Pontus.
33.3.1.Military Campaign of Pompey in Cilicia
Was a succesful Roman military campaign led by Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus in Cilicia during the Third Mithridatic War.
January 66 BC: Cilicia proper (Trachea and Pedias), which had been a hideout for pirates for over forty years, was subjugated by Rome.
33.3.2.Caucasian campaign of Pompey
Was a succesful Roman military campaign led by Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus in the Caucasus during the Third Mithridatic War.
January 64 BC: After subduing Iberia, Pompey headed towards the small kingdom of Colchis and subjugated its main stronghold and various local peoples. Pompey gave the rule of Colchis to Aristarches, effectively making it a Roman province, part of Bithynia et Pontus.
Nicomedes IV of Bithynia died without heirs in 75 and left his kingdom to Rome.
January 74 BC: Nicomedes IV of Bithynia died without heirs in 75 BC and left his kingdom to Rome.
A three-year campaign under Quintus Caecilius Metellus that resulted in the Roman conquest of Crete.
January 68 BC: In 69 BC, the consul Quintus Caecilius Metellus was tasked by the Senate with the conquest of Crete. He captured one Cretan city after another, while Pompey fought against the pirates at sea. The defeated Cretans only wanted to submit to Pompey, and he accepted their submission, even though Quintus Caecilius Metellus was the actual conqueror who made Crete a Roman province.
Following the Roman general Lucullus' defeat of both Mithridates and Tigranes in 69 BC, a rump Seleucid kingdom was restored under Antiochus XIII.
January 68 BC: Following the Roman general Lucullus' defeat of both Mithridates and Tigranes in 69 BC, a rump Seleucid kingdom was restored under Antiochus XIII.
January 62 BC: Even so, civil wars could not be prevented, as another Seleucid, Philip II, contested rule with Antiochus. After the Roman conquest of Pontus, the Romans became increasingly alarmed at the constant source of instability in Syria under the Seleucids. Once Mithridates was defeated by Pompey in 63 BC, Pompey set about the task of remaking the Hellenistic East, by creating new client kingdoms and establishing provinces. While client nations like Armenia and Judea were allowed to continue with some degree of autonomy under local kings, Pompey saw the Seleucids as too troublesome to continue. Doing away with both rival Seleucid princes, he made Syria into a Roman province.
Was a Roman military campaign under general Julius Caesar that resulted in the conquest of transalpine Gaul (modern-day France, Switzerland and Belgium).
January 57 BC: In March, the Helvetii begin their march. They are defeated by Caesar in late June, who also defeats Ariovist's army in mid-September.
January 56 BC: Campaigns against the Belgae.
January 56 BC: Although there is no evidence of a Roman occupation of Jersey, historians consider that it is entirely feasible it was occupied by the Romans. Various Roman archeological artefacts have been found on the island, such as coins discovered on the north coast at Ile Agois. There are several sites attributed to the Romans on the island, such as Caesar's fort at Mont Orgeuil. By 57 BC, Caesar had resolved to conquer all of Gaul.
January 55 BC: The tribes of the Menapi and Morini in north-eastern Gaul resisted the Romans, who undertook successful campaigns in Aquitaine and the area of modern-day Normandy. Caesar's command is extended by five years.
January 53 BC: Second Britain Expedition. In November: Uprising of the Eburones under Ambiorix and crushing defeat of Roman units at Aduatuca.
January 52 BC: Roman punitive expedition to the Belgica. Devastation of the tribal area of the Eburones.
January 51 BC: At the beginning of the year, the Gallic uprising breaks out. In spring/summer, Avaricum falls to the Romans, who are also successful against the Parisii. Gallic victory at Gergovia, but this is followed by the successful Roman siege of Alesia: Vercingetorix capitulates at the end of September.
January 50 BC: Successful Roman military operations, organized Gallic resistance largely collapses.
Roman conquest of Cyprus.
January 57 BC: Ptolemy of Cyprus neglected the precaution of obtaining confirmation of his sovereignty at Rome, and made the additional error of offending Publius Clodius Pulcher, by failing to ransom him when he had fallen into the hands of Cilician pirates. When Clodius became tribune (58 BC), he enacted a law to deprive Ptolemy of his kingdom, and reduce Cyprus to a Roman province.
Were a series of Wars between Rome (first the Roman Republic then the Roman Empire and finally the Eastern Roman Empire) and Persia (the Parthian Empire, and then its successor, the Sasanian Empire). The wars were ended by the early Muslim conquests, which led to the fall of the Sasanian Empire and huge territorial losses for the Byzantine Empire.
39.1.Crassous' Campaign in Syria
Was a Roman military invasion of Parthia under Marcus Licinius Crassus that ended in a catastrophic defeat of the Romans.
June 53 BC: Crassus, a Roman general and politician, decided to enter enemy territory from the south through the Syrian desert in -53. This decision ultimately led to his defeat and death at the hands of the Parthians in the Battle of Carrhae.
June 53 BC: The battle of Carre was fought between the Roman forces led by Crassus and the Parthian Empire led by Surena. It resulted in a devastating defeat for the Romans, with Crassus himself being killed in the battle. This defeat marked the end of Roman expansion in the East.
39.2.Antony's Atropatene campaign
Was a military campaign by Mark Antony, the eastern triumvir of the Roman Republic, against the Parthian Empire under Phraates IV.
January 38 BC: After Syria was occupied by Pacorus' army, Labienus split from the main Parthian force to invade Anatolia while Pacorus and his commander Barzapharnes invaded the Roman Levant. They subdued all settlements along the Mediterranean coast as far south as Ptolemais (modern Acre, Israel), with the lone exception of Tyre.
February 38 BC: Despite these successes, the Parthians were soon driven out of the Levant by a Roman counteroffensive. Publius Ventidius Bassus, an officer under Mark Antony, defeated and then executed Labienus at the Battle of the Cilician Gates (in modern Mersin Province, Turkey) in 39 BC. Shortly afterward, a Parthian force in Syria led by general Pharnapates was defeated by Ventidius at the Battle of Amanus Pass.
39.2.1.Persian Invasion (Antony's Atropatene campaign)
Was the Persian invasion of the Roman Republic during Mark Antony's Parthian War.
March 40 BC: The Liberatores were defeated by the Triumvirs at the Battle of Philippi in October 42 BC.
March 40 BC: The Parthians conquered Syria (with the exception of Tyre), and Anatolia up to Caria including Cappadocia, Commagene and Galatia
39.2.2.Roman Counterattack
Was a Roman offensive against the Persian invasion during Mark Antony's Parthian War.
August 39 BC: The Parthians, outnumbered and taken by surprise, were heavily defeated at the Battle of Monte Amano, General Franapate himself was killed and the survivors fell back en route east of the Euphrates after abandoning all invaded territories.
September 39 BC: Publio Ventidio Basso, a character of obscure origins but of considerable military ability, obtained important victories. In August 39 BC. he marched rapidly against Quintus Labienus who, surprised by the arrival of the legions, beat a hasty retreat. The Roman army of Ventidius pursued him as far as Syria where the Parthian cavalry was pouring in to reinforce it.
June 38 BC: In the spring of 38 BC. the Parthians attempted to take their revenge and a large army, personally led by Pacorus, crossed the Euphrates and again invaded the Roman province of Syria.
August 38 BC: The battle of Monte Gindaro, fought according to tradition on 9 August 38 BC. anniversary of the Carre catastrophe, ended with a great victory for Ventidio Basso.
October 38 BC: In the meantime, Ventidio Basso had besieged Samosata, the main fortress on the Euphrates of the kingdom of Commagene. Mark Antony preferred not to prolong the siege operations of Samosata any further. He therefore concluded in September 38 B.C. the operations receiving the surrender of the fortress and accepting from the king of Commagene a tribute of 300 talents of silver.
39.2.3.Anthony's Invasion
Was the Roman invasion of Persia during Mark Antony's Parthian War.
September 36 BC: Marco Antonio then immediately marched with the legions and, after a forced march of four hundred kilometers, reached Phraaspa at the end of August without encountering much resistance.
October 36 BC: As his legionaries were tired and begged to return home, at the end of October, Mark Anthony decided to end the war with Persia.
Was a Civil War in the Roman Republic between the two powerful generals Gaius Julius Caesar and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus. The war was won by Caesar who became dictator of Rome.
January 49 BC: In January, 49 BC, Caesar's opponents in the Senate, led by Lentulus, Cato and Scipio, tried to strip Caesar of his command and force him to return to Rome as a private citizen (liable to prosecution). On January 10, 49 BC, commanding the Legio XIII, Caesar crossed the Rubicon River, the boundary between the province of Cisalpine Gaul to the north and Italy proper to the south. As crossing the Rubicon with an army was prohibited, that triggered the ensuing civil war between Caesar and Pompey.
March 49 BC: Pompey's flight to Epirus (in Western Greece) with most of the Senate.
July 49 BC: Caesar's arrival in Hispania, where he was able to seize the Pyrenees passes defended by the Pompeian L. Afranius and M. Petreius.
August 49 BC: Pompeians in Ilerda (today in Spain) surrendered to Caesar.
January 48 BC: In -48, Julius Caesar landed at Dyrrhachium during the Roman Civil War against Pompey. Dyrrhachium was a strategic port city in Illyria (modern-day Albania) where Caesar and his forces clashed with Pompey's army.
July 48 BC: Battle of Dyrrhachium: Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat by Pompey in Macedonia.
August 48 BC: Caesar retreats to Thessaly.
August 48 BC: Battle of Pharsalus: Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus.
June 47 BC: Caesar defeated Pharnaces II of Pontus, king of the Bosporus in the Battle of Zela.
February 46 BC: Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio and Juba in the Battle of Thapsus. .
March 45 BC: In his last victory, Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the younger in the Battle of Munda. Pompey the younger was executed, and Labienus died in battle, but Sextus Pompey escaped to take command of the remnants of the Pompeian fleet.
Was a military campaign waged by Julius Caesar (at the same time of his war against Pompeius) that lead to the Roman submission of the Kingdom of Pontus.
November 48 BC: By October 48 BC Pharnaces of Pontus captured Sinop and took possession of Paphlagonia and Pontus.
January 47 BC: Pharnace II attempted to reconstitute the kingdom of Pontus by force: during the civil war between Caesar and Pompey, he invaded Asia Minor in 48 BC, conquering Colchis, Armenia Minor, Pontus and Cappadocia, defeating a Roman army in Nicopolis.
August 47 BC: Caesar decisively defeated Pharnaces of Pontus at the Battle of Zela. Pharnaces was killed and Caesar conquered Pontus. In addition, the territories occupied by Pharnaces were freed.
Was a civil war in the Roman Republic fought by the forces of Mark Antony and Octavian (the Second Triumvirate members) against the forces of Caesar's assassins, led by Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus.
January 42 BC: After the murder of Caesar, Brutus and Cassius (the two main conspirators, also known as the Liberatores) had left Italy and taken control of all Eastern provinces (from Greece and Macedonia to Syria) and of the allied Eastern kingdoms.
November 42 BC: The Liberatores were defeated by the Triumvirs at the Battle of Philippi in October 42 BC.
Military campaigns by future Roman emperor Octavian in Illyricum.
January 32 BC: Military campaigns of Octavian in Illyricum (35-33 BC).
Egypt became entangled in a Roman civil war, which ultimately led to its conquest by Rome as the last independent Hellenistic state.
January 29 BC: Egypt became entangled in a Roman civil war, which ultimately led to its conquest by Rome as the last independent Hellenistic state.
Roman conquest of Moesia.
January 28 BC: Moesia was annexed to Rome.
Was a revolt in Nubia, the southenmost part of the Roman province of Egypt.
January 28 BC: Egypt's first prefect, Cornelius Gallus, had to put down an insurrection in the south of the province and lead an army south to establish a protectorate. At the end of the military campaign, the prefect placed the southern border at Syene and entrusted northern Nubia (the region called Triakontaschoinos) which extended for 300 km to the south (almost up to Wadi Halfa) to a tyrannus.
January 499 BC: Expansion of the Kingdom of Rome by 700 BC.
January 298 BC: Starting from the end of the 4th century, the Umbrians came into contact with the Romans. A few years later, the city of Nequinum was also occupied, where the first colony of Latin law was founded: Narnia Nahars (present-day Narni), in 299 BC.
January 287 BC: Roman conquest of Zankle.
January 279 BC: Around 280 BC the Romans proposed a special alliance treaty to the city of Eraclea, managing to remove it from the influence of Taranto and making it a confederate city of Rome.
January 272 BC: Hyele joined Rome in 273 BC.
January 259 BC: The secular war between the Messapians and Taranto would later partly favored the Roman conquest of Taranto itself first and then of the entire Salento, which ended around 260 BC.
January 259 BC: The Po Valley around -260 BC had been incorporated into the Roman dominion, following the defeat of the Gauls by Roman generals Manius Curius Dentatus and Gaius Sulpicius Longus. The city of Spina, located in the Po Valley, became part of the Roman Republic's expanding territory.
January 251 BC: During the First Punic War, the islands were the scene of clashes between Rome and Carthage and Lipara was conquered by Rome in 252.
January 228 BC: In 229 BC, Corfu is placed under the protection of Rome.
January 227 BC: In 228 BC Buthrotum became a Roman protectorate.
January 219 BC: Expansion of the Roman Republic in the Iberian Peninsula by 220 BC.
January 206 BC: The control of Metapontion passed with certainty to Rome.
January 200 BC: In the shipyards of Metauros, as in those of Ipponio (Vibo Valentia) and Rhegium (Reggio Calabria), the ships that will be used in the Punic wars by the Romans are prepared. These, in 201 BC, settled in the area.
January 196 BC: Expansion of the Roman Republic in the Iberian Peninsula by 197 BC.
January 195 BC: Titus Quinctius Flamininus proclaimed the freedom of the Greeks, Byzantium became civitas libera et foederata.
January 195 BC: In the Second Macedonian War it was taken by the Romans by assault in 200 BC. Soon afterwards, in 196 BC, it was declared free by Titus Quinctius Flamininus along with the other Grecian states.
February 194 BC: Kythira was independent, and issued her own coins in 195 after the Achaean defeat of Sparta.
January 193 BC: Pyxous, the latinized into Buxentum, was a Roman colony since 194 BC.
January 193 BC: Expansion of the Roman Republic in the Iberian Peninsula by 194 BC.
January 175 BC: Kassopa was destroyed by the Romans in 177-176 BC.
January 154 BC: Timarchus advanced along the Narenta river, crossed the Dinaric Alps and reached the plain of the Lib, where he besieged the capital of the Delmatae, Delminium. And although part of the fortress had been burned and almost reduced to surrender, Figulus was forced to return to Rome at the end of his mandate (winter 156 BC). The following year the siege was completed by his successor, the consul Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculo, who obtained the triumph for this success.
January 153 BC: Expansion of the Roman Republic in the Iberian Peninsula by 154 BC.
January 145 BC: The Thessalian League was one of the several Greek leagues the Roman tolerated until 146 BC, when the Roman commander Mummius razed the city of Corinth to the ground, disbanded the leagues, and informally reduced Greece to provincial status.
January 145 BC: By this time, the Greek cities were in practice subject to the Roman Empire.
January 145 BC: Although the Achaean league outlasted both the Aetolian league and Macedon, it was also soon defeated and absorbed by the Romans in 146 BC, bringing Greek independence to an end.
January 145 BC: The Greek peninsula fell to the Roman Republic after the Battle of Corinth (146 BC), when Macedonia became a Roman province.
January 132 BC: Expansion of the Roman Republic in the Iberian Peninsula by 133 BC.
January 128 BC: The Romans defeated Eumemes III in 129 BC. They annexed the former kingdom of Pergamon, which became the Roman province of Asia.
January 128 BC: Roman conquests up to the campaign of Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus.
January 128 BC: The Cyclades, including Kalaureia, were incorporated into the Roman province of Asia between 133-129 BC. This decision was made by the Roman Republic, specifically by Roman statesman and general Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who reorganized the territories of Asia Minor after defeating King Mithridates VI of Pontus.
January 128 BC: The Cyclades, a group of islands in the Aegean Sea, were incorporated into the Roman province of Asia between 133-129 BC. This expansion of Roman territory was part of the Roman Republic's efforts to consolidate power in the region.
January 122 BC: Expansion of the Roman Republic in the Iberian Peninsula by 123 BC.
January 120 BC: Quintus Cecilius Metellus Balearicus conquered the Balearic Islands, where he settled 3000 Romans and Iberians to found the colony of Palma de Mallorca.
January 120 BC: The island of Ithaka was occupied by the Romans in 121 BC.
January 113 BC: Roman defeat against the Scordisks.
February 113 BC: Roman defeat against the Scordisks.
January 89 BC: It took the Romans more than 150 years to be able to subdue the most warlike Nuragic tribes of the interior.
January 74 BC: Expansion of the Roman Republic in the Iberian Peninsula by 75 BC.
January 60 BC: The colonies of Dobruja revolted.
January 50 BC: Issa functioned as an independent polis until the 1st century BC, when it was conquered by the Roman Empire.
January 49 BC: Chersonesos (Pontos) was subject to Rome from the middle of the 1st century BC.
January 43 BC: Expansion of the Roman Republic in the Iberian Peninsula by 44 BC.
January 39 BC: After the death of Arabio, Numidia became the Roman province of Africa Nova.
September 31 BC: It was only after the Battle of Actium in 31 BC that the Acarnanian League (Roman Client) was incorporated into the Roman province of Achaea.
January 29 BC: From 30 BC until 20 BC, the Emesene Kingdom was dissolved.
January 29 BC: After defeating Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, Augustus restored Juba II, son of Juba I, as a client king of Numidia from 30-25 BC. Juba II was a well-educated and cultured ruler, known for his patronage of the arts and sciences.
January 27 BC: The Dardanian Kingdom retained its sovereignty until 28 BC, when the Romans conquered the region.
January 27 BC: Octavian was proclaimed Augustus, which effectively made him the first Roman emperor and ended the Roman Republic.
Disestablishment
January 27 BC: The Dardanian Kingdom retained its sovereignty until 28 BC, when the Romans conquered the region.
January 27 BC: Octavian was proclaimed Augustus, which effectively made him the first Roman emperor and ended the Roman Republic.
Selected Sources
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Roman Republic
