If you are looking for the page with the statistics about this nation you can find it here: All Statistics
The cluster includes all the forms of the country from the Kingdom of Rome to the Roman Empire. The Western and Eastern Roman Empires are covered separately.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Kingdom of Rome
Roman Republic
Roman Empire
Establishment
April 753 BC: Foundation of Rome.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were the events and military campaigns that led to the foundation and the expansion of the Kingdom of Rome.
January 749 BC: Romulus, the legendary founder and first king of Rome, managed to conquer Medullia.
January 699 BC: Expansion of the Kingdom of Rome by 700 BC.
April 587 BC: Priscus obtained a triumph over the Latins and Etruscans on 1 April 588/587 BC. He bought the cities of Corniculum and Collatia from the Roman state.
January 509 BC: Ocricoli conquered by Kingdom of Rome.
Was a war between the Kingdom of Rome and several nearby peoples and city-states.
January 750 BC: The Ceninensi who invaded the Roman territories, but they were beaten by the ordered ranks of the Romans. After Romulus had conquered their city it was the turn of the Antemnati. Their city was stormed and occupied, leading Romulus to celebrate a second ovation. Only the Crustumini city remained, whose resistance lasted even less than their allies.
Were a series of wars fought between ancient Rome (in both the regal and the republican periods) and the Etruscans. The conquest of Etruria was completed in 265-264 BC.
January 745 BC: The Kingdom of Rome occupied Fidenae, a town located north of Rome.
January 615 BC: Etruscan domination in Rome (616-509 BC).
January 509 BC: Etruscan domination in Rome (616-509 BC).
January 506 BC: Siege of Rome by Lars Porsena, overlord of the city of Clusium, ca. 507 BC.
February 506 BC: End of the Siege of Rome by Lars Porsena, overlord of the city of Clusium, ca. 507 BC.
January 395 BC: After a long siege, the Etruscan city of Veii is conquered and sacked by the Romans.
January 395 BC: The fall of Velius is dated to approximately 396 BC.
January 385 BC: The Roman army, led by the consul Gaius Sulpicius Peticus, marched on Nepet in -386. The city was a stronghold of the Etruscans, who were in conflict with the expanding Roman Republic. The siege of Nepet was part of Rome's efforts to assert control over the region.
January 385 BC: Roman Consuls Camillus and Fabius defeat an alliance of rebel Latins, Hernici and Volsci at Sutrium.
January 294 BC: After the battle of Sentino in 295 BC, in which the Roman army defeated the Gallo-Etruscan-Italic league, the Umbrian people were peacefully subjected to the victors, who rewarded their substantial neutrality in the previous war allowing the Umbrians to maintain the customs and of religion and began to colonize the territory.
January 294 BC: The army put together from Arezzo, Volterra and Perugia was defeated at Roselle, near Grosseto, in 295 BC. So in the III century BC Arezzo was conquered by the Romans who latinized its Etruscan name Arretium.
January 294 BC: With the battle of Sentino (295 BC), Perusia and most of the rest of Umbria enter the Roman orbit, retaining the use of Etruscan.
January 281 BC: The Battle of Lake Vadimone was fought in 283 BC. between Rome and an alliance between the Etruscans and the tribe of Galli Boi. The Roman army, led by the consul Publius Cornelius Dolabella, definitively defeated the Gallo-Etruscan army, so much so that the following year all of Etruria was now firmly controlled by Rome.
January 279 BC: Vulci was strong enough to further resist until Tiberius Coruncanius triumphed over them in 280 BC.
January 263 BC: Rome was the eventual victor in the wars and the last Etruscan resistance was crushed in 264 BC when Volsinii was defeated. The Etruscans were assimilated into Roman culture and Rome became one of the Mediterranean superpowers amongst the Greeks and the Carthaginians, though the Etruscan language survived for another 300 years.
3.1.War with Veii
Was a war between Rome and the Etruscan city of Veii.
January 719 BC: The Veientes were concerned by the increasing Roman power, and accordingly launched an incursion into Roman territory. However, they were defeated by the Romans who forced the Veientes to cede the territories of Septem Pagi and Saline.
3.2.Siege of Rome by Lars Porsena (508)
In 508 BC former Roman king Tarquin persuaded the king of the Etruscan city of Clusium, Lars Porsena, to wage war on Rome, resulting in a siege of Rome.
January 507 BC: Lars Porsenna, the king of Clusium, besieged Rome after being persuaded by former Roman King Tarquin to do so.
February 507 BC: The siege of Rome by Etruscan forces from Clusium is ended by a peace treaty.
3.3.Capture of Fidenae
Was a war of Rome against Veii that resulted in the city of Fidenae being captured by the Romans.
January 434 BC: Ancient Rome defeated Veii in the Capture of Fidenae in 435 BC.
3.4.10 Year war with Veii
After 10 years of War with Veii the Etruschian city was conquered and destroyed by the Romans.
January 405 BC: The Romans placed the Etruscan city of Veii under siege.
January 405 BC: After 10 years of War with Veii the Etruscan city is conquered and destroyed by the Romans.
3.5.War in Southern Etruria
Roman War against the Etruscans and conquest of southern Etruria.
January 385 BC: Victories in Southern Etruria, creation of 4 rustic tribes and installation of Roman colonists in this territory.
Was the Roman conquest of the ancient city of Alba Longa.
January 672 BC: According to tradition, the friendly relations between the Romans and the population of Alba Longa had broken down and continuous disputes had arisen. The Roman king's response to the Albani's complaints was that the initiation of the quarrel had been their doing. And since both peoples had equal strength, and continued to weaken with frequent fighting, to shorten the war it was decided to resolve the dispute with a challenge between three twin brothers who represented on one side the Romans (the Horatii) and on the other the Albani (the Curiazi). Alba Longa was defeated and subjected to the Roman state.
A political revolution replaced the then-existing Roman monarchy under Lucius Tarquinius Superbus with a republic.
January 509 BC: The first to free itself from the supremacy of the Tyrrhenians with the expulsion of the Tarquinians around 510 BC was Rome.
January 508 BC: Overthrow of the Roman monarchy. At the beginning of ist republican life the control only over the city itself. The remanant controlled territories were basically lost.
January 508 BC: A political revolution replaced the then-existing Roman monarchy under Lucius Tarquinius Superbus with a republic.
Was a War of the Roman Republic against the Sabellian people.
January 495 BC: The Romans, led by the consul Publius Servilius Priscus Strutto, destroyed the Volscian capital Suessa Pometia.
February 495 BC: The Romans, led by the consul Publius Servilius Priscus Strutto, destroyed the Volscian capital Suessa Pometia.
January 405 BC: Anxur (oggi Terracina) is reoccupied by the Volscians.
January 399 BC: Anxur was reconquered by the Romans in 406 BC, and then again a second time in 400 BC.
January 356 BC: The Volsci and Equi were ancient Italic tribes that frequently clashed with the Roman Republic. After a long period of conflict, Rome finally conquered and incorporated their territories in -357.
Were a series of wars fought between the Roman Republic and the Volsci, an ancient Italic people.
7.1.Attack of Rome by the Volsci
Was an invasion of the Roman territory by the Volsci people.
January 494 BC: After the Battle of Lake Regillo in 496 BC, the Romans, led by consul Publius Servilius Priscus Strutto, proved their strength by defeating the Volsci at Suessa Pometia in -494.
February 494 BC: After having defeated the Latins, the Roman army leaves Suessa Pometia.
7.2.War with the Volsci
Was a War between the Roman Republic and the Volsci people.
January 492 BC: The Volsci were preparing for war. Against which it was decided to undertake yet another military action, entrusting it to the consul Postumio Cominio. The latter began the military campaign by leading the Roman army against the Volsci of Anzio, at the end of which the city was conquered. Subsequently the Roman army marched against the Volscian cities of Longula, Polusca and Corioli, which also ended up being conquered by the Romans.
January 406 BC: It was decided to concentrate the actions on the Volsci, the Roman army was divided and sent to plunder the territory of the enemies. Lucio Valerio Potito headed for Anzio, Gneo Cornelio Cosso headed for Ecetra and Gneo Fabio Ambusto attacked and conquered Anxur.
7.3.Sac of Cenone
Roman conquest of the Volscian city of Cenonen.
January 468 BC: Under the command of Tito Numicio Prisco, the Romans conquered and destroyed the Volscan city of Cenone, port and emporium of Anzio.
February 468 BC: Under the command of Tito Numicio Prisco, the Romans conquered and destroyed the Volscan city of Cenone, port and emporium of Anzio.
Were a series of wars fought between ancient Rome (including both the Roman Kingdom and the Roman Republic) and the Latins, from the earliest stages of the history of Rome until the final subjugation of the Latins to Rome in the aftermath of the Latin War.
January 489 BC: The Ernici Tribe entered into an alliance with Rome.
January 385 BC: The ancient city of Satricum was captured by the Roman general Camillus.
January 382 BC: In 383 BC the city of Lanuvium, which although until then had been faithful to Rome, being of all the ancient Latin cities the closest to the Pontine plain, it is not strange that it joined the fight against Rome.
January 379 BC: Defeat of Palestrina.
January 357 BC: In 358 BC Lazio was again threatened by an invasion by the Gauls. Livy writes that the Romans granted a new treaty to the Latins at their request.
June 354 BC: In 354 BC, the Romans captured Sassula, another city subjected to Tivoli. After this the Tiburtini surrendered and the war was brought to an end. The Fasti triumphales report that Marco Fabio Ambusto, consul, triumphed over the Tiburtini on 3 June.
8.1.Rome's first war with the Latini
Was the first war between Rome and the Latins that started when the Latins attacked the Kingdom of Rome.
January 600 BC: The war then concentrated on the Latin city of Medullia, a city which had a large garrison and was well fortified. Several clashes took place outside the city walls and the Romans were eventually victorious.
January 600 BC: Additional citizens were brought to Rome when the king captured the Latin cities of Telleni and Ficana.
January 600 BC: The Latins initially made an incursion into Roman territory. When a Roman embassy demanded compensation for the damage, the Latins gave a contemptuous reply. Ancus Martius consequently declared war on the Latins. Ancus Martius marched from Rome with a conscript army and captured the Latin city of Politorio in one attack.
8.2.War with the Latin League
Was a war waged by Roman King Tarquinius Priscus against the Latins.
January 587 BC: Tarquin's first war was waged against the Latins. Tarquinius took the Latin town of Apiolae by storm and took great booty from there back to Rome. According to the Fasti Triumphales, this war must have occurred prior to 588 BC. Subsequently, the Latin cities of Corniculum, old Ficulea, Cameria, Crustumerium, Ameriola, Medullia, and Nomentum were subdued and became Roman.
8.3.Tarquinius Priscus' wars
Were a series of wars waged by Roman King Tarquinius Priscus.
January 587 BC: When Rome was ruled by Tarquinius Priscus the Latins went to war with the city on two occasions. In the first, which according to the Fasti Triumphales took place before 588 BC, Tarquinius conquered the Latin city of Apiole.
January 579 BC: Tarquinius subjugated the whole of Lazio conquering both a series of Latin cities and those that had rebelled: Cornicolo, the ancient Ficulea, Cameria, Crustumerium, Ameriola, Medullia and Nomentum.
February 579 BC: Tarquinius subjugated the whole of Lazio conquering both a series of Latin cities and those that had rebelled: Cornicolo, the ancient Ficulea, Cameria, Crustumerium, Ameriola, Medullia and Nomentum.
8.4.War against the Latins of Tarquinius Superbus
Was a military campaign to conquer several Latin cities waged by Roman King Tarquinius Superbus.
January 509 BC: In fact, important cities of the Latium vetus were conquered under his reign, such as Suessa Pometia, Ardea, Ocricoli and Gabii.
8.5.Latin War (498-493 BC)
Was a war fought between the Roman Republic and the Latin League from 498 BC to 493 BC.
January 495 BC: Decisive Roman victory against the Latins in 496 BC at Crustumerium.
8.6.Foedus Cassianum
The Treaty of Cassius was a treaty which formed an alliance between the Roman Republic and the Latin League in 493 BC after the Battle of Lake Regillus. It ended the war between the Latin League and Rome, placing Rome as equal in power to all of the members of the League combined.
January 492 BC: The Treaty of Cassius was a treaty which formed an alliance between the Roman Republic and the Latin League in 493 BC after the Battle of Lake Regillus. It ended the war between the Latin League and Rome, placing Rome as equal in power to all of the members of the League combined.
8.7.End of the Roman influence on the Latin League
Rome lost its prominent position in the Latin League.
January 388 BC: In 390 BC a group of Gallic warriors first defeated the Roman army at the Battle of the Allia River and then sacked Rome. According to Livy, the Latins and the Hernici (while according to Plutarch it was only the Latins), after a hundred years of friendship with Rome, took the opportunity, in 389, to cancel their treaty with Rome.
8.8.Latin War (340-338 BC)
Was a conflict between the Roman Republic and its neighbors, the Latin peoples of ancient Italy. It ended in the dissolution of the Latin League and the incorporation of its territory into the Roman sphere of influence.
January 337 BC: The Roman Republic expanded its territory by defeating the Latin League in the Latin War
January 337 BC: The Latins were defeated in 338 BC at the Battle of Antium.
A war between the Roman Republic and the Equi people.
January 393 BC: The capital of the Equi was again conquered by the Romans.
February 393 BC: The Romans leave the capital of the Equi.
Sack of Rome after the Battle of the Allia, by Brennus, king of the Senone Gauls.
January 389 BC: The Gallic warriors, led by Brennus, defeated the Roman army at the Battle of the Allia River in 390 BC. Following their victory, they went on to sack Rome, marking a significant event in the history of the Roman Republic.
February 389 BC: The Gallic warriors, led by their chieftain Brennus, defeated the Roman army at the Battle of the Allia River in 390 BC. Following their victory, they went on to sack Rome, marking a significant event in the history of the Roman Republic.
The majority of the cities of Campania, including Capua, concluded an alliance with Rome upon the conditions of the Roman alliance with the old Latin league. These cities retained their independence, and extended and received the rights of commercium and connubium with Rome. The Roman sphere of influence was thus extended as far south as the Bay of Naples.
January 333 BC: The majority of the cities of Campania, including Capua, concluded an alliance with Rome upon the conditions of the Roman alliance with the old Latin league. These cities retained their independence, and extended and received the rights of commercium and connubium with Rome. The Roman sphere of influence was thus extended as far south as the Bay of Naples.
Were a series of wars between the the Roman Republic and the Samnites, who lived on a stretch of the Apennine Mountains south of Rome.
12.1.Second Samnite War
Was a war between the Roman Republic and the Samnites that took place mainly in Campania and Samnium.
January 325 BC: In 326 BC Neapolis was conquered by the Romans, while retaining Greek character and institutions.
January 319 BC: In 320 BC, the Roman Republic, led by the consul Lucius Papirius Cursor, defeated the Samnites in an open battle in front of Lucera, a city in Apulia. This victory led to the conquest of Lucera by the Romans.
January 317 BC: The Romans conquered Canusio and Teano in Apulia.
January 316 BC: The city of Nerulo was founded in Lucania in 317 BC.
January 316 BC: In 317 BC, the territory of Nerulo in Lucania was conquered by the Roman Republic. This marked a significant expansion of Roman influence in the region, as they continued to assert their dominance over neighboring territories.
January 314 BC: Conquests of Rome during the Siege of Saticula.
January 313 BC: In 314 BC, the Roman Republic conquered the cities of Sora, Ausona, Minturno, and Vescia with the help of traitors. These cities had joined the Samnites, a group of Italic tribes who were in conflict with Rome.
January 312 BC: In 313 BC the Romans took the city of Nola from the Samnites.
January 303 BC: In 305 BC the Romans achieved the decisive victory in the battle of Boviano following which, in 304 BC, the tribes of Sannio asked for peace in Rome, putting an end to the Second Samnite War.
12.2.Third Samnite War
Was a war between of the Roman Republic against the Samnites and their allies (in particular the Etruscans) that resulted in the Roman hegemony over most of central and southern italy.
January 294 BC: Lucio Volumnio Flamma Violente, with proconsular powers, defeated the Samnites near Triferno.
January 289 BC: From Aquilonia, where the Legio Linteata had fought, some survivors took refuge in Bovianum from where they reorganized and led a desperate resistance that lasted until 290, with the last, very hard campaign conducted by the consuls Manio Curio Dentato and Publio Cornelio Rufino. With the victory over the Samnites, the Romans conquered a hegemonic position throughout the central south.
January 289 BC: The definitive submission of the Samnites to Rome was sanctioned by the third Samnite war (298-290 BC).
Conquest of the territories of the Senones Gauls in the area of Ancona by the the Roman Republic.
January 282 BC: In 283 BC after a series of victories over the Gauls, including the Battle of Lake Vadimon, the Romans expelled the Gallic Senones from the coastal region and annexed it down to Ancona, after which it became "Gallia Togata.".
January 267 BC: In 268 BC the Picentes were defeated in Gallia Togata by two consular armies. Evidently they had rebelled against Rome, probably in 269 BC. Ancona and Asculum remained independent but the rest of Picenum was annexed. They were nominally foederati.
Was a war between the Roman Republic and the Kingdom of Epirus.
January 281 BC: In 282 BC. the Tarentines, who were drunkenly celebrating parties in honor of the god Dionysus in a theater overlooking the sea, escorted by the Roman ships (of merchants), believed that they were advancing against them and attacked them. After the attack on the Roman fleet, the Tarentines, realizing that their reaction to the Roman provocation could lead to war and convinced of Rome's hostile attitude, marched against Thurii, which was taken and sacked. The Tarentines, who did not respect the following embassies from Rome, thus began the war, also involving Epirus, called to help by the Tarentines against the Romans.
January 281 BC: In 282 BC the Tarentines, who were drunkenly celebrating parties in honor of the god Dionysus in a theater overlooking the sea, escorted by the Roman ships (of merchants), believed that they were advancing against them and attacked them. After the attack on the Roman fleet, the Tarentines, realizing that their reaction to the Roman provocation could lead to war and convinced of Rome's hostile attitude, marched against Thurii, which was taken and sacked. The Tarentines, who did not respect the following embassies from Rome, thus began the war, also involving Epirus, called to help by the Tarentines against the Romans.
January 276 BC: The Romans conquered Kroton, Croto in Latin, in 277 BC.
January 274 BC: During the Pyrrhic Wars (280-275 BC) fought between Pyrrhus of Epirus and Rome, Locris accepted a Roman garrison and fought against the Epirote king.
January 271 BC: During the Samnite Wars, the Roman Republic, led by consul Gaius Fabricius Luscinus, defeated the Samnites and secured control over Pandosia in -272. This victory marked the expansion of Roman dominion over southern Italy.
January 271 BC: In -272 BC, the Roman Republic gained control over the city of Medma, located in southern Italy. This victory was part of their campaign to establish dominance over the region, which included defeating other Confederate cities and colonies. This expansion marked the Romans' increasing power and influence in the Italian peninsula.
14.1.Roman Conquest of Taras
Was the Roman conquest of the Greek city-state of Taras during the Pyrrhic War.
January 280 BC: In 281 BC the Roman legions, under the command of Lucio Emilio Barbula, entered Taranto and conquered it.
14.2.Intervention of Epirus
Was a military expedition of Pyrrhus in southern Italy.
August 280 BC: After the battle of Eraclea, that anti-Roman understanding between Greeks and Italians, which part of the Tarentine aristocracy had been hoping for for some time, finally seemed to be cemented. Reinforcements from Lucania and Sannio joined Pyrrhus' army. Even the Bruttii rebelled. The Greek cities of Italy allied with Pyrrhus.
January 279 BC: King Pyrrhus of Epirus invaded Latium and Campania.
February 279 BC: The forces of Epirus leave Latium and Campania.
January 275 BC: While Pyrrhus was busy in his intervention in Sicily against the Carthaginians, Rome reoccupied without a fight all the previously lost territory in Apulia and Lucania. Once the rebellion of the Oscans and Samnites had been definitively put down, he arrived in the winter of 276 BC to put Taranto under siege again. The battle of Benevento took place in 275 BC. near the city then called Malevento, and it was the final episode of the Pyrrhic wars fought by Pirro, king of Epirus, against the Romans. Due to the defeat Pyrrhus abandoned the Italian campaign and returned to Epirus.
14.3.Roman Conquest of Rhegion
Was the Roman conquest of the Greek city-state of Rhegion during the Pyrrhic War.
January 269 BC: The Bretti were now recognized as a small power on the rise. Their prerogative was to continue to develop as an autonomous and conquering civilization and this drove them to hostility towards Rome. In 270 BC. the territory of the Brettii had completely fallen under the dominion of the Romans.
January 269 BC: Rhegion was subdued by the Romans in 270 BC.
Was the Roman conquest of Lucania (the modern-day Italian region of Basilicata).
January 281 BC: Roman consul Gaio Fabricio Luscino advanced into the territory of Thurii, devastating it.
January 281 BC: Roman consul Gaio Fabricio Luscino advanced against the Lucanians defeating their prince Stenio Stallio, as reported in the Fasti triumphales.
Were treaties of alliance between the Greek cities of southern italy and the Roman Republic.
January 281 BC: The cities of Reggio, Locri and Crotone asked to be placed under the protection of Rome.
Thurii (a city of Magna Graecia) became a dependent ally of Rome, and was protected by a Roman garrison.
January 281 BC: Thurii now sunk completely into the condition of a dependent ally of Rome, and was protected by a Roman garrison.
The Romans conquered Brindisi.
January 265 BC: In 266 BC Brindisi, like the whole Salento, was conquered by the Romans.
Were a series of wars between 264 and 146 BC fought between Rome and Carthage. The wars ended with the Roman conquest of the Carthaginian Empire.
19.1.First Punic War
Was the first of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean. .
January 258 BC: The land conflict in -259 extended to Sardinia and Corsica, where the city of Alalia was conquered by the Roman Republic. This marked a significant expansion of Roman territory under the leadership of the Roman consul Gaius Sulpicius Paterculus and the Roman general Lucius Cornelius Scipio.
January 255 BC: Roman general Regulus defeated the Carthaginian army in the battle of Adys.
January 255 BC: Tunisi conquered by Roman Republic.
June 255 BC: Carthage, having hired the Spartan mercenary Santippus to reorganize its forces, managed to stop the Roman advance. Xanthippos defeated Regulus in the battle of Tunis and captured him. The Roman invasion of Africa ended with a Carthaginian victory.
March 241 BC: Battle of the Aegates Islands: around 117 Carthaginian and 30 Roman ships (Diodorus) sunk in Roman victory, and Carthaginian survivors flee. Carthage evacuates Sicily.
March 241 BC: After the death of the tyrant Phintias, Akragas passed under Carthaginian control.
March 241 BC: After the treaty of protection that Syracuse signed with the Romans, Syracuse was allowed to retain only its city territory.
January 237 BC: After the first Punic war, the whole island was conquered by the Romans in the third century BC.
19.1.1.Invasion of Sicily
Was the Roman invasion of Sicily during the First Punic War.
January 263 BC: The city of Catania surrendered to the Roman Republic.
January 263 BC: The Romans protected the flank of the advance of the Carthaginians by conquering Adranon and besieging Centuripae, which surrendered.
January 262 BC: When the Romans landed in Sicily in 263 BC the city allied with the invaders together with many other Sicilian cities.
January 262 BC: In 263 BC, as Diodorus Siculus recalls, together with Akrai, Leontinoi, Megara Iblea, Netum and Tauromenion, Heloron was part of the possessions recognized by the Romans, engaged in the First Punic War, to Hiero II of Syracuse.
January 262 BC: The Romans besiege Syracuse. Tyrabt Hiero II asks for peace and becomes an ally of Rome.
January 262 BC: By the treaty concluded by the Romans with Hieron II, king of Syracuse (270 - 215 BC), Akrai was included in the dominions of that monarch.
January 260 BC: Enna and Halaesa surrender to Rome.
January 260 BC: The Carthaginian forces shut themselves up in Agrigento, the city was besieged by the Romans who conquered it after seven months. Segesta allied with Rome.
January 257 BC: Mytistratos was at length taken by the consul Aulus Atilius Calatinus in 258 BC.
January 257 BC: The city of Hippana was destroyed by the Romans commanded by the consul Aulus Atilius Calatino in 258 BC, during the First Punic War.
January 253 BC: The Romans besiege and take Panormus (Palermo) on the northern coast of Sicily
January 250 BC: During the First Punic War, Carthaginian general Hanno reinforced the garrison in Sicily and successfully retook the city of Agrigento in -251. This victory was part of Carthage's efforts to maintain control over the island and push back against Roman advances.
January 248 BC: During the First Punic War, the Roman consul Junius Pullo faced a setback when his fleet was lost to a storm. However, he was able to overcome this by successfully capturing the strategic city of Erice in -249, further solidifying Roman control in Sicily.
January 244 BC: It was not until after the fall of Panormus (modern Palermo) in 254 BC that Tyndaris expelled the Carthaginian garrison and joined the Roman alliance.
January 241 BC: The Romans managed to occupy Draepanum (today's Trapani).
January 240 BC: After the Battle of the Aegates Islands, Rome controlled the whole island of Sicily.
19.2.Second Punic War
Was the second of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean. It ended with a Roman victory and the territories of Carthage were reduced to its core territory in modern-day Tunisia.
19.2.1.Spanish Front (Second Punic War)
Was the Carthaginian military campaign in the Iberian Peninsula during the Second Punic War.
January 217 BC: Hanno was heavily defeated at Cissa, where he suffered heavy losses and was captured.
January 217 BC: During the Second Punic War, Empúries openly sided with Rome. In 218 BC a Roman army landed in its port and the city became one of the most solid support points of the city in Hispania.
June 217 BC: Battle of the Ebro River.
January 216 BC: Expansion of the Roman Republic in the Iberian Peninsula by 215 BC.
April 215 BC: Battle of Dertosa.
January 211 BC: Scipio resumed the Roman offensive in Spain in 212 BC managing to reconquer Sagunto.
June 209 BC: Siege of Cartagena.
January 208 BC: Expansion of the Roman Republic in the Iberian Peninsula by 209 BC.
January 207 BC: Battle of Baecula. Roman victory.
January 205 BC: Battle of Ilipa.
19.2.2.Italian Front (Second Punic War)
Was the Carthaginian military campaign in the Italian Peninsula led by General Hannibal during the Second Punic War.
November 218 BC: Battle of the Ticino.
December 218 BC: Battle of the Ticino.
December 218 BC: Battle of Trebbia.
January 217 BC: Siege of Modena.
January 217 BC: Hannibal's diplomacy in Cisalpine Gaul pushed the Gauls Boi and Insubri to revolt. These drove the settlers from Piacenza.
January 217 BC: The Romans dedicated themselves to the fortification of the cities of Cisalpine Gaul and ordered the colonists, 6,000 for each new city to be founded, to be in the established place within thirty days. The first of the colonies was founded on the Po river and was called Placentia, the other was located north of the river and called Cremona.
January 217 BC: The first military action consisted in conquering the Punic stronghold of Melita, which immediately surrendered without a fight.
January 217 BC: In the year 217 BC the new consuls, Gneo Servilio Gemino and Gaio Flaminio with the four consular legions and allies, around 50,000 men in all, marched towards Rome. The remains of the two legions of Sempronio Longo, strengthened by new elements and by allies of Syracuse, stopped to garrison Etruria under the leadership of Flaminio and two other legions under the command of Servilius Gemino stood at Rimini, the northern border of the peninsula. Rome was abandoning Cisalpine Gaul where it had just begun to enter.
January 217 BC: Battle of Trebbia.
February 217 BC: Battle of Piacenza.
March 217 BC: Battle of Piacenza.
June 217 BC: Battle of Lake Trasimeno. Victory of Carthage.
June 217 BC: In -217, Hannibal, a Carthaginian military commander, continued his march through Italy and reached the territories of Luceria and Argos Hippium. These areas were plundered by his soldiers as part of his campaign during the Second Punic War against Rome.
July 217 BC: Battle of Lake Trasimeno.
July 217 BC: In -217, Hannibal, a Carthaginian military commander, led his troops to plunder the territories of Luceria and Argos Hippium in Apulia. This marked a significant advance in his campaign against the Roman Republic during the Second Punic War.
December 217 BC: The Carthaginians eventually settled in the territory of Geronio where an entrenched camp was built.
January 216 BC: Returning to Italy, Servilius contented himself with reoccupying Pantelleria which had fallen into Carthaginian hands.
August 216 BC: In the Battle of Cannae on August 2, 216 BCE, Hannibal Barca’s Carthaginians destroyed two Roman armies in perhaps the most famous double envelopment in history.
September 216 BC: The Piganiol in fact writes that Hannibal, after having obtained the alliance of Daunia, excluding Lucera, and of the Samnites of the most impervious regions, also secured that of Capua, to which the Carthaginian promised the autonomy of the city and to place it at the head of the Italian confederation, replacing it in Rome.
September 216 BC: Hannibal lost between 3,000 and 6,000 men at Canne but achieved, after the crushing victory, the first important political-strategic results. Some centers began to abandon the Romans. Hannibal sent his brother Magone south to Bruttium with part of his forces, while he and the bulk of the army headed to Campania where he managed to obtain the defection of Capua after a series of negotiations.
September 216 BC: In -216, after the Battle of Cannae, Hannibal sent his lieutenant Annone to Bruzio in Calabria to secure the territory for Carthage. The Bruttians, a local tribe, supported the Carthaginians in their uprising against Roman control.
September 216 BC: The Carthaginian army left the area of Cannae after the battle.
November 216 BC: Siege of Nuceria Alfaterna.
January 215 BC: Battle of the Selva Litana.
April 215 BC: During the Second Punic War, the Carthaginian general Hannibal besieged and captured the important center of Casilinum in -215. This victory was part of Hannibal's campaign to conquer Roman territory in Italy.
May 215 BC: During the Second Punic War, the Carthaginian general Hannibal besieged Casilinum, a strategic center in Italy. The Roman Republic eventually lost control of the territory to Hannibal after a prolonged siege lasting from late 216 to early 215 BC.
April 212 BC: Battle of Tarentum. Carthaginian General Hannibal conquers Tarentum.
December 212 BC: The support of Syracuse for Carthage provokes the Roman siege of the city. Rome conquers Syracuse and its territories.
January 211 BC: The first battle of Herdonia was fought in 212 BC, during the Second Punic War, between the Carthaginian army of Hannibal and the Roman army. The Carthaginians defeated the Romans and occupid Apulia.
January 209 BC: Siege of Agrigento.
January 208 BC: The siege of Taranto in 209 BC led to the reconquest of the city, and its port, by the Romans.
June 207 BC: The battle of the Metauro ended with the complete victory of Rome; the Carthaginian army was destroyed and Hasdrubal fell fighting in the field. Hannibal learned of his brother's tragic fate only when Hasdrubal's head was thrown into his camp by the Romans. He decided to abandon Apulia and Lucania again and return to Bruzio. The battle confirmed Roman supremacy over Italy. Without Hasdrubal's army to support him, Hannibal was forced to evacuate pro-Carthaginian cities across much of southern Italy and retreat to Bruttium.
January 204 BC: Scipio Africanus, a Roman general, successfully recaptured the port of Locri from Hannibal, the Carthaginian military commander, in -205. This victory was a significant blow to Hannibal's forces during the Second Punic War.
January 202 BC: After the Roman victories at the Campi Magni, the Carthaginian Senate, seeing that the city was practically defenseless, ordered the remnants of the two armies operating outside Africa, that of Hannibal and that of Mago, to return to defend their homeland. The two generals thus left the territories occupied in Liguria and Calabria.
January 201 BC: During the Second Punic War, Ankon sided with the Romans against the Carthaginians, sending numerous soldiers.
19.2.3.African front (Second Punic War)
Was the African theatre of the Second Punic War that included the Roman invasion of Tunisia led by General Scipio Africanus.
June 204 BC: Scipio left Sicily to ferry his forces to Africa. Rough seas and fog forced his fleet to land near Utica.
January 203 BC: In -204, the Roman general Scipio Africanus conquered the city of Selica, located in modern-day Tunisia. This victory was a significant part of the Roman Republic's campaign against Carthage during the Second Punic War.
January 202 BC: Battle of the Campi Magni.
October 202 BC: The battle of Zama took place between the Roman Republic, led by Scipio Africanus, and Carthage, led by Hannibal Barca. The defeat of Carthage marked the end of the Second Punic War and solidified Roman dominance in the Mediterranean.
October 202 BC: The battle of Zama was the last battle of the Second Punic War and determined the definitive downsizing of Carthage as a military and political power in the Mediterranean Sea.
January 201 BC: The Romans and their Mauretanian allies arrive at Naraggara (Sidi Youssef).
19.2.4.End of the Second Punic War
Was the peace treaty between Rome and Carthage after the Second Punic War that reduced the Carthaginian territory to Tunisia.
February 201 BC: At the conclusion of the Second Punic War, Carthage was compelled to accept peace terms that marked the end of its status as a Mediterranean power. Carthage was prohibited from taking up arms without Rome's permission and had to evacuate territories west of the "Punic trenches," which separated Carthaginian lands from Numidian ones. This evacuation favored Massinissa, who seized the opportunity to annex large parts of Carthaginian territory. Additionally, Carthage lost all its territories in the Iberian Peninsula.
19.3.Third Punic War
Was the third and last of the Punic Wars fought between Carthage and Rome. Carthage was conquered and became the Roman province of Africa.
January 149 BC: The large North African port city of Utica went over to Rome in 149 BC. Aware that its harbour would greatly facilitate any assault on Carthage, the Senate and the People's Assembly declared war. Utica again defied Carthage in the Third Punic War, when it surrendered to Rome shortly before the breakout of war in 150 BC.
January 148 BC: Siege of Carthage. Hinterland of the city of Carthage occupied by the Roman army.
January 147 BC: Neapolis surrendered to the Romans and was subsequently sacked.
January 146 BC: Battle of Nepheris.
June 146 BC: The siege of the city lasted two years and ended in 146 BC. with the looting and complete destruction of Carthage.
After the First Punic War Carthage had to fight with an uprising of African settlements revolting against Carthaginian control.
January 237 BC: Taking advantage of a revolt, Rome occupied Sardinia and Corsica.
Were a series of wars fought by the Roman Republic in Illyria (the Adriatic coast of the Balkanic Peninsula) first to eradicate piracy and then to conquer the region.
21.1.First Illyrian War
Was a war fought by the Romans in Illyria mainly against the Ardiaean Kingdom.
January 228 BC: The fleet under Fulvius reached Apollonia and the two forces advanced toward Epidamnos, causing the Illyrians to abandon the siege. The city was received into Roman protection.
January 228 BC: The consul L. Postumius brought an army of 20,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry across from Brundisium to Apollonia, which now joined the Roman alliance.
January 228 BC: Corcyra, an ancient Greek city-state, welcomed the Romans in -229 and surrendered its garrison with the aid of Demetrius, who was likely a local leader or military commander. This event marked the territory's transition to being under the control of the Roman Republic.
January 228 BC: The army now moved inland among the Illyrian peoples of the hinterland. Here, the Romans received delegations from many peoples, including the Atintani and Parthini, from whom a formal surrender was accepted.
January 228 BC: The Romans lifted the blockade of Issa and provided protection to the city. This strategic move helped solidify Roman control over the region and weaken Illyrian resistance.
January 227 BC: Before the end of winter, Teuta's envoys appeared in Rome and a treaty was concluded. .
21.2.Second Illyrian War
Was a war fought by the Romans in Illyria mainly against the Ardiaean Kingdom.
January 221 BC: Demetrius detached the Illyrian Atintani from their Roman alliance.
January 218 BC: Following the Roman victory in the Second Illyrian War against Demetrius of Faro, the island became part of the Roman Empire in 219 BC.
January 218 BC: The victorious Roman occupy Issa (modern-day Vis Island), Pharos (today's Stari Grad), Apollonia, Corcyra, Epidamnus, Oricum, Dimale (belonging to the Parthine tribe) and Atintania. The Roman Senate confirmed the protectorate of Rome over Illyria.
January 218 BC: In 219 BC, during the Roman-Seleucid War, the Roman consul Lucius Aemilius secured the city of Dimallum from Demetrius of Pharos within seven days by launching a direct assault. This victory was crucial in weakening Demetrius' power in the region and expanding Roman control.
21.3.Third Illyrian War
Was a war fought by the Romans in Illyria mainly against the Ardiaean Kingdom.
January 167 BC: Gentius, king of the illyrians, allied with Macedonia and begun to attack roman cities. Gentius surrendered to the Romans and the Ardiaean State fall.
January 166 BC: To the south, the Romans had subdued the area up to the Nerenta River. This meant that the future goal was to connect the two areas by land.
Was the conquest of Cisalpine Gaul (northern Italy) by the Roman Republic.
March 222 BC: Battle of Clastidium.
January 221 BC: The Roman Republic, led by the general Gaius Flaminius, conquered the capital of the Insubres, Mediolanum, in -222. As a result, Roman colonies were established in Placentia, Cremona, and Mutina in 218 BC.
January 219 BC: War against the Gauls in the Po plain, capture of Mediolanum (Milan) in 222, submission of Cisalpine Gaul. By 220 BC, the Romans had annexed the area as Gallia Cisalpina.
January 192 BC: After a series of wars they were decisively beaten by the Romans in a Battle of Mutina (193 BC) and their territory became part of the Roman province of Cisalpine Gaul.
Was the alliance of Venetia with the Roman Republic, that was gradually inglobated into the Roman State.
January 221 BC: The Romanization process of Venetia took place gradually. Veneti and Romans were allies starting from the 3rd century BC while in 225-222 BC the Veneti and Cenomani formed a military alliance with Rome.
Were a seris of conflicts between the Roman Republic and Antigonid Macedonia over control of Greece and the eastern Mediterranean Basin. .
24.1.First Macedonian War
Was a war fought by Rome, allied (after 211 BC) with the Aetolian League and Attalus I of Pergamon, against Philip V of Macedon, contemporaneously with the Second Punic War (218-201 BC) against Carthage. There were no decisive engagements, and the war ended in a stalemate.
24.1.1.Macedonian Attack in Illyria
Was a military campaign led by Philip V of Macedon in Illyria during the first Macedonian War.
September 214 BC: In the late summer of 214 BC, Philip of Macedon attempted a new invasion of Illyria by sea, with a fleet of 125 bireme lembi. He first besieged Apollonia, then went up the Aoo (today's river Voiussa), and even attacked Oricum, which he occupied without encountering any difficulties.
January 213 BC: Roman general Levinus set off with the fleet and army towards Oricum, managing to conquer the city after a brief battle against the garrison left by Philip V of Macedon.
January 211 BC: Philip of Macedon finally managed to gain access to the Adriatic by capturing the city of Lissus and its citadel.
24.1.2.Campaign of Laevinus in Greece
Was a Roman military campaign in Greece led by Marcus Valerius Laevinus during the first Macedonian War.
January 209 BC: A treaty was signed by the Romans with the Aetolians in 211 BC. The territories conquered by the Romans in Greece would go to them. Roman general Laevinus took possession of Zakynthos.
January 207 BC: In 208 BC the Roman fleet, made up of 35 ships from Pergamon and 25 Roman ships, failed to conquer Lemnos, but instead occupied and plundered the hinterland of the island of Peparethos, present-day Skopelos.
January 204 BC: After another season of fighting, in 206 BC, the members of the Aetolian League surrendered and, without the consent of Rome, signed a separate peace on the terms imposed on them by Philip of Macedon. With no more allies in all of Greece, but having nonetheless achieved their objective of preventing Philip from helping Hannibal, the Romans were now willing to sign peace. A treaty was signed at Phoenix in 205 BC, the so-called Peace of Phoenix, thus ending the First Macedonian War.
24.2.Second Macedonian War
Was a war fought by Rome, allied with the Kingdoms of Pergamons and Rhodes, against Antigonid Macedonia.
January 197 BC: In -198, the Roman general Flaminino launched a military campaign against King Philip V of Macedon in the regions south of Thessaly. The campaign was successful, with Philip being forced to retreat to Thessaly as a result of Flaminino's aggressive tactics.
January 196 BC: The Romans defeated the Macedonians a first time in the battle of Aous and a second time, in June 197 BC, in the subsequent battle of Cynocephalus. At that point Philip V was forced to negotiate peace with Rome. Philip was forced to accept the withdrawal of the Macedonian troops from the newly conquered cities in Thrace and Asia Minor, and to abandon all of Greece.
January 195 BC: At the end of Second Macedonian War in 196 BC, Rome established Thessaly as a koinon, Federal League, and cultivated its development to make it part of hegemonic powers of central and northern Greece.
24.3.Third Macedonian War
Was a war fought by Rome against Antigonid Macedonia. The war was won by Rome, and Macedonia was divided in four client states of Rome.
January 170 BC: Perseus marched to the land of the Perrhaebi in the northernmost district of Thessaly and seized all the main towns north of the River Peneus, which crosses northern Thessaly: Cyretiae, Mylae, Elatia and Gonnus.
January 170 BC: A contingent of the Roman fleet went through the Gulf of Corinth and conducted operations against the Boeotians. It besieged Haliartus with 10,000 mariners and 2,000 troops. Eventually the city fell.
January 170 BC: Rome dissolved the Boeotian League in 171 BC.
June 169 BC: In -169, Quintus Marcius, a Roman military commander, led a daring expedition into Macedon through the challenging terrain of the Olympus range. This feat demonstrated his strategic prowess and bravery in the service of the Roman Republic.
June 168 BC: Nigdelis, P. III. Roman Macedonia (168 BC-AD 284). Pp.51-53
January 167 BC: The Roman Legions under Aemilius Paulus destroy the cities of Athamania.
January 167 BC: Orikos is conquered by the Romans in 168 BC (from around 230 to 168 BC it issued its own coins).
January 167 BC: Lycia was took back from Rhodes in 168 BC. In these latter stages of the Roman Republic, Lycia (Romans) came to enjoy freedom as a Roman protectorate.
January 167 BC: In 168 B.C. the fortress of Lissos was conquered by the Romans.
January 167 BC: Despite their steadfast loyalty to Rome, the League lost Leucas after the Third Macedonian War (171-168 BC), as it became an autonomous state.
January 166 BC: Under the Roman Empire, Byllis became part of the province of Epirus Nova.
January 166 BC: In 167 BC the Romans destroyed Orraon.
January 166 BC: In the year 167 BC BC, after the Third Macedonian War, the Romans under Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus attacked the Koinon of Byllis on the way back and also destroyed Nikaia.
January 166 BC: The Nesiotic League, led by the island of Rhodes, lost its independence to the Roman Republic in -167 BC at the end of the Third Macedonian War. This marked the end of Rhodian autonomy and their submission to Roman rule.
24.4.Fourth Macedonian War
Was a war fought between the Roman Republic and a Macedonian uprising led by the Macedonian pretender to the throne Andriscus. Pretending to be the son of the former king Perseus, who had been deposed by the Romans after the Third Macedonian War in 168 BC, Andriscus sought to re-establish the old Macedonian Kingdom. Anthriscus, after some early successes, was eventually defeated by the Roman general Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus at the Second Battle of Pydna in 148 BC, and the uprising subsequently collapsed.
January 147 BC: Following the Roman annexation of the region, the city of Amantia became part of the Roman province of Macedonia and then Epirus Novus.
24.5.Annexation of Macedonia
After the Roman general Quintus Caecilius Metellus defeated Andriscus of Macedon, the last self-styled king of Macedonia in the Fourth Macedonian War, Macedonia became a Roman province.
January 145 BC: Macedonia became a Roman province.
The Laconian War of 195 BC was fought between the Greek city-state of Sparta and a coalition composed of Rome, the Achaean League, Pergamon, Rhodes, and Macedon.
January 194 BC: The allied army marched on Tegea, in Arcadia.
January 194 BC: Roman general Flamininus led his force of 50,000 against Sparta and, after defeating the Spartans in a battle outside the city walls, began the siege of the city.
January 194 BC: The allies, led by the Roman general Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, advanced to the major center of the area, the Spartan port and naval arsenal of Gytheio. This marked a significant strategic move in the Roman Republic's campaign against the Spartans during the Laconian War.
January 194 BC: Roman general Flamininus advanced on Caryae.
February 194 BC: In -194, during the Roman-Spartan War, the allies led by Roman general Titus Quinctius Flamininus advanced to Gytheio, a major Spartan port and naval arsenal. This strategic move marked a significant turning point in the conflict.
February 194 BC: Roman general Flamininus led his force of 50,000 against Sparta and, after defeating the Spartans in a battle outside the city walls, began the siege of the city.
February 194 BC: The Roman army leaves Caryae.
February 194 BC: The Romans leave Tegea.
Was a military conflict between two coalitions led by the Roman Republic and the Seleucid Empire. The fighting ended with a clear Roman victory. In the Treaty of Apamea, the Seleucids were forced to give up Asia Minor, which fell to Roman allies.
January 191 BC: Seleucid Invasion of Greece up to the Thermopylae.
January 190 BC: The Roman general Marcus Fulvius Nobilior finally conquered Zakynthos in 191 BC for Rome.
January 188 BC: In 189 BC, Livy mentioned the surrender of Cephallenia to the Roman Republic. The Nesiotae, Cranii, Palenses, and Samaei were tribes living in Pronnoi, the territory that was taken over by the Romans. Livy was a Roman historian known for his detailed accounts of Roman history.
January 188 BC: Livy, a Roman historian, mentioned the surrender of Cephallenia to the Roman Republic in 189 BC. He specifically named the Nesiotae, Cranii, Palenses, and Samaei as the groups involved in the surrender. This event marked the Roman expansion into the territory of Same.
January 188 BC: Cranii surrendered to the Romans without resistance in 189 BC.
26.1.Treaty of Apamea
Was a peace treaty conducted in 188 BC between the Roman Republic and Antiochus III, ruler of the Seleucid Empire. It ended the Roman-Seleucid War.
January 187 BC: The Romans sent an army to Greece which defeated Antiochus' army at Thermopylae. This defeat proved crushing, and the Seleucids were forced to retreat from Greece.
January 187 BC: The defeat of Antiochus in 189 BC robbed the league of its principal foreign ally and made it impossible to stand alone in continued opposition to Rome. The league was forced to sign a peace treaty with Rome that made it a subject ally of the republic.
January 187 BC: Oiniadai was returned to Acarnania after the Roman-Seleucid War.
Was a war between the Galatian Gauls and the Roman Republic supported by their allies Pergamon in 189 BC.
January 188 BC: The Romans turned their attention to the Celtic tribes of the Galatians settled in Galatia and defeated them in a battle on Mount Olympus, where the entire Galatian army was annihilated.
February 188 BC: The Roman army leaves Mount Olympus.
Was the war of the Romans to conquer Lusitania (the western Iberian Peninsula). Lusitania was occupied in 179 BC but was plagued by revolts until 139 BC.
January 178 BC: From 179 B.C. the Romans managed to pacify a large part of the region, signing a peace treaty.
Roman conquest of the Istrian Peninsula.
January 177 BC: Istria conquered by Roman Republic.
Roman conquest of Liguria.
January 177 BC: Soumission des tribus guerrières de Ligurie et de l'Apennin septentrional.
The Achaean War of 146 BC was fought between the Roman Republic and the Greek Achaean League. The war marked the beginning of direct Roman control of Greece, and the end of Greek independence.
January 145 BC: The Achaean War of 146 BC was fought between the Roman Republic and the Greek Achaean League. The war marked the beginning of direct Roman control of Greece, and the end of Greek independence.
Roman conquest of Gallia Narbonensis (the southern coast of France).
January 117 BC: The Romans extend their domain to the Greek city of Massilia and to Gallia Narbonensis.
Was an armed conflict between the Roman Republic and king Jugurtha of Numidia, a kingdom on the coast of modern Algeria.
January 109 BC: The Roman general Gaius Marius and his ally Gaius Lusius waged war against Jugurtha, the King of Numidia, in -110. Suthul was a strategic town where the Numidian treasury was located, but despite the siege, the town's strong defenses prevented its capture.
January 109 BC: The cunning Numidian king, who had reportedly bribed Roman officers to facilitate his attack, was able to catch the Romans at a disadvantage.
June 109 BC: In spring of 109, Metellus led his reorganised army into Numidia.
January 108 BC: The Roman army besieges the Numidian city of Zama.
January 108 BC: The Numidians reconquered Zama with irregular warfare tactics.
January 107 BC: Thala is besieged by the Roman Republic.
January 107 BC: At this point Jugurtha retired to the court of his father-in-law, king Bocchus I of Mauretania, who though previously professing friendship for the Romans, now received Jugurtha hospitably, and, without positively declaring war (on Rome), advanced with his troops into Numidia as far as Cirta, the capital.
November 107 BC: In -107 BC, the Roman general Marius led a risky expedition to Capsa, a town in North Africa. After the town surrendered, Marius ordered the execution of all survivors as a brutal display of Roman power and dominance in the region.
January 105 BC: Ultimately, Marius reached a deal with Bocchus whereby Sulla, who was friendly with members of Bocchus's court, would enter Bocchus's camp to receive Jugurtha as a hostage. In spite of the possibility of treachery on the Mauritanian's part, Sulla agreed; Jugurtha's remaining followers were treacherously massacred, and he himself handed over in chains to Sulla by Bocchus.
January 105 BC: Second Battle of Cirta.
Cyrenaica was separated from the main kingdom by Ptolemy VIII and given to his son Ptolemy Apion.
January 95 BC: Cyrenaica was separated from the main kingdom of Ptolemy VIII and given to his son Ptolemy Apion. When Ptolemy Apion died without heirs in 96 BC, he bequeathed the territory to the Roman Republic.
Was a war fought from 91 to 87 BC between the Roman Republic and several of its autonomous allies (socii) in Italy. The Italian allies wanted Roman citizenship, not only for the status and influence that came with it, but also for the right to vote in Roman elections and laws.
December 91 BC: Marco Livio Drusus sided with the Italian cause by putting forward bills in favor of extending citizenship. When Drusus was assassinated, this ignited the social war. The Italians, excluding the Etruscans and Umbrians, rebelled against Rome. The revolt broke out in Ascoli, in the Piceno area, and the rebels organized themselves into a free League with its own army.
January 89 BC: The rebels carried out victorious raids in Apulia and Lucania.
January 88 BC: The Lex Plautia Papiria granted the right of Roman citizenship to all Italians south of the Po who would lay down their arms within 60 days. In this way, Rome was able to take control of all the territories of the Italic League with the exception of Samnium.
January 88 BC: The Romans reconquer many cities in Campania.
January 87 BC: The Samnites continued to resist, but ended up being exterminated in 88 BC.
Were three conflicts fought by Rome against the Kingdom of Pontus and its allies between 88 BC and 63 BC. They are named after Mithridates VI, the King of Pontus during the course of the wars.
36.1.First Mithridatic War
Was a war challenging the Roman Republic's expanding domain over the Greek world. In this conflict, the Kingdom of Pontus and many Greek cities rebelled against Roman rule under the leadership of Mithridates VI of Pontus.
January 87 BC: Mithridates of Pontus finished capturing Asia Minor.
January 84 BC: Pontic ruler Mithridates met with Roman general Sulla at Dardanus (a city in Troas) in 85 BC, and accepted peace terms which restored all his gains in Asia, Cappadocia and Bithynia to their original rulers, but left him his own kingdom.
36.1.1.Campaign in Greece (First Mithridatic War)
A military campaign in Greece by the Kingdom of Pontus under the command of General Archelaus.
January 87 BC: Archelaus was sent to Greece, where he established Aristion as a tyrant in Athens.
January 86 BC: Archelaus was a general in the Kingdom of Pontus, led by King Mithridates VI. The Battle of Chaeronea in -87 was fought against the Roman Republic, led by Lucius Cornelius Sulla. Archelaus' defeat marked a turning point in the First Mithridatic War.
January 86 BC: Mithridates VI of Pontus, a powerful ruler in the Kingdom of Pontus, successfully captured Asia Minor and expanded his influence into northern Greece, Macedonia, and Thessaly in -87. This marked the beginning of his campaign to challenge Roman dominance in the region.
March 86 BC: The Romans quickly declared war. In 87 BC, Consul Lucius Cornelius Sulla landed in Epirus and marched on Athens. Sulla captured Athens on March 1, 86 BC.
January 84 BC: Battle of Orchomenus. Greece was fully restored to Roman rule.
36.1.2.Flaccus mission
Was a Roman military campaign in Greece and Asia minor led by Lucius Valerius Flaccus during the First Mithridatic War.
January 84 BC: After crossing the Hellespont, Flaccus was killed in a mutiny led by Flavius Fimbria, who went on to defeat Mithridates and recapture Pergamum.
36.2.Second Mithridatic War
Was one of three wars fought between Pontus and the Roman Republic.
January 82 BC: Mithridates thus decided to send an embassy to the Senate and to Silla, complaining about Murena's actions. Meanwhile the latter had crossed the Halys river.
February 82 BC: After this raid, Murena was able to return undisturbed to Phrygia and Galatia laden with booty.
January 81 BC: Although Calidio did not have a decree from the Senate with him, he invited him not to harass the king of Pontus anymore, to avoid that this had the meaning of breaking the existing treaty. Murena, however, again invaded the territories of Mithridates, who, this time believed that the war had been so ordered by the Roman Senate itself.
February 81 BC: Mithridates defeats Murena in battle.
36.3.Third Mithridatic War
Was the last and longest of the three Mithridatic Wars, fought between Mithridates VI of Pontus and the Roman Republic. The conflict ended in defeat for Mithridates, ending the Pontic Kingdom, ending the Seleucid Empire (by then a rump state), and also resulting in the Kingdom of Armenia becoming an allied client state of Rome.
December 74 BC: Towards the end of autumn, Eumacus, a general of the King of Pontus, invaded Phrygia and killed a large multitude of Roman citizens, including wives and children. Then Eumacus also subjugated the populations of Pisidia, Isauria, and Cilicia.
January 73 BC: Mithridates arranged to invade Bithynia following the death of its king, Nicomedes IV, who was childless and therefore decided to bequeath his kingdom to the Romans. The then provincial governor, Marcus Aurelius Cotta, a completely cowardly man, could do nothing but flee to Chalcedon with all the forces he had at his disposal. Thus Bithynia returned again under the rule of Mithridates.
January 72 BC: Roman period of the settlement, which began in 73 BC.
January 72 BC: The Romans subjugated Prusa, located at the base of a mountain, and then also occupied Nicaea.
January 72 BC: Roman General Gaius Valerius Triario set sail for Apamea which he occupied.
April 72 BC: The Roman general Lucullus moved his armies towards the eastern front through Bithynia and Galatia, subjugating the territories previously under Roman control and reaching the plain of Themiscyra and the river Thermodon.
January 71 BC: In 72 BC, Callatis was conquered by the Roman general Lucullus.
January 71 BC: Apollonia, located on the west coast of Pontos, was conquered and sacked by the Roman legions of Marcus Lucullus in 72 BC. Marcus Lucullus was a Roman general and politician who served under Lucius Licinius Lucullus during the Third Mithridatic War.
January 71 BC: The Battle of Cabira was a clash between the army of the Roman Republic, commanded by Lucius Licinius Lucullus, and that of Mithridates VI of Pontus, fought in 72 BC near the city of Cabira. It saw the Roman forces prevail.
January 71 BC: Tomis was conquered during the campaign of Roman general Lucullus of 72 BC.
January 70 BC: Roman General Lucullus marched against the last enemy resistance, subjugating the Chaldeans and Tibareni and occupying Armenia Minor.
January 70 BC: However, in 72-71 BC, during the Third Mithridatic War, these cities were occupied by the forces of Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus, the Roman proconsul of Macedonia. A foedus was signed between the Greek colonies and the Roman Empire.
January 70 BC: Mesambria (Pontos) fell under Roman rule in 71 BC.
January 69 BC: Siege of Amiso: the city is conquered by the Romans after three years of siege.
January 69 BC: During 70 BC, the city of Sinop continued to resist. The Roman general Lucullus, upon entering the city, killed 8,000 Cilicians. After capturing the city, he then liberated it and repopulated it.
October 69 BC: Battle of Tigranocerta: The Roman force, led by Consul Lucius Licinius Lucullus, defeated Tigranes, and as a result, captured Tigranes' capital city of Tigranocerta.
January 67 BC: The Battle of Comana Pontica was fought between the Roman army commanded by Lucius Licinius Lucullus' legate, Gaius Valerius Triarius, and the army of the Kingdom of Pontus commanded by Mithridates VI in 68 BC. It saw the Roman commander prevail over the Pontic king.
January 67 BC: Siege of Nisibis (68 BC): the Romans conquer the city of Nisibis.
January 67 BC: The Battle of Artaxata was fought near the Arsanias River in 68 BC between an army of the Roman Republic and the army of the Kingdom of Armenia.
January 67 BC: Mithridates hurried back to what little territory he had left, also reconquering parts of Pontus and Armenia Minor.
January 66 BC: According Appian, while Roman general Lucullus was camped not far from Mithridates, the proconsul of Asia sent him some messengers to inform him that, since he had uselessly prolonged the war, Rome deprived him of command and gave the peremptory order his soldiers to dissociate and abandon him. Mithridates then decided to invade Cappadocia again, managing to conquer almost all of his old domains.
January 65 BC: Tigranes of Armenia surrendered to Rome and was allowed to retain the heartland of his kingdom as a Roman buffer state, while all of his conquests were annexed.
January 65 BC: Pompey passed through the Taurus Mountains and waged war both against Antiochus I of Commagene, forcing him to seek peace, and against Darius of Media, whom he put to flight because he had aided Antiochus or Tigranes before him.
January 65 BC: To Ariobarzanes, Pompeus gave back, once again, Cappadocia, now adding Sophene and Gordiene, as well as the city of Ierapolis Castabala and others of Cilicia.
January 65 BC: After the conquest of Armenia by the Romans in 66 BC it lost many of its areas, so that the southern border of Albania shifted to the Aras River.
January 65 BC: Border corrections due to military occupations and reorganization.
January 65 BC: After Pompey's successes against Pontos and Armenia, he advanced to the Euphrates and reclaimed Gordyene from the Parthians. Since they wanted to avoid a conflict with Rome, Afranius, sent by Pompey, was able to take the area without a fight. The remaining Parthians were expelled from the country. The state became a Roman vassal.
January 65 BC: Battle of the Lycus. The last major battle of the war. The Roman Republican army under the command of Gnaeus Pompeius defeated the forces of Mithridates VI of Pontus. Mithridates fled to Crimea and committed suicide in 63 BC, finally ending the Third Mithridatic War.
January 65 BC: Armenia came under the Ancient Roman sphere of influence in 66 BC, after the battle of Tigranocerta and the final defeat of Armenia's ally.
January 64 BC: Establishment of the Kingdom of Lesser Armenia (Roman Vassal).
January 64 BC: The Romans left control of the Lesser Armenia to various client kings.
January 63 BC: Around 64 BC, the Roman General and Triumvir, Pompey had reorganised Syria and the surrounding countries into Roman provinces. Pompey had installed client kings in the region, who would become allies of Rome. Among these was Sampsiceramus I of the Emesene Dynasty.
January 62 BC: At the end of the Third Mithridatic War, the Kingdom of Pontus was dismantled and reduced to only its eastern portion, while the western part, including the capital Sinope, was incorporated into the Roman province of Bithynia and Pontus.
January 62 BC: Because Mithridates' younger son, Pharnaces II, had revolted against his father, he was given the Bosporan Kingdom by Rome.
36.3.1.Military Campaign of Pompey in Cilicia
Was a succesful Roman military campaign led by Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus in Cilicia during the Third Mithridatic War.
January 66 BC: Cilicia proper (Trachea and Pedias), which had been a hideout for pirates for over forty years, was subjugated by Rome.
36.3.2.Caucasian campaign of Pompey
Was a succesful Roman military campaign led by Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus in the Caucasus during the Third Mithridatic War.
January 64 BC: After subduing Iberia, Pompey headed towards the small kingdom of Colchis and subjugated its main stronghold and various local peoples. Pompey gave the rule of Colchis to Aristarches, effectively making it a Roman province, part of Bithynia et Pontus.
January 64 BC: Fearing imminent invasion Artoces (probably the Artag of Georgian history) king of the Iberians turned to diplomacy and promised the Romans unconditional friendship. Pompey accepted the terms but because he was alerted by his intelligence service that the Iberians were secretly planning an attack, in the spring of 65 BC he marched his forces into Iberia.
January 64 BC: The Caucasian Albani decided to act before the Romans could invade. Oroeses, king of the Albani, organized a concerted attack on the divided Roman forces. The attacks were to coincide with the Roman feast of Saturnalia to maximize their success. Unfortunately the capably led veteran Roman forces were more than a match for the Albani tribesmen and their attacks were easily repulsed. Oroeses was forced to submit to terms.
Nicomedes IV of Bithynia died without heirs in 75 and left his kingdom to Rome.
January 74 BC: Nicomedes IV of Bithynia died without heirs in 75 BC and left his kingdom to Rome.
A three-year campaign under Quintus Caecilius Metellus that resulted in the Roman conquest of Crete.
January 68 BC: In 69 BC, the consul Quintus Caecilius Metellus was tasked by the Senate with the conquest of Crete. He captured one Cretan city after another, while Pompey fought against the pirates at sea. The defeated Cretans only wanted to submit to Pompey, and he accepted their submission, even though Quintus Caecilius Metellus was the actual conqueror who made Crete a Roman province.
Following the Roman general Lucullus' defeat of both Mithridates and Tigranes in 69 BC, a rump Seleucid kingdom was restored under Antiochus XIII.
January 68 BC: Following the Roman general Lucullus' defeat of both Mithridates and Tigranes in 69 BC, a rump Seleucid kingdom was restored under Antiochus XIII.
January 62 BC: Even so, civil wars could not be prevented, as another Seleucid, Philip II, contested rule with Antiochus. After the Roman conquest of Pontus, the Romans became increasingly alarmed at the constant source of instability in Syria under the Seleucids. Once Mithridates was defeated by Pompey in 63 BC, Pompey set about the task of remaking the Hellenistic East, by creating new client kingdoms and establishing provinces. While client nations like Armenia and Judea were allowed to continue with some degree of autonomy under local kings, Pompey saw the Seleucids as too troublesome to continue. Doing away with both rival Seleucid princes, he made Syria into a Roman province.
67 BC-63 BC: The Hasmonean Civil War was a civil war between two claimants to the Hasmonean Jewish Crown.
40.1.Hasmonean Kingdom becomes a client state of the Roman Republic
The intervention of the Roman Republic in the Hasmonean Civil War resulted in the Kingdom's loss of independence.
January 62 BC: The Hasmonean Kingdom was a client state of the Roman Republic (63-40 BC).
Was a Roman military campaign under general Julius Caesar that resulted in the conquest of transalpine Gaul (modern-day France, Switzerland and Belgium).
January 57 BC: In March, the Helvetii begin their march. They are defeated by Caesar in late June, who also defeats Ariovist's army in mid-September.
January 56 BC: Campaigns against the Belgae.
January 56 BC: Although there is no evidence of a Roman occupation of Jersey, historians consider that it is entirely feasible it was occupied by the Romans. Various Roman archeological artefacts have been found on the island, such as coins discovered on the north coast at Ile Agois. There are several sites attributed to the Romans on the island, such as Caesar's fort at Mont Orgeuil. By 57 BC, Caesar had resolved to conquer all of Gaul.
January 55 BC: The tribes of the Menapi and Morini in north-eastern Gaul resisted the Romans, who undertook successful campaigns in Aquitaine and the area of modern-day Normandy. Caesar's command is extended by five years.
January 53 BC: Second Britain Expedition. In November: Uprising of the Eburones under Ambiorix and crushing defeat of Roman units at Aduatuca.
January 52 BC: Roman punitive expedition to the Belgica. Devastation of the tribal area of the Eburones.
January 51 BC: At the beginning of the year, the Gallic uprising breaks out. In spring/summer, Avaricum falls to the Romans, who are also successful against the Parisii. Gallic victory at Gergovia, but this is followed by the successful Roman siege of Alesia: Vercingetorix capitulates at the end of September.
January 50 BC: Successful Roman military operations, organized Gallic resistance largely collapses.
Roman conquest of Cyprus.
January 57 BC: Ptolemy of Cyprus neglected the precaution of obtaining confirmation of his sovereignty at Rome, and made the additional error of offending Publius Clodius Pulcher, by failing to ransom him when he had fallen into the hands of Cilician pirates. When Clodius became tribune (58 BC), he enacted a law to deprive Ptolemy of his kingdom, and reduce Cyprus to a Roman province.
Was a Civil War in the Roman Republic between the two powerful generals Gaius Julius Caesar and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus. The war was won by Caesar who became dictator of Rome.
January 49 BC: In January, 49 BC, Caesar's opponents in the Senate, led by Lentulus, Cato and Scipio, tried to strip Caesar of his command and force him to return to Rome as a private citizen (liable to prosecution). On January 10, 49 BC, commanding the Legio XIII, Caesar crossed the Rubicon River, the boundary between the province of Cisalpine Gaul to the north and Italy proper to the south. As crossing the Rubicon with an army was prohibited, that triggered the ensuing civil war between Caesar and Pompey.
March 49 BC: Pompey's flight to Epirus (in Western Greece) with most of the Senate.
July 49 BC: Caesar's arrival in Hispania, where he was able to seize the Pyrenees passes defended by the Pompeian L. Afranius and M. Petreius.
August 49 BC: Pompeians in Ilerda (today in Spain) surrendered to Caesar.
January 48 BC: In -48, Julius Caesar landed at Dyrrhachium during the Roman Civil War against Pompey. Dyrrhachium was a strategic port city in Illyria (modern-day Albania) where Caesar and his forces clashed with Pompey's army.
July 48 BC: Battle of Dyrrhachium: Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat by Pompey in Macedonia.
August 48 BC: Caesar retreats to Thessaly.
August 48 BC: Battle of Pharsalus: Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus.
June 47 BC: Caesar defeated Pharnaces II of Pontus, king of the Bosporus in the Battle of Zela.
February 46 BC: Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio and Juba in the Battle of Thapsus. .
March 45 BC: In his last victory, Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the younger in the Battle of Munda. Pompey the younger was executed, and Labienus died in battle, but Sextus Pompey escaped to take command of the remnants of the Pompeian fleet.
Was a military campaign waged by Julius Caesar (at the same time of his war against Pompeius) that lead to the Roman submission of the Kingdom of Pontus.
August 48 BC: Start of the Pontic War.
November 48 BC: By October 48 BC Pharnaces of Pontus captured Sinop and took possession of Paphlagonia and Pontus.
January 47 BC: Pharnace II attempted to reconstitute the kingdom of Pontus by force: during the civil war between Caesar and Pompey, he invaded Asia Minor in 48 BC, conquering Colchis, Armenia Minor, Pontus and Cappadocia, defeating a Roman army in Nicopolis.
January 47 BC: Pharnace of Pontus moved to the southeast along the Black Sea coast and without difficulty subjugated Colchis and all of Armenia.
August 47 BC: Caesar decisively defeated Pharnaces of Pontus at the Battle of Zela. Pharnaces was killed and Caesar conquered Pontus. In addition, the territories occupied by Pharnaces were freed.
Was a civil war in the Roman Republic fought by the forces of Mark Antony and Octavian (the Second Triumvirate members) against the forces of Caesar's assassins, led by Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus.
January 42 BC: After the murder of Caesar, Brutus and Cassius (the two main conspirators, also known as the Liberatores) had left Italy and taken control of all Eastern provinces (from Greece and Macedonia to Syria) and of the allied Eastern kingdoms.
November 42 BC: The Liberatores were defeated by the Triumvirs at the Battle of Philippi in October 42 BC.
Military campaigns by future Roman emperor Octavian in Illyricum.
January 32 BC: Military campaigns of Octavian in Illyricum (35-33 BC).
Egypt became entangled in a Roman civil war, which ultimately led to its conquest by Rome as the last independent Hellenistic state.
January 29 BC: Egypt became entangled in a Roman civil war, which ultimately led to its conquest by Rome as the last independent Hellenistic state.
Roman conquest of Moesia.
January 28 BC: Moesia was annexed to Rome.
Was a revolt in Nubia, the southenmost part of the Roman province of Egypt.
January 28 BC: Egypt's first prefect, Cornelius Gallus, had to put down an insurrection in the south of the province and lead an army south to establish a protectorate. At the end of the military campaign, the prefect placed the southern border at Syene and entrusted northern Nubia (the region called Triakontaschoinos) which extended for 300 km to the south (almost up to Wadi Halfa) to a tyrannus.
Was the Roman conquest of what today are the provinces of Cantabria, Asturias and León in northwestern Spain.
January 25 BC: Conquests of the 25 BC Roman campaign in Cantabria.
January 24 BC: Conquests of the 25 BC Roman campaign in Cantabria.
When the Roman client Amyntas of Galatia died, Augustus organized his territory as the province of Galatia.
January 24 BC: The Roman client Amyntas of Galatia died. Augustus organized his territory as the province of Galatia.
The governor of the Roman province of Egypt, Gaius Aelius Gallus, led an expedition to the southern Arabian Peninsula.
January 23 BC: The prefect of Egypt, Aelius Gallus, was sent by Augustus through Arabia Felix to the kingdom of Saba, with the aim of subduing the rich territories of the Arabs. He reached the city of Negrani (Najran Oasis), whose territory was peaceful and fertile, and whose king had fled, leaving the city to be occupied at the first assault. Immediately afterwards Gallus occupied the city called Asca (Pliny's Nasca in present-day Omrân), also abandoned by its king. From here he went to a city called Athrula, which he surrendered without setting any conditions. He continued his march again, advancing to the city called Marsiaba or Mariaba (present-day Ma'rib in Yemen), which belonged to the tribe of the Rhammanitae, whose king was a certain Ilasarus. The city was besieged for six days, but managed to hold out. Then he reached the locality of Hepta Phreatae. From here, marching through peaceful country, he came to a village called Chaalla, and again to another village called Malotha, which was near a river. He crossed a deserted country with few irrigated places, up to a village called Egra (or Egracômé), a locality located on the sea, in the territory of Oboda.
February 23 BC: The Romans leave Nagrani, Asca, Athrula, Marsiaba (only siege), Hepta Phretae, Malotha, Chaalla, Egra, Myoshormos, Coptos in the Arabian Peninsula, after a short occupation.
After an invasion of the southern territories of Roman Egypt by the Kushite Kingdom, the Romans invaded Kush under Elius Gallus going as far as putting Meroe (central Sudan) under siege.
January 23 BC: Simultaneously with the departure of Aelius Gallus for Arabia, the Kushites of the north of present-day Sudan attacked the Egyptian province, in particular the cities/forts of Syene, Elephantine and Philae, leading to the appointment of a new prefect of Egypt, a certain Gaius Petronius. The latter with the forces left to defend the province (another 10,000 armed), was forced to intervene, managing to beat an army of 30,000 Kushites and forcing them to retreat south of Pselchis. However, not satisfied with having taken numerous prisoners two years earlier and having occupied the city of Pselchis, he decided to make a campaign in the country of the Kushites. He first occupied the city of Qasr Ibrim, and then decided to push further south to Napata, one of their two capitals, completely destroying it and enslaving its inhabitants. On the contrary, the second capital, Meroe, managed to save itself from the Roman siege.
After a second invasion of the southern territories of Roman Egypt by the Kushite Kingdom, the Romans invaded Kush again.
January 21 BC: Following a new attack by the Kushites of Queen Candace, the prefect of Egypt Petronius was forced again to lead his armies in the south of the country. Again the Kushite forces were beaten and driven back.
February 21 BC: In -21, Upper Egypt was under attack by the Kushites led by Queen Candace. The Roman prefect of Egypt, Petronius, had to lead his armies to defend the territory. The Kushite forces were defeated once again and pushed back.
A Roman military campaign leading to the occupation of key cities in the Libyan desert, including Garama (today Germa) and Cydamus (today Ghadames).
January 19 BC: Lucio Cornelio Balbo, departed from Sabrata, occupied the capital of the Garamantes, Garama. He led an army of tens of thousands deep into the Sahara desert, first reaching the oasis of Cydamus after a march of about 550 km, then bending at right angles south for another 650-700 km through the Hamada el -Hamra, and finally managing to occupy the most important centers of the region (such as Debris and Baracum) and the capital of the Garamantes, Garama.
Raetia and Noricum were conquered and annexed to Rome.
January 15 BC: Raetia and Noricum were conquered and annexed to Rome.
January 14 BC: After it was invaded by the Roman forces of Augustus in 16/15 BC, the area was initially placed under military control.
January 13 BC: The province had its origin in a local chiefdom controlled by the enfranchised king Marcus Julius Donnus, who rules over Ligurian tribes of the region by the middle of the 1st century BC. He was succeeded by his son, Marcus Julius Cottius, who offered no opposition to the integration of his realm into the Roman imperial system under Augustus in 15/14 BC.
January 13 BC: Subjugation of the local Ligurian tribes in the summer of 14 BC.
Military campaigns by future Roman emperor Tiberius in Pannonia.
January 11 BC: Future Roman emperor Tiberius subdued the Pannons Breuci.
January 11 BC: During the Roman military campaign of 12 BC, the Roman commander Tiberius, future emperor, subjugated the Pannonians Breuci thanks to the alliance of the powerful Celtic tribe of the Scordisci, and for this reason the ornamenta triumphalia were decreed to him. At the end of these operations, or more probably with the conclusion of the Dalmatian-Pannonian revolt of 6-9, their territory was organized in the new province of Moesia, also becoming part of the auxiliary troops.
January 10 BC: Again Tiberius was engaged first with the Dalmatians, who had rebelled, and shortly after again against the Pannonians who had taken advantage of his absence, engaging Tiberius on two fronts simultaneously. At the end of this campaign the entire area of the future province of Dalmatia was under Roman control.
Were a series of Roman military campaigns in Germania under Emperor Augustus led by his stepsons Drusus and Tiberius. The campaigns resulted in the short-lived Roman conquest of most of modern-day Germany.
January 11 BC: During the first campaign of 12 B.C. Drusus first repulsed an invasion by Sigambri and their allies Tencteri and Usipetes. He penetrated into German territory, passing through the island of the Batavi (probable allies of Rome) and devastated the lands of Usipeti and Sigambri. After having descended the Rhine with a fleet in the direction of the North Sea (thanks also to the construction of an artificial canal, the Druze trench), he made allies with the Frisi and penetrated into the territory of the Cauci as far as beyond Amisia (the current Ems , where it could have constituted a docking point).
January 8 BC: In 11 BC. Drusus worked further south, being the first to face and beat the people of the Usipetes. He threw a bridge over the Lupia river, and invaded the territory of the Sigambri (absent because they were fighting with the nearby Catti), building some fortresses (among which the Latin Aliso). Finally, it reached the territories of Marsi and Cherusci, up to the river Visurgis. On the way back he was attacked by the Germans, presumably in the narrow gorges and thick forests of the Marsi, and nearly ended up like his successor Publius Quintilius Varus, defeated in the battle of the Teutoburg Forest. he operated even further south, from the legionary fortress of Mogontiacum (today's Mainz) first against the Mattiaci and then against the Catti, devastating their lands, building some fortresses, including that of Rödgen, built a bridge at Bonna, strengthening it with a fleet along the Rhine (Classis Germanica). In 9 B.C. forced the surrender first of the Marcomanni (who following these events decided to migrate to Bohemia), then the powerful tribe of the Catti and some neighboring Suebe populations (probably the Ermunduri) as well as the Cherusci, and went where no other Roman had ever reached , to the river Elbe. He died shortly after, in front of the eyes of his brother, Tiberius Claudius Nero, who rushed to his bedside, for a trivial fall from a horse.
January 7: Tiberius entered Germany and subdued Canninefati, Cattuari and Bructeri. He also bought back the Cherusci (population to which Arminio belonged) to the dominion of Rome. But Tiberius' strategic plans envisaged passing the Visurgis River and penetrating further. Velleius Patercolo recalls that "he assumed all the responsibility for this very uncomfortable and dangerous war, while the least risky operations were entrusted to his legate, Senzio Saturnino". Finally, towards the end of the year, he left a winter legionary camp near the sources of the Lupia river (perhaps it is the archaeological site of Anreppen). In 5 he invaded Germany again, operating across the Weser river, in a joint action between the land army and the fleet, which managed to go up the Elbe, subjugating all the populations to the west of this river (from the Cauci, to the ferocious Lombards, up to the Ermunduri), and forcing those to the east to become customers (Semnons, Cimbri and Charidi). This is how Velleius Patercolo tells it: Bust of the young general and stepson of Augustus, Tiberius. «The Langobards were defeated, a people even more ferocious than the Germanic ferocity. Ultimately the Roman army with standards was driven as far as four hundred miles from the Rhine, as far as the Elbe River, which flows between the lands of the Semnones and the Hermunduri. »At the end of the campaigns of the 4th and 5th, the province that was being formed should have included all the territories between the Rhine and the Elbe. Once the whole of northern and central Germany was occupied up to the Elbe, only the southern part, i.e. Bohemia, was missing to complete the work of conquest of the entire Germanic area. Therefore, it was also necessary to annex the powerful kingdom of the Marcomanni of Maroboduo. Tiberius had planned everything and this campaign began in 6 which was believed to be the last. With a pincer maneuver, Senzio Saturninus would have had to move from Moguntiacum (or from the legionary fortress of Marktbreit, positioned along the river Main) with 2-3 legions (these were perhaps the XVII, XVIII and XIX or XVI Gallica legions) which were to join the army of Rezia (probably formed by the I Germanica and the V Alaudae). Tiberius proceeded, however, from the south-eastern front, from Carnuntum on the Danube, with another 4-5 legions (VIII Augusta from Pannonia, XV Apollinaris and XX Valeria Victrix from Illyricum, XXI Rapax from Rhaetia, XIII Gemina, XIIII Gemina and from Germania Superior and an unknown unit), and had to advance first in Moravia also accompanied by the fleet (where traces of a legionary camp in Mušov have been found) and then in the heart of Bohemia, the center of power of Maroboduo. Five days before assembling, the armies were halted by the outbreak of revolt in Pannonia and Dalmatia.
58.1.Battle of Teutoburg
The Roman army was ambushed and almost destroyed by a Germanic force led by Arminius at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, resulting in the end of the Roman campaign in Germania.
January 10: The defeat suffered by the Roman Army in 9 AD by Arminius in the ambush of the Teutoburg forest marked the end of the Roman expansion in Germany.
Following the death of Herod the Great in 4 BC his kingdom was divided between his sister Salome I and his sons Herod Archelaus, Herod Antipas, and Philip.
January 3 BC: When Herod died in 4 BC, the kingdom was divided among his sons into the Herodian Tetrarchy.
Roman conquest of Pannonia.
January 7: Territories conquered by Rome under Augustus by 6 AD.
January 10: The new province of Pannonia was born after the Pannonian revolt of 6-9 and was split off from the province of Illyricum.
When Antiochus III of Commagene, a Roman client, died, Tiberius annexed his territory to the province of Syria.
January 18: When Antiochus III of Commagene, king of Commagene and a Roman client, died, Roman emperor Tiberius annexed his territory to the province of Syria.
The Frisians hanged their Roman tax collectors and expelled the Romans from the region.
January 29: The Frisii hanged their Roman tax collectors and expelled the governor.
Roman conquest of the Istrian Peninsula.
January 31: Around 30 AD, Histria came under Roman domination.
Roman Emperor Claudius restored the Judean monarchy under king Herod Agrippa.
January 42: Claudius restored the Judean monarchy under king Herod Agrippa.
Was the conquest of the island of Britain by the Romans, that began under Emperor Claudius in 43 AD.
January 44: Battle of the Medway.
January 48: Campaign of Aulus Plautius.
January 53: Campaign of Ostorius Scapola.
January 58: Campaign of Quintus Veranus.
January 58: Campaign of Didius Gallus.
January 61: Campaign of Suetonius Paulinus.
January 62: Anglesey conquered by Roman general Suetonius Paulinus in 61.
January 63: The small island, after being conquered by Suetonius Paulinus in 61, however, was lost by the Britons a short time later.
January 72: Campaign of Vettius Bolanus.
January 74: Campaign of Pettilius Cerialis.
January 123: Agricola, recalled to Rome by the emperor Domitian, was apparently followed by a series of inconsistent governors who failed to subjugate the north of the island. The Romans thus withdrew behind the line (Tyne-Solway Firth) which would then be marked by Hadrian's Wall (built in 122).
January 145: The construction of the Wall of Antoninus began in 142 under the reign of Antoninus Pius, and was completed in 144.
January 165: The wall was abandoned only twenty years after its construction, when in 164 the Roman legions retreated south of Hadrian's Wall.
65.1.Campaign of Agricola
Was a military campaign by Roman general Gnaeus Julius Agricola in Britain.
November 77: The second invasion of Mona was undertaken by Agricola, the Provincial Roman Governor of Britannia, in late 77.
November 77: Agricola as soon as he became governor, moved war to the west, defeating first the people of the Ordovicians (tribe of North Wales).
January 80: Roman General Agricola advanced as far as the Tay estuary.
January 81: Agricola directed his military action to consolidate the fortified line in central Scotland, between the Clyde or Forth rivers, increasing the praesidia near this border line.
January 82: The Roman armies proceeded to consolidate the gains of the previous year especially in southwest Scotland.
January 83: Agricola waged war on the tribes of Forth, but the Caledonians attacked the camp of VIIIHispana during the night. However, Agricola managed to repel them with the cavalry, after which he penetrated even further north with his troops.
January 84: The Roman army clashed in the battle of Monte Graupio against the army of the Caledonians, led by a certain Calgaco.
January 85: Shortly after the victory, Agricola was recalled to his homeland and the Romans withdrew to the line of the more defensible isthmus of the Forth-Clyde.
65.2.Roman invasion of Caledonia 208-210
Was the invasion of Caledonia (Scotland) launched by the Roman emperor Septimius Severus.
June 209: In the spring of this year, however, the first campaign could have begun, covering the territories north of Hadrian's Wall and then, following the example of Gneo Giulio Agricola himself, over a century earlier, occupying the eastern and southern part of the current Scotland. Before the war the border was Hadrian's Wall.
September 209: The Roman imperial armies pushed further and further north, first as far as the River Tay and the Antonine Wall, then beyond this system of fortifications along the Gask Ridge and even further north (Balmakewan, Glenmailen, Muiryfold, Kintore, Normandykes and Kair house).
January 211: Severus decided to return to Eburacum due to his infirmity (in fact, it is said that he was transported in a litter during this campaign), after forcing Caledoni and Meati by force to ask for peace, on condition that they abandon a large part of their territory, thus returning to occupy the territories up to the Antonine Wall.
January 212: Also this year Severus died in Eburacum (York), the two sons decided to leave the island after signing a new peace treaty with those peoples, which brought the imperial borders back to Hadrian's Wall.
Roman Emperor Claudius annexed Lycia into the Empire as a province.
January 44: Roman emperor Claudius annexed Lycia into the Empire as a province.
After the Death of vassal king Herod Agrippa, Judea was annexed by Rome.
January 45: When Agrippa died in 44, Judea returned to being a Roman province, administered by procurators.
Under Emperor Claudius the Roman annexed the last territories south of the Danube that were not under Roman control.
January 51: Roman conquest of of Rezia and Noricum (from Castra Regina to Carnuntum).
Was a war between the ancient Kingdoms of Iberia and Armenia.
January 52: Iberia subdues Armenia.
January 54: However, faced with this upset of the regional balance and fearing that Armenia and Iberia would unite as a single powerful kingdom in the hands of Rhadamistus, Tiridates entered Armenia with Parthian support in 53 AD.
After the death of vassal king Polemon II, Pontus and Colchis were annexed to Rome.
January 63: Roman annexation of the Kingdom of Pontus under Polemon II.
January 64: The Bosporan Kingdom was incorporated as part of the Roman province of Moesia Inferior from 63 to 68.
January 65: Client kingdoms of Pontus and Colchis are made into roman provinces.
Commagene became a Roman province.
January 73: Commagene is made into Roman province.
Was the Roman conquest of the Agri Decumates, a region in present southwestern Germany.
72.1.Colonization of the Agri Decumates during Vespasianus
Roman expansion in the Agri Decumates (a region in present southwestern Germany) under emperor Vespasianus.
January 75: In Germany, it was Vespasian who began the advance in those territories then called Agri Decumates (located between Upper Germany and Rezia), thanks to the campaigns of the Legatus Augusti pro praetore of Gallia Lugdunensis, a certain Gneo Pinario Cornelio Clemente in 74, who received the ornamenta triumphalia for victorious enterprises in Germany. In fact, the forts of Schleitheim, Hüfingen, Rottweil, Waldmossingen, Offenburg and Riegel am Kaiserstuhl were created.
72.2.Colonization of the Agri Decumates during Domitianus
Roman expansion in the Agri Decumates (a region in present southwestern Germany) under emperor Domitian.
January 90: The remanant part of the agri decumates is colonized by Domitian.
Was a war between the Roman Empire and the Sarmatians and Suebi people under Emperor Domitian.
January 93: Even the war conducted in 92 against the Sarmatians and the Suebi, brought to help the Lugi, ended without results and on his return to Rome, in January 93, Domitian did not obtain the triumph, he placed a laurel wreath in the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus , offered solemn sacrifices and celebrated great feasts.
February 93: Even the war conducted in 92 against the Sarmatians and the Suebi, brought to help the Lugi, ended without results and on his return to Rome, in January 93, Domitian did not obtain the triumph, he placed a laurel wreath in the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus , offered solemn sacrifices and celebrated great feasts.
Were the Roman military campaigns in Dacia that led to the conquest of that region.
January 105: The agreements established in 102 were not respected by the Dacians. In fact, Decebalus not only rearmed the army and rebuilt the old fortresses around the capital but attacked the Iazyges, allies of the Romans, taking possession of some of their territories (as part of the Banat).
74.1.Domitian's Dacian War
Was the war of Roman Emperor Domitian against the Dacians under King Duras, that had invaded the Roman province of Moesia.
April 86: At the end of 85 or the beginning of 86 AD, the Dacian king Duras ordered his troops to attack the Roman province of Moesia on the southern course of the Danube river.
January 87: Domitian and his general Fuscus repelled the invasion but were not able on their turn to succesfully invade Dacia.
74.2.First Dacian War
Was the first campaign in Dacia by Roman emperor Trajan. Dacia became a Roman client.
January 102: The invading Roman army reaches Tibiscum (modern Timișoara), in Dacia.
January 102: Tapae in Dacia (modern-day Otelu Rost) conquered by Roman Empire.
April 102: Trajan's offensive resumed in March. This time, the advance started from several fronts.
January 103: Trajan then divided the army into at least three columns, through which he began to besiege the Dacian fortresses of the Orăștie mountains. Dacian citadels, such as that of Costești, fell one after another.
January 103: Decebalus, to spare the capital the horrors of a useless siege, capitulated. Peace conditions: cede some territories to the Roman Empire (annexed to the neighboring provinces of Moesia Superior and Inferior), such as the eastern Banat, Oltenia, the depression of Hațeg in Transylvania (where contingents of veterans were positioned up to Apulum) and part of the Wallachian plain of Muntenia (with the creation of new forts at Buridava and Piroboridava);.
January 103: The Dacians renounced to an independent foreign policy, once again accepting the status of socii populi romani.
January 103: Banat incorporated in Moesia superior.
74.3.Second Dacian War
Was the second campaign in Dacia by Roman emperor Trajan. It started when the Dacian king, Decebalus, broke the peace terms with Rome. Dacia was annexed by the Roman Empire.
September 106: The next year they gradually conquered the mountain fortress system that surrounded the Dacian capital, Sarmizegetusa. The final decisive battle took place near the walls of Sarmizegetusa, during the summer of 106.
After the deah of Nabatean king Rabbel II Soter, Nabatea was annexed to the Roman empire as the province of Arabia Petraea.
March 106: The Nabatean king Rabbel II Soter died and Nabatea was annexed to the Roman empire as the province of Arabia Petraea.
After Trajan's death, his successor Hadrian withdrew from the territories of Armenia, Assyria and Mesopotamia, allowing the return of their respective client monarchies.
January 119: Hadrian was the Roman Emperor at the time, and the client monarchies in question were likely rulers appointed by the Parthian Empire to govern the territories of Armenia, Assyria, and Mesopotamia. The withdrawal of Hadrian allowed these monarchies to regain control of their territories.
January 119: After the death of Emperor Trajan in 117 AD, Hadrian became the new Roman Emperor. He decided to withdraw Roman forces from the territories of Armenia, Assyria, and Mesopotamia, which had been conquered by Trajan. This decision allowed the client monarchies of these regions to regain control.
Were a series of wars between of the Roman Empire against the Germanic Marcomanni and Quadi and the Sarmatian Iazyges.
77.1.First Marcomannic War
Beginning in 162 and continuing until 165, an invasion of Chatti and Chauci in the provinces of Raetia and Germania Superior was repulsed.
January 163: Invasion of Chatti and Chauci in Raetia and Germania Superior in 162-165.
February 163: The invasion of Chatti and Chauci in Raetia and Germania Superior in 162-165 was repulsed by the Roman legions led by the governor of the provinces at that time.
April 167: The invasion of Pannonia in late 166 or early 167 by the Langobardi and Lacringi was defeated by the local forces led by the Roman governor of the province, Marcus Valerius Maximianus. The Langobardi and Lacringi were Germanic tribes known for their raids and invasions in the region.
May 167: The invasion of Pannonia by the Langobardi and Lacringi in late 166 or early 167 was defeated by the local Roman forces led by the governor of the province, Marcus Valerius Maximianus. The Langobardi and Lacringi were Germanic tribes that often clashed with the Roman Empire in border regions.
December 169: The Costoboci were a barbarian tribe from the Carpathian Mountains. The Eleusinian Mysteries were ancient religious rites held in Eleusis, dedicated to Demeter and Persephone. The destruction of the temple was a significant event in Greek history.
January 170: The Costoboci were a barbarian tribe from the Carpathian Mountains. The Eleusinian Mysteries were ancient religious rites held in Eleusis, dedicated to Demeter and Persephone. The Roman Empire, under Emperor Marcus Aurelius, eventually defeated the Costoboci and restored order in Thrace.
June 170: During the Marcomannic Wars, the Marcomanni, a Germanic tribe led by their king Maroboduus, invaded the Roman province of Noricum in Veneto in 170. This invasion posed a significant threat to the Roman Empire in the west.
July 170: The Marcomanni, a Germanic tribe led by their king Ballomar, invaded the Roman province of Noricum in Veneto in spring 170. This invasion posed a significant threat to the Roman Empire in the west.
January 173: In 172, the Romans crossed the Danube into Marcomannic territory. Although few details are known, the Romans achieved success, subjugating the Marcomanni and their allies, the Varistae or Naristi and the Cotini.
January 174: The Chauci raided the shoreline of Gallia Belgica.
February 174: End of the Chauci raid in Gaul.
November 174: In 173, the Romans campaigned against the Quadi, who had broken their treaty and assisted their kin, and defeated and subdued them. By late 174, the subjugation of the Quadi was complete.
January 176: After this, the Romans focused their attention on the Iazyges living in the plain of the river Tisza (expeditio sarmatica). After a few victories, in 175, a treaty was signed.
January 179: During the Marcomannic Wars, Roman legions led by Emperor Marcus Aurelius occupied part of present-day Slovakia between 174 AD and 180 AD. This brief occupation was part of the Roman Empire's efforts to defend its borders against Germanic tribes.
January 180: During the Marcomannic Wars, Roman legions led by Emperor Marcus Aurelius occupied part of present-day Slovakia between 174 AD and 180 AD. This brief occupation was part of the Roman Empire's efforts to defend its borders against Germanic tribes.
77.2.Second Marcomannic War
In 177, the Quadi rebelled, followed soon by their neighbours, the Marcomanni, causing the intervention of the Roman Army.
October 180: In 177, the Quadi rebelled, followed soon by their neighbours, the Marcomanni. On 17 March 180, the emperor died at Vindobona (modern Vienna).
His successor Commodus had little interest in pursuing the war. Against the advice of his senior generals, after negotiating a peace treaty with the Marcomanni and the Quadi, he left for Rome in early autumn 180.
January 181: During the Roman occupation of Slovakia, the region known as 178 and 179 was abandoned and eventually fell under no entity's control. This territory was under the rule of Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius from 174 AD to 180 AD.
Was a Roman Civil War in which five men claimed the title of Roman emperor: Pertinax, Didius Julianus, Pescennius Niger, Clodius Albinus, and Septimius Severus.
March 193: Roman general Severus proclaims himself emeperor in Pannonia.
March 193: The legions of Britannia chose to be loyal to Clodius Albinus.
March 193: The Romans legions of Syria proclaimed Pescennio Nigro Emeperor.
June 193: Didius Julianus was therefore executed by a military tribune sent by the senate on 1 June 193 after only sixty-six days of reign, and Severus became the new Emperor of Rome.
June 194: After Severus had replaced Candidus with another general, Publius Cornelius Anullinus, Niger met Anullinus in battle at Issus in May 194, where after a long and hard-fought struggle, Pescennius Niger was decisively defeated. Forced to retreat to Antioch, Niger was captured while attempting to flee to Parthia. Niger was beheaded.
February 197: Clodius Albinus killed himself.
Was the War of the Roman Empire against the Garamantes of the Libyan desert waged by legate Quintus Anicius Faustus.
January 198: The legate of Legio III Augusta Quintus Anicius Faustus had been fighting against the Garamantes along the Limes Tripolitanus for five years, capturing several settlements from the enemy such as Cydamus, Gholaia, Garbia, and their capital Garama - over 600 km south of Leptis Magna.
Was the War waged by the Roman Emperor Severus against the Garamantes in the Libyan desert.
January 204: Roman Emperor Septimius Severus briefly held a military presence in Garama.
February 204: Emperor Septimius Severus led a Roman military campaign to acquire the territory of Garama in 203. The Garamantes were a Berber tribe known for their skilled cavalry and control of trans-Saharan trade routes. The acquisition of Garama expanded the Roman Empire's influence in North Africa.
Was a period in which the Roman Empire nearly collapsed due to invasions and secessions. In particular, the period saw the creation of two secessionist states: the Gallic Empire andhe Kingdom of Palmyra.
81.1.Barbarian invasions of the Third Century
Were a series of Barbarian invasions of the Roman Empire during the Crisis of the Third Century.
January 257: Dacia was upset with the crisis of the third century by continuous invasions by the barbarians, also due to the shape of its territories which extended beyond the Danubian limes, in the immense barbarian sea of Sarmatia. Already in 256 the emperor Gallienus was forced to abandon a large part of the territories of the North of the Three Dacias (ie all of Dacia Porolissensis and part of Upper Dacia).
January 274: Emperor Aurelian, due to the growing crisis along the Danubian borders, in addition to the secession of the Gallic Empire in the West and of the Kingdom of Palmyra in the East, was forced to evacuate the province of Three Dacias.
81.1.1.Evacuation of the Agri Decumates
Romans controlled the Agri Decumates region until the mid-3rd century, when the emperor Gallienus (259-260) evacuated it before the invading Alemanni.
January 214: The Alemanni occupied part of the Acri Decumates region.
January 261: The Romans evacuated most of the Agri Decumates region before the invading Alemanni.
January 358: Alemanni expansion into the Agri Decumates, a region of the Roman Empire's provinces of Germania Superior and Raetia.
January 379: Alemanni expansion into the Agri Decumates, a region of the Roman Empire's provinces of Germania Superior and Raetia.
81.1.2.Gothic War (249-253)
With the cessation of the payment of tribute previously made by the Roman emperor Philip the Arab (r. 244-249) to the tribes beyond the Danube, the Goths and their allies, led by King Ostrogotha and his subcommanders Argedo and Gundericus, moved towards the Roman border and began a series of attacks.
81.1.3.Invasions of the Juthungi
The Juthungi, a Germanic tribe, invaded Italy in 259-260.
January 260: In 259-260, the Juthungi, a Germanic tribe, invaded Northern Italy, specifically Raetia.
February 260: The Romans successfully repelled the invasion of the Juthungi in Raetia.
January 357: The Juthungi and Alamanni, Germanic tribes, invaded the Roman province of Raetia.
February 357: The Romans successfully repelled the invasion of the Juthungi and Alamanni in Raetia.
January 384: Barbarian invasion of Raetia in 383.
February 384: The second invasion of Raetia in 383 was repelled by the Roman general Magnus Maximus, who successfully defended the territory against the invading forces.
81.1.4.Gothic War (267-269)
Was a war of the Roman Empire against invading Goths and Scythians.
81.1.5.Campaigns against Germanic tribes of Emperor Aurelian
The Juthungi invaded Italy again in 271, defeating the Romans at the Battle of Placentia, but they were repulsed by Aurelian after the Battle of Fano and the Battle of Pavia.
January 272: The Juthungi, a Germanic tribe, invaded Italy in 271. They defeated the Romans at the Battle of Placentia but were later repulsed by Aurelian, a Roman Emperor, at the Battles of Fano and Pavia.
February 272: The Juthungi, a Germanic tribe, invaded Italy in 271 and defeated the Romans at the Battle of Placentia. However, they were later repulsed by Aurelian, the Roman Emperor, at the Battles of Fano and Pavia in 272.
81.1.6.Foundation of the Kingdom of the Goths
The Germanic tribe of the Ostrogoths established a kingdom in Dacia.
January 272: Hunnic conquest of Dacia.
81.2.Secession of the Gallic Empire
Was the secession of Postumus in 260 in the wake of barbarian invasions and instability in Rome. At its height, its empire included the territories of Germania, Gaul, Britannia, and (for a time) Hispania.
October 260: The Gallic Empire was established by Postumus in 260 in the wake of barbarian invasions and instability in Rome, and at its height included the territories of Germania, Gaul, Britannia, and (for a time) Hispania.
81.3.Death of Postumus
Was the death of the secessionist emperor of the Gallic Empire, after which Roman Emperor Claudius Gothicus re-established Roman authority in Gallia Narbonensis and parts of Gallia Aquitania and possibly Hispania.
January 270: After the death of Postumus, the Gallic Empire began to decline. Roman Emperor Claudius Gothicus re-established Roman authority in Gallia Narbonensis and parts of Gallia Aquitania, and there is some evidence that the provinces of Hispania, which did not recognize the subsequent Gallic Emperors, may have re-aligned with Rome then.
81.4.Secession of the Kingdom of Palmyra
Was the secession of most of the Roman east under Zenobia.
November 270: In 270 Zenobia managed to conquer most of the Roman east in a relatively short period, and tried to maintain relations with Rome. In 271 she claimed the imperial title for herself and for her son. In October of 270, a Palmyrene army of 70,000 invaded Egypt, and declared Zenobia queen of Egypt.
81.5.Reconquests made by the Gallic Empire
Gallic Empire Tetricus was able to re-take Gallia Aquitania and western Gallia Narbonensis while Roman Emperor Aurelian was engaging Queen Zenobia's Palmyrene Empire in the east.
January 271: Tetricus fought off Germanic barbarians who had begun ravaging Gaul after the death of Victorinus, and was able to re-take Gallia Aquitania and western Gallia Narbonensis while Roman Emperor Aurelian was engaging Queen Zenobia's Palmyrene Empire in the east.
81.6.The Kingdom of Palmyra´s conquests in Asia Minor
Was a military campaign by the Kingdom of Palmyra leading to the conquest of eastern Anatolia from the Romans.
January 272: Afterward, in 271, Zabbai started the operations in Asia Minor, and was joined by Zabdas in the spring of that year. The Palmyrenes subdued Galatia, and occupied Ankara, marking the greatest extent of the Palmyrene expansion.
81.7.Reconquest of the Kingdom of Palmyra
Roman Emperor Aurelian reconquered the secessionist Kingdom of Palmyra.
July 272: Battle of Immae.
July 272: The day after the battle, Aurelian arrived in Antioch where he found the city almost deserted: in fact, most of the inhabitants, frightened by the arrival of the Roman army, had fled.
January 273: In his obedience, Aurelian reduced the province of Bithynia without encountering resistance and took Ancyra and Tyana.
January 273: Battle of Emesa.
January 273: In the meantime, the Emperor sent Probus to subjugate Egypt and headed towards Palmyra crossing the desert.
January 273: Emperor Aurelian subjected the cities of Apamea, Larissa and Arethusa, which spontaneously opened their gates to him.
January 274: Siege of Palmyra.
81.8.Conquest of the Gallic Empire
The Battle of Châlons was fought in 274 between Roman emperor Aurelian and Emperor Tetricus I of the Gallic Empire, marking the end of the independent Gallic Empire.
April 274: The Battle of Châlons was fought in 274 between Roman emperor Aurelian and Emperor Tetricus I of the Gallic Empire. Fought in what is now Châlons-en-Champagne, France, it was the battle that marked the end of the independent Gallic Empire, and its unification back to the Roman Empire, after thirteen years of separation.
Were a series of Wars between Rome (first the Roman Republic then the Roman Empire and finally the Eastern Roman Empire) and Persia (the Parthian Empire, and then its successor, the Sasanian Empire). The wars were ended by the early Muslim conquests, which led to the fall of the Sasanian Empire and huge territorial losses for the Byzantine Empire.
January 287: According to Armenian sources, in the third year of the reign of Diocletian Tiridates was invested with the kingdom of Armenia. Diocletian's panegyric attests in that same year to a treaty between Diocletian and Persia, in which the Persian king Bahram II presumably recognized Tiridates III as king of Armenia. The gifts received by Bahram II were interpreted as symbols of a Roman victory over the Sassanids.
January 294: Also due to a civil war in Persia, the rebels of Tiridates managed not only to free Armenia from the Persian yoke but also to penetrate Assyria. However, when the civil war ended, the new shah Narses was able to regain control of Armenia with a successful military campaign. Again Tiridates lost his throne and fled back to Roman territory.
January 348: The treaty of Nisibis stipulated the reestablishment of the Roman protectorate over Caucasian Iberia and Albania. But fifty years later Rome lost the area that since then remained an integral part of the Sasanian Empire.
January 542: Sasanian general Cosroe digged a tunnel that allowed his army to reach under a tower of the Petra and set it on fire. With part of its defenses destroyed, the city surrendered to the Sasanians who entered triumphantly (541).
82.1.Crassous' Campaign in Syria
Was a Roman military invasion of Parthia under Marcus Licinius Crassus that ended in a catastrophic defeat of the Romans.
June 53 BC: Crassus, a Roman general and politician, decided to enter enemy territory from the south through the Syrian desert in -53. This decision ultimately led to his defeat and death at the hands of the Parthians in the Battle of Carrhae.
June 53 BC: The battle of Carre was fought between the Roman forces led by Crassus and the Parthian Empire led by Surena. It resulted in a devastating defeat for the Romans, with Crassus himself being killed in the battle. This defeat marked the end of Roman expansion in the East.
82.2.Antony's Atropatene campaign
Was a military campaign by Mark Antony, the eastern triumvir of the Roman Republic, against the Parthian Empire under Phraates IV.
January 38 BC: After Syria was occupied by Pacorus' army, Labienus split from the main Parthian force to invade Anatolia while Pacorus and his commander Barzapharnes invaded the Roman Levant. They subdued all settlements along the Mediterranean coast as far south as Ptolemais (modern Acre, Israel), with the lone exception of Tyre.
February 38 BC: Despite these successes, the Parthians were soon driven out of the Levant by a Roman counteroffensive. Publius Ventidius Bassus, an officer under Mark Antony, defeated and then executed Labienus at the Battle of the Cilician Gates (in modern Mersin Province, Turkey) in 39 BC. Shortly afterward, a Parthian force in Syria led by general Pharnapates was defeated by Ventidius at the Battle of Amanus Pass.
82.2.1.Persian Invasion (Antony's Atropatene campaign)
Was the Persian invasion of the Roman Republic during Mark Antony's Parthian War.
March 40 BC: While Mark Antony was staying in Alexandria, the situation in the Eastern Roman provinces had worsened. Urged by the local potentates dethroned by the triumvir to invade Syria and Asia, the Parthians had decided to go on the attack. In February 40 BC. the Parthian army led by Quintus Labienus and Pacorus, the son of King Orodes II, crossed the Euphrates and attacked Apamea.
March 40 BC: The Parthians conquered Syria (with the exception of Tyre), and Anatolia up to Caria including Cappadocia, Commagene and Galatia
March 40 BC: The Liberatores were defeated by the Triumvirs at the Battle of Philippi in October 42 BC.
January 39 BC: A Parthian army led by Pacorus, son the Parthian king, invaded Palestine and reached Jerusalem.
82.2.2.Roman Counterattack
Was a Roman offensive against the Persian invasion during Mark Antony's Parthian War.
August 39 BC: The Parthians, outnumbered and taken by surprise, were heavily defeated at the Battle of Monte Amano, General Franapate himself was killed and the survivors fell back en route east of the Euphrates after abandoning all invaded territories.
September 39 BC: Publio Ventidio Basso, a character of obscure origins but of considerable military ability, obtained important victories. In August 39 BC. he marched rapidly against Quintus Labienus who, surprised by the arrival of the legions, beat a hasty retreat. The Roman army of Ventidius pursued him as far as Syria where the Parthian cavalry was pouring in to reinforce it.
September 39 BC: In August 39 BC. Publio Ventidio Basso marched rapidly against Quintus Labienus who, surprised by the arrival of the legions, beat a hasty retreat. The Roman army of Ventidius pursued him as far as Syria where the Parthian cavalry was pouring in to reinforce it.
June 38 BC: In the spring of 38 BC. the Parthians attempted to take their revenge and a large army, personally led by Pacorus, crossed the Euphrates and again invaded the Roman province of Syria.
August 38 BC: The battle of Monte Gindaro, fought according to tradition on 9 August 38 BC. anniversary of the Carre catastrophe, ended with a great victory for Ventidio Basso.
October 38 BC: In the meantime, Ventidio Basso had besieged Samosata, the main fortress on the Euphrates of the kingdom of Commagene. Mark Antony preferred not to prolong the siege operations of Samosata any further. He therefore concluded in September 38 B.C. the operations receiving the surrender of the fortress and accepting from the king of Commagene a tribute of 300 talents of silver.
82.2.3.Anthony's Invasion
Was the Roman invasion of Persia during Mark Antony's Parthian War.
January 36 BC: The Herodian kingdom of Judea was a client state of the Roman Republic from 37 BC, when Herod the Great was appointed "King of the Jews" by the Roman Senate.
September 36 BC: Marco Antonio then immediately marched with the legions and, after a forced march of four hundred kilometers, reached Phraaspa at the end of August without encountering much resistance.
October 36 BC: As his legionaries were tired and begged to return home, at the end of October, Mark Anthony decided to end the war with Persia.
82.3.Roman-Parthian War of 58-63
Was a war fought between the Roman Empire and the Parthian Empire over control of Armenia.
January 59: Fall of Artaxata.
January 60: Fall of Tigranocerta.
February 60: Shortly afterwards Corbulo decided to complete the submission of the newly conquered territories with a whole series of punitive expeditions against the regions still loyal to Tiridates. Some parts of Western Armenia were also ceded to Roman vassals. The definitive conquest of Armenia was celebrated by Nero who was hailed as imperator for the sixth time, while a Romanized prince, a trusted "client", was placed on the throne of Armenia.
December 62: The Parthians turned their attention to Armenia, and after two years of inconclusive campaigns, inflicted a heavy defeat on the Romans at the Battle of Rhandeia. The conflict ended soon after, with a formal compromise: a Parthian prince of the Arsacid dynasty would be installed on the Armenian throne, but his appointment had to be approved by the Roman Emperor.
82.4.Trajan's Parthian Campaign
Was a military campaign by Roman Emperor Trajan in 115 against the Parthian Empire in Mesopotamia.
January 115: Trajan marched first on Armenia, deposed the Parthian-appointed king and annexed it to the Roman Empire as a province.
January 116: The Roman armies crossed the Euphrates from Syria, descended the River Tigris from the Armenian highlands and headed south against Parthia itself. Leaving garrisons in suitable places, Emperor Trajan reached Edessa, where he met Abgar VII, king of Osroene, who submitted to Rome.
January 116: With the beginning of the new war year, the Roman armies crossed the Euphrates from Syria, descended the River Tigris from the Armenian highlands and headed south against Parthia itself. Leaving garrisons in suitable places, Trajan reached Edessa, where he met Abgar VII, king of Osroene, for the first time.
January 117: At the end of this military campaign, Trajan decided to annex the new territories by creating the two new provinces of Mesopotamia and Assyria. Indeed, if Trajan's establishment of the provinces of Armenia and Mesopotamia is confirmed by the coinage of the period, the actual creation of the province of Assyria is more doubtful.
January 117: The Roman commander, having a large abundance of ships and soldiers at his disposal, still managed to cross the river, then taking possession of the whole of Adiabene.
January 117: After these successes, the Roman Emperor Trajan continued his advance and took possession of Babylon in 116 AD. Trajan visited the palace where Alexander the Great had died, highlighting the historical significance of the city as a major conquest for the Roman Empire.
January 117: Roman Emperor Trajan crossed the Tigris and entered Ctesiphon.
January 117: Characene conquered by Roman Empire.
January 118: Armenia was then ordered into a Roman province by the emperor and remained so until his death (117), when it was abandoned by his successor Adrian. The latter adopted a policy of strengthening the old borders.
January 119: After the death of Trajan, Hadrian preferred to restore the imperial borders back to the Euphrates river.
82.5.Roman-Parthian War of 161-166
Was a war fought between the Roman and Parthian Empires over Armenia and Upper Mesopotamia.
December 161: In fact, the change at the top of the Roman Empire seems to have encouraged Vologeses IV of Partia to make the first move in late summer or early autumn 161, attacking the Kingdom of Armenia, an ally of the Roman Empire and installing a puppet king of his liking, Pacorus III, an arsacid like him.
January 162: The Parthians attacked the entire frontier of Cappadocia and Syria, defeated many of the local garrisons, bringing destruction even under the walls of Antioch and captured the border fortress of Edessa.
January 164: The legions I Minervia and V Macedonica, under the command of the legates Marcus Claudius Fronto and Publius Marzio Verus, who served under Marcus Statius Priscus, achieved numerous military successes, penetrating deeply into Armenia, and inflicted a heavy defeat on the Parthians, conquering the Armenian capital , Artaxata.
January 164: Roman occupation of Dausara and Nicephorium.
January 164: In 163, the Parthians intervened in Osroene, a client state of the Romans located in Mesopotamia, east of Syria, with the capital Edessa. They deposed the Roman client king, Mannus, and replaced him with their own client king.
January 165: In 164 AD, Pacorus, the Parthian ruler of Armenia, was deposed. The former Roman consul of Emesa, Gaius Julius Soemus, who had been deposed by Vologeses, was then crowned as the new tributary king of Armenia under Roman rule.
January 166: In 165 AD, the city of Edessa in Osroene was reoccupied by the Roman client king Manno. This event marked the reinstatement of Manno as the ruler of Osroene under Roman authority.
January 166: In 165 AD, the Roman forces, led by Emperor Lucius Verus and his generals, launched a military campaign in the East. They used a pincer movement strategy to capture strategic fortress-cities along the Euphrates, including Dausara, Edessa, Carrhae, and Nisibis, expanding the Roman Empire's territory.
January 166: Avidio Cassio was a Roman general who served as the legatus legionis of legio III Gallica. Dura Europos was a strategic city located on the Euphrates River. The battle fought near Dura Europos in 165 AD was significant in the Roman Empire's campaign in the region.
January 166: Avidius Cassius reached the twin metropolises of Mesopotamia: Seleucia on the right bank of the Tigris and Ctesiphon on the left. Ctesiphon was taken and its royal palace burned. The citizens of Seleucia opened the gates to the invaders, but the city was burned anyway, leaving a shadow on the conduct of Cassio and the reputation of Lucio Vero.
January 167: Avidius Cassius was a Roman general and usurper who invaded the territory of the Medes, located beyond the Tigris River, in 166 AD. This demonstrated the military might of the Roman Empire under his command.
January 168: The Nisibis area remained part of the roman empire.
January 168: The plague, which broke out during the last year of the campaign, however forced the Romans to withdraw from the newly conquered territories.
82.6.Military Campaigns in Parthia by Septmius Severus
Was a military campaign by Roman Emperor Septimius Severus against the Parthian Empire.
January 198: Severus, having built a fleet, traveled the Euphrates with extremely fast ships, where he first reached Dura Europos, continued to Seleucia which he occupied, after putting to flight the cataphract cavalry of the Parthians. The advance continued with the capture of Babylon which shortly before had been abandoned by the enemy forces and, towards the end of the year, also the capital of the Parthians, Ctesiphon, was placed under siege. The city, now surrounded, tried in vain to resist.
January 198: The Siege of Nisibis in 197 AD was led by the Parthian Empire against the Roman forces defending the city.
February 198: The king of the Parthians, Vologases V, having learned that Severus was approaching Nisibis, decided to leave.
February 198: The king of the Parthians, Vologases V, decided to leave Nisibis upon learning that the Roman Emperor Severus was approaching in 198 AD. Nisibis was part of the territory of Osroene, a Roman client state at the time.
April 198: In 198 AD, Emperor Septimius Severus spent the winter near the Parthian capital before deciding to return to the Roman borders by traveling up the Tigris River around February-March.
April 198: In 198 AD, Roman Emperor Septimius Severus spent the winter near the Parthian capital of Ctesiphon. In February-March, he decided to travel up the Tigris River to return to the Roman borders, after successfully securing all occupied regions except for northern Mesopotamia.
82.7.Military Campaigns in Parthia by Caracalla
Was a military campaign by Roman Emperor Caracalla against the Parthian Empire.
January 215: The ruling Abgarid dynasty was deposed by the Romans during the reign of Roman Emperor Caracalla (r. 211-217), probably in 214, and Osroene was incorporated as a province.
January 217: Emperor Caracalla invaded the Parthian Empire in 216 using an abortive wedding proposal to the Parthian king's daughter as a casus belli. His forces carried out a campaign of massacres in the northern regions of the Parthian Empire.
February 217: Emperor Caracalla invaded the Parthian Empire in 216 using an abortive wedding proposal to the Parthian king's daughter as a casus belli. His forces carried out a campaign of massacres in the northern regions of the Parthian Empire.
82.8.Mesopotamian Campaign of Ardashir I
Was a military campaign by Sassanid King Ardashir I against the Roman Empire.
January 231: The Sassanid armies, led by King Ardashir I, invaded Roman Mesopotamia in 230. They besieged Roman garrisons along the Euphrates and attempted to conquer Nisibis, but were ultimately unsuccessful in their efforts.
February 231: In 231 AD, the Sassanid armies, led by King Ardashir I, advanced into Roman Mesopotamia and besieged Roman garrisons along the Euphrates. They also attempted to conquer the city of Nisibis, but were ultimately unsuccessful in their efforts.
January 239: It seems that during the reign of Maximinus the Thrax, the cities of the Roman province of Mesopotamia, Nisibis and Carrhae, were besieged and occupied by the Sassanids.
January 240: Sasanid conquest of Dura Europos.
February 240: Sasanid conquest of Dura Europos.
January 241: Sasanian ruler Ardashir I finally managed to conquer and destroy the important stronghold city of Hatra, then occupying a large part of Roman Mesopotamia (including the legionary fortresses of Resaina and Singara, as well as the auxiliary fort of Zagurae, today's Ain Sinu), perhaps even arriving to besiege and occupy Antioch of Syria itself, as the fact that its mint stopped minting for the years 240 and 241 seems to suggest.
January 241: Sassanians occupied Caucasian Albanian around 240 AD.
82.9.Sasanid Campaign of Alexander Severus
Was a military campaign by Roman Emperor Severus Alexander against the Sasanian Empire.
January 233: Roman Emperor Alexander Severus invaded Persia with various, occupying the Euphrates region (but not Seleucia and Ctesifon) and Media.
February 233: Roman Emperor Alexander Severus invaded Persia with various, occupying the Euphrates region (but not Seleucia and Ctesifon) and Media.
82.10.Sasanid Campaing of Jordan III
Was a military campaign by Roman Emperor Gordian III against the Sasanian Empire.
January 244: Arrived in Antioch (perhaps at the end of the previous year), which it seems he reconquered after falling into the hands of Shapur I, he crossed the Euphrates, repeatedly defeating the Persians, taking from them Carre, Nisibis and Singara (so much so that all three of these cities returned to mint Roman coins), then defeating them in the battle of Resena.
January 245: Roman retreat from the Persian territories of south-central Mesopotamia. In fact, the Sassanids did not conquer any other cities, besides Hatra, and Sapor did not undertake further military initiatives for the next eight years.
82.11.Military Campaigns of Shapur I in Syria and Mesopotamia
Was a military campaign by Sassanid King Shapur I against the Roman Empire.
November 252: Towards the end of 252, Sapor I resumed a violent offensive against the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire. The Persian troops occupied numerous cities in the province of Mesopotamia (including Nisibis itself), then pushed into Cappadocia, Licaonia and Syria, where they defeated the Roman army rushing to Barbalissos and took possession of Antioch itself.
January 253: Around 252, during the reign of Trebonianus Gallus, King Chosroes II of Armenia was killed at the instigation of the Sassanids. The Armenian Kingdom therefore became a Persian protectorate, while his Chosroes' son Tiridates found refuge with the Romans.
January 255: At the end of this new Sasanian incursion, the emperor Valerian was forced to intervene, managing to reconquer the capital of Syria, Antioch, that same year (253) or the following year (254).
January 257: In 256 the armies of Sasanian Shah Shapur I removed important strongholds from Roman rule in Syria, including Dura Europos.
January 261: The capture of Valerian by the Persians left the Roman East at the mercy of Sapor I, who led a new offensive from his headquarters in Nisibis (occupied in 252 by the Sasanian army), managing to occupy the Roman territories up to Tarsus ( in Cilicia), Antioch (in Syria) and Caesarea (in Cappadocia).
82.12.Sasanian Campaign of Odaenathus
Was a military campaign by Palmyrene King Odaenathus against the Sasanian Empire.
February 261: The praetorian prefect, Ballista, managed to surprise the Persians near Corycus in Cilicia and push them back as far as the Euphrates.
January 264: In 263, the Roman Emperor Valerian defeated the Persian King Sapor I near the Persian capital of Ctesiphon. This victory marked a significant moment in the ongoing conflict between the Roman Empire and the Persian Empire.
February 264: Roman Emperor Odenathus defeated the Sasanian Emperor Shapur I near the capital of the Sasanian Empire, Ctesiphon, in 264
January 265: Odaenathus was a Palmyrene prince and Roman client king who led military campaigns against the Sassanian Persians. Ctesiphon was the capital of the Persian Empire at the time. The Roman Empire gained control of the territory after Odaenathus's successful campaigns.
February 265: Odaenathus was a Palmyrene prince and Roman client king who led military campaigns against the Sasanian Empire. Ctesiphon was the capital of the Sasanian Empire at the time. His second campaign likely took place in 265.
82.13.Sasanian Campaign of Carus and Numerian
Was a military campaign by Roman Emperors Carus and Numerian against the Sasanian Empire.
January 284: The surviving sources do not allow for a detailed or accurate reconstruction of Carus' military campaign against the Sassanids. They laconically report that the emperor devastated Mesopotamia, taking possession of the cities of Seleucia and Ctesiphon, and bringing the Roman army beyond the Tigris.
April 284: For unclear reasons the Romans withdrew from Persia.
82.14.Sasanian Campaign of Galerius
Was a military campaign by Roman Emperor Galerius against the Sasanian Empire.
January 299: In the Peace of Nisibis while the Roman empire obtained control of Caucasian Iberia becomes again a vassal state.
January 299: Galerius, advancing through the mountains of Armenia, won a decisive victory over the Sasanian king Narses.
82.15.Military Campaigns of Shapur II in Syria and Mesopotamia
Was a military campaign by Sassanid King Shapur II against the Roman Empire.
January 335: In 334 the Armenian king was taken prisoner by Sapor II and taken to Persia, forcing the Armenians to invoke the help of Constantine I.
January 337: The son of the Sasanian king, Narses, managed to advance as far as Amida and occupy the Roman city.
February 337: Amida returned under Roman control.
January 342: Constantius managed to gain the loyalty of the ruler Arsaces II and of the Armenian aristocracy through diplomatic channels as early as 341.
January 360: Battle of Amida.
January 361: In 360 Sapor took the eastern fortresses of Singara and Bezabde.
January 361: Constantius decided that the war against the Sasanians took precedence over Julian's rebellion, and in the spring of 360 he began his own eastern campaign, occupying Edessa.
82.16.Sasanian Campaign of Julian
Was a military campaign by Roman Emperor Julian against the Sasanian Empire.
June 363: Roman Emperor Julian conquered Seleucia and visited its ruins.
June 363: The battle of Maranga in 363 was fought between the Roman army led by Emperor Julian and the Persian army of Sapor II. The Roman emperor Julian died during this battle, leading to the territory of Maranga falling under the control of the Roman Empire.
June 363: After passing Macepracta, the Roman Emperor Julian and his army arrived in front of Pirisabora, a city in Mesopotamia. They besieged the city, which was eventually surrendered, looted, and burned down in 363 AD.
June 363: Anatha conquered by Roman Empire.
June 363: After passing the fields flooded by the retreating Persians, Emperor Julian set fire to Birtha, while his troops breached the fortifications of Maiozamalcha. This event took place during the Roman-Persian Wars, with Julian leading the Roman Empire against the Sassanian Empire.
June 363: The Romans, led by Emperor Julian, entered Dura Europos, a city located in modern-day Syria. The city had been abandoned for years after being captured by the Sassanid Empire. Julian's conquest was part of his campaign against the Sassanids during his short reign as Roman Emperor.
82.16.1.Perso-Roman Peace Treaty of 363
Was a peace treaty between the Romans and Sasanians in 363 AD.
January 364: In 363, the Roman Emperor Jovian had to cede the territory of Corduene to the Sasanian king Shapur II. Jovian was a Roman Emperor who ruled from 363 to 364, while Shapur II was the king of the Sasanian Empire from 309 to 379.
January 364: Armenia becomes again a Sasanian protectorate.
January 364: After the emperor Julian was slain during his failed campaign in Persia in 363, Rome ceded control of Iberia to Persia.
January 364: In 363, the Roman Emperor Jovian had to cede the territory of Corduene to the Sasanian king Shapur II as part of a peace treaty following the Roman defeat at the Battle of Ctesiphon. This marked a significant loss for the Roman Empire in the region.
82.17.Partition of Armenia (370)
Division of Armenia between the Romans and the Persians.
January 370: Valente sent the general Arinteo to restore Pope to the Armenian throne already the summer following the first action against the Goths (in 369?), also at the request of the Armenian nobility itself.
February 370: Sapor invaded Armenia.
January 371: Pope again managed to escape and was reinstated by the Romans escorted by a much larger force in 370.
82.18.Partition of Armenia (385)
Division of Armenia between the Romans and the Persians.
January 385: In 384, the kingdom of Armenia was divided into two regions: the western one was placed, as a protectorate, under the Eastern Roman Empire, while the eastern one was entrusted to the Persians. The western region became a province of the Roman Empire with the name of Armenia Minor, while the eastern part remained an independent kingdom, even if only formally, under Persian control.
82.19.Iberian War
Was a war between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Sasanian Empire over the eastern Georgian kingdom of Iberia - a Sasanian client state that had defected to the Byzantines.
January 526: Iberia, a Sasanian client state, defected to the Byzantines.
January 528: By 527 the Iberian revolt had been crushed.
82.20.Lazic War
Was a war fought between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Sasanian Empire for control of the ancient Georgian region of Lazica.
January 552: The Sasanids conquered lazica.
January 552: The Byzantine commander Bessa put down a pro-Persian revolt by the Abasgoi tribe and took Petra.
January 557: In 556, the Byzantines, led by General Martin, successfully suppressed a rebellion by the Misimiani tribe in Lazica. This victory allowed them to drive out the Persians from the region, consolidating their control over Lazica.
82.21.Byzantine-Sasanian War of 572-591
Was a war fought between the Sasanian Empire of Persia and the Eastern Roman Empire. It was triggered by pro-Byzantine revolts in areas of the Caucasus under Persian hegemony.
January 574: In 573, the Sassanid forces led by Khosrow I launched a successful counter-attack against the Byzantine Empire, capturing the city of Dara after a four-month siege. Khosrow I was the ruler of the Sassanid Empire from 531 to 579.
April 591: Byzantine conquest of Dara.
82.22.Byzantine-Sasanian War of 602-628
Was the final and most devastating of the series of wars fought between the Roman Empire and the Sasanian Empire. The war was fought in Egypt, the Levant, Mesopotamia, the Caucasus, Anatolia, Armenia, the Aegean Sea and before the walls of Constantinople itself. After an initial phase of Sasanian conquest, the Byzantines were able to regain most of their territories. The war ended after a civil war broke out in Persia. After the war both Empires were so weakened that the Middle East and North Africa were soon conquered by the emerging Islamic Caliphate.
82.22.1.Persian dominance (Byzantine-Sasanian War of 602-628)
Were a series of Sasanian military campaigns that resulted in the conquest of large portions of the Byzantine Empire.
January 606: An army sent by Roman emperor Phocas against Sasanian Shah Khosrow was defeated near Dara in Upper Mesopotamia, leading to the capture of that important fortress in 605.
November 610: By the time of Heraclius' accession the Persians had conquered all Roman cities east of the Euphrates and in Armenia before moving on to Cappadocia, where their general Shahin took Caesarea.
January 614: In 613, the Roman forces, led by Emperor Heraclius, suffered a defeat against the Sasanian Empire at the Cilician Gates. This strategic pass was crucial for controlling access to the region north of Antioch.
June 614: The Sasanian Empire, under the rule of King Khosrow II, conquered Jerusalem after a brief siege in 614. This conquest led to the fall of the Byzantine Empire's control over the region and marked a significant shift in power in the area.
82.22.2.Byzantine Counterattack (Byzantine-Sasanian War of 602-628)
Were a series of military operations by the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius that resulted in the reconquest of most of the territories lost to the Sasanian Empire.
March 628: The Persian army rebelled and overthrew Khosrow II, installing his son Kavadh II as his successor. Immediately after ascending to the throne, Kavadh II initiated peace talks with Byzantine Emperor Heraclius. Under the terms of the resulting peace treaty, the Byzantines regained all their territories that had been lost, their captured soldiers, a war indemnity, and the religious relics that had been taken from Jerusalem.
Were a series of conflicts between the co-emperors of the Roman Empire (the system of Thetrarchy introduced by Diocletian divided the Roman Empire between two emperors, the augusti, and their junior colleagues and designated successors, the caesares). The war ended with Constantine I as undisputed Emperor.
January 325: In 324, Constantine, the Roman Emperor of the West, defeated Licinius, the Roman Emperor of the East, in the battle of Chrysopolis. This victory allowed Constantine to become the sole ruler of the Roman Empire.
83.1.Early Tetrarchic Period
The Tetrarchy was the system instituted by Roman emperor Diocletian in 293 AD to govern the ancient Roman Empire by dividing it between two emperors, the augusti, and their junior colleagues and designated successors, the caesares. This marked the end of the Crisis of the Third Century.
January 286: The first phase of the Tetrarchy, sometimes referred to as the Diarchy ('the rule of two'), involved the designation of the general Maximian as co-emperor of Diocletian.
Was a military campaign of Roman Emperor Constantine against the Visigoths that took place in Bulgaria.
January 332: Emperor Constantine I may have started the construction of the new stretch of Limes, the so-called Brazda lui Novac du Nord, which ran parallel to and north of the lower course of the Danube, from Drobeta to the plain of Wallachia eastern up to the Siret river, incorporating new reconquered territories.
Were a series of military campaigns by Roman Emperor Constantine I against Germanic and Sarmatian tribes.
85.1.Campaign of Constantine against the Sarmatians
Was a military campaign by Roman Emperor Constantine I against the Sarmatian tribes.
January 333: In 332, a treaty was signed between the Roman Empire and the Goths Thervingi and Sarmatians in the region of modern-day Romania. The treaty aimed to establish peaceful relations and cooperation between the parties involved.
January 335: During the years 331-336 Constantine led his armies beyond the lower course of the Danube returning to occupy, about 60 years after Aurelian, a part of the territories of southern Dacia.
After their expulsion from the Danube area by the invading Visigoths, the Vandals established themselves in Pannonia as Roman foederati.
January 336: The Vandals obtained the permission by the Roman emperor to settle in Pannonia, where they remained peaceful for at least forty years, obeying the laws of the Empire like the other inhabitants of the region. They were thus incorporated as foederati, maintaining their buffer function between the empire and the other barbarian tribes of the Sarmatian plain.
Were a series of conflicts between the sons of Roman emperor Constantine I, that had partitioned the Empire after the death of their father.
87.1.Division of the Empire among the sons of Constantine the Great
Constantine the Great's three sons declared themselves augusti and divided their father's empire into three parts, with Constantine II (emperor) receiving Britain, Iberia, Gaul and Illyria, Constantius II Asia, Syria Palaestina and Egypt, and Constans Italy and Africa.
May 337: After Constantine the Great's death, his three sons declared themselves augusti and divided their father's empire into three parts, with Constantine II (emperor) receiving Britain, Iberia, Gaul and Illyria, Constantius II Asia, Syria Palaestina and Egypt, and Constans Italy and Africa. Constantine's nephew Dalmatius received Thracia, Achaea and Macedonia.
87.2.Roman civil war of 350-353
Was a war fought between the Roman emperor Constantius II and the usurper Magnentius.
July 353: Magnentius was a Roman usurper who declared himself emperor in 350. Constantius II was the legitimate Roman emperor at the time. In 353, Constantius defeated Magnentius at Mons Seleucus in Gaul, solidifying his control over the Roman Empire.
The Gepids invaded Dacia and created their own kingdom in the area.
January 351: The Gepids settle in the Carpathian Basin. No archaeological evidence substantiates the Gepids' presence before around 350.
January 351: The Lazyges retake back the territories in the Carpathian Basin that were previously lost to the Roman Empire. The Iazyges were a nomadic tribe of Sarmatian origin.
The Germanic people of the Franks became Roman foederati.
January 359: In the 4th century the federation of the Franks was the protagonist of various incursions into Gallic territory, conducted starting from their settlement area near the Rhine. Roman emperor Julian defeated them, however leaving them in possession of that territory, assigning them that part of Gallia Belgica as foederati of the Roman Empire, charged with defending the frontier of the Rhine, with the commitment to also supply men to the Roman army. From this territory the Franks gradually expanded.
Were a series of conflicts that saw the Huns, an invading tribe probably from Central Asia, fighting against the Romans as well as the Germanic tribes of Europe.
90.1.Hunnic Invasion of Europe
The Huns invaded Europe starting with the Ukrainian Steppe.
90.1.1.The Kingdom of the Goths is absorbed by the Huns
The Huns invaded and annexed the Kingdom of the Goths.
January 377: The Huns expelled the Goth from eastern Europe and expanded between the Danube and the Black Sea.
After the death of Theodosius I, the last Emperor of the whole Roman Empire, the empire was divided between his two sons in a Western and Eastern part.
January 395: Before Roman emperor Theodosius' death, he divided the Empire between his two sons: the eastern part went to Arcadius, the western part to Honorius. This division was, from a formal point of view, only administrative, since the Empire was still one, but it was also an important event in Roman history, as never again did an emperor reign over the West and the East at the same time.
The Hasdingi Vandals left their territoris in Pannonia to flee the Hunnic invasion.
January 401: The Hasdingi Vandals left Pannonia around 400, driven to colonize new lands by the advance of Hun troops.
Were a series of conflicts between the Roman Empire and the Goths.
January 403: The Kingdom of the Ostrogoths in Moesia ceased to exist when the Ostrogoths left for Pannonia.
93.1.Gothic War (367-369)
Was a military campaign of Roman Emperor Valens against the Visigoths under Athanaric.
June 367: Valens was the Roman Emperor at the time, while Athanaric was the king of the Visigoths. The Visigoths were a Germanic tribe that had settled north of the Danube. Valens' attack on Athanaric's Visigoths in 367 marked a significant event in the Roman Empire's efforts to control the territory north of the Danube.
July 367: In the spring of 367, Roman Emperor Valens crossed the Danube River and launched an attack on the Visigoths led by their king Athanaric. This event took place in the territory north of the Danube, which later came under the control of the Kingdom of the Gepids.
July 367: In the spring of 367, Roman Emperor Valens crossed the Danube River and launched an attack on the Visigoths led by Athanaric in the territory north of the Danube. This event marked a significant conflict between the Roman Empire and the Visigoths, who were eventually driven into the territory of the Ostrogoths in Dacia.
January 368: The Gothic army invaded Thrace and began plundering the farms and vineyards of the province. Valens, marching north after defeating Procopius, surrounded them with a superior force and forced them to surrender.
February 368: The Gothic army invaded Thrace and began plundering the farms and vineyards of the province. Valens, marching north after defeating Procopius, surrounded them with a superior force and forced them to surrender.
January 370: In 369, Valens crossed again, from Noviodunum, and by devastating the country forced Athanaric to attack him.
February 370: Valente sent the general Arinteo to restore Pope to the Armenian throne already the summer following the first action against the Goths (in 369?), also at the request of the Armenian nobility itself.
93.2.Gothic War (376-382)
Was a war between the Goths and the Roman Empire. The Goths, that were fleeing an invasion of the Huns, entered the Roman Empire requesting asylum. The Romans allowed the Goths to enter, but the harsh conditions in the small area that was assigned to them caused a revolt.
January 377: Winter 376-3 October 382: In the late summer/autumn of 376, the Tervingi fleeing from the Huns were admitted to the Roman Empire after a formal capitulation. Since the Terwingen could only take limited supplies with them when they fled, supply bottlenecks soon arose. Open rebellion broke out when Lupicinus attempted to have Alavivus and Fritigern, the leaders of the Goths, killed at a diplomatic banquet. The troops hastily assembled by Lupicinus were defeated by the Goths. They first plundered the area around Marcianople [...] as they were defeated in the battle of adrianople, the romans were not ablke to stop the goths [...] On October 3, 382 Theodosius concluded a peace treaty with the Goths.
February 377: Winter 376-3 October 382: In the late summer/autumn of 376, the Tervingi fleeing from the Huns were admitted to the Roman Empire after a formal capitulation. Since the Terwingen could only take limited supplies with them when they fled, supply bottlenecks soon arose. Open rebellion broke out when Lupicinus attempted to have Alavivus and Fritigern, the leaders of the Goths, killed at a diplomatic banquet. The troops hastily assembled by Lupicinus were defeated by the Goths. They first plundered the area around Marcianople [...] as they were defeated in the battle of adrianople, the romans were not ablke to stop the goths [...] On October 3, 382 Theodosius concluded a peace treaty with the Goths.
93.3.Goths made Foederati in Moesia
A peace treaty with the Romans allowed the Goths to create their own kingdom as foederati of the Roman Empire.
October 382: On October 3, 382, peace was signed between the Roman Empire and the Goths. Thervingi and Gruthungi became Foederati of the Empire, and obtained lands in Moesia and Lower Scythia, and perhaps also in Macedonia; they were allowed to settle within the Empire, and to maintain their tribal cohesion: in exchange, the Goths were supposed to provide allied contingents to the Roman army.
Were the military campaigns by the first three Islamic Caliphates (the Caliphate of Muhammad, the Rashidun Caliphate and the Umayyad Caliphate) that led to the Islamic conquest of most of the Middle East as well as the Iberian Peninsula.
94.1.Establishment of Mohammed´s Caliphate
Was the establishment of the first Islamic Caliphate under the Prophet Mohammed.
January 633: When Mohammed died in 632, the entire Arabian Peninsula was under the control of his Caliphate.
94.2.Muslim conquest of the Levant
Was a 634-638 CE invasion of Byzantine Syria by the Rashidun Caliphate. .
94.2.1.Conquest of Syria
Conquest of Syria from the Byantines by the Rashidun Caliphate.
April 634: Arab commander ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ conquers Elat.
June 634: Khalid was then immediately dispatched to the Syrian front. The leader moved from Hira, Iraq, at the beginning of June 634. After crossing the desert, Khalid's army arrived on the Syrian front at Tadmur (Palmyra), in central Syria, at the beginning of June.
July 634: Battles of Qaryatayn and Ḥuwwārīn.
September 634: The city of Damascus was besieged for 30 days by the Rashidun Caliphate in 634. It was conquered by the Muslim forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid, a prominent military commander and companion of the Prophet Muhammad.
January 635: The Rashidun Caliphate needed six years to conquer the entire Arabian Peninsula (628-634).
94.2.2.Conquest of Northern Syria
Conquest of northern Syria from the Byzantines by the Rashidun Caliphate.
November 635: In 635, the military commander Khalid ibn al-Walid, leading the Rashidun Caliphate forces, conquered the territories of Shayzar, Afamiya, and Matar al-Hamz.
August 636: The Ghassanids remained a vassal state of the Byzantines until their rulers were overthrown by the Muslims in the conquest of Syria-Palestine, at the time of the second Caliph ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb in the 7th century, which ended with the Islamic victory in the battle of the Yarmuk. It was in this battle that 12,000 Ghassanid Arabs were defeated by the Muslims of Khālid b. al-Walid.
January 749 BC: Twelve Etruscan city-states, according to tradition, formed a powerful economic, religious and military alliance in Etruria: the "Etruscan League".
January 499 BC: Expansion of the Kingdom of Rome by 700 BC.
January 298 BC: Starting from the end of the 4th century, the Umbrians came into contact with the Romans. A few years later, the city of Nequinum was also occupied, where the first colony of Latin law was founded: Narnia Nahars (present-day Narni), in 299 BC.
January 287 BC: Roman conquest of Zankle.
January 279 BC: Around 280 BC the Romans proposed a special alliance treaty to the city of Eraclea, managing to remove it from the influence of Taranto and making it a confederate city of Rome.
January 272 BC: Hyele joined Rome in 273 BC.
January 259 BC: The secular war between the Messapians and Taranto would later partly favored the Roman conquest of Taranto itself first and then of the entire Salento, which ended around 260 BC.
January 259 BC: The Po Valley around -260 BC had been incorporated into the Roman dominion, following the defeat of the Gauls by Roman generals Manius Curius Dentatus and Gaius Sulpicius Longus. The city of Spina, located in the Po Valley, became part of the Roman Republic's expanding territory.
January 251 BC: During the First Punic War, the islands were the scene of clashes between Rome and Carthage and Lipara was conquered by Rome in 252.
January 228 BC: In 229 BC, Corfu is placed under the protection of Rome.
January 227 BC: In 228 BC Buthrotum became a Roman protectorate.
January 219 BC: Expansion of the Roman Republic in the Iberian Peninsula by 220 BC.
January 206 BC: The control of Metapontion passed with certainty to Rome.
January 200 BC: In the shipyards of Metauros, as in those of Ipponio (Vibo Valentia) and Rhegium (Reggio Calabria), the ships that will be used in the Punic wars by the Romans are prepared. These, in 201 BC, settled in the area.
January 196 BC: Expansion of the Roman Republic in the Iberian Peninsula by 197 BC.
January 196 BC: In the Second Macedonian War (200-197 BC) the Acarnanians were forced to capitulate to the Roman Republic.
January 195 BC: In the Second Macedonian War it was taken by the Romans by assault in 200 BC. Soon afterwards, in 196 BC, it was declared free by Titus Quinctius Flamininus along with the other Grecian states.
January 195 BC: Titus Quinctius Flamininus proclaimed the freedom of the Greeks, Byzantium became civitas libera et foederata.
February 194 BC: Kythira was independent, and issued her own coins in 195 after the Achaean defeat of Sparta.
January 193 BC: Pyxous, the latinized into Buxentum, was a Roman colony since 194 BC.
January 193 BC: Expansion of the Roman Republic in the Iberian Peninsula by 194 BC.
January 175 BC: Kassopa was destroyed by the Romans in 177-176 BC.
January 163 BC: Rhodes entered into an unequal alliance with Rome, which spelled the end of its role as an independent power.
January 154 BC: Timarchus advanced along the Narenta river, crossed the Dinaric Alps and reached the plain of the Lib, where he besieged the capital of the Delmatae, Delminium. And although part of the fortress had been burned and almost reduced to surrender, Figulus was forced to return to Rome at the end of his mandate (winter 156 BC). The following year the siege was completed by his successor, the consul Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculo, who obtained the triumph for this success.
January 153 BC: Expansion of the Roman Republic in the Iberian Peninsula by 154 BC.
January 145 BC: The Greek peninsula fell to the Roman Republic after the Battle of Corinth (146 BC), when Macedonia became a Roman province.
January 145 BC: Although the Achaean league outlasted both the Aetolian league and Macedon, it was also soon defeated and absorbed by the Romans in 146 BC, bringing Greek independence to an end.
January 145 BC: The Thessalian League was one of the several Greek leagues the Roman tolerated until 146 BC, when the Roman commander Mummius razed the city of Corinth to the ground, disbanded the leagues, and informally reduced Greece to provincial status.
January 145 BC: By this time, the Greek cities were in practice subject to the Roman Empire.
January 139 BC: In the 2nd century BC Ierapytna (Ierapetra) gained supremacy on eastern Crete.
January 132 BC: Expansion of the Roman Republic in the Iberian Peninsula by 133 BC.
January 128 BC: The Cyclades, including Kalaureia, were incorporated into the Roman province of Asia between 133-129 BC. This decision was made by the Roman Republic, specifically by Roman statesman and general Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who reorganized the territories of Asia Minor after defeating King Mithridates VI of Pontus.
January 128 BC: The Romans defeated Eumemes III in 129 BC. They annexed the former kingdom of Pergamon, which became the Roman province of Asia.
January 128 BC: Roman conquests up to the campaign of Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus.
January 128 BC: The Cyclades, a group of islands in the Aegean Sea, were incorporated into the Roman province of Asia between 133-129 BC. This expansion of Roman territory was part of the Roman Republic's efforts to consolidate power in the region.
January 122 BC: Expansion of the Roman Republic in the Iberian Peninsula by 123 BC.
January 120 BC: The island of Ithaka was occupied by the Romans in 121 BC.
January 120 BC: Quintus Cecilius Metellus Balearicus conquered the Balearic Islands, where he settled 3000 Romans and Iberians to found the colony of Palma de Mallorca.
January 113 BC: Roman defeat against the Scordisks.
February 113 BC: Roman defeat against the Scordisks.
January 89 BC: It took the Romans more than 150 years to be able to subdue the most warlike Nuragic tribes of the interior.
January 74 BC: Expansion of the Roman Republic in the Iberian Peninsula by 75 BC.
January 61 BC: During the reign of Aretas III (87 to 62 BC) the Nabatean Kingdom reached its territorial zenith.
January 60 BC: The colonies of Dobruja revolted.
January 50 BC: Issa functioned as an independent polis until the 1st century BC, when it was conquered by the Roman Empire.
January 49 BC: Chersonesos (Pontos) was subject to Rome from the middle of the 1st century BC.
August 47 BC: At the end of the Pontic War, the territories conquered by Pharnaces were freed.
January 46 BC: Conquest of Pharnaces II (63 - 47 BC).
January 43 BC: Expansion of the Roman Republic in the Iberian Peninsula by 44 BC.
January 39 BC: After the death of Arabio, Numidia became the Roman province of Africa Nova.
January 35 BC: After the civil war in Rome, the Romans started to interfere more directly in Cappadocian affairs. In 36 BC, Marcus Antonius appointed Archelaus, a local noble, to the Cappadocian throne.
September 31 BC: It was only after the Battle of Actium in 31 BC that the Acarnanian League (Roman Client) was incorporated into the Roman province of Achaea.
January 29 BC: From 30 BC until 20 BC, the Emesene Kingdom was dissolved.
January 29 BC: After defeating Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, Augustus restored Juba II, son of Juba I, as a client king of Numidia from 30-25 BC. Juba II was a well-educated and cultured ruler, known for his patronage of the arts and sciences.
January 27 BC: The Dardanian Kingdom retained its sovereignty until 28 BC, when the Romans conquered the region.
January 27 BC: Octavian was proclaimed Augustus, which effectively made him the first Roman emperor and ended the Roman Republic.
January 24 BC: Mauretania became a client kingdom of the Roman Empire in 25 BC when the Romans installed Juba II of Numidia as their client-king.
January 24 BC: After the defeat of his father Juba I in the Battle of Thapsus, Juba II was taken to Rome as a prisoner. However, Augustus later restored him as a client king of Numidia in -25 BC, allowing him to rule with some autonomy under Roman authority. Juba II was known for his patronage of the arts and sciences, and his reign was marked by prosperity and cultural development in Numidia.
January 19 BC: The Odrysian kingdom of Thrace became a Roman client kingdom c. 20 BC.
January 19 BC: Later in 20 BC, Octavian, now as the Roman emperor Augustus, restored the Emesene Kingdom to Iamblichus II.
January 18 BC: Territories conquered by Rome under Augustus by 19 BC.
January 8 BC: Territories conquered by Rome under Augustus by 9 BC.
January 7 BC: The Bosporan Kingdom of Aspurgus became a client state of the Roman Empire.
January 1: During the second part of the 1st century BC th town of Bizone fell in the sea because of a disastrous earthquake.
January 7: While nominally queen of these areas, they were ultimately subject to the Judaean prefect.
January 7: Herod's son Herod Archelaus, ruled Judea so badly that he was dismissed in 6 CE by the Roman emperor Augustus, who appointed Quirinius to exercise direct Roman rule after an appeal from Herod Archelaus' own population, thus was formed the Province of Judea.
January 13: The remaining Artaxiad kings ruled as clients of Rome until they were overthrown in 12 AD due to their possible allegiance to Rome's main rival in the region, Parthia.
January 18: The Kingdom of Lesser Armenia was annexed to the Roman Empire.
January 18: When, at an old age, Tiberius summoned him to Rome, he died there of natural causes. Cappadocia was subsequently incorporated as a fully functioning Roman province.
January 35: Philip the Tetrarch ruled Batanea, with Trachonitis, as well as Auranitis until 34 CE (his domain later being incorporated into the Province of Syria).
January 37: Karkinitis is annexed to the Bosporan Kingdom.
January 38: After the defeat of Tigranes of Armenia by the Romans, the Parthians extended their control to Corduene.
January 38: Conquest of Aspurgus (8 BC - 37 AD).
January 39: A prince named Kotys (IX.) from the Thracian royal dynasty was appointed king of Lesser Armenia.
January 39: In 38 AD, Caligula reinstated Antiochus III's son Antiochus IV and also gave him the wild areas of Cilicia to govern. Antiochus IV was the only client king of Commagene under the Roman Empire.
January 40: Herod Antipas, ruled as tetrarch of Galilee and Perea from 4 BC to 39 AD, being then dismissed by Caligula.
January 45: The Roman Emperor Claudius annexed Mauretania directly as a Roman province in 44.
January 47: After the death of Remetalce, Thrace was made a Roman province by Claudius.
January 55: Roman acquisitions under Emperor Claudius by 54 AD.
January 69: In 68, the new Roman emperor Galba restored the Bosporan Kingdom to Rhescuporis I, the son of Cotys I.
January 70: Conquest of Cotys I (45 - 69).
January 73: In the year 72, the Romans annexed Lesser Armenia to the 17 AD province of Cappadocia.
January 75: However, Rome only formally annexed the island to his empire together with Lycia under Vespasian AD 74.
January 79: Sohaemus was apparently the last king of the Emesene Kingdom and after his death in 78, the Kingdom most probably was absorbed by the Roman Province of Syria, but there is no explicit evidence of this occurring.
January 117: The next two centuries saw a continuation of Roman influence over the area, but by the reign of King Pharsman II Iberia had regained some of its former power.
January 120: Wallachia is occupied by the Sarmatians Roxolani.
January 120: The Banat region is occupied by the Germanic Tribe if the Lazyges.
January 151: The Garamantes emerged as a major regional power in the mid second century AD, establishing a kingdom.
January 194: At the end of the 2nd century AD, King Sauromates II critically defeated the Scythians and included the Crimea into his Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus, a Roman client state.
January 197: The Tanûkhids were a confederation of Arab tribes from 196 AD. The confederation occupied southern Syria and Jordan and western Iraq.
January 246: In 245, the Roman Empire regained control of Caucasian Albania under the rule of Emperor Philip the Arab. This marked a period of Roman influence in the region, with Caucasian Albania becoming a client state of Rome.
January 251: Christian Arabs emigrated, in the year 250, from Yemen to the Hawran region in southern Syria and established the Ghassanid Kingdom.
January 251: In the first half of the 3rd century there were raids by the Goths, who had conquered the territory of the old Bosporan Empire. They were able to take and plunder Trebizond and Bitschwinta for a short time. As a result, Roman rule in Colchis initially collapsed.
January 301: The Lahmid Kingdom was an Arab kingdom of southern Iraq and East Arabia, with al-Hirah as its capital, from about 300 AD.
January 325: In 324, the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great concluded a treaty with the Goths Thervingi and the Sarmatians in the territory that is now modern-day Romania. This treaty helped establish peaceful relations between the Roman Empire and these tribes.
January 371: The last Bosporan sovereign remembered is a certain Rescuporides in 341, after which the kingdom fell into the hands of the Huns, after they had defeated the nearby Sarmatian populations.
January 401: The Salīḥids were the dominant Arab foederati of the Byzantine Empire in the 5th century. They succeeded the Tanukhids, who were dominant in the 4th century.
January 501: They were in turn defeated and replaced by the Ghassanids in the early 6th century.
January 542: In 541 Lazica defected to the Persians.
January 548: In 547 when Lazica again switched sides and eventually expelled its Persian garrison with Byzantine help.
January 563: The Kingdom of Lazica, however, survived for over 20 more years, until 562, when it was absorbed into the Byzantine Empire.
Disestablishment
August 636: The Ghassanids remained a vassal state of the Byzantines until their rulers were overthrown by the Muslims in the conquest of Syria-Palestine, at the time of the second Caliph ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb in the 7th century, which ended with the Islamic victory in the battle of the Yarmuk. It was in this battle that 12,000 Ghassanid Arabs were defeated by the Muslims of Khālid b. al-Walid.
Selected Sources
Eutropio, Breviarium ab Urbe condita, III, 8-9
Appian, XII - The Mithridatic Wars, 100, 102, 111
Appian, XII - The Mithridatic Wars, 105
Appian, XII - The Mithridatic Wars, 106
Appian, XII - The Mithridatic Wars, 110, 114
Appian, XII - The Mithridatic Wars, 114
Appian, XII - The Mithridatic Wars, 116-117
Appian, XII - The Mithridatic Wars, 118
Appian, XII - The Mithridatic Wars, 71
Appian, XII - The Mithridatic Wars, 75
Appian, XII - The Mithridatic Wars, 77
Appian, XII - The Mithridatic Wars, 83
Appian, XII - The Mithridatic Wars, 86
Appian, XII - The Mithridatic Wars, 90
Appian, XII - The Mithridatic Wars, 94-96
Bosporan Kingdom growth map-fr. Wikipedia. Retrieved on 7 Aptril 2024 on https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bosporan_Kingdom_growth_map-fr.svg
Cassius Dio: Roman History, XXXVI, 10.2
Cassius Dio: Roman History, XXXVI, 53.5-6
Cassius Dio: Roman History, XXXVI, 8.1-2.
Cassius Dio: Roman History, XXXVII, 1.3-4, s.4-7
Claudio 41 - 54dC. Wikipedia. Retrieved on 7 April 2024 on https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claudio_41_-_54dC_jpg.jpg
Conquista Hispania. Wikipedia. Retrieved on 7 April 2024 on https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Conquista_Hispania.svg
Cornell, T. (1982): Atlas of the Roman world, New York : Facts on File, p. 27
Eutropio, Breviarium ab Urbe condita, III, 13-14
Eutropio, Breviarium ab Urbe condita, III, 14
Eutropio, Breviarium ab Urbe condita, III, 14, 16
Eutropio, Breviarium ab Urbe condita, III, 15 - 18
Eutropio, Breviarium ab Urbe condita, III, 18
Impero romano sotto Ottaviano Augusto 30aC - 6dC. Wikipedia. Retrieved on 7 April 2024 on https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Impero_romano_sotto_Ottaviano_Augusto_30aC_-_6dC.jpg
Livio, Ab Urbe condita libri, XXVI, 47
Nigdelis, P. III. Roman Macedonia (168 BC-AD 284). Pp.53-56
Piganiol, A. (1989): Le conquiste dei romani, Milan (Italy), p. 236
Piganiol, A. (1989): Le conquiste dei romani, Milan (Italy), p. 237
Plutarch: Parallel Lives, Lucullus, 12.2
Plutarch: Parallel Lives, Lucullus, 14.2
Plutarch: Parallel Lives, Lucullus, 19.1
Plutarch: Parallel Lives, Lucullus, 23.3
Plutarch: Parallel Lives, Lucullus, 25.3-4
Plutarch: Parallel Lives, Lucullus, 31.4-8
Plutarch: Parallel Lives, Lucullus, 32.4-5
Plutarch: Parallel Lives, Lucullus, 32.5
Plutarch: Parallel Lives, Pompey, 24-29
Plutarch: Parallel Lives, Pompey, 34
Plutarch: Parallel Lives, Pompey, 45.2-5
Polibio, III, 74, 79
Polybius: The Histories, VIII, 15-16
Strabone, Geografia, V, 2,9
Titus Livius: Ab Urbe Condita, 100
Titus Livius: Ab Urbe Condita, 93.4
Titus Livius: Ab Urbe Condita, 97.5
Titus Livius: Ab Urbe Condita, XXVIII, 5
Titus Livius: Ab Urbe Condita, XXIV, 40.1-3
Titus Livius: Ab Urbe Condita, XXIV, 40.4-6
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.29
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.49
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.52
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.55
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.58
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.65
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.69
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, pp.75-77
Venning, T. (2011): A chronology of the Roman Empire, Continuum International Publishing Group, p.39
Venning, T. (2011): A chronology of the Roman Empire, Continuum International Publishing Group, p.60
Venning, T. (2011): A chronology of the Roman Empire, Continuum International Publishing Group, p.81
Venning, T. (2011): A chronology of the Roman Empire, Continuum International Publishing Group, p.86
Venning, T. (2011): A chronology of the Roman Empire, Continuum International Publishing Group, p.89
rome
