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The cluster includes all the forms of the Frankish State. It does not include the many Sub-Kingdoms that emerged form Francia.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Kingdom of the Franks
Frankish Empire
Establishment
January 359: In the 4th century the federation of the Franks was the protagonist of various incursions into Gallic territory, conducted starting from their settlement area near the Rhine. Roman emperor Julian defeated them, however leaving them in possession of that territory, assigning them that part of Gallia Belgica as foederati of the Roman Empire, charged with defending the frontier of the Rhine, with the commitment to also supply men to the Roman army. From this territory the Franks gradually expanded.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
The Germanic people of the Franks became Roman foederati.
The Roman province of Gallia Belgica was occupied by Germanic tribes.
January 421: The Franks, together with the Burgundians and the Alemanni, settled in the area around the Rhine.
A series of Barbarian invasions by the Germanic people of the Franks in the territories of the Roman Empire
3.1.Frankish Expansion up to the river Somme
Early expansion campaign of the Franks.
January 433: Clodione recovered and, after defeating the Romans, was soon able to take possession of the city of Cambrai. Having control of the Roman communication route, he advanced occupying the whole country up to the Somme and made Tournai, a city on the Scheldt, the capital of the Sali Franks. Thus began that expansionism and that historical process which would later lead to the formation of today's France.
Were a series of conflicts that saw the Huns, an invading tribe probably from Central Asia, fighting against the Romans as well as the Germanic tribes of Europe.
4.1.Hunnic Invasion of Gallia
Invasion of Gaul by the Huns under king Attila.
January 452: Honoria, the sister of Roman Emperor Valentinian III, sent a plea for help to Attila, King of the Huns, along with her ring. Attila interpreted this as an offer of marriage, and he claimed half of the Western Roman Empire as her dowry. Subsequently, the Huns invaded northern Gaul, where they occupied several major European cities, including Reims, Strasbourg, Trier, and Cologne.
February 452: Attila was defeated by Roman General Flavius Aetius in the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains. The Huns left the Roman territories they had occupied in Gaul and central Europe.
4.2.Germanic-Hunnic Wars
Was the conflict between the Germanic Tribes of central and eastern Europe against the Huns.
4.2.1.Battle of Nedao
The Battle of Nedao was a battle fought in Pannonia in 454 CE between the Huns and their former Germanic vassals. It was decisive Germanic victory.
January 455: The Battle of Nedao was a battle fought in Pannonia in 454 between Huns and their former vassals. Nedao is believed to be a tributary of Sava river. Hunnic dominance in Central and Eastern Europe was broken as a result of the battle.
Western Roman Emoperor Majorian was assassinated and overthrown by Ricimer.
September 461: When Western Roman emperor Majorian was killed on the orders of Ricimer in 461, general Aegidius maintained his own rule in the remnants of Roman Gaul that came to be known as the Domain or Kingdom of Soissons.
The Franks invaded the Domain of Soissons.
January 477: After Gaul had increasingly slipped away from Western Roman control since the death of the power-conscious general Aëtius in 454, the Franks used the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, which had been shattered by civil wars (around 476), to fill the power vacuum that had arisen and take over their territory on their own enlarge, similar to the Visigoths in the south.
The last remnants of the Roman Empire in Gaul, the Kingdom of Soissons, was conquered by the Franks under King Clovis I.
January 487: Having secured the frontiers to the north and east, and Euric being dead in the meantime, Clovis was able to prepare the conquest of the kingdom of Syagrius. In 486, with the help of the other Salician kings, Ragnacaro and Carrarico, he was able to throw his army against Siagro who, defeated, in the battle of Soissons. Now the Frankish tribes of Clovis controlled all of northern Gaul.
The inhabitants of Britannia and Armorica expelled the Romans.
January 491: Bro-Gwened was an early medieval principality or kingdom around Vannes in Armorica (Brittany), lasting from around AD 490.
January 501: Domnonia was an historic kingdom in northern Armorica founded by British immigrants from Dumnonia. Riwal founded the kingdom of the Armorican Domnonea around the year 500.
Were a series of wars between the Franks and the Visigoths during the reign of Frankish King Clovis I.
9.1.First Franco-Visigothic war (492-496)
Was the first war of Frankish King Clovis against the Kingdom of the Visigoths.
January 492: By 491, Clovis had stabilized the former Roman territory and was eager to move against Alaric. Hence soon, he laid a siege to Nantes; the most northern city under Visigothic rule. Nantes resisted sixty days.
January 493: Alaric seemingly refused to give Clovis battle, thus leaving Clovis to besiege Poitiers, Saintes, and Bordeaux. Clovis might have captured Tours.
January 497: In 496, Nantes was taken by the Armonici.
January 497: In 496, despite winning the Battle of Tolbiac against the Alemanni, the Franks took heavy casualties (and might have suffered from internal turmoil). Seeing the opportunity, Alaric quickly retook Bordeaux, Saintes, Poitiers, and Tours.
9.2.Second Franco-Visigothic war (507-508)
Was the first war of Frankish king Clovis against the Kingdom of the Visigoths.
November 507: Frankish king Clovis was able to recapture Bordeaux from the Visigoths before the end of 507.
January 508: Battle of Vouillé: Frankish conquest of Gallia Aquitania.
9.2.1.Battle of Vouillé
Was fought in the northern marches of Visigothic territory, at Vouillé, near Poitiers (Gaul), in the spring of 507 between the Franks, commanded by Clovis, and the Visigoths, commanded by Alaric II.
January 508: In 507, Clovis, having gathered all the Salii Franks, with a contingent supplied by the Ripuarian Franks, and allied with the Burgundians, put together a considerable army which in the spring crossed the Loire and marched on Poitiers. Eventually, instead of retreating he decided to fight and was personally defeated and killed by the Frankish king Clovis at the battle of Vouillé. This marked the end of Visigothic rule in Gaul. The Visigoths, of their French kingdom, managed to defend only the Septimania, that is the region between the mouth of the Rhone and the Pyrenees.
Was a war between the Frankish Kingdom and the Kingdom of the Alemanni, both kingdoms created on Roman territory by Germanic peoples during the migration period.
January 497: In 496 Frankish kinf Clovis attacked the Alemanni and subdued them.
Was the inglobation of the Ripuarian Franks into the Frankish kingdom.
January 511: As for the tribes of the Ripuarian Franks, settled on the right bank of the Rhine, in present-day Thuringia, Clovis was expeditious, having their leaders, Cararico, Ragnacaro and Ricaro, assassinated in 510, and securing their lands. It was then the turn of the old ally Sigiberto the Lame, killed, it is said by Clovis' inspiration, by his son Cloderico who, however, could not enjoy the fruit of the parricide, as he was immediately assassinated by Clovis's assassins.
The Frankish Kingdom was partitioned and reuinited several times as the Frankish rulers used to divide their territories equally among their heirs. This lead also to a number of wars and revolts.
12.1.Partition of the Frankish Kingdom (511)
After the death of King Clovis I, the Frankish Kingdom was divided among his four sons.
November 511: Frankish King Clovis died in Paris in 511. According to old Germanic custom, his kingdom was divided equally among his four sons. Childebert received the Kingdom of Paris.
November 511: Frankish King Clovis died in Paris in 511. According to old Germanic custom, his kingdom was divided equally among his four sons. Theuderic received the Kingdom of Metz.
November 511: Frankish King Clovis died in Paris in 511. According to old Germanic custom, his kingdom was divided equally among his four sons. Chlodomer received the Kingdom of Orléans.
November 511: Frankish King Clovis died in Paris in 511. According to old Germanic custom, his kingdom was divided equally among his four sons. Chlothar received the Kingdom of Soissons.
12.2.Unification of the Frankish realm (558)
On 23 December 558, Childebert, the Frankish sub-King of Paris and Orléans died childless after a long illness. This allowed Chlothar, who ruled all other Frankish territories, to reunite the Greater Frankish Kingdom.
December 558: On 23 December 558, Childebert died childless after a long illness. This allowed Chlothar to reunite the Greater Frankish Kingdom, as his father Clovis had done, and seize the treasure of his brother.
December 558: Childebert and Chlothar were sons of King Clovis I of the Franks. Chlothar took advantage of his brother's death in 558 to reunite the Greater Frankish Kingdom and consolidate power by seizing his brother's treasure. This event solidified Chlothar's control over the kingdom.
12.3.Partition of the Frankish Kingdom (561)
The Frankish King Chlothar I died at the end of 561, leaving his kingdom to his four sons.
November 561: The Frankish King Chlothar I died at the end of 561, leaving his kingdom to his four sons. Sigebert received the kingdom of Metz with its capital Reims and Metz.
November 561: The Frankish King Chlothar I died at the end of 561, leaving his kingdom to his four sons. Guntram received Burgundy with a part of the kingdom of Orléans, where he established his capital.
November 561: The Frankish King Chlothar I died at the end of 561, leaving his kingdom to his four sons. Charibert received the ancient kingdom of Childebert I, between the Somme and Pyrénées, with Paris as its capital, and including the Paris Basin, Aquitaine and Provence.
November 561: The Frankish King Chlothar I died at the end of 561, leaving his kingdom to his four sons. Chilperic received the territories north of the kingdom of Soissons.
12.4.War between Theudebert and Theuderic
Was a war between two Teilreiche (polities emerging from the hereditary divisions of the Frankish Kingdom that repeatedly divided and reunited) of the Frankish Kingdom.
January 611: In 610, Theudebert II, the King of Metz, took control of the Duchy of Alsace from Theuderic II, the King of Burgundy. This event was part of the power struggles between the Merovingian kings in the region during that time.
12.5.Chlothar´s conquest of Burgundy and Austrasia (Unification of Francia)
Subking Chlothar II was able to conquer all the other Frankish realms, thus reuniting the Frankish Kingdom.
January 614: In 613 Frankish sub-king Chlothar II defeated Brunhilda (who was regent of the Kingdom of Orleans for her great-grandson Sigebert II) in battle. After having her and Sigebert II executed, Chlothar II reunited all Frankish realms.
12.6.Partition of the Frankish Kingdom (630/40)
When Chlothar II died in 628, Dagobert, in accordance with his father's wishes, granted a subkingdom to his younger brother Charibert II. This subkingdom, commonly called Aquitaine, was a new creation.
January 630: When Frankish sub-king Chlothar died in 628, Dagobert, in accordance with his father's wishes, granted a subkingdom to his younger brother Charibert II. This subkingdom, commonly called Aquitaine, was a new creation.
January 640: After the death of Frankish king Dagobert I, the two Frankish kingdoms of Austrasia and Neustria became independent once again under Sigebert III and Clovis II.
12.7.Unification of the Frankish realm (662)
Frankish mayor of the palace Ebroin reunited the entire Frankish kingdom in name of Chlothar III (nominal ruler of Neustria) by removing Childebert (King of Austrasia, the other Frankish sub-Kingdom) in 661.
January 662: Frankish major Ebroin reunited the entire Frankish kingdom for Clovis's successor Chlothar III, the ruler of Neustria, by killing Grimoald (the mayor of the palace of Austrasia) and removing Childebert (the Austrasian king and also the son of Grimoald) in 661.
12.8.Partition of the Frankish Kingdom (663)
The Frankish Kingdom was partitioned into Austrasia and Neustria.
January 663: The Austrasian aristocracy, led by the Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia, Wulfoald, elevated Childeric II to the throne, splitting again the Frankish Empire into Austrasia and Neustria.
12.9.Unification of the Frankish realm (674)
King Childeric II of Austrasia was able to conquer all the other Frankish realms, thus reuniting the Frankish Kingdom.
January 674: Childeric II, king of Austrasia, taking advantage of the unrest following the death of his brother Chlothar III (the king of Neustria), invaded Neustria in 673, deposed Chlothar's successor Theodoric III and later also marched in Burgundia, becoming ruler of all the Frankish kingdoms.
12.10.Partition of the Frankish Kingdom (676)
The Frankish Kingdom was partitioned into Austrasia and Neustria.
April 676: After the death of Childeric II, who was king of all the Franks, Theuderic III (the younger brother of Childeric) became king of Neustria, whereas Clovis III (whose relationship to Childeric is unclear) became king of Austrasia. At the same time Chilperic, Childeric II legitimate son, was imprisoned in a monastery.
12.11.Unification of the Frankish realm (680)
Frankish subking of Neustria Theuderic III inherited Austrasia and reunited the whole Frankish kingdom under his domain.
January 680: After king Dagobert was murdered in 678 AD, the crown of Austrasia went to Theodoric III who became king of all Franks.
12.12.Frankish Civil War
Was a war between Teilreiche of the Frankish Kingdom (polities emerging from the hereditary divisions of the Frankish Kingdom that repeatedly divided and reunited). After their defeat at the Battle of Vincy, Chilperic and Ragenfrid allied with Odo the Great, the independent duke of Aquitaine, and marched on Soissons. .
October 719: After their defeat at the Battle of Vincy, Chilperic and Ragenfrid allied with Odo the Great, the independent duke of Aquitaine, and marched on Soissons. Unfortunately, Charles had anticipated this, and was awaiting them. That army easily defeated the allied forces of Odo, Chilperic, and Ragenfrid near Soissons. The war was over and Charles was undisputed dux Francorum.
12.12.1.Secession of Neustria and Burgundy
After the death of Pepin of Herstal (de facto ruler of Francia as the Mayor of the Palace), Neustria broke away from the Frankish Kingdom.
September 715: The death of Pepin of Herstal, the Mayor of the Palace of the Frankish Emoire, caused a conflict between his heirs and the Neustrian nobles who sought political independence from Austrasian control. Eventually, Pepin's son Charles Martel was acclaimed mayor by the nobles of Austrasia. At the same time Chilperic II, the cloistered son of Childeric II, was proclaimed king of Neustria.
12.12.2.Unification of the Frankish Kingdom (718)
Unification of the Frankish Kingdom under Charles Martel.
January 719: By 718 Charles Martel was the de facto ruler of Austrasia. He then forced the king of Neustria, Chilperic II, into submission and unified the Frankish realms as Mayor of the Palace of all kingdoms.
12.13.Partition of the Frankish Kingdom (741)
Shortly before his death in October 741, Charles Martel divided the realm between his two sons by his first wife. The division of the kingdom gave Austrasia, Alemannia, and Thuringia to Carloman and Neustria, Provence, and Burgundy to Pepin.
October 741: Succeeding his father as the Mayor of the Palace in 741, Pepin reigned over Francia jointly with his elder brother Carloman. Pepin ruled in Neustria, Burgundy, and Provence, while his brother Carloman established himself in Austrasia, Alemannia and Thuringia. The brothers were active in suppressing revolts led by the Bavarians, Aquitanians, Saxons, and the Alemanni in the early years of their reign. In 743, they ended the Frankish interregnum by choosing Childeric III, who was to be the last Merovingian monarch, as figurehead king of the Franks.
October 741: Shortly before his death in October 741, Charles divided the realm as if he were king between his two sons by his first wife. The division of the kingdom gave Austrasia, Alemannia, and Thuringia to Carloman and Neustria, Provence, and Burgundy to Pepin.
12.14.Unification of the Frankish realm (748)
Carloman of Austrasia withdrew from public life in 747 to take up the monastic habit, thus his brother Pepin of Neustria reunited the whole Frankish Kingdom.
January 748: King Carloman of Austrasia withdrew from public life in 747 to take up the monastic habit. His brother Pepin, who ruled over Neustria, reunited the whole Frankish Kingdom.
12.15.Partition of the Frankish Kingdom (768)
Upon Pepin's death in 768, his sons, Charles (the future Charlemagne) and Carloman, once again divided the kingdom between themselves.
September 768: Upon Pepin's death in 768, his sons, Charles and Carloman, once again divided the kingdom between themselves. Carloman received the one that had been devolved to his uncle Carloman, namely Austrasia, Alemania, Thuringia, and the tributary countries.
12.16.Unification of the Frankish realm (771)
After the death of Carloman, his surviving brother Charles (the future Charlemagne) reunited the Frankish Kingdom.
December 771: The death of Carlomannoa Salmontiaco, again according to Einhard, occurred as a result of an illness, after just over two years of reign. It was sudden (December 4, 771) and talked about. Despite having heirs, in particular the eldest son, Pippin, half of the kingdom owned by Carloman, after a small meeting of nobles, went to Charles, who was proclaimed his brother's successor for which he had power over the whole kingdom of the Franks without bloodshed.
12.17.Partition of the Frankish Empire (Treaty of Verdun)
The Treaty of Verdun, signed in August 843, was the first of the treaties that divided the Carolingian Empire into three kingdoms among the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious, who was the son of Charlemagne. The treaty, signed in Verdun-sur-Meuse, ended the three-year Carolingian Civil War.
September 843: The Treaty of Verdun, signed in August 843, divided the Carolingian Empire into three kingdoms among the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious, who was the son of Charlemagne. The treaty, signed in Verdun-sur-Meuse, ended the three-year Carolingian Civil War.
12.18.Partition of West Francia
After the death of West Frankish Emperor Louis the Stammerer In March 880 at Amiens, the Kingdom was divided among his two sons.
January 880: After the death of Louis the Stammerer (879), Aquitaine and West Francia in general experienced a period of instability during which the outlying regions, such as Catalonia, became de facto independent of central royal authority.
January 880: The County of Ribagorza was originally the independent creation of a local dynasty.
12.19.Unification of the Frankish realm under Charles the Fat
After the death of the Emperor of East Francia, Charles the Fat, who was already Emperor of West Francia, was able to reuinite the whole Frankish Empire. Charles the Fat was the last Carolingian emperor of legitimate birth and the last to rule a united kingdom of the Franks.
December 884: Carloman II died near Les Andelys, while he was hunting, on 12 December 884. Leaving no direct heirs, the Franks reunited and decided to turn to the Emperor, Charles the Fat, who succeeded Carloman both on the throne of Aquitaine and on that of the West Franks.
12.20.Secession of East Francia
In late 887, Charles the Fat's nephew, Arnulf of Carinthia revolted and assumed the title of King of the East Franks.
November 887: In late 887, emperor Charles the Fat's nephew, Arnulf of Carinthia revolted and assumed the title as King of the East Franks.
12.21.Partition of the Frankish realm after the death of Charles the Fat
After the Death of Charles the fat, Oddo was proclamated King of West francia.
January 888: In 888 Berengar of Friuli managed to convince a special diet of Counts and Bishops meeting in Pavia, then considered the capital of the Kingdom, to be elected as the successor of Charles the Fat on the Italian throne.
January 888: When Emperor Charles the Fat died in 888, after having been deposed the year before, Rudolf managed to get himself elected king of all Transjurana Burgundy.
January 888: After the Death of Charles the fat Oddo is proclamated King of West francia.
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After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century the Old Saxons who remained in Germania were loosely associated with the Merovingian kingdom of Franks, but practically remained independent and maintained their old pagan religion.
January 532: After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century the Old Saxons who remained in Germania were loosely associated within a confederation. Hadugato was the first documented duke of the Saxons.
During the Gothic War against the Byzantine Empire, the Ostrogoths ceded Provence to the Frankish Kingdom.
January 538: In 537, a conflict broke out between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Ostrogothic kingdom. To ensure Frankish neutrality in the conflict, King Vitiges ceded Provence to them.
January 538: In 537, a conflict broke out between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Ostrogothic kingdom. To ensure Frankish neutrality in the conflict, King Vitiges offered Provence, which the Frankish Kings shared between them, along with the northern Alps with sovereignty over the Alemanni, by grabbing the upper Rhine valley, Main, and high Danube. When the Ostrogoths ceded Provence to the Franks, he (Chlothar) received the cities of Orange, Carpentras, and Gap.
Were a series of conflicts between the Roman Empire and the Goths.
15.1.Gothic War (535-554)
Was a war between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy. The war had its roots in the ambition of the Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I to recover the provinces of the former Western Roman Empire, which the Romans had lost to invading barbarian tribes.
15.1.1.First Intervention (Gothic War)
Was the first Eastern Roman campaign in Italy under General Belisarius during the Gothic War (535-554).
September 539: Frankish raid in Liguria.
October 539: After their raid, the Franks left Liguria.
Was a war between Frankish subking Chlothar and the Saxons.
January 556: Between 555 and 556, the Saxons revolted again, perhaps instigated by Childebert. Faced with the Saxon revolt and threat of a massacre, Chlothar preferred peace talks. He offered to forego battle if they would accept his demand to continue to pay him tribute, despite a previous rejection. But his men, aggressive, eager for battle, contested the decision.
February 556: After an incredibly bloody battle, the Saxons and Franks made peace.
Were a series of conflict between the Kingdom of Frisia and the Frankish Kingdom. Frisia was finally inglobated into the Frankish domains.
January 631: By 630 the situation had changed. The Merovingian king Dagobert I brought the Frankish empire under one banner again and conquered the lands south of the Oude Rijn. This time they brought Christianity to the Frisian lands and built a church in Utrecht.
January 690: In 689, however, Pepin launched a campaign of conquest in Western Frisia. All the land between the Scheldt and the Vlie was incorporated into Francia.
January 720: It is not certain who the successor of Redbad was. It is believed that there were troubles with the succession, because the Frankish opponent Charles Martel easily invaded Frisia and subjugated the territory. The resistance was so weak that Charles Martel not only annexed Frisia Citerior, but he also crossed the Rhine and annexed "farther" Frisia, to the banks of the river Vlie.
January 735: In 734 Charles fought against Eastern Frisia and finally subdued it.
17.1.Establishment of the Kingdom of Frisia
The Kingdom of Frisia emerged in ca. 600 AD.
January 601: The Kingdom of Friesland, also known as Magna Frisia, was a kingdom in what is now the Netherlands and northern Germany, established around the year 600.
17.2.Annexation of East Frisia
In 734 at the Battle of the Boarn the Frisians were defeated and the Franks annexed the Frisian lands between the rivers Vlie and Lauwers.
January 735: In 734 at the Battle of the Boarn the Frisians were defeated and the Franks annexed the Frisian lands between the Vlie and the Lauwers.
Were a series of revolts by the Kingdom of Thuringia against Frankish overlordship.
18.1.Independance of the Kingdom of the Thuringians
Was the secession of Thuringia after the death of the Frankish king Dagobert I.
January 639: In 641 he took part in the war against Duke Radulfo, to whom his father, Dagobert I had entrusted the defense of Thuringia, a frontier territory threatened by the Saxons, but who had rebelled after the death of Dagobert, in 639, creating an independent duchy .
18.2.War of Thuringia
Was a war between Austrasia and the Kingdom of Thuringia that had seceded from the Frankish domains.
January 642: In 641 he took part in the war against Duke Radulfo, to whom his father, Dagobert I had entrusted the defense of Thuringia, a frontier territory threatened by the Saxons, but who had rebelled after the death of Dagobert, in 639, creating an independent duchy .
18.3.Secession of Thuringia (643)
Was the secession of Thuringia after a revolt against Sigebert III of Austrasia.
January 643: In 642, he rebelled against Sigebert and defeated his army, taking the title of rex or king of Thuringia. His success is usually considered an indicator of the roi fainéant phenomenon and of undoing of the Merovingians' accomplishments. His sons, Theotbald and Heden I, succeeded him.
18.4.Secession of Thuringia (720)
Was the secession of Thuringia during the reign of Charles Martel.
January 720: A conflict with Charles Martel around 717-19 brought the autonomy of Thurinigia to an end.
The duchy of Aquitaine as a quasi-independent realm within the Frankish empire established itself by 700 under Odo the Great.
January 701: The duchy of Aquitaine as a quasi-independent realm within the Frankish empire established itself during the second half of the 7th century, certainly by 700 under Odo the Great.
Were a series of military campaigns by Frankish ruler Charles Martel.
20.1.Campaign of Charles Martel against the Saxons
Was a military campaign by Frankish ruler Charles Martel agains the Saxons.
January 719: Between 718 and 723, Charles secured his power through a series of victories: he won the loyalty of several important bishops and abbots by donating lands and money for the foundation of abbeys and subjugated Bavaria and Alemannia. Having unified the Franks under his banner, Charles was determined to punish the Saxons who had invaded Austrasia. Therefore, late in 718, he laid waste their country to the banks of the Weser, the Lippe, and the Ruhr. He defeated them in the Teutoburg Forest and thus secured the borders in the name of King Clotaire.
February 719: Between 718 and 723, Charles secured his power through a series of victories: he won the loyalty of several important bishops and abbots by donating lands and money for the foundation of abbeys and subjugated Bavaria and Alemannia. Having unified the Franks under his banner, Charles was determined to punish the Saxons who had invaded Austrasia. Therefore, late in 718, he laid waste their country to the banks of the Weser, the Lippe, and the Ruhr. He defeated them in the Teutoburg Forest and thus secured the borders in the name of King Clotaire.
Were the military campaigns of the Umayyad Caliphate in modern-day Spain, Portugal and France.
21.1.Umayyad conquest of Hispania
Was an Umayyad Caliphate invasion of the Iberian Peninsula from c. 710-780. The conquest resulted in the defeat of the Visigothic Kingdom and the establishment of the Umayyad Wilayah of Al-Andalus.
21.1.1.Campaign of Septimania
Umayyad military campaign in Septimania (southern France).
June 721: The Battle of Toulouse in 721 was a decisive victory for the Frankish forces led by Duke Odo of Aquitaine against the Umayyad Caliphate. Al-Samh was the Umayyad governor of Al-Andalus who led the unsuccessful campaign. His defeat marked the end of Umayyad control in the region.
January 722: Siege of Toulouse.
21.2.Frankish-Umayyad Wars
Were a series of wars between the Umayyad Caliphate, which had conquered the Iberian Peninsula, and the Frankish Kingdom.
June 732: 732: A Muslim army under Abd ar-Rahman defeats an army of Duke Eudos of Aquitaine (or Odo the Great) near Bordeaux. The Moors then sack Aquitaine.
December 732: End of the sack of Aquitaine by the Muslim army.
January 753: Siege of Narbonne (759).
January 760: Siege of Narbonne: After the fall of Narbonne, the Muslims are forced to withdraw from Septimania and retreat beyond the Pyrenees.
June 778: A double expedition was set up in the spring of 778, and during the summer the two armies met in front of Zaragoza, but at that time the city was held by loyalists, contrary to what Suleyman claimed. Threatened with intervention from the Emir of Cordoba, the Franks lift the siege and leave Spain, after looting Pamplona.
January 786: In 785, the Kingdom of the Franks, led by King Charlemagne, took control of Gerona, a city in modern-day Spain.
Were a series military campaigns from the 8th century until 1492 by the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula to reconquer the region from the Islamic rulers that had conquered it during the Umayyad conquest of Hispania.
January 726: 725: Muslim raids reach Autun in the Frankish Empire.
February 726: End of Muslim raid in Autun (Frankish Empire).
January 779: In 778, Charlemagne led the Franks in an attack on Zaragoza, a city in modern-day Spain.
February 779: The Franks were unable to capture the city of Zaragoza and were forced to retreat.
January 791: In 790, the territories of Ribagorza and Pallars were linked to Toulouse and became part of the Kingdom of the Franks under the rule of Charlemagne, a prominent Frankish king and emperor. This expansion of the Frankish kingdom helped solidify Charlemagne's power in the region.
January 793: Hisham I, Emir of Cordoba, calls for jihad against the infidels in Al-Andalus and in the Frankish Empire. Tens of thousands of volunteers from as far away as Syria follow his call. Narbonne is destroyed, but the invasion is stopped near Carcassonne.
February 793: After the forces of the Caliphate of Cordoba raided southern France, they returned to Spain.
January 884: In 883, the Christian King Alfonso III of Asturias led a successful counteroffensive, capturing the territories of Deza and Atienza from the Moors. This marked a significant victory in the Reconquista, the Christian reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim rule.
January 921: After the defeat of the Moors in 920, King Sancho I of Pamplona led the Christian counteroffensive, quickly taking control of La Rioja and annexing the territories of Nájera and Viguera into the Kingdom of Pamplona.
22.1.Expansion of the Frankish Spanish March
Were a series of military campaigns by the Frankish rulers that led to the creation of a buffer zone between the Iberian Peninsula, controlled by the Umayyad Caliphate, and the Frankish Empire.
January 795: Frankish overlordship expanded to the upper Ebro (794).
January 799: Urgell and Cerdanya were added to the Marca Hispanica in 798.
January 799: Pamplona conquered by frankish empire.
January 801: The first records of the county of Empúries (with Perelada) are from 812 but the county was probably under Frankish control before 800.
January 802: After a series of struggles the County of Barcelona (with Ausona) was taken by Frankish forces in 801.
January 812: All of Catalonia falls under Frankish control.
February 921: After their raid in Gascony, the Muslim forces of Cordoba left the region.
February 924: A Muslim army leaves Pamplona after a raid.
22.2.Conquests of Abd ar-Rahman III
Were the conquests of the Emir and later Caliph of Córdoba, Abd ar-Rahman III.
January 921: 920: Muslim forces cross the Pyrenees, invade Gascony, besiege Toulouse and kill the garrison of Muez.
January 924: Pamplona is destroyed by a Muslim army.
January 951: It is believed that the first settlers to arrive came from the Toltec people in central Mexico, mostly Puebla during the Chichimeca-Toltec civil wars in the 10th century AD.
Were a series of invasions of Saxony by the Frankish Kingdom to impose them the Christian faith.
January 744: Carloman, sub-king of Austrasia, conquered the castle of Hoohseoburg and defeated the Saxons led by Duke Theodoric forcing them to peace.
February 744: Carloman, sub-king of Austrasia, conquered the castle of Hoohseoburg and defeated the Saxons led by Duke Theodoric forcing them to peace.
January 745: Then, still in 744, Carloman and Pippin intervened with the army to put down the rebellion in Saxony and, after having captured the duke Theodoric once again, having made a large number of prisoners and ascertaining that they were of similar stock to the inhabitants of his reign, Carloman acquired them as subjects and many of them converted to the Christian faith and asked to be baptized.
February 745: Then, still in 744, Carloman and Pippin intervened with the army to put down the rebellion in Saxony and, after having captured the duke Theodoric once again, having made a large number of prisoners and ascertaining that they were of similar stock to the inhabitants of his reign, Carloman acquired them as subjects and many of them converted to the Christian faith and asked to be baptized.
January 749: In 748, the Saxons, as was their custom, had broken their oaths, so Pippin was forced to intervene, with the help of the Frisians. After many of them had already been killed or taken prisoner and their lands burned, the Saxons, seized with fear, sued for peace, promising to be tributaries.
February 749: In 748, the Saxons, as was their custom, had broken their oaths, so Pippin was forced to intervene, with the help of the Frisians. After many of them had already been killed or taken prisoner and their lands burned, the Saxons, seized with fear, sued for peace, promising to be tributaries.
January 750: Seeing, moreover, that they could not oppose the Franks, having dismissed their commanders, they converted to the Christian faith. But then, due to pressure from the Bavarians, they abjured their faith and did not keep their word, so in 749, Pepin returned with the army to Saxony.
February 750: Seeing, moreover, that they could not oppose the Franks, having dismissed their commanders, they converted to the Christian faith. But then, due to pressure from the Bavarians, they abjured their faith and did not keep their word, so in 749, Pepin returned with the army to Saxony.
January 759: In 758, Pepin the Short, King of the Franks, led a campaign to the Tribal Confederation of the Saxons, where he defeated and massacred the Saxons in Sitnia. This brutal act helped to subdue the Saxons' resistance to Frankish rule for several years.
February 759: In 758, Pepin, the King of the Franks, led a campaign in Saxony and defeated the Saxons at Sitnia, crushing their resistance for years. Pepin was the son of Charlemagne and a powerful ruler in the Frankish Empire. The Saxons were a tribal confederation in the region.
Was a council meeting at Cannstatt, now a part of Stuttgart, in 746 that took place as a result of an invitation by the Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia, Carloman, the eldest son of Charles Martel, of all nobles of the Alemanni. Carloman arrested several thousand noblemen who attended accusing them of taking part in the uprising of Theudebald, Duke of Alamannia and Odilo, Duke of Bavaria, and summarily executed them all for high treason.
January 747: According to the annals of Metz, the annales Petaviani and an account by Childebrand, Carloman arrested several thousand noblemen who attended accusing them of taking part in the uprising of Theudebald, Duke of Alamannia and Odilo, Duke of Bavaria, and summarily executed them all for high treason. The number of deaths is a matter of debate. The action eliminated virtually the entire tribal leadership of the Alemanni and ended the independence of the duchy of Alamannia, after which it was ruled by Frankish dukes.
Were a series of wars between the Frankish and Lombard Kingdoms. Charlemagne finally incorporated the Kingdom of the Lombards in the Frankish Kingdom.
25.1.First War of Aistulf
Was the first War between Pepin the short, King of the Franks, and Aistulf, King of the Lombards.
January 756: Worried about the rise of Lombard power, Pope Stephen II asked for the intervention of Pepin the Short, king of the Franks. The Frankish king was also freshly indebted to the papacy for legitimizing his usurpation against the Merovingians and wanted to prevent the highest Catholic religious authority, also influential within his kingdom, from becoming a vassal of the Lombards. In the spring of 755 Pepin moved against the Lombard and faced them in battle at the locks of the Val di Susa, inflicting a severe defeat on his enemies. The Lombard king fled to Pavia, which was besieged by Pepin.
February 756: The Frankish army leave Pavia, ending the siege of the city.
25.2.Second War of Aistulf
Was the second War between Pepin the short, King of the Franks, and Aistulf, King of the Lombards.
January 757: Pippin, in 756, crossed the Alps again at the Moncenisio pass (Pippin's second expedition against Astolfo). The Longobards, having left Rome, had taken to the locks of the Alpine passes, where they were defeated by the Franks (April 756). Then, with his nephew Tassilone III of Bavaria, Pepin devastating the region pursued them up to Pavia, which was placed under siege.
February 757: Pippin, in 756, crossed the Alps again at the Moncenisio pass (Pippin's second expedition against Astolfo). The Longobards, having left Rome, had taken to the locks of the Alpine passes, where they were defeated by the Franks (April 756). Then, with his nephew Tassilone III of Bavaria, Pepin devastating the region pursued them up to Pavia, which was placed under siege.
25.3.Frankish Invasion of Italy (773)
Was the first military campaign of Frankish King Charles the Great against the Kingdom of the Lombards.
May 773: Hadrian excommunicated the Lombard king and asked for help from Charlemagne. The Frankish king was at the time engaged in the wars against the Saxons, but nevertheless answered the call to save his prestige as protector of the papacy. In the spring of 773 Charles gathered his army near Geneva and divided it into two sections: one would descend the Valle d'Aosta, defended by Adelchi, the other, led by Charles himself, would follow the traditional route across the Moncenisio. There, at the Chiuse near Susa, Desiderio managed to hold back the Franks, but the front manned by Adelchi gave way under the impact of the army led by Carlo's uncle, Bernardo.
25.4.Frankish Invasion of Italy (775)
Was the second military campaign of Frankish king Charles the Great against the Kingdom of the Lombards, which was annexed to the Frankish possessions.
January 775: In 774 the pontiff gave him the title of patricius Romanorum. Charles donated Roman Tuscia (with the centers of Ronciglione, Viterbo, Tuscania, Soana) together with some centers of Longobard Tuscia (Populonia, Rusellae and Castrum Felicitatis) and to Ancona, Numana and Osimo: a total of ten cities;.
January 775: Charles conquered the Lombards and thus included northern Italy in his sphere of influence.
January 775: In 776, Charlemagne, the King of the Franks, conquered the Duchy of Spoleto, adding it to his expanding Carolingian Empire. This conquest came two years after the fall of Pavia, another significant victory for Charlemagne.
January 776: Passed under the control of the francs together with the Longobardia Maior.
January 777: In 776, Charlemagne, the King of the Franks, conquered Spoleto, a territory in Italy. This victory came two years after the fall of Pavia, another significant conquest for Charlemagne and his Carolingian Empire.
January 783: Pope Adrian renounced Terracina and, in exchange, obtained Sabina from the Franks.
January 788: In 787 the siege of Salerno by Charlemagne forced him to submit to the lordship of the Franks.
January 789: Grimoald III, who had also succeeded in overturning the balance of power with the Franks, obtaining from them a partial submission.
January 789: Territorial gains of the Holy see by 788 based on maps.
February 789: The last tribal stem duchy to be incorporated was Bavaria in 788, after Duke Tassilo III had tried in vain to maintain his independence through an alliance with the Lombards. The conquest of the Lombard Kingdom by Charlemagne entailed the fall of Tassilo, who was deposed in 788. From that point, Bavaria was administrated by Frankish prefects.
Were a series of military campaigns by Frankish king Pepin the short against Aquitania.
January 760: In 759-760, Pippin the Short, King of the Franks, clashed with Waifer, Duke of Aquitaine, over rebellious Franks and church issues. Waifer sent ambassadors and hostages to secure peace with Pippin, maintaining control over Aquitaine.
February 760: In 759-760, Pippin the Short, King of the Franks, clashed with Waifer, Duke of Aquitaine, over rebellious Franks and church issues. Waifer sent ambassadors and hostages to secure peace with Pippin, maintaining control over Aquitaine.
January 761: In 761, Pippin the Short, King of the Franks, intervened in the Kingdom of Aquitania due to Waifer's support for Frankish rebels and disputes with the French church. Waifer sent ambassadors and hostages to negotiate peace with Pippin, agreeing to his conditions to avoid conflict.
February 761: In 761, Pippin the Short, King of the Franks, intervened in the Kingdom of Aquitania due to Waifer's support for Frankish rebels and disputes with the French church. Waifer sent ambassadors and hostages to negotiate peace with Pippin, agreeing to his conditions to avoid conflict.
January 762: Pippin, also known as Pepin the Short, was the King of the Franks. In 761, he launched a military campaign and ravaged Aquitaine, a territory ruled by Duke Waifer. This event marked the expansion of the Kingdom of the Franks into Aquitania.
February 762: Pippin the Short, King of the Franks, ravaged Aquitaine in 762. This military campaign was part of Pippin's efforts to expand the Frankish kingdom and assert his authority over the region, which was ruled by Duke Waiofar. The Kingdom of Aquitania was eventually absorbed into the Frankish Empire.
January 763: Pippin returned the following year and laid siege to Bituricam (modern Bourges) and captured it, allowing any defenders sent by Waifer who had been captured to return to their lands, while the rebuilt Bitorica was occupied by the Franks.
February 763: Pippin returned the following year and laid siege to Bituricam (modern Bourges) and captured it, allowing any defenders sent by Waifer who had been captured to return to their lands, while the rebuilt Bitorica was occupied by the Franks.
January 766: In the years 765 and 766, Pepin invaded Aquitaine.
February 766: End of Frankish invasion of Aquitaine.
January 767: In the years 765 and 766, Pepin invaded Aquitaine.
February 767: End of Frankish invasion of Aquitaine.
January 768: In 767, Pepin the Short, King of the Franks, traveled to Aquitaine with his wife Queen Bertrada to capture Waifer, who had rebelled and taken control of part of the duchy. Pepin's intervention ultimately led to Aquitaine being incorporated into the Kingdom of the Franks.
February 768: In 767, Pepin the Short, King of the Franks, traveled to Aquitaine with Queen Bertrada to capture Waifer, who had rebelled and taken control of part of the Kingdom of Aquitania. Pepin's intervention aimed to restore his authority over the region.
Military campaigns initiated by the Frankish emperor Charlemagne.
27.1.Saxon Wars
Were a series of wars and revolts in Saxony during the reign of Charles the Great.
January 774: In mid-January 772, the sacking and burning of the church of Deventer by a Saxon expedition was the casus belli for the first war waged by Charlemagne to the Saxons. Frankish invasion of Saxon territory and the subjugation of the Engrians and destruction of their sacred symbol Irminsul near Paderborn in 772 or 773 at Eresburg.
January 776: Charlemagne's second campaign came in the year 775. Then he marched through Westphalia, conquering the fort of Sigiburg.
January 776: Charlemagne crossed Engria, where he defeated the Saxons.
January 779: By 778 AD the Saxons were moreor less independent again.
September 779: In summer 779, Charlemagne again went into Saxony and conquered Eastphalia, Engria, and Westphalia.
January 783: Charlemagne conquerd Saxony.
27.2.Frankish war against Venice
Was a war between the Frankish Empire and Venice.
June 810: The Franks attacked the lagoons of Venice both from the sea and from the mainland, quickly conquering the more peripheral centers such as Grado. In particular, they reached as far as Albiola, a very short distance from the capital, Malamocco.
September 810: During the final battle, which took place in the lagoon waters behind Malamocco, the Frankish fleet, awkward in maneuvering among the intricate lagoon weaves of canals and slums, was easy prey for the agile Venetian boats. The invaders were annihilated.
The last tribal stem duchy to be incorporated into the Frankish Kingdom was Bavaria in 788, after Duke Tassilo III had tried in vain to maintain his independence through an alliance with the Lombards.
January 789: The last tribal stem duchy to be incorporated was Bavaria in 788, after Duke Tassilo III had tried in vain to maintain his independence through an alliance with the Lombards. The conquest of the Lombard Kingdom by Charlemagne entailed the fall of Tassilo, who was deposed in 788. From that point, Bavaria was administrated by Frankish prefects.
Was a Byzantine military campaign against the Lombard Duchy of Benevento.
January 789: In 788 the principality was again invaded by Byzantine troops, this time led by Adelchi, the son of Desiderius, who had found refuge in Constantinople. An attempt at recovery that was skilfully thwarted by the son of Arechi II, Grimoald III, who had also managed to overturn the balance of power with the Franks, partially subduing them. The Franks also took part in the war against Adelchi who, during the war, launched themselves several times to attack the same territories of Benevento, obtaining some small conquests. Notable was only the annexation of Chieti to the Duchy of Spoleto.
The Franks submitted the Avar Khaganate in 796 AD.
January 797: By 796, the Avar chieftains had surrendered and became open to the acceptance of Christianity. In the meantime, all of Pannonia was conquered by the Franks. According to the Annales Regni Francorum, the Avars began to submit to the Franks in 796.
The Frankish king Charlemagne was crowned Imperator Romanorum ("Emperor of the Romans") in Saint Peter's Basilica by Pope Leo III.
December 800: In 797 the throne of the Byzantine Empire was usurped by Irene of Athens. The fact that the Roman throne was occupied by a woman prompted the pope to consider the Roman throne vacant. During the Christmas mass of 25 December 800, in St. Peter's basilica, Charlemagne was crowned emperor by Pope Leo III, a title never used again in the West after the dismissal of Romulus Augustus in 476.
Were a series of conflicts between the Byzantine Empire and the Avar Khaganate.
January 823: The southern part of the Avar Khaganate is conquered by the Byzantines.
Was a war between the Bretons and the Frankish Empire where Brittany became effectively independent of the Frankish Empire.
August 851: As the Bretons decisively defeated the Franks in the Battle of Jengland (851), Brittany became effectively independent of the Frankish Empire.
The Magyars (or Hungarians) successfully conquered the Carpathian Basin (corresponding to the later Kingdom of Hungary) by the end of the ninth century, and launched a number of plundering raids thoughout Europe.
January 918: Between 917 and 925, the Magyars raided through Basel, Alsace, Burgundy, Provence and the Pyrenees.
February 918: Between 917 and 925, the Magyars raided through Basel, Alsace, Burgundy, Provence and the Pyrenees. The Magyars then left the raided territories.
January 943: Hungarians raided Spain, particularly Catalonia, in 942 AD.
February 943: Hungarians raided Spain, particularly Catalonia, in 942 AD. After the raid, they left the occupied regions.
January 552: In surviving records, the Bavarian name was first mentioned historically by the Franks in a list of peoples, prepared in c. 520 AD. The first document that also describes their location (east of the Swabians) is the History of the Goths by the historian Jordanes dating from 551 AD. Probably the Bavarians invaded Austria and southeastern Germany at the time of the Gothic-Byzantine wars.
January 601: At the end of the 6th century, the Frisians occupied the coast up to the mouth of the Weser. In doing so, they assimilated or expelled the Chauken tribe. In the south, Frisians founded the settlement of Dorestad in the 7th century and from there they extended the Frisian sphere of influence to Bruges.
January 614: In 613 Frankish sub-king Chlothar II defeated Brunhilda (who was regent of the Kingdom of Orleans for her great-grandson Sigebert II) in battle. After having her and Sigebert II executed, Chlothar II reunited all Frankish realms.
January 640: After the death of Frankish king Dagobert I, the two Frankish kingdoms of Austrasia and Neustria became independent once again under Sigebert III and Clovis II.
January 662: Frankish major Ebroin reunited the entire Frankish kingdom for Clovis's successor Chlothar III, the ruler of Neustria, by killing Grimoald (the mayor of the palace of Austrasia) and removing Childebert (the Austrasian king and also the son of Grimoald) in 661.
January 701: The duchy of Aquitaine as a quasi-independent realm within the Frankish empire established itself during the second half of the 7th century, certainly by 700 under Odo the Great.
January 724: In 723 Charles Martel suppressed the Saxons again.
February 724: End of Frankish raid in Saxony.
January 733: Odo engaged the Franks in battle, but lost and came out weakened. Soon after this battle, in 732, the Moors raided Vasconia and Aquitaine as far north as Poitiers and defeated Odo twice near Bordeaux. Odo saw no option but to invoke the aid of Charles Martel and pledge allegiance to the Frankish prince.
January 736: Odo was succeeded by his son Hunald, who reverted to former independence, so defying the Frankish Mayor of the Palace Charles Martel's authority.
January 754: Frankish king Pepin the Short takes Vannes from the Bretons and organizes the first Marche de Bretagne.
January 754: Establishment of the Frankish protectorate over Brittany.
January 775: Imperial immediacy of the Fulda Abbey.
January 775: After the fall of the Kingdom of the Lombards, the Lombard territories in Benevento remained as a rump state and maintained their de facto independence. The duke did not miss the opportunity to raise his dignity and assumed the title of Prince, elevating his domain to a Principality.
January 776: Hersfeld Abbey gains imperial immediacy.
January 776: The Strassburg Prince-Bishopric acquired new territories.
January 793: Murbach Abbey gains imperial immediacy.
January 796: The Obotrites established a confederation of medieval West Slavic tribes within the territory of modern Mecklenburg and Holstein in northern Germany.
January 799: In the Battle of Bornhöved in 798 the Obodrites, led by Drożko, allied with the Franks, defeated the Nordalbingian Saxons.
January 805: In 804, Bulgaria conquered the southeastern Avar lands in Transylvania and southeastern Pannonia up to the Middle Danube River, and many Avars became subjects of the Bulgarian Empire.
January 806: Around 805, Bulgarian emperor Krum defeated the Avar Khaganate.
January 806: The Principality of Nitra is said to have existed from before 805 to 1110 on the territory of today's Slovakia.
January 811: The Moors managed to briefly take control of the island of Corsica in 810.
January 812: The Moors were eventually wiped out of Corsica by an expedition led by the Emperor's son Charles.
January 813: The Franks also waged wars with the Byzantine Empire until a peace treaty, known as the Pax Nicephori, was signed in 812. By that treaty the Byzantines retained control of the coastal cities and islands in Dalmatia, while acknowledging Frankish rule over Istria and the Dalmatian hinterland.
January 818: After defeat in Pancorbo, Pamplona, led by the native Basque lord Iñigo Arista, detached (817) from the Frankish Kingdom.
January 821: Aragon conquered by Kingdom of Aragon.
January 823: Vlastimir was the ruler of the Principality of Serbia in the early medieval period. In 822, he successfully defended against a Bulgarian attack and brought the Principality of Travunia under his control, solidifying his power in the region.
January 830: Whatever was left of Avar power was effectively ended when the Bulgars expanded their territory into the central and eastern portions of traditional Avar lands around 829.
January 830: The Franks turned the Avar lands under their control into a frontier march.
January 831: The exact date of the founding of the Moravian state or empire is disputed. Dušan Třeštík assumes that the Moravian state formation process began around 790 and was completed around 831 under the Moravian prince Mojmir I (around 830-846).
January 840: The Principality of Lower Pannonia emerges in history shortly after the creation of Great Moravia north of the Danube in 833: Pribina, until then prince of the Principality of Nitra, was expelled from his country by Mojmír I of Moravia. After various adventures, he received from the Franks the territories located in Lower Pannonia in 839 where he created the Principality.
January 877: After Kocel's death in 876, the Principality of Lower Pannonia again became a march of East Francia.
January 885: During the War of Succession in the eastern Frankish Empire in 884, the region of Lower Pannonia was conquered by Great Moravia, a powerful Slavic state ruled by Prince Svatopluk I. This expansion of Great Moravia significantly increased their territorial influence in the region.
January 911: After taking the political power from Fortún Garcés, Sancho Garcés, son of Dadilde, sister of Raymond I, Count of Pallars and Ribagorza, proclaimed himself king, terminating the alliance with the Emirate of Córdoba and expanding its domains through the course of the River Ega all the way south to the Ebro and taking the regions of Nájera and Calahorra, which caused the decline of the Banu Qasi family, who ruled these lands.
Disestablishment
January 951: It is believed that the first settlers to arrive came from the Toltec people in central Mexico, mostly Puebla during the Chichimeca-Toltec civil wars in the 10th century AD.
January 951: When the Moors reconquered most of the Spanish territories north of the Ebro River, what remained of the Marca Hispanica was divided between the Frankish Empire and the Kingdom of Pamplona.
Selected Sources
De La Blanche, P. (1894): Atlas général d'histoire et géographie, Armand Colin & Cie, Editeurs, p.21
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany)
Grégoire de Tours, Histoire, livre IV, 19, 21, 54.
Middleton, J. (2015): World Monarchies and Dynasties Vol.1-3, Routledge, p.195
Sugar, P. F. / Hanák, P. (1994): A History of Hungary, Bloomington (USA), p. 13
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