This article is about the specific polity Tsardom of Russia and therefore only includes events related to its territory and not to its possessions or colonies. If you are interested in the possession, this is the link to the article about the nation which includes all possessions as well as all the different incarnations of the nation.
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Was the centralized Russian state from the assumption of the title of tsar by Ivan IV in 1547 until the foundation of the Russian Empire by Peter I in 1721. During this time the Tsardom extended its control to modern-day European Russia (with the exception of the Caucasus) and most of Asian Russia. After the Great Northern War the Tsardom became the Russian Empire.
Summary
The first Romanov ruler, Michael I, gradually built up the power of the czar above the elected assembly (Zemsky Sobor). The early Romanov czars were generally weak rulers, but they managed to bring some internal order, win over the Cossacks, and expand Russian territory.
Peter the Great transformed Russia from a backward principality into a powerful empire through sweeping reforms and modernization efforts. Peter expanded Russian territory, built a strong military and navy, and made Russia a major European power, though at the cost of increased oppression of the peasantry. After Peter's death, a series of weak rulers followed, leading to rule by court favorites and cliques, until the rise of Catherine the Great in 1762.
Establishment
January 1547: In 1547, Ivan IV was crowned king of Russia.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was a series of wars fought between the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Khanate of Kazan from 1439, until Kazan was finally conquered by the Tsardom of Russia under Ivan the Terrible in 1552.
1.1.Wars of Ivan IV
A Russian military campaign agains the Khanate of Kazan, which was was finally conquered by Russia.
October 1552: In August 1552, forces of Ivan the Terrible, operating from the Russian castle of Sviyazhsk, laid siege to Kazan. The Russians defeated the Tatar inland troops, burnt Archa and some castles. On October 3, after two months of siege and destruction of the citadel walls, the Russians entered the city.
Was a war between the Tsardom of Russia and and the allied forces of the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire.
May 1571: In May 1571, the 120,000-strong Crimean and Turkish army (80,000 Tatars, 33,000 irregular Turks and 7,000 janissaries) led by the khan of Crimea Devlet I Giray, and Big and Small Nogai hordes and troops of Circassians, bypassed the Serpukhov defensive fortifications on the Oka River, crossed the Ugra River and rounded the flank of the 6,000-man Russian army.
May 1571: The Crimean army, led by Khan Devlet I Giray, devastated the towns and villages around Moscow in 1571. The devastating military campaign culminated in the burning of the suburbs of the Russian capital.
May 1571: From May 24 to May 26, 1571 the Crimean Tatars led by Khan Devlet I Giray occupied Moscow. The attack resulted in the destruction of most of the city, including the Kremlin. This event is known as the "Fire of Moscow" and is considered one of the most destructive fires in the city's history.
June 1571: From May 24 to May 26, 1571 the Crimean Tatars led by Khan Devlet I Giray occupied Moscow. The attack resulted in the destruction of most of the city, including the Kremlin. This event is known as the "Fire of Moscow" and is considered one of the most destructive fires in the city's history.
January 1572: After the defeat of the Crimean Khanate in 1571, the Crimean troops, led by Devlet I Giray, were forced to retreat from their occupation of Russian territories. This marked a significant victory for Ivan the Terrible and the Tsardom of Russia in their ongoing conflict with the Crimean Tatars.
August 1572: After the burning of Moscow, Crimean Devlet Giray Khan, supported by the Ottoman Empire, invaded Russia again in 1572.
September 1572: A combined force of Tatars and Turks was repelled by Russia in the Battle of Molodi.
A series of wars fought in northern and northeastern Europe from the 16th to the 18th century.
3.1.Livonian War
Was a war fought over the control of Old Livonia. The Tsardom of Russia faced a varying coalition of the Dano-Norwegian Realm, the Kingdom of Sweden, and the Union (later Commonwealth) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. Old Livonia was finally partitioned between Sweden, Poland-Lithuania and Denmark-Norway.
3.1.1.Russian invasion of Livonia
Was a Russian invasion of Livonia by Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible).
January 1578: Advancement of Russian forces by 1577.
June 1578: Advancement of Russian forces by mid 1578.
3.1.2.Polish and Swedish counterattack (Livonian War)
Were the military operations of Sweden and Poland-Lithuania against the Russian invasion.
September 1580: The forces of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth besieged Velikiye Luki on 29 August and took it on 5 September.
September 1580: A cavalry battle took place on 20 September near Toropets (battle of Toropets) and ended in another Polish victory.
October 1580: Polish forces captured Velizh and Nevel.
January 1581: The fall of Narva, Ivangorod, Jama, and Koporye in 1580 marked Sweden's military occupation of these territories in Livonia. This expansion was part of King Charles IX's efforts to strengthen Sweden's influence in the region.
January 1581: The towns of Kexholm and Padise were taken by Swedish forces led by King John III of Sweden in 1580. This military occupation was part of the Livonian War, a conflict between Sweden, Russia, and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth over control of the Baltic region.
January 1582: During the Livonian War, Sweden, under the leadership of King John III, captured the strategic city of Narva in 1581. This military occupation allowed Sweden to gain control over important trade routes in the region and expand its influence in the Baltic Sea.
3.1.2.1.Treaty of Yam-Zapolsky
The Truce or Treaty of Yam-Zapolsky (Ям-Запольский) or Jam Zapolski, signed on 15 January 1582 between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia, was one of the treaties that ended the Livonian War.
January 1582: The Truce or Treaty of Yam-Zapolsky, signed on 15 January 1582 between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia, was one of the treaties that ended the Livonian War. In the terms of the treaty, Russia renounced its claims to Livonia and Polotsk but conceded no core Russian territories as Batory and returned the territories his armies had been occupying.
3.1.2.2.Truce of Plussa
Was a Truce concluded between Sweden and Russia that ended the Livonian War.
August 1583: The war of Sweden with Russia ended when the Tsar concluded the Truce of Plussa (Plyussa, Pljussa, Plusa) with Sweden on 10 August 1583. Russia relinquished most of Ingria, leaving Narva and Ivangorod under Swedish control. Russia kept a narrow passage to the Baltic Sea at the estuary of the Neva River, between the Strelka and Sestra Rivers.
August 1583: The Treaty of Plussa was signed in 1583 between Tsar Ivan IV of Russia and King John III of Sweden. It allowed Sweden to keep the annexed Russian towns of Ivangorod, Jamburg, Koporye, and Korela with their uyezds, solidifying Swedish control over Ingria.
3.2.Russo-Swedish War (1590-1595)
Was a war between the Kingdom of Sweden and the Tsardom of Russia initiated by the latter in order the reconquer territories lost during the Livonian War.
August 1590: On July 18, 1590, the Swedes landed on the shores of the White Sea and proceeded with great brutality to slaughter the local population and to plunder and desecrate Orthodox churches.
September 1590: On July 18, 1590, the Swedes landed on the shores of the White Sea and proceeded with great brutality to slaughter the local population and to plunder and desecrate Orthodox churches.
October 1591: In September 1591, the Swedish Peterson forces tried unsuccessfully to take the Solovetsky Monastery and once again plundered the shores of the White Sea.
November 1591: End of Swedish raid on the shores of the White Sea.
3.2.1.Treaty of Teusina
The Treaty of Teusina, concluded on 18 May 1595, ended the Russo-Swedish War (1590-95). The treaty revised the provisions of the Truce of Plussa of 1583, restoring to Russia all territories then ceded to Sweden except for Narva. Russia received most of Ingria, with the towns of Ivangorod, Jama, Koporye and Korela Fortress.
May 1595: The Swedish-Russian border was delineated from the outstream of the Systerbäck river into the Gulf of Finland, over lakes Saimaa, Inari, the settlement of Neiden and up to the Murman Sea.
May 1595: The Treaty of Teusina, Tyavzin or Tyavzino was concluded on 18 May 1595 to end the Russo-Swedish War (1590-95) between the powers. The treaty revised the provisions of the Truce of Plussa of 1583, restoring to Russia all territory then ceded to Sweden except for Narva. Russia received most of Ingria, with the towns of Ivangorod, Jama, Koporye and Korela Fortress.
3.3.Russo-Polish War (1654-1667)
Was a major conflict between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth that ended with significant Russian territorial gains.
3.3.1.Truce of Andrusovo
The Truce of Andrusovo established a thirteen-and-a-half year truce, signed in 1667 between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which had fought the Russo-Polish War since 1654 over the territories of modern-day Ukraine and Belarus.
January 1667: The peace negotiations were between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia. The Treaty of Andrusovo was signed by Polish King John II Casimir and Russian Tsar Alexis I, ending the Russo-Polish War of 1654-1667. The treaty resulted in Russia gaining control of Smolensk and Left-Bank Ukraine.
January 1667: During the 1667 truce of Andrusovo, the region of Zaporizhzhia fell under condominium of both the Tsardom of Muscovy and the Kingdom of Poland.
3.4.Great Northern War
Was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.
3.4.1.Phase 1: Swedish Dominance
Was the first phase of the Great Northern War, characterized by Swedish victories.
3.4.1.1.Russian Campaign of Charles XII
Was the Swedish invasion of the Tsardom of Russia during the first phase of the Great Northern War.
July 1708: Battle of Golovchin.
August 1708: When the main Swedish army crossed the Dnieper in the first week of August, Lewenhaupt's army had still not arrived.
September 1708: Finally, King Charles XII of Sweden decided to call off the march on Moscow. When he left Tatarsk in mid-September 1708, it marked the end of Sweden's military occupation of the territory.
July 1709: The troops around King Karl of Sweden reached the Bug River on July 17, 1709. The pasha gave Ochakov permission to enter the Ottoman Empire, ending Charles XII's Russian campaign in a catastrophic defeat against Tsar Peter the Great of Russia.
3.4.2.Phase 2: Sweden Defending itself
Was the second phase of the Great Northern War. It consisted in the counterattack of all the countries that Sweden had invaded during the first phase of the war.
3.4.2.1.Russian Offensive in the Ottoman Empire
Was a Russian military campaign against the Ottoman Empire during the Great Northern War.
July 1711: In 1711 the mouth of the Don was lost in favor of Turkey according to the Prut peace.
July 1711: The conflict was ended on 21 July 1711 by the Treaty of the Pruth that stipulated the return of Azov to the Ottomans.
3.4.3.Peace Treaties of the Great Northern War
Were the peace treaties that ended the Great Northern War.
3.4.3.1.Peace of Nystad
Was a treaty that ended the Great Northern War between the Tsardom of Russia and the Swedish Empire.
September 1721: In the Nystad Peace Treaty (1721), Sweden ceded the areas of Ingria, Livonia, Estonia, the islands of Ösel and Dagö, and South Karelia to Russia.
Was a Russian military campaign that resulted in the conquest of the Khanate of Sibir.
January 1583: Kuchum was a ruler of the Siberian Khanate, while Yermak was a Cossack leader. The Battle of Chuvash Cape marked the defeat of Kuchum's forces by Yermak in 1582, leading to the Cossacks entering Iskar that same year. This event ultimately resulted in the territory of the Siberian Khanate being annexed by the Tsardom of Russia.
January 1585: Kuchum reasserted his authority over Sibir.
January 1587: In 1586 300 Russians built an Ostrog (fortress) at Tyumen.
January 1588: Tobolsk conquered by Tsardom of Russia.
January 1592: In 1591 the Konda River Mansi were annexed by Russia.
January 1595: Tara was founded by the Cossack leader Yermak Timofeyevich in 1594 as a fortress to protect the caravan route along the middle Irtysh River. The territory later came under the control of the Tsardom of Russia.
January 1599: In 1598 Kuchum was defeated by the Russians on the banks of the Ob and was forced to flee to the territories of the Nogai, bringing an end to his rule in Sibir.
January 1603: Foundation of Ketsk.
Were a series of military and exploration campaigns where Russia gradually extended into the territories of northeastern Asia.
January 1593: Expansion of Russia by 1592.
January 1646: The Tsardom of Russia expands through the colonization or voluntary entry of Asian tribes and tribal unions.
January 1650: In 1649, Russian explorer Erofei Khabarov founded the city of Albazin in the Far East of Russia, in the territory covering the left-bank basin of the Amur River.
January 1698: The Tsardom of Russia expands into Kamchatka through the colonization or voluntary entry of Asian tribes and tribal unions.
January 1704: In 1703, the Dzungarian Khan Tsevan Rabdan resettled the Yenisei Kirghiz and their Kyshtyms (about 15-20 thousand people) to the Irtysh River region. Thus ended the history of Hongoray.
Was a period of political crisis during the Tsardom of Russia which began in 1598 with the death of Fyodor I, the last of the Rurik dynasty, and ended in 1613 with the accession of Michael I of the House of Romanov.
6.1.Polish-Muscovite War (1605-1618)
Was a conflict fought between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth together with Zaporozhian Cossacks.
6.1.1.Polish Invasion of Russia (1609)
A Commonwealth army under the command of Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski invaded the Tsardom of Russia in 1609.
September 1609: In 1609, Smolensk was occupied by Poland-Lithuania under the command of Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski.
June 1610: The Siege of Tsaryovo.
July 1610: On 27 July a treaty was signed between the boyars and Żółkiewski promising the Russian boyars the same vast privileges the Polish szlachta had, in exchange for them recognizing Władysław as the new tsar.
6.1.2.Expulsion of the Poles from Russia
Was a revolt against Polish occupation that started in Moscow and finally expelled the Poles from Russia.
November 1611: In 1611, during the Time of Troubles in Russia, the Russians of Moscow revolted against the Polish occupation. The siege of the Moscow Kremlin led to its fall, and on 7 November, the Polish soldiers were forced to withdraw from Moscow.
December 1611: News of the capitulation reached Polish King Sigismund III on December 8 at Volokolamsk, less than 30 kilometers away. Upon finding out about this, the king, who was on his way to help the garrison, decided to halt the march and head back to Poland.
6.1.3.Polish Invasion of Russia (1617)
Was an invasion of the Tsardom of Russia by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
December 1617: In 1617, during the Polish-Muscovite War, the Commonwealth forces led by Jan Karol Chodkiewicz faced resistance near Mozhaisk. Chodkiewicz's intended swift advance to Moscow was thwarted by the stubborn defenders.
October 1618: In 1618, during the Time of Troubles in Russia, the Russian army, led by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, retreated to Moscow to defend the city against the invading forces of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, commanded by Jan Karol Chodkiewicz and Petro Sahaidachny. The siege of Moscow began on 2 October, marking a significant moment in the conflict for control over the Russian territory.
December 1618: Because the armies were not ready for a long siege, the Polish siege of Moscow was lifted.
January 1619: In 1618 Petro Sahaidachny agreed to join the campaign against Tsardom of Russia. His army of Zaporozhian Cossacks invaded from the South, captured and sacked a number of towns, such as Livny, Yelets, Dankov etc. and headed for Moscow.
6.1.4.Truce of Deulino
Was the treaty that ended the Polish-Muscovite War (1609-1618) with notable Polish territorial gains.
January 1619: With the Truce of Deulino at the end of the Polish-Muscovite War (1605-1618), Russia ceded various territories to Poland-Lithuania. The Commonwealth gained control over the Smolensk and Chernihiv Voivodeships.
January 1619: Truce of Deulino (Peace or Treaty of Dywilino) took effect on 4 January 1619.
6.2.Ingrian War
Was a war between the Swedish Empire and the Tsardom of Russia. It ended with a large Swedish territorial gain (including Ingria) in the Treaty of Stolbovo.
6.2.1.Swedish invasion of Russia
Was the Swedish invasion of the Tsardom of Russia during the Ingrian War.
January 1612: In 1611 a Swedish expeditionary corps under Jacob De la Gardie captured Novgorod.
August 1614: Gdov is besieged by Sweden.
6.2.2.Treaty of Stolbovo
Was the treaty that ended the Ingrian War. Sweden gained the province of Ingria. Novgorod and Gdov were restored to Russia.
March 1617: The Treaty of Stolbovo stripped Russia of its access to the Baltic Sea and awarded to Sweden the province of Ingria. Novgorod and Gdov were restored to Russia.
March 1617: The Treaty of Stolbovo was signed on February 27, 1617, between Tsar Michael I of Russia and King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. As a result, Sweden gained the province of Kexholm in Karelia and the province of Ingria, solidifying its territorial expansion in the region.
March 1617: The Treaty of Stolbovo was signed in 1617 between Tsar Michael I of Russia and King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. As a result, Sweden gained the province of Kexholm in Karelia and the province of Ingria, marking a significant territorial expansion for the Kingdom of Sweden.
March 1617: The Kingdom of Sweden gained further parts of finalnd.
Were a series of intermittent skirmishes between the Qing dynasty of China and the Tsardom of Russia in which the latter tried and failed to gain the land north of the Amur River.
January 1650: In 1649 Yerofei Khabarov found a better route to the upper Amur and quickly returned to Yakutsk where he recommended that a larger force be sent to conquer the region. He returned the same year and built winter quarters at Albazin at the northernmost point on the river. He occupied the Daur's fort Albazin after subduing the Daurs led by Arbaši.
September 1650: The Russians sailed down the Amur and built a fort at Achansk.
April 1654: Battle of Hutong.
May 1654: Battle of Hutong.
January 1656: Russian Tsardom has established a "military governor of the Amur region".
January 1659: By 1658 the Chinese had wiped out the Russians below Nerchinsk and the deserted land became a haven for outlaws.
January 1673: In 1672 Albazin received the Czar's pardon and was officially recognized.
January 1686: Siege of Albazin (1685).
January 1687: Most of the Russians withdrew to Nerchinsk, but a few joined the Qing, becoming the Albazin Cossacks at Peking. The Chinese withdrew from the area, but the Russians, hearing of this, returned with 800 men under Aleksei Tolbuzin and reoccupied the fort. .
August 1689: In 1689, by the Treaty of Nerchinsk, the Russians abandoned the whole Amur country including Albazin. The frontier was established as the Argun River and the Stanovoy Range.
August 1689: The Treaty of Nerchinsk of 1689 was the first treaty between Russia and China under the Qing dynasty. The Russians gave up the area north of the Amur River as far as the Stanovoy Range and kept the area between the Argun River and Lake Baikal.
Were a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Domains. The conflicts started with the partition of Hungary between the Ottomans and the Habsburgs after the Battle of Mohács (1526).
8.1.Great Turkish War
Was a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League consisting of the Holy Roman Empire, Poland-Lithuania, Venice, Russia, and Habsburg Hungary.
8.1.1.Russo-Turkish War (1686-1700)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Tsardom of Russia that began after the Tsardom of Russia joined the European anti-Turkish coalition (Habsburg monarchy, Poland-Lithuania, Venice) in 1686, after Poland-Lithuania agreed to recognize Russian incorporation of Kiev and the left bank of Ukraine.
June 1687: In 1687, during the First Crimean Campaign, the Russians, led by Tsar Ivan V, reached the Konskiye Vody river in Crimea.
June 1687: On 17 June the Russians decided to turn back from Crimea.
May 1689: Second crimean campaign: by 3 May they were at the point where the 1687 expedition had turned back.
May 1689: On 20 May the Russian army reached the isthmus of Perekop.
June 1689: Because the Tatars had dug a 7 km ditch which made moving the artillery forward impossible, Prince Vasily Golitsyn ordered the Russian army to turn back from their campaign in the Crimean Khanate.
July 1696: The Azov garrison surrendered on July 19 to Russian forces.
With Tauke Khan's death in 1718, the Kazakh Khanate splintered into three Jüz: the Great jüz, the Middle jüz and the Little jüz. Each Jüz had its own Khan from this time onward.
January 1719: With Tauke Khan's death in 1718, the Kazakh Khanate splintered into three Jüz: the Great jüz, the Middle jüz and the Little jüz. Each Jüz had its own Khan from this time onward.
January 1557: In 1556, Ivan the Terrible, the Tsar of Russia, sent troops to occupy the Khanate of Astrakhan. This marked the incorporation of Astrakhan into the expanding Russian Empire, solidifying Russian control over the region.
January 1558: After Kazan fell to Ivan the Terrible in 1554-1555, representatives of western and northwestern Bashkir tribes approached the Tsar with a request to voluntarily join Muscovy.
January 1569: Haqnazar Khan (Khazakh Khanate) reconquered Saraishyk from the Nogai Horde.
January 1569: Haqnazar Khan annexed the northern regions of Sary-Arka to the Kazakh Khanate.
January 1584: The Principality of Kod is acquired by the Tsardom of Russia after a period of vassalage.
January 1584: In 1583 the Belogorsk principality was conquered by the Tsardom of Russia.
January 1587: The Lyapin principality becomes a vassal of the Russian kingdom (from 1586 ).
January 1594: In 1593, the Kazym principality was conquered by the Russian kingdom.
January 1595: The Principality of the Kumyks became a Russian vassale by voluntary entry.
January 1595: In 1594, the Vogul principality of Kondinskoye was liquidated by the Russians.
January 1595: In 1593, the Bardakovo Principali was conquered by the Russian kingdom.
January 1595: After the defeat of Pelim in 1594, the Tabarin principality recognized the power of Muscovy.
January 1595: Thousands of Nogay Tatars raid southern Muscovite lands.
February 1595: End of Nogay raid in Russia.
January 1596: All Mansi principalities fell to Moscow.
January 1596: The Mansi region was acquired by Russia through gradual conquest and voluntary entry.
January 1603: With the construction of the Narymsky (1598) and Ketsky (1602) forts the Pied Horde was finally conquered by the Russian kingdom.
January 1610: In 1609, Prince Mamruk with the Obdorsk and Nenets detachments in alliance with the Kod regent Anna Purteyeva, with the support of the Kondinsky, Surgut Khanty and Tobolsk Tatars, tried to overthrow the power of the Russian tsar in the Ugra lands, but in vain. From that moment on, the principality finally became dependent on the Russian kingdom.
January 1618: In 1617, the Nogai Horde, led by Khan Temir, and Azov Tatars, led by their chieftain Islyam, launched three raids on southern Russia. These raids were aimed at plundering villages and capturing prisoners.
February 1618: End of Nogai raid in southern Russia.
January 1631: Upon arrival to the lower Volga region in 1630, the Oirats encamped on land that was once part of the Astrakhan Khanate, but was then claimed by the Tsarist government.
January 1634: In 1633, the last Crimean-Nogay raid reached the Oka River in southern Russia.
February 1634: End of Nogay and Crimea raid in Russia.
January 1635: Nogai Horde conquered by the Tsardom of Russia.
January 1635: The Oirat Federation is established.
January 1647: The territory of the Don Cossacks is conquered by the Tsardom of Russia.
January 1650: Anadyr River conquered by Tsardom of Russia.
January 1682: After the death of khanbika (queen) Fatima Soltan in 1681, the Khanate was abolished.
May 1686: A Treaty of Perpetual Peace between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was signed on 6 May 1686 in Moscow. The region of Zaporizhian Sich, Siverian lands, cities of Chernihiv, Starodub, Smolensk and its outskirts were also ceded to Russia, while Poland retained Right-bank Ukraine.
May 1686: Zaporizhzhia fell under Russia.
January 1717: The Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin by dynastic union treaty (Karl Leopold married Ekaterina Ioannovna , niece of Peter I), was occupied during the Northern War.
January 1718: In 1717, the Russian army was withdrawn and the treaty was terminated.
November 1721: In 1721, after the victorious Northern War, Tsar Peter I was proclaimed emperor of All Russia.
Disestablishment
September 1721: In the Nystad Peace Treaty (1721), Sweden ceded the areas of Ingria, Livonia, Estonia, the islands of Ösel and Dagö, and South Karelia to Russia.
November 1721: In 1721, after the victorious Northern War, Tsar Peter I was proclaimed emperor of All Russia.
Selected Sources
Rambaud, A. (1890): Recueil des instructions données aux ambassadeurs et ministres de France depuis les traités de Westphalie jusqu'à la Révolution française, Ancienne Librairie Germer Baillière et Cie., p. 232.
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Tsardom of Russia
