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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Union of Utrecht
Republic of the Seven United Netherlands
Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Great Britain)
Batavian Republic
Kingdom of Holland
Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands
United Kingdom of the Netherlands
Kingdom of the Netherlands
Establishment
January 1579: The treaty for the formation of the Union of Utrecht was signed by the provinces of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht (excluding some areas), and Groningen (excluding the city).
May 1579: Catholic Walloon provinces signed their own defensive Union of Arras on 6 January 1579. Grievances against Spain of Catholics who were becoming more and more concerned about Calvinist violence were satisfied and they could make a separate peace in the form of the Treaty of Arras in May 1579. All the cities of the union of arras that were still at war with spain renewed their allegiance to Spain.
September 1579: In 1579, the cities of Amersfoort, Ypres, Antwerp, Breda, and Brussels joined the Union of Utrecht, a treaty signed by the northern provinces of the Netherlands to oppose Spanish rule. This alliance was led by William the Silent, Prince of Orange, and played a crucial role in the Dutch Revolt against Spanish control.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series of wars in Europe (and the overseas possessions of European countries) the 16th, 17th and early 18th that started after the Protestant Reformation. Although the immediate causes of the wars were religious, the motives were complex and also included territorial ambitions.
1.1.Eighty Years' War
Was the intermittent war of independence of the Dutch Republic, a breakaway state from the Spanish Netherlands. .
1.1.1.Dutch revolt and establishment of the Dutch Republic
Was the revolt of northern protestant regions of the Spanish Neterlands (the southern part was mainly Catholic) that led to the creation of the Dutch Republic.
1.1.1.1.The Union of Utrecht
Was a treaty signed on 23 January 1579 in Utrecht, Netherlands, unifying the northern provinces of the Spanish Netherlands.
January 1580: During the following months of 1579, other states signed the treaty as well, such as Ghent, cities from Friesland, as well as three of the quarters of Guelders (Nijmegen Quarter, Veluwe Quarter, Zutphen County).
March 1580: In February 1580, the cities of Lier and Bruges, along with the surrounding area, joined the Union of Utrecht.
May 1580: In April 1580, Overijssel and Drenthe signed a treaty with the Union of Utrecht.
July 1580: Spanish forces managed to capture most of Groningen, Drenthe and Overijssel.
January 1581: In 1580, the city of Groningen shifted its allegiance to the Union of Utrecht under the influence of George van Rennenberg, the stadtholder for Friesland. This decision was significant as it strengthened the Union of Utrecht's position in the region.
July 1581: The Spanish military leader Alexander Farnese, also known as the Duke of Parma, successfully captured the town of Breda.
July 1581: Minor Spanish reconquests from the rebel Dutch state in 1581.
July 1581: Part of the Spanish Netherlands separated to form the autonomous Dutch Republic in 1581.
January 1583: The Spanish captured the fortress city of Steenwijk.
January 1584: The cities of Dunkirk and Nieuwpoort fell to the Spanish forces led by Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma.
May 1584: Ypres conquered by spain.
June 1584: Bruges conquered by spain.
October 1584: Ghent, cities from Friesland, as well as three of the quarters of Guelders (Nijmegen Quarter, Veluwe Quarter, Zutphen County) conquered by spain.
April 1585: Brussels, the capital of the Spanish Netherlands, surrendered to the Spanish forces led by Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma.
September 1585: Antwerp was besieged and it surrendered to the Spanish in August.
1.1.1.2.English Protectorate in the Netherlands
The Dutch rebels of the northern Spanish Netherlands became an English protectorate with the Treaty of Nonsuch, signed on 10 August 1585, as a measure of protection against Spain.
August 1585: After the assassination of William of Orange on 10 July 1584, both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined offers of sovereignty. However, the latter agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England (Treaty of Nonsuch, 1585), and sent the Earl of Leicester as governor-general.
February 1587: In January 1587, the English garrisons led by Sir John Norreys at Deventer and Zutphen were bribed to defect to Spain by the Governor of the Spanish Netherlands, Alexander Farnese. This marked a significant loss for the English forces in the region, as they also lost control of Zwolle, Arnhem, and Ostend to the Spanish.
October 1587: English forces led by the Earl of Leicester (the English supported the Dutch Republic) occupied Gouda, Schoonhoven and a few other cities in September 1587.
January 1588: The English protectorate in the Netherlands was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces became a confederacy.
1.1.1.3.Expansion of the Dutch Republic
Were a series of Dutch military actions during the Eighty Years' War that led to the expansion of the newly created Dutch Republic by conquering territories from the Spanish Netherlands.
March 1590: The city of Breda was recaptured by the Dutch Republic from the Spanish Empire.
January 1592: In 1591, Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, used his expanded army and innovative river transportation methods to conquer Zutphen and Deventer in the Netherlands, further expanding the territory of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands.
January 1592: A campaign led by Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, and his cousin William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg resulted in the conquest of Hulst and Nijmegen by the Dutch.
January 1593: Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, joined his cousin William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg, in capturing the cities of Steenwijk and Coevorden in 1592.
January 1598: Maurice of Nassau first seized the fortress of Rheinberg, a strategic Rhine crossing, and subsequently Groenlo, Oldenzaal, and Enschede, before capturing the county of Lingen.
January 1605: In 1604, the stadtholders, Maurice of Nassau and Ambrosio Spinola, captured Spanish fortresses in Grave, Sluys, and Aardenburg.
January 1606: In 1605, Oldenzaal, a city in the Dutch Republic, was captured by Maurice of Nassau from the Spanish Netherlands.
January 1607: Lochem conquered by spain.
April 1609: A ceasefire was signed in Antwerp by Spain and the Dutch Republic, thus ending the Dutch Revolt starting the Twelve Years' Truce. Spain recognized the Dutch Republic with the borders of the current military situation.
1.2.Thirty Years' War
Was a war that took place mainly in central Europe between 1618 and 1648. The war began as a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestant in the Holy Roman Empire but then escalated into a conflict for the hegemony in Europe between Habsburg Spain and Austria, Sweden and France.
1.2.1.Bohemian-Palatine period
Was the first period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with a protestant revolt in Bohemia, at the time a territory of the Habsburg Domains.
1.2.1.1.War in Netherlands
Was the theatre of war in the Low Countries during the first phase of the Thirty Years' War.
June 1625: In June 1625, after a siege of almost a year, the Dutch city of Breda was forced to surrender.
1.2.2.Swedish Period
Was the third main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of Sweden.
August 1632: The Dutch forces, led by Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, successfully captured the city of Maastricht from the Spanish occupiers in 1632.
1.2.3.Franco-Swedish Period
Was the fourth main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of France.
1.2.3.1.Low Countries Front (France)
Was the Low Countries front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
October 1637: Breda, a city in the southern Netherlands, surrendered to Prince Frederick Henry of Orange-Nassau, the Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, after a six-month siege in 1637. This victory was a significant achievement for the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands in their ongoing struggle against the Spanish Habsburgs during the Eighty Years' War.
1.2.4.Peace of Westphalia
Were a series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War. Catholics and Protestants were redefined as equal in the territories of the Holy Roman Empire. There were major territorial adjustments. In particular, France, Sweden and Brandenburg had major territorial gains, and several religious territories of the Holy Roman Empire were secularized.
October 1648: Borders of the Dutch Republic at the end of the Thirty Years' War.
1.3.Nine Years' War
Was a conflict between France and the Grand Alliance, a coalition including the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch Republic, England, Spain, and Savoy. It is considered the first war that saw fighting globally because battles occured in Europe, America, Africa and India.
1.3.1.Asia and the Caribbean (Nine Years' War)
Were battles that took place in Asia and in the Caribbean during the Nine Years' War.
September 1693: In 1693 the Dutch launched an expedition against their French commercial rivals at Pondichéry on the south-eastern coast of India; the small garrison under François Martin was overwhelmed and surrendered on 6 September.
1.3.2.Williamite War in Ireland
Was a war between supporters of James II and his successor, William III. It resulted in a Williamite victory.
August 1689: Siege of Carrickfergus.
July 1690: Battle of the Boyne.
November 1690: The Kingdom of Great Britain captured the southern ports of Cork and Kinsale in October 1690 thereby confining French and Jacobite troops to the west of the country.
June 1691: Athlone conquered by netherlands.
July 1691: D'Usson succeeded as overall commander: he surrendered Galway.
1.3.3.Peace of Ryswick
Were a series of treaties that ended the Nine Years' War.
September 1697: Peace of Ryswick (1697): France kept Strasbourg but returned Freiburg, Breisach, Philippsburg and the Duchy of Lorraine to the Holy Roman Empire.
September 1697: The Dutch handed back Pondichéry in India to the french.
Was a process of military conquest from 1609 to 1621 by the Dutch East India Company of the Banda Islands.
September 1609: In August, a peace favourable to the VOC was signed: the Bandanese recognised Dutch authority and monopoly on the space trade. That same year, Fort Nassau was built on Banda Neira to control the nutmeg trade.
May 1616: Ai conquered by netherlands.
November 1620: The Dutch proceeded to besiege the English fortress of Run for 1,540 days (over 4 years) and finally managed to conquer it in 1620, after which the English abandoned the island.
March 1621: The Dutch occupied Lontor and entire Banda Archipelago, suffering six dead and 27 wounded.
Was a global conflict between the Portuguese Empire and the Dutch Empire. The conflict primarily saw the Dutch companies invading Portuguese colonies in the Americas, Africa, and the East Indies.
January 1620: After conflict with the Dutch over the pepper trade in 1619, the Dutch East India Company Governor-General Jan Pieterszoon Coen took the port of Jayakarta from Banten. He founded Batavia (now Jakarta) on the ruins of this Javanese town, which became the centre of VOC operation and a serious rival for Banten, later contributing to its decline.
3.1.Operations in the Pacific and Indian Oceans
Were the military operations of the Dutch in the Pacific and Indian Oceans during the Dutch-Portuguese War.
January 1606: Amboina was captured by the Portuguese.
January 1625: The Dutch established a colony at Tayouan in 1624, present-day Anping in the south of Taiwan.
May 1638: Dutch Admiral Adam Westerwolt (1580-1639) conquered the Portuguese fort at Batticaloa on Ceylon.
March 1640: Galle conquered by netherlands.
January 1641: The Siege of Malacca of 1641, after many attempts, delivered the city to the Dutch and their regional allies, crucially breaking the spinal cord between Goa and the Orient.
September 1642: Battle of San Salvador: a military assault launched by the Dutch on a small fortified Spanish settlement and its aboriginal allies in northern Formosa in 1642. After six days, the battle ended in defeat for the Spanish. The Spanish defeat secured full control of the island for the Dutch.
January 1657: The Dutch, led by Admiral Gerard Pietersz Hulft, were able to capture Colombo in 1656 from the Portuguese, establishing Dutch control over the territory of Dutch Ceylon.
January 1664: The Dutch settled in the Malabar coast in 1663.
3.2.Sugar War
Was the Dutch invasion of Portuguese Brazil during the Dutch-Portuguese War.
January 1631: In 1630 the Dutch captured Olinda and then Recife.
January 1636: Until 1635, the Dutch were unable to harvest sugar due to Portuguese guerrilla attacks, and were virtually confined to the walled perimeter of the cities. Eventually, the Dutch evicted the Portuguese with the assistance of a local landlord named Domingos Fernandes Calabar.
January 1642: The Dutch captured São Luís.
January 1643: The Dutch invasion began in 1624 with the conquest of the then capital of the State of Brazil, the city of São Salvador da Bahia.
May 1645: In 1625, a joint Spanish-Portuguese fleet led by Spanish Admiral Fadrique de Toledo and Portuguese General Diogo de Mendonça Furtado rapidly recaptured Salvador, the capital of Portuguese Brazil, from the Dutch who had previously seized control of the territory.
3.3.Dutch Invasion of the Portuguese Gold Coast
Was the Dutch invasion the Portuguese Gold Coast.
August 1637: The Dutch occupied São Jorge da Mina. .
3.4.Operations in West Africa and Angola
Were the military operations of the Dutch in West Africa and Angola during the Dutch-Portuguese War.
January 1642: The Dutch occupied the São Tomé island in 1641.
January 1642: The Portoguese Gold Coast was ceded to the Dutch.
August 1648: Portuguese forces defeated the Dutch in Luanda and Benguela, securing control of Angola.
October 1648: Queen Nzinga retreated to Matamba, while the Dutch in São Tomé abandoned the island, which was reoccupied by the Portuguese later that year.
3.4.1.Dutch Invasion of Portuguese Africa
Was the Dutch invasion of Portuguese Angola during the Dutch-Portuguese War.
August 1641: In 1641, a Dutch fleet under the command of Cornelis Jol, seized Luanda from the Portuguese.
August 1641: The Dutch ruled Angola from August 26, 1641.
3.5.Pernambucan Insurrection
Was a revolt in the Dutch-occupied territories of Brazil.
August 1645: In 1645, most of Dutch Brazil revolted under the leadership of mulatto land-owner João Fernandes Vieira, who proclaimed himself loyal to the Portuguese Crown. WIC forces were defeated at the Battle of Tabocas, virtually confining the Dutch to the fortified urban perimeters of coastal cities, defended by contingents of German and Flemish mercenaries.
January 1646: The Dutch abandoned São Luís.
January 1655: The Second Battle of Guararapes, in 1649, marked the beginning of the end of Dutch occupation of Portuguese Brazil, until their final expulsion from Recife in 1654.
Was a war that saw Spain fighting against England-Scotland and the Netherlands.
August 1626: Siege of Oldenzaal, wich eventually fell to the Dutch forces.
August 1627: Siege of Groenlo.
September 1629: The Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch in 1629 was led by Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, against the Spanish-held city of 's-Hertogenbosch. The successful siege resulted in the city's surrender and its territory being annexed by the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands.
4.1.Treaty of Madrid
Was the treaty that ended the Anglo-Spanish War (1625-1630).
November 1630: The Treaty of Madrid was signed in 1630 between the Dutch Republic and Spain, ending the Eighty Years' War. The treaty restored the status quo ante bellum, returning the territory to the Spanish Netherlands.
Was a war of succession in the United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg between Brandenburg and the Palatinate.
January 1637: After the troops of the Generalitatland had previously left Ravenstein, they returned in 1635 and occupied the dominion again.
January 1672: Brandenburg-Prussia renounced its claim in 1671, and when a French army approached in 1672 during France's war with the United Netherlands, the troops of the Generalitatland finally withdrew from the Ravenstein dominion, after which the fortress was razed, of which only the City gates and the castle were spared.
Were a series of wars between the native kingdoms of modern-day Sri Lanka and the Portuguese Empire.
6.1.Dutch intervention 1638-1658
Was a Dutch military operation in Sri Lanka against the Portuguese Empire.
January 1641: Negombo conquered by netherlands.
January 1659: Tuticorn captured by the Dutch in 1658.
January 1659: In 1658, the Dutch made an agreement with Nayaka of Thanjavur, by which ten villages were transferred from the Portuguese to the Dutch Nagapattinam Port, Puthur, Muttam, Poruvalancheri, Anthanappettai, Karureppankadu, AzhingiMangalam, Sangamangalam, Thiruthinamangalam, Manjakollai, Nariyankudi.
A series of wars fought in northern and northeastern Europe from the 16th to the 18th century.
7.1.Second Northern War
Was a war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden (along with their respective allies) over the hegemony in the Baltic Sea.
September 1655: The Dutch moved an army to the Delaware River in the summer of 1655, easily capturing Fort Trinity and Fort Christina. The Swedish settlement was incorporated into Dutch New Netherland on September 15, 1655.
Was a a conflict that saw the transition from the Ming to the Qing Dinasty in China. The Qing created an indpendent domain in Manchuria, revolted against the Ming and systematically conquered all Ming territories in the following decades.
8.1.Siege of Fort Zeelandia
Was a battle that ended the Dutch East India Company's rule over Taiwan and began the Kingdom of Tungning's rule over the island.
February 1662: The siege of Fort Zeeland ended the rule of the Dutch East India Company in Taiwan, and opened the cycle of the Kingdom of Tungning.
Was Royal Charter that united four English settlements together into the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.
July 1663: The Royal Charter of 1663 consolidated four settlements into a single entity known as the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.
Were a series of conflicts mainly fought between the Dutch Republic and England (later Great Britain) from mid-17th to late 18th century.
10.1.Second Anglo-Dutch War
Was a conflict between England and the Dutch Republic partly for control over the seas and trade routes.
November 1665: In late 1665, an English force from Jamaica and Barbados captured the Dutch possession of Tobago.
September 1666: French recapture of Tobago.
February 1667: A Dutch force under Admiral Abraham Crijnssen, organised by the province of Zeeland, not the States General, arrived at Cayenne in February 1667 and captured Suriname from the English in the same month.
November 1667: The English fleet recaptured Fort Zeelandia in Suriname in October.
January 1668: British forces leave Suriname as decided in the treaty of Breda (1667).
10.2.Third Anglo-Dutch War
Was a conflict between the Dutch Republic and England, in alliance with France.
September 1673: The Dutch recaptured New Netherland from England with a fleet of 21 ships led by Vice Admiral Cornelius Evertsen and Commodore Jacob Binckes.
March 1674: The Treaty of Westminster concluded the Third Anglo-Dutch War and ceded New Netherland to England.
10.3.Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
Was a conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Dutch Republic during the American Revolutionary War.
10.3.1.Treaty of Paris (1783)
Was the treaty that officially ended the American Revolutionary War between the United States and Great Britain as well as various other related wars. The treaty set the boundaries between British North America and the United States.
Was a war between the Kingdom of France and the Dutch Republic.
11.1.French invasion of the Dutch Republic
Was the French invasion of the Dutch Republic during the Franco-Dutch War.
June 1672: In 1672, during the Franco-Dutch War, French forces under the command of King Louis XIV occupied the forts of Tongeren, Maaseik, and Valkenburg.
June 1672: Grol conquered by france.
June 1672: Battle of Tolhuis.
June 1672: The council of Utrecht, led by Mayor Hendrick Moreelse, surrendered to Henri Louis d'Aloigny, Marquis de Rochefort, to prevent the city from being plundered during the Franco-Dutch War. William of Orange retreated his forces on 18 June 1672.
June 1672: In 1672, during the Franco-Dutch War, King Louis XIV of France delayed the capture of Zutphen to allow his brother, Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, to take control of the territory. This military occupation was part of France's larger campaign against the Dutch Republic.
June 1672: The French army, led by King Louis XIV, captured the fortress of Naarden in 1672 during the Franco-Dutch War. This military occupation was part of France's larger campaign to expand its territory and influence in Europe.
June 1672: The province of Overijssel surrendered as a whole to the bishop of Münster, Bernard von Galen. Von Galen's troops plundered towns on the west side of the IJssel, such as Hattem, Elburg and Harderwijk, on 21 June.
June 1672: King Louis XIV of France besieged Doesburg.
July 1672: The French intimidated the garrison of Coevorden into a quick surrender.
July 1672: Nijmegen had been taken on 9 July by the French under the command of King Louis XIV and his military general, Marshal Turenne, during the Franco-Dutch War. The city remained under French military occupation until the Treaty of Nijmegen was signed in 1678.
July 1672: During the Franco-Dutch War, French military leader Turenne was captured near 's-Hertogenbosch while attacking Fort Crèvecœur in 1672. This event marked a significant victory for the French forces in their campaign against the Dutch Republic.
July 1672: The Siege of Groningen in 1672 was part of the Franco-Dutch War. The French forces, led by Marshal Luxembourg, besieged the city of Groningen in the Netherlands. The city eventually surrendered after a month-long siege, leading to its occupation by France.
November 1672: In 1672, during the Franco-Dutch War, the Dutch forces led by Stadtholder William III retook Coevorden and liberated the province of Drenthe from the French occupation.
October 1673: In September 1673, William of Orange recaptured Naarden from the French forces during the Franco-Dutch War. Naarden was a strategic fortress town in the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands.
December 1673: Münster and Cologne left the war in November. With the war expanding into the Rhineland and Spain, French troops withdrew from the Dutch Republic, retaining only Grave and Maastricht.
Was the graudal French conquest of modern-day Senegal that started in 1659 when France established the trading post of Saint-Louis.
November 1677: French rule over the Island of Gorée.
Expansion during the rule of Aurangzeb in the Mughal Empire.
October 1687: The Portuguese outpost of Nagulavancha was destroyed on 13 October 1687 by locals.
January 1688: In 1687, the Dutch factory in Malda was taken over by the Mughal Empire.
Was a revolution in England and Scotland that led to the deposition of Catholic King James II.
November 1688: William of Orange came ashore on 5/15 November.
November 1688: Plymouth surrendered to William of Orange, who was leading the invasion of England to overthrow King James II during the Glorious Revolution.
November 1688: In 1688, William of Orange took control of Exeter in the Kingdom of Great Britain (Dutch Republic) after the magistrates fled the city on 9 November (Julian calendar).
November 1688: Wincanton Skirmish.
November 1688: William's forces were at Sherborne.
December 1688: Hindon conquered by netherlands.
December 1688: On 4 December 1688, William of Orange was at Amesbury.
December 1688: Three days later William of Orange had reached Hungerford.
December 1688: A Protestant mob stormed Dover Castle, where the Catholic Sir Edward Hales was governor, and seized it.
December 1688: William at the same time ordered all English troops to depart from the capital, while his forces entered on 17 December. No local forces were allowed within a twenty-mile radius until the spring of 1690.
February 1689: By November 1688 William of Orange, who was Stadtholder of the Netherlands, and his wife Mary, were in control of England and Wales. They would later become King and Queen of Great Britain.
May 1689: William and Mary accepted the Crown of Scotland.
Were a series of wars from 1694 until 1700 largely between the Dutch West India Company and the English Royal African Company in present-day Ghana, over trade rights.
May 1700: At the end of the komenda wars, the british took de facto over the Eguafo kingdom. British-supported mercenary force moved upon Eguafo and on May 9, 1700, Takyi Kuma was named the new king of Eguafo.
Were three military confrontations between the Dutch East India Company and the Mataram Sultanate on central Java between 1703 and 1755. The hereditary succession in Maratam was at stake, prompting the VOC to field its own candidates in an attempt to gain more influence in central and eastern Java.
16.1.First Javanese War of Succession
Was a struggle between Sultan Amangkurat III of Mataram and the Dutch East India Company who supported the claim of the Sultan's uncle, Pangeran Puger to the throne.
January 1709: Mataram ceded Priangan, Madura, Semarang the Dutch East India Company.
16.2.Third Javanese War of Succession
Was a civil war on the island of Java that led to the partition of the Mataram Sultanate.
February 1755: The kingdom of Mataram was divided in 1755 under an agreement signed in Giyanti between the Dutch under the Governor General Nicolaas Hartingh and rebellious prince Mangkubumi. The treaty divided nominal control over central Java between Yogyakarta Sultanate, under Mangkubumi, and Surakarta, under Pakubuwana.
February 1755: At the end of the Javanese Wars of Succession, Mataram was carved into three weak Vorstenlanden ("Princely Lands"), independent in name only, as a consequence of the divide and rule policy of the Dutch East India Company (VOC).
The death of childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700 led to a struggle for control of the Spanish Empire between his heirs, Philip of Anjou and Charles of Austria, and their respective supporters. It was a global war, with fighting taking place in Europe, Asia, and America. At the end of the war, Philip II, who was the successor chosen by Charles II as a descendant of Charles' paternal half-sister Maria Theresa, became King of Spain and of its overseas empire. The Spanish possessions in Europe were partitioned between various European Monarchies.
17.1.Treaty of Utrecht
Were a series of treaties to end the War of the Spanish Succession.
April 1713: In 1713, the territories of Venlo, Montfort, and Echt were ceded to the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, also known as the Dutch Republic. This was part of the Treaty of Utrecht, which ended the War of the Spanish Succession. The Dutch Republic was a confederation of provinces in the Low Countries, led by the Stadtholder William IV of Orange.
Expansion during the rule of Shahu I in the Maratha Empire.
January 1731: The Dutch abandoned their post in Draksharama in favour of Jaggernaikpoeram.
January 1745: Ahmadabad was abandoned in 1744.
Was a European conflict caused by the succession to the Habsburg Domains. Maria Theresa succeeded her father Charles VI, and the opposition to female inheritance of the throne was a pretext for starting a war. It was a global conflict that saw fight in Europe, Asia, America and Africa.
19.1.Low Countries Theatre (War of the Austrian Succession)
Was the theatre of war in the Low Countries during the War of the Austrian Succession.
May 1747: Maastricht surrendered on 7 May 1747 during the War of the Austrian Succession. The city was occupied by French forces led by Marshal Maurice de Saxe, marking a significant victory for France over the Dutch Republic.
October 1747: In 1747, during the War of the Austrian Succession, the French forces led by Marshal Maurice de Saxe besieged and captured Bergen op Zoom in September. This victory was part of France's military occupation of the region during the conflict.
19.2.Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Austrian Succession, following a congress assembled on 24 April 1748 at the Free Imperial City of Aachen.
October 1748: France returned the Southern Netherlands (i.e. today's Belgium) to Austria.
Expansion during the rule of Opoku Ware I in the Ashanti Empire.
January 1751: It was during the reign of Opokou Ware I (1718-1750) that the Ashanti Empire reached its maximum expansion controlling most of the territory of present-day Ghana, but also spilling over into parts of present-day Togo and Ivory Coast.
Were a series of frontier wars of the Xhosa people of South Africa against the British Empire and the Boers. The Xhosa were eventually inglobated in the British Cape Colony.
21.1.First Xhosa War
Was a frontier war between Boer frontiersmen and the Xhosa people.
January 1780: The First Frontier War, which broke out in 1779, was between Boer frontiersmen and the Xhosa, who occupied Zuurveld.
August 1781: Boer commander Adreaan Van Jaarsveld captured a large number of cattle from the Xhosa and drove them out of Zuurveld by July 1781.
21.2.Second Xhosa War
Was a frontier war between Boer frontiersmen and the Xhosa people.
January 1790: The Second Xhosa War started when the Gqunukhwebe clans of the Xhosa penetrated back into the Zuurveld, a district between the Great Fish and the Sundays Rivers.
January 1794: Boer frontiersmen led by Barend Lindeque, allied themselves with Ndlambe (regent of the Western Xhosas) and repelled the Gqunukhwebe Xhosa from Zuurveld.
Were a series of wars fought by the British East India Company in the Indian Subcontinent that resulted in the British conquest and colonial rule of the region.
22.1.Anglo-Mysore Wars
Were a series of four wars fought during the last three decades of the 18th century between the Sultanate of Mysore on the one hand, and the British East India Company, Maratha Empire, Kingdom of Travancore, and the Kingdom of Hyderabad on the other. The fourth war resulted in the dismantlement of Mysore to the benefit of the East India Company, which took control of much of the Indian subcontinent.
22.1.1.Second Anglo-Mysore War
Was a conflict between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company from 1780 to 1784.
January 1780: By 1779, Mysore ruler Haider Ali had captured parts of modern Tamil Nadu and Kerala in the south, extending the Kingdom's area to about 80,000 mi² (205,000 km²).
Was a global conflict that involved most of the European great powers, and was fought primarily in Europe, the Americas, and Asia-Pacific. At the end of the war the main winner was Great Britain, that obtained territories in North America, the Caribbean and India, becoming the most powerful maritime and colonial of the European powers.
23.1.Treaty of Paris (1763)
Was a treaty signed on 10 February 1763 by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement, after Great Britain and Prussia's victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years' War.
September 1783: The territories of Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo were restored to the Dutch with the Treaty of Paris in 1783.
Was the war of independence of the United States of America (at the time the Thirteen Colonies) against Great Britain.
24.1.Anglo-French War (1778-1783)
Was a war between France, allied to the United States, and Great Britain during the American Revolutionary War.
February 1784: 25 Nov 1781 - 7 Feb 1784: French occupation of Sint Estatius.
Was a Prussian military campaign in September-October 1787 to restore the Orange stadtholderate in the Dutch Republic against the rise of the democratic Patriot movement.
September 1787: The fortress city of Gorinchem (the only garrison south of Amsterdam still in a position to offer resistance, after the Woerden Defense Council had ordered all other troops to retreat to Amsterdam on 15 September) was ordered to surrender by Knobelsdorff on 17 September.
September 1787: The main Prussian force, led by Gaudi and Knobelsdorff, reached Leimuiden.
September 1787: Naarden and Weesp were part of the Dutch Republic during the Patriot movement in the late 18th century. Adam Gerard Mappa was a prominent Patriot leader who led the surrender of Naarden to Prussian forces in 1787 during the Prussian military occupation of the Dutch Republic.
October 1787: Prussian military occupation of Sloten
October 1787: The Prussian forces left the city of Leiden.
As a consequence of the conquest of the Dutch Republic by French revolutionary forces, Great Britain invaded and annexed the Dutch Cape Colony.
September 1795: The Dutch governor passed control of his Cape colony to the British.
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
January 1803: Salm was created in 1802 as a state of the Holy Roman Empire in order to compensate the princes of Salm-Kyrburg and Salm-Salm, who had lost their states to France in 1793-1795. The new territory was not near most of the old territories of the princes, but instead extended the County of Anholt, which had been a minor possession of the prince of Salm-Salm. Most of the area was taken from the dissolved Bishopric of Münster.
June 1806: The Kingdom of Holland was created by Napoleon Bonaparte in March 1806 in order to strengthen control over the Netherlands by replacing the republican government with a monarchy.
June 1806: Establishment of the Kingdom of Holland.
January 1807: Ostfriesland and Ravenstein are annexed by Holland.
January 1808: Jever is annexed by the Kingdom of Holland.
July 1810: King Louis did not perform to Napoleon's expectations—he tried to serve Dutch interests instead of his brother's—and the kingdom was dissolved in 1810, after which the Netherlands were annexed by France.
27.1.War of the First Coalition
Were a series of wars between the Kingdom of France (later the French Republic) and several European Monarchies. The French Revolution had deteriorated the relations of France with the other European countries, that tried several times to invade France in order to crash the revolutionary government.
January 1795: The French armies drove the Austrians, British, and Dutch beyond the Rhine, occupying Belgium, the Rhineland, and the south of the Netherlands.
April 1795: In 1795, Sint Eustatius, a Dutch colony, was occupied by the French military.
April 1795: The French occupy the entire island of Saint Martin.
May 1795: In 1795, Saba was occupied by the French military. This period of French occupation would last until April 1801.
May 1795: The Treaty of Den Haag was signed on May 16, 1795 between representatives of the French Republic and the Batavian Republic. The Batavian Republic ceded to France the territories of Maastricht, Venlo, and Zeelandic Flanders. Moreover, the accord established a defensive alliance between the two nations.
April 1796: The colony was on 22 April 1796 again captured by Britain, however who now remained in possession of the colony until 27 March 1802, when Berbice was restored to the Batavian Republic under the terms of the Treaty of Amiens.
27.1.1.Flanders Campaign
Was a French military campaign in the Flanders.
February 1793: The Republican French army stopped near Aldenhoven.
February 1793: The French Armée du Nord commanded by general Charles-François Dumouriez advanced from Antwerp and invaded Dutch Brabant.
February 1793: A French army under Francisco de Miranda laid siege to Maastricht.
January 1794: In 1793, during the French Revolutionary Wars, General Charles François Dumouriez led French forces into Brabant, a territory that was part of the Austrian Netherlands. This military occupation was part of France's campaign to expand its territory and spread revolutionary ideals.
November 1794: After a brief siege, Nijmegen was found to be untenable and the city was abandoned to the French.
December 1794: By 28 December the French had occupied the Bommelwaard and the Lands of Altena.
January 1795: On 10 January French general Pichegru ordered a general advance across the frozen river between Zaltbommel and Nijmegen and the allies were forced to retreat behind the Lower Rhine.
January 1795: On 16 January, the city of Utrecht surrendered to the French.
January 1795: Dutch revolutionaries led by Cornelius Krayenhoff put pressure on the city council of Amsterdam to hand over the city to the invading French army.
January 1795: The Batavian Republic was established after the French revolutionary forces invaded the Netherlands, leading to the overthrow of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. The proclamation of the Batavian Republic on 19 January 1795 marked the beginning of a new era in Dutch history.
January 1795: The Batavian Republic (Dutch Bataafse Republiek, Nine Dutch: Bataafsche Republiek) was a daughter republic established by the French Revolutionary Export, formed from the Republic of the Seven United Provinces. It was proclaimed on January 19, 1795.
June 1795: Territory evacuated by the French at the end of the Flanders Campaign. The surrender of Luxembourg on 7 June 1795 concluded the French conquest of the Low Countries, thus marking the end of the Flanders Campaign.
27.1.2.Rhine campaign of 1800
Was one of a series of battles in the Rhineland during the War of the First Coalition.
October 1796: The French retreated across the rivers Rhine and Elz, destroying all the bridges.
27.1.3.Treaty of Campo Formio
Was a treaty between France and Austria that ended the War of the First Coalition.
January 1798: The Treaty of Campo Formio was signed on 17 October 1797 (26 Vendémiaire VI). The treaty transferred the Austrian Netherlands to France. The territories of Venice were partitioned, most were acquired by Austria. Austria recognized the Cisalpine Republic and the newly created Ligurian Republic. Extension of the borders of France up to the Rhine, the Nette, and the Roer.
27.2.French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars - Theatre of war in the overseas colonies
The theatre of war in the overseas colonies during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
May 1793: Dutch control over the entire island of Saint Martin.
July 1795: British troops occupied Dutch Coromandel to prevent it from being overrun by the French. Dutch governor Jacob Eilbracht capitulated to the British on 15 July 1795.
July 1795: British occupation of Dutch Bengal.
January 1796: British occupation of Malacca during the Napoleonic Wars (1795-1818).
January 1796: As a result of the Kew Letters, Dutch settlements on the Malabar Coast were surrendered to the British in 1795, in order to prevent them from being overrun by the French.
February 1796: In the period 1788 - 1795 there was no cordiality between the Dutch and the British. The British had planned after their conquest of India to take over a dozen Dutch possessions in the region, with Ceylon as the biggest prize. Their chance came when in the winter of 1794/95 Holland was overrun by the French army. On 14 February 1796, the Dutch forces surrendered with minimal bloodshed.
January 1797: Eseequibo annexed by the British.
January 1797: The British forces, led by Sir Ralph Abercromby and Lieutenant Colonel Alured Clarke, recaptured the territories of Demerara, Essequibo, and Berbice from the Dutch in 1796 during the French Revolutionary Wars. This military occupation solidified British control over the region.
January 1797: British forces captured the Maluku Islands in 1796.
January 1797: The British expelled the Dutch from Ceylon in 1796 and included Maldives as a British protected area.
September 1800: Curaçao was occupied by the British from 13 September 1800 to 13 January 1803.
January 1802: British forces left the Maluku Islands in 1801.
January 1802: During the French occupation of the Netherlands between 1810 and 1814, the Dutch possessions on the Gold Coast held the rather unusual position—together with the island of Deshima in Japan—of being the only Dutch territories not occupied by either France or Great Britain.
November 1802: 21 April 1801 - 21 November 1802: British occupation of Sint Estatius.
December 1802: Great Britain leaves the Island of Saint Martin where the French (northern part of the Island) and the Dutch (southern part of the Island) resume control.
January 1803: Curaçao was occupied by the British from 13 September 1800 to 13 January 1803.
February 1803: 16 April 1801 - January 1803: British occupation of Saba.
October 1803: In September 1803 the British occupied Berbice again, this time for good.
January 1804: The British again occupied Essequibo during the Napoleonic Wars.
January 1804: Birtish reconquest of the Demerara territories.
February 1805: Aruba was occupied by the British from 12 February 1805 to 20 November 1805.
November 1805: Aruba was occupied by the British from 12 February 1805 to 20 November 1805.
January 1807: Curaçao was occupied by the British from 1 January 1807 to 4 March 1816.
January 1808: For more than a century, the succession of Cirebon lineages was conducted without any significant problems. However, by the end Sultan Anom IV reign (1798-1803), Keraton Kanoman faces succession disputes. One of the prince, Pangeran Raja Kanoman, demand his share of throne and separate the kingdom by forming his own, Kesultanan Kacirebonan.
February 1810: The British occupy the entire island of Saint Martin.
February 1810: 21 February 1810 - 1 February 1816: British occupation of Sint Estatius.
February 1810: 22 Feb 1810 - 22 Feb 1816: British occupation of Saba.
August 1810: In 1810, British forces led by Admiral Robert Stopford occupied the Maluku Islands, also known as the Spice Islands, as part of the Napoleonic Wars. This military occupation was part of the British strategy to control key trading ports in the Dutch East Indies.
September 1811: 18 September 1811 - 19 August 1816: the Dutch Dejima Factory was occupied by the British.
August 1814: The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 restored Bengal to Dutch rule.
May 1815: End of British occupation of Bonaire.
January 1816: In 1816, the southern part of Saint Martin was returned to the Dutch.
February 1816: 21 February 1810 - 1 February 1816: British occupation of Sint Estatius.
February 1816: 22 Feb 1810 - 22 Feb 1816: British occupation of Saba.
March 1816: Curaçao was occupied by the British from 1 January 1807 to 4 March 1816.
March 1816: End of British occupation of Aruba.
August 1816: 18 September 1811 - 19 August 1816: the Dutch Dejima Factory was occupied by the British.
27.3.Boer revolt against the Dutch East India Company
In 1795 the dissatisfaction towards the Dutch East India Company (and against British Rule) caused a revolt of the Boers, who founded several secessionist states.
June 1795: By 1795, the dissatisfaction towards the Dutch East India Company caused the burghers of Swellendam to revolt, and they declared themselves a Republic.
27.4.War of the Second Coalition
Was the second war that saw revolutionary France against most of the European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria, and Russia, and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Naples, and various German monarchies. Prussia did not join this coalition, and Spain supported France.
March 1802: In 1802, Britain and France signed the Treaty of Amiens, ending the war of the War of the Second Coalition. Britain returned most of occupied Dutch Guiana to the Batavian Republic.
27.4.1.Suvorov Swiss campaign
Was a military campaign led by Russian general Alexander Suvorov against France that took place in Switzlerand.
October 1799: The Russian troops were forced by the French to abandon their hold on the left bank of the Rhine.
27.4.2.Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland
An expeditionary force of British and Russian troops invaded the North Holland peninsula in the Batavian Republic.
August 1799: In August 1799, the Duke of York led a combined Anglo-Russian army to invade the northern tip of Holland, which was then a French vassal state known as the Batavian Republic (1795-1806). This invasion was part of the Second Coalition against France.
November 1799: The defeat at Castricum in 1799 marked the end of the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland during the French Revolutionary Wars. British General Ralph Abercromby and Russian General Herman Willem Daendels were involved in the conflict. The Batavian Republic, a French client state, regained control of the northern tip of Holland after the British and Russian troops were forced to retreat.
27.4.3.Treaty of Lunéville
Was a treaty between the French Republic and the Holy Roman Empire that formally ended the partecipation of Austria and the Holy Roman Empire in the War of the Second Coalition.
February 1801: The Treaty of Lunéville was signed in the Treaty House of Lunéville between the French Republic and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II. Certain Austrian holdings within the borders of the Holy Roman Empire were relinquished, and French control was extended to the left bank of the Rhine, "in complete sovereignty" but France renounced any claim to territories east of the Rhine. Contested boundaries in Italy were set. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was awarded to the French.
27.4.4.Treaty of Amiens
Was a treaty between France and Great Britain that ended the War of the Second Coalition.
March 1802: At the Peace of Amiens (1802), the Netherlands received the Essequibo colony for a short time.
March 1802: In 1802, Britain and France signed the Treaty of Amiens, ending the war of the War of the Second Coalition. Britain returned the Cape Colony to the Dutch.
January 1806: The outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars (18 May 1803) invalidated the Peace of Amiens. In January 1806, the British occupied the colony for a second time after the Battle of Blaauwberg.
27.5.War of the Fourth Coalition
Was a war between the French Empire and a coalition of European monarchies, mainly Prussia and Russia.
February 1807: In 1807, Aruba, a Dutch colony, was occupied by Great Britain.
February 1807: In 1807, Bonaire, a Dutch colony, was occupied by Great Britain.
27.6.War of the Fifth Coalition
Was a conflict between a colition of European monarchies and Napoleon's French Empire.
27.6.1.Walcheren Campaign
Was an unsuccessful British expedition to the Netherlands in 1809, during the War of the Fifth Coalition.
July 1809: The British seized the swampy island of Walcheren at the mouth of river Scheldt, as well as South Beveland island, both in the present-day Netherlands.
September 1809: The British expedition in the Netherlands ("Walcheren Campaign") was called off in early September.
27.7.Invasion of Java (1811)
Was a successful British amphibious operation against the Dutch East Indian island of Java that took place between August and September 1811 during the Napoleonic Wars.
January 1811: The Kingdom of Holland was annexed to the First French Empire in 1810, and Java became a titular French colony.
September 1811: In 1811, British forces led by Captain Robert Maunsell suspected the presence of French General Jan Janssen in Cirebon, Indonesia. They landed a force from several ships, including HMS Lion and HMS President, prompting the defenders to surrender quickly. This marked the British military occupation of Cirebon.
August 1814: The British returned Java to the Dutch East Indies in 1814 under the Convention of London.
27.8.War of the Sixth Coalition
Was a war between France and a a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, and a number of German States. The coalition emerged after the decimation of the French army in the French invasion of Russia. The coalition ultimately invaded France and forced Napoleon to abdicate and go into exile.
November 1813: The Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands was a short-lived sovereign principality and the precursor of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. The principality was proclaimed in 1813 when the victors of the Napoleonic Wars established a political reorganisation of Europe, which would eventually be defined by the Congress of Vienna.
27.9.Congress of Vienna
Was a series of international diplomatic meetings after the end of the Napoleonic wars whose aim was a long-term peace plan for Europe. It redraw the borders of Europe and partially restored the Monarchies of the pre-revolutionary period.
March 1815: The United Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed, which added the former territory of the low countries that had been ruled by the Austrian Empire to the Netherlands, and had William I as its king. His son William joined the fighting at Waterloo, whose battle site was located in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Though the Dutch initiated their request to William I, the great powers of the Napoleonic wars had made a secret pact to support a strong nation on that border with France with William as its king.
March 1815: The United Netherlands was created in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars, with William I of Orange-Nassau becoming the first King of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815. This marked the unification of the Northern and Southern Netherlands under one sovereign principality.
June 1815: Luxembourg existed as an independent Grand Duchy from 1815 and was therefore not part of the Kingdom of the United Netherlands. However, from 1815 to 1890 it was ruled by the Dutch king, who was also the Grand Duke of the sovereign Luxembourg.
June 1815: Lingen fell to Hanover with the Congress of Vienna.
27.10.War of the Seventh Coalition (The Hundred Days)
Napoleon escaped the exile he had been forced after the War of the Sixth Coalition and reorganized the French army. He was defeated by a coalition that included Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia and sent into permanent exile on the island of Saint Helena.
June 1815: To secure a central position at the Battle of Waterloo Napoleon secured Charleroi.
June 1815: A French army hoccupies Genappe before the Battle of Quatre Bras.
June 1815: French retreat after being defeated in the Battle of Waterloo (18 June 1815).
Was the independence war of Belgium against the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
28.1.Belgian Revolt
Was a revolt in modern-day Belgium against the the United Kingdom of the Netherlands that started the Belgian Revolution.
August 1830: On August 25, 1830, after a performance of the romantic-nationalist opera La muette de Portici (The Mute of Portici) by Daniel-François-Esprit Auber at the Brussels Opera, the call of vive la liberté erupted in the audience.
October 1830: With the exception of the municipality of Mook en Middelaar in North Limburg and the cities of Maastricht and Luxembourg (which was a federal fortress of the German Confederation and where Prussian troops were therefore stationed), the whole of Belgium was in the hands of the Freikorps by the end of October.
28.2.Ten Days Campaign
Was a failed military expedition by the United Kingdom of the Netherlands against the secessionist Kingdom of Belgium between 2 and 12 August 1831.
August 1831: Near Ravels, the Belgian army was rapidly driven into the surrounding forests.
August 1831: Zondereigen was taken by the Dutch.
August 1831: The Dutch force was led by Prince Frederick of the Netherlands, while the Belgians were under the command of General Daine. The military occupation of Turnhout was part of the Belgian Revolution, which ultimately led to the independence of Belgium from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
August 1831: On 4 August, the Dutch took the city of Antwerp.
August 1831: The Dutch defeated the Belgian Army of the Meuse near Hasselt.
August 1831: The advance guard of the Belgian Army of the Scheldt, led by General Gérard Leman, was defeated near Boutersem in 1831 during the Belgian Revolution. This led to the territory falling under military occupation by the Netherlands.
August 1831: The next day the Dutch army attacked and defeated the Belgians near Leuven.
August 1831: Fearing a war with France, the Dutch halted their advance in Belgium, and a ceasefire was signed on 12 August. The last Dutch troops returned to the Netherlands around 20 August, while only Antwerp remained occupied. The French troops that had been moved into Belgium to counter the Dutch invasion also left the country.
28.3.Siege of Antwerp
Was a siege conducted by French forces against a Dutch garrison during the Belgian Revolution.
December 1832: The King of the Netherlands, refusing to abandon the citadel at Antwerp, ordered the Dutch General David Hendrik Chassé to hold it at all costs. From the citadel, Chassé bombarded the city of Antwerp, setting fire to hundreds of homes and causing many casualties among the civilian population. The result was a second intervention by the Northern Army of Marshal Gérard, who returned to Belgium on 15 November 1832, to besiege the citadel of Antwerp.
Were a series of conflicts between the Netherlands and the Bone state in southern Sulawesi.
29.1.First Bone War
Was a series of punitive expeditions of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army against the Bone state in South Sulawesi in 1824-25.
January 1839: In 1838 the Bone renewed the Treaty of Bungaya with the Dutch.
29.2.Second Bone War
Was a war fought from 20 February 1859 until 20 January 1860 between the forces of the Dutch East Indies and the Kingdom of Bone, in Indonesia.
February 1858: When the King of Bone, Ahmad Saleh, died on 16 February 1858, he was succeeded by his widow, Basse Arung Kajuara, who started to act as an independent ruler.
January 1860: Representatives of the Kingdom of Bone surrendered to the Dutch on 20 January 1860.
Was a conflict that begun with a mere economic dispute between the Ahanta and the Dutch, who were based at the Dutch Gold Coast. The conflict ended with the reorganization of the Ahanta state, which became a Dutch protectorate.
January 1840: The conflict began as a mere economic dispute between the Ahanta and the Dutch, who were based at the Dutch Gold Coast, and ended with the hanging of Ahanta king Badu Bonsu II and the reorganization of the Ahanta state, establishing a Dutch protectorate over the Ahanta.
Were a series of military expeditions by the Dutch East Indies to conquer the island of Bali (Indonesia).
31.1.Dutch intervention in Northern Bali (1846)
Was a Dutch military intervention in the island of Bali, one of the many that eventually led to the annexion of the island to the Dutch East Indies.
January 1847: Once the main Dutch force had returned to Java, the local rulers of Northern Bali led by Jelantik refused to submit to the Dutch and united forces against them.
January 1847: The local rulers of northern Bali agreed to recognize the treaties with the Dutch and to accommodate a small Dutch garrison.
31.2.Dutch intervention in Bali (1849)
Was a Dutch military intervention in the island of Bali, one of the many that eventually led to the annexion of the island to the Dutch East Indies.
August 1849: A treaty signed in July 1849 gave control over the territories of Buleleng and Jembrana to the Dutch East Indies.
January 1850: Dutch forces landed in Padang Bai.
January 1850: In 1849, the Dutch East Indies continued their military campaign in Bali, occupying strategic locations such as Goa Lawah and Kusamba. This was part of their efforts to assert control over the island and suppress any resistance from the local Balinese rulers.
31.3.Dutch intervention in Bali (1906)
Was a Dutch military intervention in the island of Bali, one of the many that eventually led to the annexion of the island to the Dutch East Indies.
September 1906: A substantial force of the Royal Dutch East Indies Army, named the Sixth Military Expedition, landed at the northern part of Sanur beach.
January 1907: Dutch forces marched to Denpasar.
31.4.Dutch intervention in Bali (1908)
Was a Dutch military intervention in the island of Bali, one of the many that eventually led to the annexion of the island to the Dutch East Indies.
April 1908: In a final confrontation on 18 April 1908, Dewa Agung Jambe, the Raja of Klangkung, made a desperate sortie out of his Palace and was killed by a Dutch bullet.
November 1908: After the Dutch conquest of Klangkung, all the rajas of Bali submitted to Dutch Authorities.
Were a series of wars between the Dutch East Indies and the Kongsi Republics, which were self-governing Chinese mining communities in western Borneo.
32.1.Second Kongsi War
Was a war between the Dutch East Indies and the Kongsi Republics, which were self-governing Chinese mining communities in western Borneo.
January 1856: In 1855, the Dutch East Indies launched an expedition against the Chinese of the Kongsi states in Montrado, Borneo.
32.2.Third Kongsi War
Was a war between the Dutch East Indies and the Kongsi Republics, which were self-governing Chinese mining communities in western Borneo.
January 1885: The Lanfang Republic was ended by Dutch occupation in 1884.
Was a Convention between Great Britain and the Netherlands for an Interchange of Territory on the Gold Coast of Africa in which all Dutch forts to the east of Elmina were handed over to Britain.
March 1867: The British forts west of Elmina were handed over to the Netherlands.
March 1867: In 1867, the Convention between Great Britain and the Netherlands for an Interchange of Territory on the Gold Coast of Africa was signed, in which all Dutch forts to the east of Elmina were handed over to Britain.
Was a war between the Sultanate of Aceh and the Dutch Empire.
34.1.First Dutch offensive
Was a Dutch military campaign to occupy the coast of the Sultanate of Aceh during the Aceh War.
May 1873: The Dutch occupied the coastal Area of the Aceh Sultanate.
January 1874: Forced to retreat, the Dutch imposed a naval blockade of Aceh.
34.2.Second Dutch offensive
Was a Dutch military campaign to occupy the interior of the Sultanate of Aceh during the Aceh War.
February 1874: By January 1874, deteriorating conditions forced Sultan Mahmud Syah and his followers to abandon Banda Aceh and retreat to the interior. Meanwhile, Dutch forces occupied the capital city (modern Banda Aceh) and the harbour town of Ulee Lheue.
January 1875: The Dutch occupiers abolished the Acehnese Sultanate and declared Aceh to be annexed to the Dutch East Indies proper.
34.3.Aceh counterratack
Was a counterattack by the Sultanate of Aceh against the Dutch invasion during the Aceh War.
January 1885: In 1884, the Dutch responded by withdrawing all their forces in Aceh into a fortified line around Banda Aceh.
Were a series of military operations by the Dutch Empire to occupy South Sulawesi (modern-day Indonesia).
January 1906: The Kingdom of Luwu was absorbed by the Dutch East Indies.
January 1906: In 1905, the entire Island of Sulawesi became part of the Dutch East Indies.
35.1.Campaign against Gowa
Was a Dutch military expedition against the Sultanate of Gowa in South Sulawesi (Indonesia).
December 1905: The Dutch besieged the fortress of Alitta, killing all the Gowan soldiers inside.
January 1906: Gowa and Bone were annexed to the Government of Sulawesi (Dutch East Indies).
Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.
36.1.World War II (Asia & Pacific)
Was the East Asian, South Asian and Pacific theatre of World War II.
36.1.1.Malayan Campaign
Was a military campaign of Japan against British Malaya that ended with the expulsion of the British forces from the area.
January 1942: The Japanese invaded the Dutch East Indies in 1941-42 and the Dutch administration on Sumbawa quickly broke down.
36.1.2.Battle of Borneo (1941-42)
Was a successful campaign by Japanese Imperial forces for control of Borneo island, which was a British (the northern part) and Dutch (the southern part) possession.
December 1941: Allied troops retreated through the jungle to Singkawang, which fell in turn on 29 December.
36.1.3.Dutch East Indies campaign
Was the conquest of the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) by forces from the Empire of Japan in the early days of the Pacific campaign of World War II.
January 1942: Japanese invasion of Tarakan.
January 1942: Japanese invasion of Manado.
January 1942: Japanese conquest of Kendari.
January 1942: The Japanese invasion forces move to Balikpapan.
February 1942: Makassar conquered by japan.
February 1942: Battle of Ambon: Japan invaded and conquered the island in a few days, facing Dutch, American and Australian forces.
February 1942: After the conquest of Makassar Japan basically holds the entire Island of Sulawesi.
February 1942: Battle of Banjarmasin.
February 1942: The Malayan Campaign of the Japanese ends with the surrender of Singapore.
March 1942: Bali fell to Japan in february.
March 1942: Battle of Samarinda.
March 1942: Japanese occupation of entire Sumatra completed.
April 1942: The Japanese fought the British and Dutch, securing control of Borneo on April 1, 1942.
36.1.3.1.Battle of Java
Was the Japanese invasion of the island of Java, at the time part of the Dutch East Indies.
March 1942: The Japanese Tanaka Unit occupied Tjepoe on 2 March.
March 1942: The Japanese Kitamura Unit occupied Bodjonegoro.
March 1942: Battle of Leuwiliang.
March 1942: Buitenzorg was occupied by Japan.
March 1942: The Japanese advanced rapidly and overcame all Dutch army defence found in Blora, Soerakarta, Bojolali, Djokjakarta, Magelang, Salatiga, Ambarawa and Poerworedjo.
March 1942: Colonel Toshishige Shoji surrendered at the Isola Hotel in Lembang.
March 1942: Keboemen and Purwokerto, north of Tjilatjap were captured by the Japanese. The Yamamoto Unit fanned out along the beach and mounted a two-pronged attack, entering Tjilatjap.
March 1942: The Japanese Nasu Detachment pursued the Dutch through Tjiandjoer and (Tjimahi), entering the city.
March 1942: The Japanese complete the conquest of Java and thereby gain control of the entire Durch East Indies.
36.1.4.New Guinea Campaign
Was a military campaign that started when Japan invaded the island of New Guinea.
36.1.4.1.Japanese invasion of Dutch New Guinea
Was the Japanese invasion of the western part of New Guinea Island, at the time part of the Dutch East Indies.
April 1942: Japanese conquest of Babo.
April 1942: Hollandia conquered by japan.
36.1.5.Battle of Timor
Was the Japanese invasion and occupation of Dutch Timor and Portuguese Timor during World War II.
February 1942: Surrender of Usua to the Japanese.
36.1.6.Japanese Surrender (World War II)
Were the evacuation of the Japanese forces from occupied territories after the formal surrender of the Empire of Japan.
August 1945: After the dropping of Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan accepts the Allied unconditional surrender terms (14 August 1945). Japanese forces leave occupied territories.
36.2.World War II (Western Front)
Was the Western European theatre of World War II.
36.2.1.German Invasion of Netherlands
Was the German Invasion of the Netherlands during World War II.
May 1940: Battle of Maastricht.
May 1940: Battle of Mill.
May 1940: Battle of the Grebbeberg.
May 1940: Battle of Rotterdam.
May 1940: After the bombing of Rotterdam, the Dutch surrendered in the late afternoon of 14 May, signing the capitulation early the next morning.
May 1940: Battle of Zeeland.
36.2.2.German Invasion of France
The Battle of France was the German invasion of France during World War II that ended with the French Armistice of Compiègne on 22 June 1940.
36.2.2.1.Central Front of the German Invasion of France (World War II)
Was the front of the Meuse Line during the German invasion of France in World War II.
May 1940: The German advance forces reached the Meuse line late in the afternoon.
May 1940: German advance in Belgium.
36.2.3.Siegfried Line campaign
Was a phase in the Western European campaign of World War II which involved actions near the German defensive Siegfried Line.
September 1944: Territorial changes based on the known frontline of the western front of World War II in that date.
36.2.3.1.Battle of the Scheldt
Was a series of military operations led by the First Canadian Army, with Polish and British units attached, to open up the shipping route to Antwerp so that its port could be used to supply the Allies in north-west Europe.
October 1944: Allied advances by October 16th in the Low Countries and Belgium, during the Battle of the Scheldt.
November 1944: Allied advances by November 10th in the Low Countries and Belgium, during the Battle of the Scheldt.
36.2.4.Liberation of Netherlands
Was the Allied liberation of the Netherlands from the German occupying forces.
September 1944: Maastricht, Gulpen, Meerssen are liberated by the Allies of World War II
September 1944: Simpelveld is liberated by the Allies of World War II
September 1944: Sint-Oedenrode, Veghel, Son en Breugel are liberated by the Allies of World War II
September 1944: Eindhoven is liberated by the Allies of World War II
September 1944: Veldhoven is liberated by the Allies of World War II
September 1944: Nijmegen, Geldrop, Someren, Terneuzen are liberated by the Allies of World War II
September 1944: Weert is liberated by the Allies of World War II
September 1944: Deurne is liberated by the Allies of World War II
September 1944: Mook is liberated by the Allies of World War II
September 1944: Helmond,Oss are liberated by the Allies of World War II
October 1944: Kerkrade is liberated by the Allies of World War II
October 1944: Venray is liberated by the Allies of World War II
October 1944: Den Bosch, Tilburg, Bergen op Zoom are liberated by the Allies of World War II
October 1944: Tholen,Goes are liberated by the Allies of World War II
November 1944: Vlissingen,Westkapelle are liberated by the Allies of World War II
November 1944: Wissenkerke,Zoutelande are liberated by the Allies of World War II
November 1944: Middelburg is liberated by the Allies of World War II
November 1944: Veere,Koudekerke are liberated by the Allies of World War II
December 1944: Blerick is liberated by the Allies of World War II
April 1945: Doetinchem,Borculo,Eibergen,Enschede are liberated by the Allies of World War II
April 1945: Hengelo is liberated by the Allies of World War II
April 1945: Almelo is liberated by the Allies of World War II
April 1945: Westerbork,Brummen,Deventer are liberated by the Allies of World War II
April 1945: Assen,Diepenveen,Olst are liberated by the Allies of World War II
April 1945: Arnhem, Zwolle are liberated by the Allies of World War II
April 1945: Zutphen, Leeuwarden, Zoutkamp are liberated by the Allies of World War II
April 1945: Groningen is liberated by the Allies of World War II
April 1945: Apeldoorn is liberated by the Allies of World War II
36.2.4.1.Battle of Nijmegen
Was the liberation of the Dutch city of Nijmegen from German occupation during World War II.
September 1944: The Battle of Nijmegen or Liberation of Nijmegen occurred from 17 to 20 September 1944.
36.2.4.2.Battle of Overloon
As a battle fought during the Second World War between Allied forces and the German Army which took place in and around the village of Overloon in the south-east of the Netherlands .
October 1944: Overloon is liberated by the Allies of World War II
36.2.5.Western Allied invasion of Germany
Was the invasion of the western territories of Germany mainly by the United States, United Kingdom, France and Canada at the end of World War II.
March 1945: Frontline of the western front of World War II in that date.
April 1945: Allied military operations during the encirclement of the Ruhr area (March-April 1945).
April 1945: Allied advance in Germany in that date.
April 1945: Allied reduction of Ruhr Pocket.
April 1945: Final allied military operations in the European theatre of World War II (April-May 1945).
May 1945: Final allied military operations in the European theatre of World War II (April-May 1945).
36.2.5.1.German Offensive on the Western Front during the Allied invasion
Was a offensive of Germany against the Allies that were invading German-occupied Europe during World War II.
December 1944: Territorial changes caused on December 16th 1944 by the German Ardenne Offensive of 1944 ("Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein").
36.2.5.2.Operation Veritable
Was an Allied military operation in the Reichswald Forest, in Germany, towards the end of World War II.
February 1945: Territorial changes based on the known frontline during the Rhineland campaign.
36.2.5.3.Operation Grenade
Was the crossing of the Roer river between Roermond and Düren by the U.S. Ninth Army which marked the beginning of the Allied invasion of Germany.
36.3.End of World War II in Europe
Refers to the surrender of Axis forces and the end of World War II and to the territorial changes that were a direct consequence of World War II but happened after the traditional end of the War.
May 1945: After the End of World War II the Western European countries of Germany are reverted to their pre-war borders.
April 1949: An area of Germany of a total size of 69 km2 was allocated to the Netherlands.
August 1963: Almost all of the German territories annexed by the Netherlands at the end of WWII were returned to West Germany in 1963 after Germany paid the Netherlands 280 million German marks. The territory was returned to West Germany on 1 August 1963, except one small hill (about 3 km2) near Wyler village, called Duivelsberg/Wylerberg.
Was the armed struggle of the Republic of Indonesia to gain its independence from the Dutch Empire.
August 1945: Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta declared Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945.
October 1945: Battle of Medan.
November 1945: Allied troops under the command of Brigadier Bethell landed in Semarang.
November 1945: Battle of Surabaya.
December 1945: Battle of Ambarawa.
February 1947: South Sulawesi campaign of 1946-1947.
August 1947: Operation Product: The operation resulted in the occupation of large parts of Java and Sumatra by Dutch forces.
December 1948: The Dutch East Indies captured Yogyakarta.
December 1949: All major Republican held cities in Java and Sumatra were in Dutch hands.
December 1949: The Netherlands agreed to recognise Indonesian sovereignty over a new federal state known as the 'United States of Indonesia' (RUSI). It would include all the territory of the former Dutch East Indies with the exception of Netherlands New Guinea. Sovereignty was formally transferred on 27 December 1949, and the new state was immediately recognised by the United States of America.
August 1585: Cautionary Towns: English possession of Flushing and Brill was confirmed by the Treaty of Nonsuch in 1585.
January 1599: The first Dutch trading post on the Gold Coast was established by the Dutch East India Company, under the leadership of Admiral Jacob Corneliszoon van Neck and merchant Pieter van den Broecke, in 1598 at Fort Nassau (today: Moree) in the Dutch Gold Coast.
January 1599: In 1598, the Dutch established their second trading post on the Gold Coast at Fort Batenstein (now known as Butri).
January 1604: Expansion of the Dutch East India Company in Indonesia by 1603.
January 1606: Masulipatnam was the first Dutch factory on the Coromandel Coast of India.
January 1606: The Dutch East India Company allied with the Sultan of Ternate and conquered Ambon and Tidore.
January 1606: The Fernando de Noronha archipelago was occupied by the Dutch in the 17th century.
January 1607: Second Dutch factory on the Coromandel Coast.
January 1609: The Dutch East India Company, led by Governor-General Pieter Both, established a settlement in an old house in Parangippettai (Porto Novo) in 1608.
January 1609: Thirupathiripuliyur was founded by the Dutch in 1608 on the ruins of an old Portuguese fort.
September 1609: Dutch factory established at Hirado by the Dutch East India Company (VOC). The factory was subordinated to Java.
January 1610: Dutch outpost in Tenganapatnam established in 1609.
January 1610: Evolution of the border between the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Netherlands before the Thirty Year's War.
January 1610: The Dutch occupied Pulicat fort.
January 1610: Ravenstein fell to the Netherlands.
January 1612: The English settled in the Masulipatnam in 1611.
January 1613: Jacob Clantius, who was to become the first General on the Coast, was sent to the Gold Coast in 1611. In 1612, after gaining permission of the local rulers through the Treaty of Asebu, he built Fort Nassau near Moree, on the site of an original Dutch trading post that had been burned down by the Portuguese.
January 1613: Sadras is enlarged into a full factory by the Dutch.
July 1613: In June 1613, the English East India Company established a trading post in Hirado, Japan.
January 1614: The Dutch established a trading post in Palakol for textile, lamp oil, wood, roof tiles, and bricks.
January 1614: The Paji areas on Adonara contained three principalities, namely Adonara proper (centered on the north coast of the island), and Terong and Lamahala (on the south coast). Together with two principalities on Solor (Lohayong and Lamakera), they constituted a league called Watan Lema ("the five shores").
January 1614: The Watan Lema allied with the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1613.
January 1615: Foundation of Fort Nassau (1614) on Castle Eylandt in the North River, now Westerlo Island.
October 1616: Dirk Hartog Island was discovered by Hartog on 25 October 1616 and claimed by the Dutch East India Company (VOC).
January 1617: The Cautionary Towns were sold to the Dutch Republic in 1616.
January 1617: In 1617, the Dutch established a colony named Guede Reede or Goeree on the island of Gorée.
January 1617: A Dutch fort is established in Suratte (today called Surat) by Pieter van den Broecke in 1616.
January 1617: Essequibo was founded by colonists from the first Zeelandic colony, Pomeroon, which had been destroyed by Spaniards and local warriors around 1596. Led by Joost van der Hooge, the Zeelanders travelled to an island called Kyk-Over-Al in the Essequibo river (actually a side-river called the Mazaruni). This location was chosen because of its strategic location and the trade with the local population. Van der Hooge encountered an older ruined Portuguese fort there (the Portuguese arms had been hewn into the rock above the gate).
January 1618: The Dutch East India Company office was founded in 1617.
January 1618: The Dutch established a post at Cambay. It was a rather unsuccessful post due to the inability of ships to dock at the port at low tide.
January 1620: Expansion of the Dutch East India Company in Indonesia by 1619.
January 1620: Territorial losses of the Dutch East India Company in Indonesia by 1619.
January 1620: After conflict with the Dutch over the pepper trade in 1619, the Dutch East India Company Governor-General Jan Pieterszoon Coen took the port of Jayakarta from Banten. He founded Batavia (now Jakarta) on the ruins of this Javanese town, which became the centre of VOC operation and a serious rival for Banten, later contributing to its decline.
January 1622: Brandenburg acquires Ravenstein.
January 1622: Foundation of Fort Nassau (1621) on the Zuyd River, dismantled and relocated in (1651), now Gloucester City.
January 1623: At this time, the Dutch East India Company was trying to force China to open a port in Fujian to Dutch trade and expel the Portuguese from Macau. When the Dutch were defeated by the Portuguese at the Battle of Macau in 1622, they seized Penghu.
January 1625: The Dutch East India Company, led by Governor-General Jan Pieterszoon Coen, began establishing a base on Formosa in 1624. The bay where they settled eventually gave the entire island its name, becoming known as Dutch Formosa.
January 1625: Foundation of Noten Eylant (1624) at the mouth of the North River, now Governors Island.
January 1625: Kievets Hoek was founded in 1624 by English Puritans led by John Winthrop and Dutch settlers led by Adriaen Block. The settlement was later renamed Old Saybrook and became part of New Netherland.
January 1625: Foundation of Fort Orange (1624) to replace Fort Nassau on the North River, now Albany.
January 1625: In 1624, the new governor of Fujian sent a fleet of 40-50 warships with 5,000 troops to Penghu and expelled the Dutch.
January 1625: Foundation of Fort Wilhelmus (1624), on the Zuyd Rivier .
January 1625: Foundation of New Amsterdam (1624), now Lower Manhattan.
January 1626: Foundation of Fort Amsterdam (1625), at the tip of the isle of Manhattan.
January 1626: The Dutch outpost in Thirupathiripuliyur was destroyed in 1625 by a local chief.
January 1628: Berbice was settled in 1627 by the businessman Abraham van Peere from Vlissingen, under the suzerainty of the Dutch West India Company.
January 1628: In 1627, the Ottomans lost control of Aden and Lahej to the Zaidi Imamate.
July 1628: An early European settlement on the island of Tobago, a Dutch colony named New Walcheren, formed in 1628.
January 1629: In 1628, the Spanish successfully conquered the colony of Tobago, which was previously under Dutch control.
January 1630: In 1629, during the Eighty Years' War, Eindhoven was captured by the Dutch Republic under the leadership of Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange.
January 1631: Foundation of Rensselaerswyck (1630), patroonship Kiliaen van Rensselaer on the North River, now Capital District.
January 1631: Foundation of Pavonia (1630) on the North River, attempted patroonship of Michael Pauw, now Hudson County.
January 1632: The Dutch West India Company, under the leadership of Peter Stuyvesant, established a fort on the island of Anguilla in 1631. This marked the beginning of Dutch colonization in the region, with Anguilla becoming a territory of the Netherlands.
January 1632: Fort Amsterdam, the first British fort on the Gold Coast, was captured in 1665 by Engel de Ruyter, a Dutch naval commander known for his successful military campaigns in West Africa. The territory then went to the British Gold Coast.
January 1632: In 1631, the Dutch West India Company, under the leadership of Peter Stuyvesant, built Fort Amsterdam on Saint Martin. This strategic fort was constructed to protect the Dutch interests in the Caribbean and secure their control over the island.
July 1633: In 1633, the Spanish captured St. Martin, driving off the Dutch colonists.
January 1634: Foundation of Fort Huis de Goed Hoop (1633) near the Fresh River, now Hartford.
January 1634: The territory of Anguilla fell under Spanish control in 1633.
January 1634: In 1633, during its Dutch-Portuguese War, the Netherlands seized control of Arguin.
January 1634: Draksharama acquired by the Dutch.
August 1634: The Dutch West India Company under Admiral Johann van Walbeeck invaded the island of Curaçao and the Spaniards there surrendered in San Juan in August.
January 1635: After having only a local tradesman to their service, the Dutch expanded their presence in Golkonda to a full factory in 1664.
January 1635: Foundation of Communipaw (1634), as Jan de Lacher's Hoeck, now Liberty State Park.
January 1636: From 1635 Dutch Bengal was administered by Dutch Coromandel.
January 1636: In 1635 a contract was signed by the Dutch with the Sultanate of Banjarmasin.
January 1636: Foundation of Noortwijk (1630s), now Greenwich Village.
January 1636: The Saybrook Colony was an English colony established in late 1635 at the mouth of the Connecticut River in present-day Old Saybrook, Connecticut by John Winthrop, the Younger, son of John Winthrop, the Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
January 1636: Foundation of the Dutch factory of Hougli.
March 1636: Connectitut was organized on March 3, 1636 as a settlement for a Puritan congregation.
April 1636: Bonaire was conquered in March 1636 by the Dutch West India Company under the leadership of Admiral Johan van Walbeeck. The island was originally inhabited by the indigenous Arawak people before being colonized by the Dutch.
April 1636: In 1636, the chamber of Zeeland of the Dutch West India Company took possession of the island of Sint Estatius, reported to be uninhabited at the time.
May 1636: The Netherlands seized Aruba from Spain in 1636 in the course of the Thirty Years' War.
January 1637: Hugli-Chuchura was abandoned by the Dutch.
January 1637: Foundation of the Dutch factory of Pipley (Pipli).
January 1637: Dutch Pacification Campaign on Formosa: a series of military actions and diplomatic moves undertaken in 1635 and 1636 by Dutch colonial authorities in Dutch-era Taiwan (Formosa) aimed at subduing hostile aboriginal villages in the southwestern region of the island.
January 1637: Foundation of Quetenesse (1636), now Dutch Island in Rhode Island, and possibly nearby Fort Ninigret.
January 1638: Foundation of Nieuwe Haarlem (1637) and (1652) municipal charter.
January 1638: Foundation of Pelham (1637), a New Englander's homestead.
January 1638: Sawantwadi State fell directly under the command of Batavia until 1673, and then under command of Suratte.
January 1639: In 1598 a Dutch squadron under Admiral Wybrand Van Warwyck landed at Grand Port and named the island "Mauritius" after Prince Maurice of Nassau (Dutch: Maurits van Nassau) of the Dutch Republic. The Dutch inhabited the island in 1638.
January 1639: New Sweden was a Swedish colony along the lower reaches of the Delaware River in America, established in 1638.
January 1640: Foundation of Staaten Eylandt (1639), an attempted patroonship of Cornelius Meyln.
January 1640: Foundation of Broncks (1639) now The Bronx, settled by Jonas Bronck.
March 1640: In February 1640 the Portuguese fort of Negombo, a short distance North of Colombo was captured by Philip Lucasz.
May 1640: In 1640, the Dutch colony of Saba was established.
January 1641: In 1560 the Portuguese founded Fort São Francisco Xavier, in modern Osu, district of Accra.
January 1641: In 1640, the Dutch built Fort William.
January 1641: Shama conquered by netherlands.
January 1641: Foundation of Vriessendael (1640), homestead of David Pietersen de Vries, now Edgewater.
January 1641: The foundation of Southold in 1640 was led by Puritan minister Reverend John Youngs and a group of English settlers from New Haven, Connecticut. The territory was originally part of New Netherland before being transferred to the English in 1664.
January 1641: The Dutch (in the form of the Dutch East India Company) settled West Timor in 1640, forcing the Portuguese out to East Timor.
June 1641: In 1641, the Dutch East India Company moved ist Japanese factory from Hirado to Deshima Island in the Nagasaki Bay.
January 1642: Expansion of the Dutch East India Company in Indonesia by 1641.
October 1642: 6 - 17 Oct 1642: Spanish occupation of Bonaire under Ruy Fernández de Fuenmayor.
October 1642: 6 - 17 Oct 1642: Spanish occupation of Bonaire under Ruy Fernández de Fuenmayor.
January 1643: The Trading post of Port Orange established by the Dutch in 1642.
January 1643: Foundation of Vriedelandt (1642), Englishman John Throckmorton settles, now Throg's Neck.
January 1643: Foundation of Maspat (1642), under a charter granted to Rev. Francis Doughty, now Maspeth.
January 1643: Foundation of Greenwich (1642), English manor under Dutch jurisdiction.
January 1644: After problems with local merchants, Cambay closed in 1643.
January 1644: Foundation of Hemsteede (1643), New England settlement on Lange Eylandt.
January 1644: Foundation of Hoboken (1643), a lease at Pavonia.
January 1644: Foundation of Eastchester (1643) homestead of Anne Hutchinson's family and followers.
January 1646: Foundation of Vlissingen (1645) under Dutch patent, mostly English colonists, many of them Quakers, now Flushing.
January 1646: The territory of Hugli-Chuchura is re-occupied by the Dutch.
January 1646: After the Dutch conquered the Spanish colony in northern Taiwan in 1642, they sought to establish control of the western plains between the new possessions and their base at Tayouan. After a brief but destructive campaign, Pieter Boon was able to subdue the tribes in this area in 1645.
January 1646: Foundation of Gravesend (1645) settled under Dutch patent by English Anabaptist Lady Deborah Moody and followers.
January 1647: English trading post of Fort Egya was built in 1647.
January 1647: Foundation of Constable Hook.
January 1647: Foundation of Colen Donck (1646), homestead of Jonkheer Adriaen van der Donck, now Yonkers.
January 1648: Foundation of Weehawken (1647), a land patent.
January 1648: Foundation of Minkakwa (1647), now Caven Point.
January 1648: Fort Egya (today: Egya) conquered by the Dutch.
January 1648: Foundation of Nieuw Amersfoort (1647), now Flatlands.
March 1648: In 1648, the island of Saint Martin lost its value to Spain after the end of the Eighty Years' War. The Spanish abandoned it, allowing the Dutch to return. The French also began settling, leading to a division of the island between the two powers through the Treaty of Concordia.
January 1649: The Dutch established a permanent settlement on the island of Tortola by 1648.
January 1650: Dutch hegemony over Maldivian affairs.
April 1650: Fort Carlsborg was under Swedish administration by 22 April 1650.
January 1651: Fort Batenstein, located in present-day Butri near Sekondi-Takoradi in the Western region, was a fortification under Swedish administration from 1650 to 1656. It was an important trading post on the Swedish Gold Coast during this period.
January 1651: An attempt to colonize the Pomeroon River mouth was started by the British in 1650.
January 1652: Fort Casimir was founded in 1651 by the Dutch West India Company in present-day Delaware. It was named after the Dutch governor of New Netherland, Jacob Alrichs. The fort was later captured by the Swedish in 1654 and then recaptured by the Dutch in 1655.
April 1652: Establishment of Cape Town.
January 1653: Foundation of Esopus (1652) now Ulster County.
January 1653: Foundation of Nieuw Utrecht (1652), or New Utrecht.
January 1653: The local trading post of Visakhapatnam was enlarged into a fort in 1758.
January 1653: In the peace treaty of 1652 the Susquehannock ceded to Maryland large territories on both shores of the Chesapeake Bay in return for arms and for safety on their southern flank.
January 1653: Fort Christiansborg, located in present-day Osu, Ghana, was under the administration of the Swedish Gold Coast from 1652 to 1658. The fort was a key trading post for the Swedish Empire during this period.
January 1654: Fort Witsen, now Sekondi-Takoradi in the Western region, was under the control of the Swedish Gold Coast from 1653 to 1658. The fort was named after Dutch merchant Jacob Witsen, who played a significant role in the establishment of the trading post.
January 1654: In 1653, the territory under the leadership of Johan Björnsson Printz, governor from 1643 to 1653, expanded along the river from Fort Christina. This territory was part of New Sweden, a Swedish colony in North America.
January 1654: Foundation of Fort Provintia.
January 1654: In 1653, the Swedes captured Fort William.
January 1654: Foundation of Oester Baai (1653), at the 1650 border between New England and New Netherland, now Oyster Bay.
June 1654: In New Sweden, the Dutch Fort Casimir was captured by soldiers from the New Sweden colony led by governor Johan Risingh.
October 1654: Forts Lampsinsberg, Beveren, and Bellavista were conquered by British and destroyed by French.
January 1655: Foundation of Pamrapo (1654) Achter Col patents, now Bayonne.
January 1656: The territory of Dutch Bengal was administered by the Dutch Coromandel from 1635 to 1655.
January 1656: Fort Apollonia was established by the Swedes in 1655 as part of the Swedish Gold Coast, a colony in present-day Ghana. The trading post was strategically located for the Swedish to engage in the lucrative trade of gold and other commodities in the region.
August 1656: After the Dutch managed to dislodge the Swedes from Butre and began building Fort Batenstein at that site, the leaders of the Dutch West India Company thought it beneficial to negotiate a treaty with the local political leadership in order to establish a peaceful long-term relationship in the area. The local Ahanta leaders found it equally beneficial to enter into such an agreement, and thus on 27 August 1656, the Treaty of Butre was signed. This treaty established a Dutch protectorate in the area.
January 1657: The Dutch-Portuguese War saw the Dutch conquest of most of Portugal's Asian colonies, Ceylon included, between 1638 and 1658.
January 1657: Foundation of Rustdorp (1656) land patent, now Jamaica.
January 1658: The Dutch West India Company, a trading company established by the Dutch government, established a post on Saint Thomas in 1657.
January 1658: Foundation of Wiltwyk (1657), now Kingston.
January 1659: In 1658, Fort Christiansborg in present-day Osu, Ghana, was transferred from Swedish to Dutch control.
January 1659: In 1658 the Dutch West Indies Company seized French territory to establish the Dutch colony of Cayenne.
January 1659: Jaffna is taken by the Dutch in 1658.
February 1659: Fort Christiansborg was lost to Denmark-Norway.
December 1659: Taken by the more numerous Dutch settlers, who surrounded Fort James and forced Hubert de Beveren, Governor of the Couronians, to surrender. The merchant fleet and factories were destroyed. Courland officially yielded New Courland on 11 December 1659.
January 1660: The Dutch briefly held Jacob Fort from 1659.
January 1660: Expansion of New Netherland by 1660 (based on maps).
May 1660: Tobago was returned to Courland.
January 1661: In 1659 or 1660, the Dutch recaptured Fort William (today: Anomabu).
January 1662: Foundation of Schenectady.
January 1662: In 1661 the Dutch East India Company took possession of Kollam.
January 1662: In 1661, Fort Pallipuram was integrated into Dutch Malabar. The fort was originally built by the Portuguese in the early 16th century and was an important strategic location in the region.
January 1662: Foundation of Fort Quilon.
January 1662: The English captured it in 1661 and renamed the island James Island and the fort Fort James after James, the Duke of York, later King James II of England.
January 1663: End of the Formosa Protectorate.
January 1663: The Dutch brothers Adrian and Cornelius Lampsins were granted the title of Barons of Tobago.
January 1663: Purakkad acquired by the Dutch.
January 1663: Koxinga, a Chinese military leader and Ming loyalist, forced the Dutch East India Company representatives to sign a peace treaty at Zeelandia in 1662. This marked the end of Dutch control over the remnant part of Dutch Formosa, which was then taken over by Koxinga's forces.
January 1663: São Tomé de Meliapore was occupied by the Dutch.
January 1663: The Dutch took the control of Kodungallur fort in 1663.
January 1664: Pathanamthitta acquired by the Dutch.
January 1664: Portuguese alliance was followed by that of the Dutch, who had by then conquered Quilon after various encounters with the Portuguese and their allies. Discontented members of the Cochin Royal family called on the assistance of the Dutch for help in overthrowing the Cochin Raja.
January 1664: Dutch Gorée was taken over by Great Britain in 1664. Gorée is a small island off the coast of Senegal, known for its role in the transatlantic slave trade.
May 1664: France Équinoxiale is re-occupied by France.
August 1664: On August 27, 1664, four English frigates led by Richard Nicolls sailed into New Amsterdam's harbor and demanded New Netherland's surrender.
October 1664: English occupation of Gorée.
January 1665: Fort Egya was demolished in 1665 by the British after they had recaptured it in the year before.
January 1665: After some skirmishes the Dutch retook the northern fortress at Keelung in 1664.
July 1665: During the Anglo-Dutch War, the English forces under Admiral Sir Robert Holmes captured Sint Eustatius from the Dutch in 1665. The island remained under British military occupation until the end of the war in 1666.
September 1665: Aug 1665 - Oct 1667: English occupation of Saba.
January 1666: Fort Amsterdam, on the Gold Coast, was captured in 1665 by Engel de Ruyter.
January 1666: Makassaris conquered by the Dutch.
January 1666: Essequibo was occupied by the British in 1665.
January 1666: During the 17th century, Arguin was a key trading post in West Africa, controlled by the Dutch and later the French. In 1665, the English briefly took control of the territory before returning it to the French.
September 1666: Surate (Surat) becomes a French factory in 1666.
January 1667: In 1666, Arguin was under Dutch control until it was briefly interrupted by English rule in 1665. This period of shifting colonial powers was part of the broader competition for control of trade routes and resources in the region.
January 1667: The Dutch surrendered to pirates in Tobago.
July 1667: When the second Anglo-Dutch war ended in 1667 with the Treaty of Breda, the English gained a foothold in Anomabo.
November 1667: Aug 1665 - Oct 1667: English occupation of Saba.
January 1668: Dutch rule in Tobago was restored.
January 1668: Fort Goede Hoop (today: Senya Beraku) conquered by netherlands.
January 1668: Kundapur was established.
July 1668: 17 November 1666 - mid 1668: French occupation of Sint Estatius.
January 1669: Nizampatnam was abandoned by the Dutch in 1668.
January 1669: The Dutch held out at Keelung until 1668, when aborigine resistance (likely incited by Zheng Jing), and the lack of progress in retaking any other parts of the island persuaded the colonial authorities to abandon this final stronghold and withdraw from Taiwan altogether.
December 1669: The Bima Sultanate surrendered to the VOC on 8 December 1669 with an agreement signed in Batavia (Jakarta).
January 1670: Nagulavancha was established.
January 1671: In 1670, the Chamber of the West India Company (WIC) in Zeeland, Netherlands, regained control of the Essequibo colony in South America.
January 1671: Ashanti political organization was originally centered on clans headed by a paramount chief or Amanhene.One particular clan, the Oyoko, settled in the Ashanti's sub-tropical forest region, establishing a center at Kumasi. The Ashanti became tributaries of another Akan state, Denkyira.
January 1671: The Dutch forced Banten to give up their control on Cirebon.
January 1672: Rajasinha attempted to negotiate an alliance with France, who seized Trincomalee.
January 1672: The Danish West India Company resettled St. Thomas, establishing Fort Christiansfort.
May 1672: The french occupy the entire island of Saint Martin.
July 1672: In 1672, the island of Sint Eustatius in the Dutch Caribbean was occupied by the English military. This occurred during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, a conflict between the Dutch Republic and England. The occupation lasted until the end of 1679.
July 1672: 4 Jul 1672 - 1679: English occupation of Saba.
July 1672: 25 Jul 1672 - 6 Sep 1674: Sainte Thomé (São Tomé de Meliapore) occupied by France.
January 1673: Dutch conquest of Trincomalee.
January 1673: In 1672 Tobago was ceded to England.
January 1673: In 1672, the English captured Tortola from the Dutch.
February 1673: In 1673, the Dutch East India Company, led by Admiral Abraham Blauvelt, seized Saint Helena from the English East India Company. However, English reinforcements under the command of Captain Richard Munden successfully restored control of the island to the English by May of that year.
June 1673: Between January and May 1673, the Dutch East India Company, led by Admiral Adam van Brederode, seized the island of Saint Helena. However, English reinforcements, under the command of Captain Richard Keigwin, successfully restored control of the island to the English East India Company.
January 1675: Tobago restored to the W.I.C. in 1674.
May 1676: Dutch occupation of French Guyana from May 5. The territory was under the control of Dutch forces led by Admiral Abraham Crijnssen. The occupation was part of the larger conflict between the Dutch Republic and France for control of colonial territories in the Americas.
June 1676: The Dutch occupy the entire island of Sint Maarten.
June 1676: The French occupied the entire island of Saint Martin.
December 1676: End of the Dutch occupation of French Guyana on December 20, 1676.
January 1677: In 1676, the Dutch established a factory at Bellasoor (Baleshwar) in Bengal.
January 1677: In 1676, the Dutch established a factory at Patna in Bengal.
January 1677: Vengurla fell under Dutch Malabar.
January 1677: In 1676, the Dutch East India Company established a trading post in Malda, a city in Bengal, India.
January 1678: In 1677 after a damaging French attack the W.I.C. abandoned Tobago. In 1678 the Dutch Republic ceded Tobago to France.
January 1679: France took over the island of Arguin in September 1678.
November 1679: In June 1672, the English occupied the island of Sint Eustatius, a Dutch colony in the Caribbean. The occupation lasted until the end of 1679, when the territory was returned to Dutch control.
November 1679: 4 Jul 1672 - 1679: English occupation of Saba.
June 1682: In May 1682 the newly founded Brandenburg African Company, which had been granted a charter by Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg (core of the later Prussian kingdom), established a small West African colony.
January 1683: Fort Sekondi, also Fort George, was an English fort on the Gold Coast, built in 1682 at Sekondi.
January 1683: In 1682, the Dutch West India Company took over the administration of Saba, a small island in the Caribbean.
January 1683: The Kundapur factory traded in rice and pepper and was closed in 1682 after problems with local merchants.
January 1684: The British began building Fort Metl Cross (today: Dixcove, Ghana) in 1683.
January 1684: Vassalisation of the Sultanate of Ternate by Dutch.
May 1684: Fort Dorothea, also called Accada (now Akwid), was established by Brandenburg in modern-day Ghana.
January 1686: Between 1683 and 1685, the Brandenburgers, led by Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, expanded their settlements and fortifications in the area. Despite this, Fort Groß Friedrichsburg remained the key stronghold on the Brandenburger Gold Coast.
January 1688: The Dutch, led by Governor Hendrik Hertog, occupied Fort Dorothea (Akwida) in 1687 as part of their control over the Dutch Gold Coast. The fort was later abandoned in 1698 due to conflicts with the local tribes.
April 1689: In 1689, the island of Sint Eustatius was occupied by France. The French occupation was led by Admiral Jean Bart, a renowned French naval commander.
January 1690: French privateers destroyed the colony of Pomeroon in 1689.
January 1690: Southern Saint Martin is given back to the Dutch.
May 1690: In 1690, Chandernagore (Chandernagor) became a French possession in India.
January 1693: The VOC, or Dutch East India Company, gained control of Bogor and Priangan Highlands in 1692, reducing the power of Banten and making it a protectorate. This marked a significant shift in the political landscape of West Java during that time.
September 1694: On September 21, 1694, a contractual agreement to establish new territorial borders was signed between the Kingdom of Bola'ang and the newly unified federation of Minahasan tribes, backed by the Dutch. Along Poigar river the northern border and along Buyat river its southerly counterpart. The border thus divided the westside territory for Bola'ang and the eastside territory for Minahasan people, which made the kingdom of Bola'ang lose all of its territories and subjects on the east side of the borders.
May 1696: 28 Jul 1690 - Apr 1696: English occupationof Sint Estatius.
January 1697: Establishment of the Danish outpost of Eddowa.
January 1698: Fort Lijdzaamheid (today: Apam) conquered by netherlands.
January 1699: The Dutch, led by Admiral Willem de la Palma, occupied Fort Dorothea (Akwida) in 1687. However, in 1698, the territory was transferred to the Brandenburger Gold Coast, a trading company established by the Electorate of Brandenburg.
January 1699: Fort Komenda was established between 1695 and 1698 at Komenda, in contemporary Ghana.
April 1699: Dutch occupation of Chandernagore.
September 1699: Dutch occupation of Chandernagore.
January 1700: All the kingdoms of Sumbawa Island are annexed by Dutch East India Company.
January 1700: In 1699, the French took control of the entire island of Saint Martin, including the Dutch-controlled Sint Maarten.
January 1701: Expansion of the Dutch East India Company in Indonesia by 1700.
January 1701: Expansion of Cape Colony by 1700.
January 1701: During the reign of Chikka Devaraja (r. 1672-1704), the Kingdom of Mysore grew to include Salem and Bangalore to the east, Hassan to the west, Chikkamagaluru and Tumkur to the north and the rest of Coimbatore to the south.
March 1702: As William III of England was also the de facto ruler of the Dutch Republic (as Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel in the Dutch Republic), the Personal Union between Netherlands and Great Britain ended at his death.
January 1703: In 1699, the French took control of the entire island of Saint Martin, including the Dutch-controlled Sint Maarten.
April 1703: In 1703, the Dutch took control of the entire island of Saint Martin, which later became the colony of Sint Maarten. This period of Dutch rule lasted until August 1715.
January 1706: In 1705, the French took control of Fernando de Noronha, renaming it Île Delphine. The archipelago remained under French colonial rule until 1737.
January 1709: Before 1708 the chiefdom of Anomabu was established in Ghana, possibly by Nana Eno who became its first king.
January 1711: In 1710, Murshidabad became a Dutch trading post in Bengal, India.
January 1711: Several attempts to establish a colony permanently were subsequently made, but the settlements never developed enough to produce dividends, causing the Dutch to abandon Mauritius in 1710.
January 1713: In November 1712, Berbice was briefly occupied by the French under Jacques Cassard, as part of the War of the Spanish Succession.
February 1713: In November 1712, Berbice was briefly occupied by the French privateer Jacques Cassard, as part of the War of the Spanish Succession. The Dutch regained control in 1713 when the territory was transferred to Dutch Guiana.
September 1715: In 1715, the northern part of Saint Martin Island was ceded to France.
January 1721: Sefwi-Wiawso is established.
January 1722: In 1721 the rights to the colony were sold to the Dutch, who renamed it Hollandia, as part of their larger Dutch Gold Coast colony.
January 1725: Only in 1724 was it possible to expel Jan Conny.
January 1725: Hyderabad State was founded by Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan who was the governor of Deccan under the Mughals from 1713 to 1721.
January 1730: Nana Brempong Codjo becomes the first king of the chiefdom of Oguaa.
January 1732: In 1731, the port of Kollam - which was ruled by a branch of the Venadu family to which Marthanda Varma also belonged - was defeated and its last chief was made to sign a treaty allowing the annexation of his chiefdom by Travancore after his death.
January 1734: In 1733, the Swedish East India Company, under the leadership of King Frederick I of Sweden, established a factory in Porto Novo, which is now known as Parangipettai. This marked Sweden's presence in the region during the colonial era.
January 1735: Fort Singelenburgh (today: Keta) conquered by netherlands.
January 1735: Kakinada was an important textile trading post after the loss of Draksharama and Palakol.
January 1738: Destroyed by the Dutch in 1737 after it was attacked by the local population.
January 1740: Travancore's next campaign was against Elayadathu Swaroopam (Kottarakara). When the chief of Kottarakara who was kept in solitary confinement in Trivandrum died in 1739, Marthanda Varma refused to recognise the claim of the senior female member to succession. The princess fled to Thekkumkur where the chief gave granted her asylum.
January 1741: The Kingdom of Sanwi was established in about 1740 by Anyi migrants from Ghana. It was located in the present district of Sud-Comoé in Ivory Coast. The kingdom was known for its strong cultural traditions and political organization.
January 1741: Expansion of the Dutch East India Company in Indonesia by 1740.
April 1741: Travancore then launched a series of raids on the Dutch forts in the area and captured them all.
January 1742: In 1741, Governor Joseph François Dupleix arrived in India, aiming to establish a French territorial empire. Commanded by Marquis Bussy-Castelnau, Dupleix's forces gained control over the area from Hyderabad to Cape Comorin.
January 1746: The Surakarta Kraton was established in 1745 by Pakubuwono II. Surakarta Sunanate and Yogyakarta Sultanate are together the successors of Mataram Sultanate.
January 1750: In 1748, the French again conquered Maastricht at what is known as the Second French Siege of Maastricht.
January 1751: In 1748, during the Second French Siege of Maastricht, the French forces led by Marshal Maurice de Saxe conquered the city. However, in 1750, the territory was ceded to the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands as part of the Treaty of Maastricht.
January 1751: Expansion of Cape Colony by 1750.
January 1753: The Dutch were the first Europeans to establish colonies: Demerara.
January 1753: In 1752, the Dutch East India Company annexed territories on western Borneo and southern Sumatra that were previously held by the Sultanate of Banten. This expansion was part of the Dutch colonial efforts in the region.
January 1754: In 1753, the tributary states of Kochi collectively known as Karappuram and Alangad were ceded to Travancore.
December 1754: The Governor of French India, Charles Godeheu, signed a treaty with the British on December 26, 1754, agreeing to evacuate all the territories in India conquered by his predecessor, Joseph Dupleix. The British also agreed to leave the territories of French India that they had occupied.
January 1759: Tenganapatnam was abandoned by the Dutch in favour of Parangippettai (Porto Novo) in 1758.
January 1760: Murshidabad was a Dutch trading post from 1710 to 1759.
April 1760: Karikal is occupied by British forces on 15 Apr 1760.
January 1762: In 1761, however, Kirti Sri Rajasinha launched a major invasion of the low country, annexing Matara and Hanwella.
January 1763: The Dutch re-captured Matara and Hanwella in 1762.
January 1764: In 1763, Hyder Ali, the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore, conquered Mangalore.
January 1764: In 1763, the Dutch forces, led by Governor Van Eck, invaded the city of Kandy in Ceylon. The Kandyans, led by King Kirti Sri Rajasinha, evacuated Senkadagala to avoid capture, prompting the Dutch to set the city ablaze.
January 1764: Establishment of the Danish outpost in Balasore.
February 1764: In 1764, the Dutch forces led by Governor Van Eck and King Kirti Sri Rajasinha of the Kingdom of Kandy clashed in the city of Kandy. The Dutch invaded Kandy from two directions, causing the Kandyans to retreat from Senkadagala, which was then set on fire by the Dutch.
July 1765: On 7 April 1765, Sawantwadi State, ruled by Raja Khem Sawant III, became a British protectorate under the Treaty of Purandar. This agreement was signed between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire, leading to British influence in the region.
January 1766: By 1765 the Dutch were in a position to force a treaty upon the Kandyans returning not only the border districts but all of Kandy's coastal provinces to the Dutch. Henceforth, the kingdom would be effectively cut off from the outside world.
October 1771: The Pontianak Sultanate was founded in 1771 by al-Sayyid Syarif Abdurrahman al-Kadrie, a descendant of Imam Ali ar-Ridha. He led explorers from Hadhramaut to establish the sultanate in the region shown on the map.
March 1772: Dirk Hartog Island, located off the coast of Western Australia, was formally claimed by French navigator Louis Aleno de St Aloüarn on 28 March 1772 in the name of King Louis XV of France. This marked the first European possession of Western Australia.
January 1777: In 1776 the Fosjoen Tjoenthang (or M. Heshun) consolidated fourteen Chinese mining communities into a single body.
January 1778: The Lanfang Republic was a Chinese state and kongsi federation in Western Borneo established by a Hakka Chinese named Low Lan Pak in 1777.
February 1779: The French occupied the Dutch part of Saint Martin.
January 1780: After the explorers arrived in Pontianak, they established the Kadariah Palace and received endorsement as the Sultan of Pontianak by the Dutch East India Company in 1779.
January 1781: Tidore was turned from an ally to a vassal and thus lost its independence.
January 1783: Expansion of the Dutch East India Company in Indonesia by 1782.
August 1784: During the Dutch occupation of Selangor from 13 Aug 1784 to 29 Jul 1786, the territory was under the control of the Dutch East India Company.
July 1786: During the Dutch occupation of Selangor from 13 Aug 1784 to 29 Jul 1786, the territory was under the control of the Dutch East India Company.
January 1788: By 1787 Denmark established Fort Augustaborg (today: Teshie) in the Gold Coast (modern-day Ghana).
January 1788: Banjar became a Dutch protectorate.
March 1792: In 1792, the Dutch West India Company administration in Saba came to an end. The island of Saba, a Dutch colony, transitioned to direct governance by the Dutch government.
March 1792: Bonaire under the Dutch West India Company.
March 1792: Curaçao ceased to be under Dutch West India Company administration in 1792.
January 1798: After several shifts Nuku allied with the British, who were at war with the Dutch after 1795 and were in the process of conquering Dutch colonial possessions. In 1797 he captured Bacan and then Tidore itself, expelling the VOC-backed Sultan Kamaluddin.
January 1800: The Dutch East India Company came under the administration of the Dutch government in 1800.
January 1801: Establishment of Ahanta Kingdom in Ghana.
January 1802: In 1801 Ternate was captured by the British and Tidorese after a long siege.
April 1806: In 1806, Aruba was briefly occupied by Venezuelan revolutionary Francisco de Miranda and his forces.
April 1806: In 1806, Aruba was briefly occupied by Venezuelan revolutionary Francisco de Miranda and his forces.
August 1806: In 1806, Aruba was re-occupied by Francisco de Miranda, a Venezuelan revolutionary leader.
September 1806: The Dutch reconquer Aruba from the Venezuelan revolutionaries.
January 1807: After the death of Nuku in 1805, his brother, Sultan Zainal Abidin, proved unable to resist the Dutch-Ternatan attacks. Tidore was lost in 1806 and the sultan fled, finally dying in exile in 1810.
January 1808: After Dutch intervention in 1807, Dutch East Indies government has exercised further into the internal affairs of Cirebon states. All of the four keratons finally held no real political power, held as protectorate under Dutch East Indies colonial government.
January 1808: The Kniphausen Lordship is acquired by the Kingdom of Holland.
November 1808: On 22 November 1808, Daendels declared from his headquarters in Serang that the Sultanate of Banten had been absorbed into the territory of the Dutch East Indies.
January 1810: In 1809 Herman Willem Daendels, then governor of the Dutch East Indies, decided to abandon Bandjermasin, as maintaining a presence there was considered uneconomical.
January 1815: During the French occupation of the Netherlands between 1810 and 1814, the Dutch possessions on the Gold Coast were not occupied by either France or Great Britain. The colony reverted to the Netherlands in 1814.
June 1816: Moresnet was a mall Belgian-Prussian condominium in central-western Europe that existed from 1816 (Aachen Agreement) to 1920 and was jointly administered by the United Kingdom of the Netherlands (Belgium after its independence in 1830) and the Kingdom of Prussia.
January 1817: The Dutch Gold Coast regained control of Fort Goede Hoop in 1816, marking the end of Akim occupation.
January 1817: The Maluka State ceased to exist when the Dutch returned in 1816 in Indonesia.
January 1817: The Dutch signed a new contract with the Sultan of Banjar.
March 1818: The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 restored Dutch Coromandel to Dutch rule. After protracted negotiations, the Dutch possessions were eventually handed over on 31 March 1818.
January 1820: Sambas remained independent until the era of the Dutch East India Company, when the capital was bombarded in 1812. The Dutch took control in 1819, leading into frequent minglings into succession, deposing and exiling Abu Bakar Taj ud-din II to Java.
October 1823: Following The Palembang War of 1821 and the dissolution of the Sultanate institution on 7 October 1823, the Kuto Tengkuruk was razed to the ground.
March 1824: With the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, the Johor Sultanate was divided in zones of inluence between the British and the Dutch.
March 1824: The British ceded Bencoolen to the Netherlands in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824.
March 1824: With the desire to divide the Indies into two separate spheres of influence, the Dutch ceded all their establishment on the Indian peninsula to the British with the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824.
January 1825: The Riau-Lingga Sultanate was established in 1824 after the partition of the Johor-Riau Sultanate. The territory that went to the Riau-Lingga Sultanate included Peninsular Johor and the island of Singapore. This division was a result of a power struggle between Sultan Abdul Rahman and Sultan Hussein.
March 1825: Malacca is relinquished by treaty to Great Britain.
June 1825: Seven years after the possessions were restored to the Dutch, Dutch Coromandel was again ceded to the British, owing to the provisions of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824.
January 1826: The Dutch ceded Tuticorn to the British in 1825.
January 1829: The Netherlands formally claimed the western half of New Guinea Island as Netherlands New Guinea.
January 1831: The 1830 London Conference of major European powers recognized Belgian independence.
January 1833: In 1832, Nana Kwaku Ackah gained control of nr 5 on the map, which belonged to Western Nzima. Nana Kwaku Ackah was a prominent leader in the region during this time period, exerting influence over the territory until 1848.
January 1834: Pagaruyung Kingdom submitted to the Dutch.
January 1839: The Dutch subjugated the Minangkabau of Sumatra in the Padri War (1821-38).
April 1839: By the Treaty of London in 1839, the status of the grand duchy became fully sovereign and in personal union to the king of the Netherlands.
April 1839: In 1839 the Duchy of Limburg (a Dutch province) was included as compensation for Walloon parts of Luxembourg that were incorporated into the new Belgian state after the Revolution.
April 1839: With the de facto secession of Belgium, the Netherlands was left as a rump state and refused to recognise Belgian independence until 1839 when the Treaty of London was signed, fixing the border between the two states and guaranteeing Belgian independence and neutrality as the Kingdom of Belgium.
April 1839: The western part of Luxembourg left the federation in 1839 after unification with Belgium.
January 1845: The Dutch defeated the Sultan Aji Muhammad Salehudin, forcing him into exile, and took direct control of Kutai.
January 1851: In 1850, the Dutch, who had conquered Berau in 1834 and imposed their sovereignty upon Kutai in 1848, signed with the Sultan of Bulungan a Politiek Contract. The Dutch intervened in the region to combat piracy and the trafficking in slaves.
January 1852: In 1851 Lima Lopes, the new governor of Timor, Solor and Flores, agreed to sell eastern Flores and the nearby islands to the Dutch in return for a payment of 200,000 Florins in order to support his impoverished administration.
January 1855: In 1854 Portugal ceded all its historical claims on Flores to the Dutch.
February 1860: Deshima is abandoned by the Dutch.
January 1863: Expansion of the Dutch East Indies in Indonesia by 1862.
May 1867: Because the Austro-Prussian war had ended the German Confederation, the Treaty of London (1867) dissolved the Duchy of Limburg and annexed it directly to the Netherlands.
January 1872: In 1871, the Dutch sold all their trade possessions on the Gold Coast to the British.
April 1872: In February of that year, a treaty had been signed with the United Kingdom, under which terms the whole colony was to be ceded for a sum of 46,939.62 Dutch guilders. On 6 April 1872, after ratification of the treaty by parliament, Elmina was formally handed over to Britain.
January 1874: The Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura was annexed by the Dutch as the Siak Residency in 1873.
January 1881: The Sultanate of Bulungan was finally incorporated into the colonial empire of the Dutch East Indies in the 1880s.
January 1888: By 1887 the Dutch influence in Langkat was such that they decided to whom award the title of Sultan.
November 1894: In 1894, the Dutch used the Sasak rebellion against Balinese ruler of western Lombok, as a pretext to interfere and conquer Lombok. The Dutch supported the Sasak rebellion, and launched a military expedition against Balinese court in Mataram, Lombok. By the end of November 1894, the Dutch had annihilated the Balinese positions, with thousands dead, and the Balinese surrendered or committed puputan ritual suicide. Lombok and Karangasem became part of the Dutch East Indies.
January 1902: Bola'ang was part of the Dutch East Indies from 1901.
January 1904: Dutch armies were able to force local Aceh lords to sign treaties of allegiance to the Dutch colonial overlords. The Sultan of Aceh surrendered to Dutch forces in 1903.
January 1905: The Dutch conquered the Jambi Sultanate and killed its sultan in 1904.
November 1906: In 1906 the Dutch launched a military expedition against the southern Bali kingdom of Badung and Tabanan.
January 1907: Wajoq retained its independence until it was subdued in the early 20th century by the Dutch colonial government.
May 1908: After the death of the Raja of Klangkung at the hand of Dutch forces, the region was incorporated into the Dutch East Indies.
February 1911: On the morning of 11 February 1911 Dutch Naval forces invaded Penyengat Island and deployed hundreds of pribumi soldiers to lay siege to the royal court of Riau-Lingga. The Dutch Authorities deposed Abdul Rahman II and annexed the Riau-Lingga Sultanate.
January 1915: The Sultans of Ternate and its people were never fully under Dutch control until its annexation in 1914.
January 1921: Expansion of the Dutch East Indies in Indonesia by 1920.
January 1927: In 1906 and 1926, all Cirebon keratons finally lost their authority over their city and lands.
March 1942: The Free Republic of Nias was short-lived, unrecognized state proclaimed by German prisoners on the Indonesian island of Nias.
January 1947: Together with large parts of the eastern archipelago, the sultans on the island of Bima were pressed to join the new Dutch-created quasi state of East Indonesia in December 1946.
December 1949: In 1949, when the rest of the Dutch East Indies became fully independent as Indonesia, the Dutch retained sovereignty over western New Guinea, and took steps to prepare it for independence as a separate country.
December 1949: The Netherlands agreed to recognise Indonesian sovereignty over a new federal state known as the 'United States of Indonesia' (RUSI). It would include all the territory of the former Dutch East Indies with the exception of Netherlands New Guinea. Sovereignty was formally transferred on 27 December 1949, and the new state was immediately recognised by the United States of America.
December 1954: By 1954, the Charter of the Kingdom of the Netherlands was established, providing a framework for relations between Aruba and the rest of the Kingdom. This created the Netherlands Antilles, which united all of the Dutch colonies in the Caribbean into one administrative structure.
December 1954: Proclamation of the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
October 1962: It was established during October 1962 in accord with General Assembly resolution 1752 as requested in Article two of the New York Agreement to administer the former Netherlands New Guinea.
November 1975: The country became fully independent as the Republic of Suriname.
October 2010: Disestablishment of Netherlands Antilles.
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netherlands
