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Was a polity that controlled the territories around the Mediterranean Sea. It was a successor to the Roman Republic that had ended after the civil war between Antony and Octavian. After winning the civil war Octavian became the first emperor. In the first period of the empire, the Principate (27 BC-284 AD) the Republican institutions continued to exist, and the Senate also had enough power to choose the Emperor at times (in particular, this was the case when there wasn't any clear successor). The Roman Empire ceased to exist when it was definitely divided in a Western Part and an Eastern Part in 395.
Summary
The origins of Rome are shrouded in myth, but it is believed that the city was founded in the 8th century BC by Latin villagers and refugees seeking safety behind the wooden palisades on the Palatine Hill. Over the centuries, Rome grew from a small city-state into a vast empire that stretched from Britain to the Euphrates River at its height in the 1st century AD.
The Roman Republic, governed by a patrician oligarchy, was marked by the persistent struggle of the plebeians to gain a voice in government. This ultimately led to the rise of figures like Julius Caesar, who pledged to return power to the people but ended up establishing a de facto monarchy. Caesar's assassination in 44 BC led to a period of civil war, which was eventually resolved with the rise of Octavian, Caesar's adopted son, who became the first Roman emperor, Augustus, in 27 BC.
The Roman Empire reached its zenith under emperors like Trajan and Hadrian, who consolidated the empire's frontiers and oversaw a flourishing of art, architecture, and law. However, the seeds of the empire's downfall were sown during this period, as the empire became increasingly centralized and reliant on a professional army.
The 3rd and 4th centuries AD saw the Western Roman Empire beset by barbarian invasions, economic decline, and political instability. The eastern, Greek-speaking part of the empire, centered on Constantinople, survived as the Byzantine Empire until the 15th century. In the west, the last emperor, Romulus Augustulus, was deposed in 476 AD by the Germanic chieftain Odoacer, marking the end of the Western Roman Empire.
The fall of Rome had a profound impact on the Italian peninsula. In the ensuing centuries, Italy was overrun by a succession of Germanic tribes, including the Ostrogoths, Lombards, and Franks. The political and cultural unity of Italy was shattered, with the region divided into a patchwork of small kingdoms and city-states.
Establishment
January 27 BC: Octavian was proclaimed Augustus, which effectively made him the first Roman emperor and ended the Roman Republic.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was the Roman conquest of what today are the provinces of Cantabria, Asturias and León in northwestern Spain.
January 25 BC: Conquests of the 25 BC Roman campaign in Cantabria.
January 24 BC: Conquests of the 25 BC Roman campaign in Cantabria.
When the Roman client Amyntas of Galatia died, Augustus organized his territory as the province of Galatia.
January 24 BC: The Roman client Amyntas of Galatia died. Augustus organized his territory as the province of Galatia.
The governor of the Roman province of Egypt, Gaius Aelius Gallus, led an expedition to the southern Arabian Peninsula.
January 23 BC: The prefect of Egypt, Aelius Gallus, was sent by Augustus through Arabia Felix to the kingdom of Saba, with the aim of subduing the rich territories of the Arabs. He reached the city of Negrani (Najran Oasis), whose territory was peaceful and fertile, and whose king had fled, leaving the city to be occupied at the first assault. Immediately afterwards Gallus occupied the city called Asca (Pliny's Nasca in present-day Omrân), also abandoned by its king. From here he went to a city called Athrula, which he surrendered without setting any conditions. He continued his march again, advancing to the city called Marsiaba or Mariaba (present-day Ma'rib in Yemen), which belonged to the tribe of the Rhammanitae, whose king was a certain Ilasarus. The city was besieged for six days, but managed to hold out. Then he reached the locality of Hepta Phreatae. From here, marching through peaceful country, he came to a village called Chaalla, and again to another village called Malotha, which was near a river. He crossed a deserted country with few irrigated places, up to a village called Egra (or Egracômé), a locality located on the sea, in the territory of Oboda.
February 23 BC: The Romans leave Nagrani, Asca, Athrula, Marsiaba (only siege), Hepta Phretae, Malotha, Chaalla, Egra, Myoshormos, Coptos in the Arabian Peninsula, after a short occupation.
After an invasion of the southern territories of Roman Egypt by the Kushite Kingdom, the Romans invaded Kush under Elius Gallus going as far as putting Meroe (central Sudan) under siege.
January 23 BC: Simultaneously with the departure of Aelius Gallus for Arabia, the Kushites of the north of present-day Sudan attacked the Egyptian province, in particular the cities/forts of Syene, Elephantine and Philae, leading to the appointment of a new prefect of Egypt, a certain Gaius Petronius. The latter with the forces left to defend the province (another 10,000 armed), was forced to intervene, managing to beat an army of 30,000 Kushites and forcing them to retreat south of Pselchis. However, not satisfied with having taken numerous prisoners two years earlier and having occupied the city of Pselchis, he decided to make a campaign in the country of the Kushites. He first occupied the city of Qasr Ibrim, and then decided to push further south to Napata, one of their two capitals, completely destroying it and enslaving its inhabitants. On the contrary, the second capital, Meroe, managed to save itself from the Roman siege.
After a second invasion of the southern territories of Roman Egypt by the Kushite Kingdom, the Romans invaded Kush again.
January 21 BC: Following a new attack by the Kushites of Queen Candace, the prefect of Egypt Petronius was forced again to lead his armies in the south of the country. Again the Kushite forces were beaten and driven back.
February 21 BC: In -21, Upper Egypt was under attack by the Kushites led by Queen Candace. The Roman prefect of Egypt, Petronius, had to lead his armies to defend the territory. The Kushite forces were defeated once again and pushed back.
A Roman military campaign leading to the occupation of key cities in the Libyan desert, including Garama (today Germa) and Cydamus (today Ghadames).
January 19 BC: Lucio Cornelio Balbo, departed from Sabrata, occupied the capital of the Garamantes, Garama. He led an army of tens of thousands deep into the Sahara desert, first reaching the oasis of Cydamus after a march of about 550 km, then bending at right angles south for another 650-700 km through the Hamada el -Hamra, and finally managing to occupy the most important centers of the region (such as Debris and Baracum) and the capital of the Garamantes, Garama.
Raetia and Noricum were conquered and annexed to Rome.
January 15 BC: Raetia and Noricum were conquered and annexed to Rome.
January 14 BC: After it was invaded by the Roman forces of Augustus in 16/15 BC, the area was initially placed under military control.
January 13 BC: The province had its origin in a local chiefdom controlled by the enfranchised king Marcus Julius Donnus, who rules over Ligurian tribes of the region by the middle of the 1st century BC. He was succeeded by his son, Marcus Julius Cottius, who offered no opposition to the integration of his realm into the Roman imperial system under Augustus in 15/14 BC.
January 13 BC: Subjugation of the local Ligurian tribes in the summer of 14 BC.
Military campaigns by future Roman emperor Tiberius in Pannonia.
January 11 BC: During the Roman military campaign of 12 BC, the Roman commander Tiberius, future emperor, subjugated the Pannonians Breuci thanks to the alliance of the powerful Celtic tribe of the Scordisci, and for this reason the ornamenta triumphalia were decreed to him. At the end of these operations, or more probably with the conclusion of the Dalmatian-Pannonian revolt of 6-9, their territory was organized in the new province of Moesia, also becoming part of the auxiliary troops.
January 11 BC: Future Roman emperor Tiberius subdued the Pannons Breuci.
January 10 BC: Again Tiberius was engaged first with the Dalmatians, who had rebelled, and shortly after again against the Pannonians who had taken advantage of his absence, engaging Tiberius on two fronts simultaneously. At the end of this campaign the entire area of the future province of Dalmatia was under Roman control.
Were a series of Roman military campaigns in Germania under Emperor Augustus led by his stepsons Drusus and Tiberius. The campaigns resulted in the short-lived Roman conquest of most of modern-day Germany.
January 11 BC: During the first campaign of 12 B.C. Drusus first repulsed an invasion by Sigambri and their allies Tencteri and Usipetes. He penetrated into German territory, passing through the island of the Batavi (probable allies of Rome) and devastated the lands of Usipeti and Sigambri. After having descended the Rhine with a fleet in the direction of the North Sea (thanks also to the construction of an artificial canal, the Druze trench), he made allies with the Frisi and penetrated into the territory of the Cauci as far as beyond Amisia (the current Ems , where it could have constituted a docking point).
January 8 BC: In 11 BC. Drusus worked further south, being the first to face and beat the people of the Usipetes. He threw a bridge over the Lupia river, and invaded the territory of the Sigambri (absent because they were fighting with the nearby Catti), building some fortresses (among which the Latin Aliso). Finally, it reached the territories of Marsi and Cherusci, up to the river Visurgis. On the way back he was attacked by the Germans, presumably in the narrow gorges and thick forests of the Marsi, and nearly ended up like his successor Publius Quintilius Varus, defeated in the battle of the Teutoburg Forest. he operated even further south, from the legionary fortress of Mogontiacum (today's Mainz) first against the Mattiaci and then against the Catti, devastating their lands, building some fortresses, including that of Rödgen, built a bridge at Bonna, strengthening it with a fleet along the Rhine (Classis Germanica). In 9 B.C. forced the surrender first of the Marcomanni (who following these events decided to migrate to Bohemia), then the powerful tribe of the Catti and some neighboring Suebe populations (probably the Ermunduri) as well as the Cherusci, and went where no other Roman had ever reached , to the river Elbe. He died shortly after, in front of the eyes of his brother, Tiberius Claudius Nero, who rushed to his bedside, for a trivial fall from a horse.
January 7: Tiberius entered Germany and subdued Canninefati, Cattuari and Bructeri. He also bought back the Cherusci (population to which Arminio belonged) to the dominion of Rome. But Tiberius' strategic plans envisaged passing the Visurgis River and penetrating further. Velleius Patercolo recalls that "he assumed all the responsibility for this very uncomfortable and dangerous war, while the least risky operations were entrusted to his legate, Senzio Saturnino". Finally, towards the end of the year, he left a winter legionary camp near the sources of the Lupia river (perhaps it is the archaeological site of Anreppen). In 5 he invaded Germany again, operating across the Weser river, in a joint action between the land army and the fleet, which managed to go up the Elbe, subjugating all the populations to the west of this river (from the Cauci, to the ferocious Lombards, up to the Ermunduri), and forcing those to the east to become customers (Semnons, Cimbri and Charidi). This is how Velleius Patercolo tells it: Bust of the young general and stepson of Augustus, Tiberius. «The Langobards were defeated, a people even more ferocious than the Germanic ferocity. Ultimately the Roman army with standards was driven as far as four hundred miles from the Rhine, as far as the Elbe River, which flows between the lands of the Semnones and the Hermunduri. »At the end of the campaigns of the 4th and 5th, the province that was being formed should have included all the territories between the Rhine and the Elbe. Once the whole of northern and central Germany was occupied up to the Elbe, only the southern part, i.e. Bohemia, was missing to complete the work of conquest of the entire Germanic area. Therefore, it was also necessary to annex the powerful kingdom of the Marcomanni of Maroboduo. Tiberius had planned everything and this campaign began in 6 which was believed to be the last. With a pincer maneuver, Senzio Saturninus would have had to move from Moguntiacum (or from the legionary fortress of Marktbreit, positioned along the river Main) with 2-3 legions (these were perhaps the XVII, XVIII and XIX or XVI Gallica legions) which were to join the army of Rezia (probably formed by the I Germanica and the V Alaudae). Tiberius proceeded, however, from the south-eastern front, from Carnuntum on the Danube, with another 4-5 legions (VIII Augusta from Pannonia, XV Apollinaris and XX Valeria Victrix from Illyricum, XXI Rapax from Rhaetia, XIII Gemina, XIIII Gemina and from Germania Superior and an unknown unit), and had to advance first in Moravia also accompanied by the fleet (where traces of a legionary camp in Mušov have been found) and then in the heart of Bohemia, the center of power of Maroboduo. Five days before assembling, the armies were halted by the outbreak of revolt in Pannonia and Dalmatia.
9.1.Battle of Teutoburg
The Roman army was ambushed and almost destroyed by a Germanic force led by Arminius at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, resulting in the end of the Roman campaign in Germania.
January 10: The defeat suffered by the Roman Army in 9 AD by Arminius in the ambush of the Teutoburg forest marked the end of the Roman expansion in Germany.
Following the death of Herod the Great in 4 BC his kingdom was divided between his sister Salome I and his sons Herod Archelaus, Herod Antipas, and Philip.
January 3 BC: When Herod died in 4 BC, the kingdom was divided among his sons into the Herodian Tetrarchy.
Roman conquest of Pannonia.
January 7: Territories conquered by Rome under Augustus by 6 AD.
January 10: The new province of Pannonia was born after the Pannonian revolt of 6-9 and was split off from the province of Illyricum.
When Antiochus III of Commagene, a Roman client, died, Tiberius annexed his territory to the province of Syria.
January 18: When Antiochus III of Commagene, king of Commagene and a Roman client, died, Roman emperor Tiberius annexed his territory to the province of Syria.
The Frisians hanged their Roman tax collectors and expelled the Romans from the region.
January 29: The Frisii hanged their Roman tax collectors and expelled the governor.
Roman conquest of the Istrian Peninsula.
January 31: Around 30 AD, Histria came under Roman domination.
Roman Emperor Claudius restored the Judean monarchy under king Herod Agrippa.
January 42: Claudius restored the Judean monarchy under king Herod Agrippa.
Was the conquest of the island of Britain by the Romans, that began under Emperor Claudius in 43 AD.
January 44: Battle of the Medway.
January 48: Campaign of Aulus Plautius.
January 53: Campaign of Ostorius Scapola.
January 58: Campaign of Quintus Veranus.
January 58: Campaign of Didius Gallus.
January 61: Campaign of Suetonius Paulinus.
January 62: Anglesey conquered by Roman general Suetonius Paulinus in 61.
January 63: The small island, after being conquered by Suetonius Paulinus in 61, however, was lost by the Britons a short time later.
January 72: Campaign of Vettius Bolanus.
January 74: Campaign of Pettilius Cerialis.
January 123: Agricola, recalled to Rome by the emperor Domitian, was apparently followed by a series of inconsistent governors who failed to subjugate the north of the island. The Romans thus withdrew behind the line (Tyne-Solway Firth) which would then be marked by Hadrian's Wall (built in 122).
January 145: The construction of the Wall of Antoninus began in 142 under the reign of Antoninus Pius, and was completed in 144.
January 165: The wall was abandoned only twenty years after its construction, when in 164 the Roman legions retreated south of Hadrian's Wall.
16.1.Campaign of Agricola
Was a military campaign by Roman general Gnaeus Julius Agricola in Britain.
November 77: The second invasion of Mona was undertaken by Agricola, the Provincial Roman Governor of Britannia, in late 77.
November 77: Agricola as soon as he became governor, moved war to the west, defeating first the people of the Ordovicians (tribe of North Wales).
January 80: Roman General Agricola advanced as far as the Tay estuary.
January 81: Agricola directed his military action to consolidate the fortified line in central Scotland, between the Clyde or Forth rivers, increasing the praesidia near this border line.
January 82: The Roman armies proceeded to consolidate the gains of the previous year especially in southwest Scotland.
January 83: Agricola waged war on the tribes of Forth, but the Caledonians attacked the camp of VIIIHispana during the night. However, Agricola managed to repel them with the cavalry, after which he penetrated even further north with his troops.
January 84: The Roman army clashed in the battle of Monte Graupio against the army of the Caledonians, led by a certain Calgaco.
January 85: Shortly after the victory, Agricola was recalled to his homeland and the Romans withdrew to the line of the more defensible isthmus of the Forth-Clyde.
16.2.Roman invasion of Caledonia 208-210
Was the invasion of Caledonia (Scotland) launched by the Roman emperor Septimius Severus.
June 209: In the spring of this year, however, the first campaign could have begun, covering the territories north of Hadrian's Wall and then, following the example of Gneo Giulio Agricola himself, over a century earlier, occupying the eastern and southern part of the current Scotland. Before the war the border was Hadrian's Wall.
September 209: The Roman imperial armies pushed further and further north, first as far as the River Tay and the Antonine Wall, then beyond this system of fortifications along the Gask Ridge and even further north (Balmakewan, Glenmailen, Muiryfold, Kintore, Normandykes and Kair house).
January 211: Severus decided to return to Eburacum due to his infirmity (in fact, it is said that he was transported in a litter during this campaign), after forcing Caledoni and Meati by force to ask for peace, on condition that they abandon a large part of their territory, thus returning to occupy the territories up to the Antonine Wall.
January 212: Also this year Severus died in Eburacum (York), the two sons decided to leave the island after signing a new peace treaty with those peoples, which brought the imperial borders back to Hadrian's Wall.
Roman Emperor Claudius annexed Lycia into the Empire as a province.
January 44: Roman emperor Claudius annexed Lycia into the Empire as a province.
After the Death of vassal king Herod Agrippa, Judea was annexed by Rome.
January 45: When Agrippa died in 44, Judea returned to being a Roman province, administered by procurators.
Under Emperor Claudius the Roman annexed the last territories south of the Danube that were not under Roman control.
January 51: Roman conquest of of Rezia and Noricum (from Castra Regina to Carnuntum).
After the death of vassal king Polemon II, Pontus and Colchis were annexed to Rome.
January 63: Roman annexation of the Kingdom of Pontus under Polemon II.
January 64: The Bosporan Kingdom was incorporated as part of the Roman province of Moesia Inferior from 63 to 68.
January 65: Client kingdoms of Pontus and Colchis are made into roman provinces.
Commagene became a Roman province.
January 73: Commagene is made into Roman province.
Was the Roman conquest of the Agri Decumates, a region in present southwestern Germany.
22.1.Colonization of the Agri Decumates during Vespasianus
Roman expansion in the Agri Decumates (a region in present southwestern Germany) under emperor Vespasianus.
January 75: In Germany, it was Vespasian who began the advance in those territories then called Agri Decumates (located between Upper Germany and Rezia), thanks to the campaigns of the Legatus Augusti pro praetore of Gallia Lugdunensis, a certain Gneo Pinario Cornelio Clemente in 74, who received the ornamenta triumphalia for victorious enterprises in Germany. In fact, the forts of Schleitheim, Hüfingen, Rottweil, Waldmossingen, Offenburg and Riegel am Kaiserstuhl were created.
22.2.Colonization of the Agri Decumates during Domitianus
Roman expansion in the Agri Decumates (a region in present southwestern Germany) under emperor Domitian.
January 90: The remanant part of the agri decumates is colonized by Domitian.
Were the Roman military campaigns in Dacia that led to the conquest of that region.
23.1.Domitian's Dacian War
Was the war of Roman Emperor Domitian against the Dacians under King Duras, that had invaded the Roman province of Moesia.
April 86: At the end of 85 or the beginning of 86 AD, the Dacian king Duras ordered his troops to attack the Roman province of Moesia on the southern course of the Danube river.
January 87: Domitian and his general Fuscus repelled the invasion but were not able on their turn to succesfully invade Dacia.
23.2.First Dacian War
Was the first campaign in Dacia by Roman emperor Trajan. Dacia became a Roman client.
January 102: The invading Roman army reaches Tibiscum (modern Timișoara), in Dacia.
January 102: Tapae in Dacia (modern-day Otelu Rost) conquered by Roman Empire.
April 102: Trajan's offensive resumed in March. This time, the advance started from several fronts.
January 103: The Dacians renounced to an independent foreign policy, once again accepting the status of socii populi romani.
January 103: Banat incorporated in Moesia superior.
January 103: Trajan then divided the army into at least three columns, through which he began to besiege the Dacian fortresses of the Orăștie mountains. Dacian citadels, such as that of Costești, fell one after another.
January 103: Decebalus, to spare the capital the horrors of a useless siege, capitulated. Peace conditions: cede some territories to the Roman Empire (annexed to the neighboring provinces of Moesia Superior and Inferior), such as the eastern Banat, Oltenia, the depression of Hațeg in Transylvania (where contingents of veterans were positioned up to Apulum) and part of the Wallachian plain of Muntenia (with the creation of new forts at Buridava and Piroboridava);.
23.3.Second Dacian War
Was the second campaign in Dacia by Roman emperor Trajan. It started when the Dacian king, Decebalus, broke the peace terms with Rome. Dacia was annexed by the Roman Empire.
September 106: The next year they gradually conquered the mountain fortress system that surrounded the Dacian capital, Sarmizegetusa. The final decisive battle took place near the walls of Sarmizegetusa, during the summer of 106.
Was a war between the Roman Empire and the Sarmatians and Suebi people under Emperor Domitian.
January 93: Even the war conducted in 92 against the Sarmatians and the Suebi, brought to help the Lugi, ended without results and on his return to Rome, in January 93, Domitian did not obtain the triumph, he placed a laurel wreath in the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus , offered solemn sacrifices and celebrated great feasts.
February 93: Even the war conducted in 92 against the Sarmatians and the Suebi, brought to help the Lugi, ended without results and on his return to Rome, in January 93, Domitian did not obtain the triumph, he placed a laurel wreath in the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus , offered solemn sacrifices and celebrated great feasts.
After the deah of Nabatean king Rabbel II Soter, Nabatea was annexed to the Roman empire as the province of Arabia Petraea.
March 106: The Nabatean king Rabbel II Soter died and Nabatea was annexed to the Roman empire as the province of Arabia Petraea.
Were a series of Wars between Rome (first the Roman Republic then the Roman Empire and finally the Eastern Roman Empire) and Persia (the Parthian Empire, and then its successor, the Sasanian Empire). The wars were ended by the early Muslim conquests, which led to the fall of the Sasanian Empire and huge territorial losses for the Byzantine Empire.
26.1.Trajan's Parthian Campaign
Was a military campaign by Roman Emperor Trajan in 115 against the Parthian Empire in Mesopotamia.
January 115: Trajan marched first on Armenia, deposed the Parthian-appointed king and annexed it to the Roman Empire as a province.
January 116: The Roman armies crossed the Euphrates from Syria, descended the River Tigris from the Armenian highlands and headed south against Parthia itself. Leaving garrisons in suitable places, Emperor Trajan reached Edessa, where he met Abgar VII, king of Osroene, who submitted to Rome.
January 116: With the beginning of the new war year, the Roman armies crossed the Euphrates from Syria, descended the River Tigris from the Armenian highlands and headed south against Parthia itself. Leaving garrisons in suitable places, Trajan reached Edessa, where he met Abgar VII, king of Osroene, for the first time.
January 117: After these successes, the Roman Emperor Trajan continued his advance and took possession of Babylon in 116 AD. Trajan visited the palace where Alexander the Great had died, highlighting the historical significance of the city as a major conquest for the Roman Empire.
January 117: Roman Emperor Trajan crossed the Tigris and entered Ctesiphon.
January 117: The Roman commander, having a large abundance of ships and soldiers at his disposal, still managed to cross the river, then taking possession of the whole of Adiabene.
January 117: Characene conquered by Roman Empire.
January 117: At the end of this military campaign, Trajan decided to annex the new territories by creating the two new provinces of Mesopotamia and Assyria. Indeed, if Trajan's establishment of the provinces of Armenia and Mesopotamia is confirmed by the coinage of the period, the actual creation of the province of Assyria is more doubtful.
January 118: Armenia was then ordered into a Roman province by the emperor and remained so until his death (117), when it was abandoned by his successor Adrian. The latter adopted a policy of strengthening the old borders.
January 119: After the death of Trajan, Hadrian preferred to restore the imperial borders back to the Euphrates river.
26.2.Roman-Parthian War of 161-166
Was a war fought between the Roman and Parthian Empires over Armenia and Upper Mesopotamia.
January 164: The legions I Minervia and V Macedonica, under the command of the legates Marcus Claudius Fronto and Publius Marzio Verus, who served under Marcus Statius Priscus, achieved numerous military successes, penetrating deeply into Armenia, and inflicted a heavy defeat on the Parthians, conquering the Armenian capital , Artaxata.
January 164: Roman occupation of Dausara and Nicephorium.
January 165: In 164 AD, Pacorus, the Parthian ruler of Armenia, was deposed. The former Roman consul of Emesa, Gaius Julius Soemus, who had been deposed by Vologeses, was then crowned as the new tributary king of Armenia under Roman rule.
January 166: In 165 AD, the Roman forces, led by Emperor Lucius Verus and his generals, launched a military campaign in the East. They used a pincer movement strategy to capture strategic fortress-cities along the Euphrates, including Dausara, Edessa, Carrhae, and Nisibis, expanding the Roman Empire's territory.
January 166: Avidio Cassio was a Roman general who served as the legatus legionis of legio III Gallica. Dura Europos was a strategic city located on the Euphrates River. The battle fought near Dura Europos in 165 AD was significant in the Roman Empire's campaign in the region.
January 166: Avidius Cassius reached the twin metropolises of Mesopotamia: Seleucia on the right bank of the Tigris and Ctesiphon on the left. Ctesiphon was taken and its royal palace burned. The citizens of Seleucia opened the gates to the invaders, but the city was burned anyway, leaving a shadow on the conduct of Cassio and the reputation of Lucio Vero.
January 166: In 165 AD, the city of Edessa in Osroene was reoccupied by the Roman client king Manno. This event marked the reinstatement of Manno as the ruler of Osroene under Roman authority.
January 167: Avidius Cassius was a Roman general and usurper who invaded the territory of the Medes, located beyond the Tigris River, in 166 AD. This demonstrated the military might of the Roman Empire under his command.
January 168: The plague, which broke out during the last year of the campaign, however forced the Romans to withdraw from the newly conquered territories.
January 168: The Nisibis area remained part of the roman empire.
26.3.Military Campaigns in Parthia by Septmius Severus
Was a military campaign by Roman Emperor Septimius Severus against the Parthian Empire.
January 198: Severus, having built a fleet, traveled the Euphrates with extremely fast ships, where he first reached Dura Europos, continued to Seleucia which he occupied, after putting to flight the cataphract cavalry of the Parthians. The advance continued with the capture of Babylon which shortly before had been abandoned by the enemy forces and, towards the end of the year, also the capital of the Parthians, Ctesiphon, was placed under siege. The city, now surrounded, tried in vain to resist.
January 198: The Siege of Nisibis in 197 AD was led by the Parthian Empire against the Roman forces defending the city.
February 198: The king of the Parthians, Vologases V, having learned that Severus was approaching Nisibis, decided to leave.
April 198: In 198 AD, Emperor Septimius Severus spent the winter near the Parthian capital before deciding to return to the Roman borders by traveling up the Tigris River around February-March.
April 198: In 198 AD, Roman Emperor Septimius Severus spent the winter near the Parthian capital of Ctesiphon. In February-March, he decided to travel up the Tigris River to return to the Roman borders, after successfully securing all occupied regions except for northern Mesopotamia.
26.4.Military Campaigns in Parthia by Caracalla
Was a military campaign by Roman Emperor Caracalla against the Parthian Empire.
January 215: The ruling Abgarid dynasty was deposed by the Romans during the reign of Roman Emperor Caracalla (r. 211-217), probably in 214, and Osroene was incorporated as a province.
January 217: Emperor Caracalla invaded the Parthian Empire in 216 using an abortive wedding proposal to the Parthian king's daughter as a casus belli. His forces carried out a campaign of massacres in the northern regions of the Parthian Empire.
February 217: Emperor Caracalla invaded the Parthian Empire in 216 using an abortive wedding proposal to the Parthian king's daughter as a casus belli. His forces carried out a campaign of massacres in the northern regions of the Parthian Empire.
26.5.Mesopotamian Campaign of Ardashir I
Was a military campaign by Sassanid King Ardashir I against the Roman Empire.
January 231: The Sassanid armies, led by King Ardashir I, invaded Roman Mesopotamia in 230. They besieged Roman garrisons along the Euphrates and attempted to conquer Nisibis, but were ultimately unsuccessful in their efforts.
February 231: In 231 AD, the Sassanid armies, led by King Ardashir I, advanced into Roman Mesopotamia and besieged Roman garrisons along the Euphrates. They also attempted to conquer the city of Nisibis, but were ultimately unsuccessful in their efforts.
January 239: It seems that during the reign of Maximinus the Thrax, the cities of the Roman province of Mesopotamia, Nisibis and Carrhae, were besieged and occupied by the Sassanids.
January 240: Sasanid conquest of Dura Europos.
February 240: Sasanid conquest of Dura Europos.
January 241: Sasanian ruler Ardashir I finally managed to conquer and destroy the important stronghold city of Hatra, then occupying a large part of Roman Mesopotamia (including the legionary fortresses of Resaina and Singara, as well as the auxiliary fort of Zagurae, today's Ain Sinu), perhaps even arriving to besiege and occupy Antioch of Syria itself, as the fact that its mint stopped minting for the years 240 and 241 seems to suggest.
26.6.Sasanid Campaign of Alexander Severus
Was a military campaign by Roman Emperor Severus Alexander against the Sasanian Empire.
January 233: Roman Emperor Alexander Severus invaded Persia with various, occupying the Euphrates region (but not Seleucia and Ctesifon) and Media.
February 233: Roman Emperor Alexander Severus invaded Persia with various, occupying the Euphrates region (but not Seleucia and Ctesifon) and Media.
26.7.Sasanid Campaing of Jordan III
Was a military campaign by Roman Emperor Gordian III against the Sasanian Empire.
January 244: Arrived in Antioch (perhaps at the end of the previous year), which it seems he reconquered after falling into the hands of Shapur I, he crossed the Euphrates, repeatedly defeating the Persians, taking from them Carre, Nisibis and Singara (so much so that all three of these cities returned to mint Roman coins), then defeating them in the battle of Resena.
January 245: Roman retreat from the Persian territories of south-central Mesopotamia. In fact, the Sassanids did not conquer any other cities, besides Hatra, and Sapor did not undertake further military initiatives for the next eight years.
26.8.Military Campaigns of Shapur I in Syria and Mesopotamia
Was a military campaign by Sassanid King Shapur I against the Roman Empire.
November 252: Towards the end of 252, Sapor I resumed a violent offensive against the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire. The Persian troops occupied numerous cities in the province of Mesopotamia (including Nisibis itself), then pushed into Cappadocia, Licaonia and Syria, where they defeated the Roman army rushing to Barbalissos and took possession of Antioch itself.
January 255: At the end of this new Sasanian incursion, the emperor Valerian was forced to intervene, managing to reconquer the capital of Syria, Antioch, that same year (253) or the following year (254).
January 257: In 256 the armies of Sasanian Shah Shapur I removed important strongholds from Roman rule in Syria, including Dura Europos.
January 261: The capture of Valerian by the Persians left the Roman East at the mercy of Sapor I, who led a new offensive from his headquarters in Nisibis (occupied in 252 by the Sasanian army), managing to occupy the Roman territories up to Tarsus ( in Cilicia), Antioch (in Syria) and Caesarea (in Cappadocia).
26.9.Sasanian Campaign of Odaenathus
Was a military campaign by Palmyrene King Odaenathus against the Sasanian Empire.
February 261: The praetorian prefect, Ballista, managed to surprise the Persians near Corycus in Cilicia and push them back as far as the Euphrates.
January 264: In 263, the Roman Emperor Valerian defeated the Persian King Sapor I near the Persian capital of Ctesiphon. This victory marked a significant moment in the ongoing conflict between the Roman Empire and the Persian Empire.
February 264: Roman Emperor Odenathus defeated the Sasanian Emperor Shapur I near the capital of the Sasanian Empire, Ctesiphon, in 264
January 265: Odaenathus was a Palmyrene prince and Roman client king who led military campaigns against the Sassanian Persians. Ctesiphon was the capital of the Persian Empire at the time. The Roman Empire gained control of the territory after Odaenathus's successful campaigns.
February 265: Odaenathus was a Palmyrene prince and Roman client king who led military campaigns against the Sasanian Empire. Ctesiphon was the capital of the Sasanian Empire at the time. His second campaign likely took place in 265.
26.10.Sasanian Campaign of Carus and Numerian
Was a military campaign by Roman Emperors Carus and Numerian against the Sasanian Empire.
January 284: The surviving sources do not allow for a detailed or accurate reconstruction of Carus' military campaign against the Sassanids. They laconically report that the emperor devastated Mesopotamia, taking possession of the cities of Seleucia and Ctesiphon, and bringing the Roman army beyond the Tigris.
April 284: For unclear reasons the Romans withdrew from Persia.
26.11.Military Campaigns of Shapur II in Syria and Mesopotamia
Was a military campaign by Sassanid King Shapur II against the Roman Empire.
January 337: The son of the Sasanian king, Narses, managed to advance as far as Amida and occupy the Roman city.
February 337: Amida returned under Roman control.
January 360: Battle of Amida.
January 361: Constantius decided that the war against the Sasanians took precedence over Julian's rebellion, and in the spring of 360 he began his own eastern campaign, occupying Edessa.
January 361: In 360 Sapor took the eastern fortresses of Singara and Bezabde.
26.12.Sasanian Campaign of Julian
Was a military campaign by Roman Emperor Julian against the Sasanian Empire.
June 363: Roman Emperor Julian conquered Seleucia and visited its ruins.
June 363: The battle of Maranga in 363 was fought between the Roman army led by Emperor Julian and the Persian army of Sapor II. The Roman emperor Julian died during this battle, leading to the territory of Maranga falling under the control of the Roman Empire.
June 363: After passing Macepracta, the Roman Emperor Julian and his army arrived in front of Pirisabora, a city in Mesopotamia. They besieged the city, which was eventually surrendered, looted, and burned down in 363 AD.
June 363: The Romans, led by Emperor Julian, entered Dura Europos, a city located in modern-day Syria. The city had been abandoned for years after being captured by the Sassanid Empire. Julian's conquest was part of his campaign against the Sassanids during his short reign as Roman Emperor.
June 363: Anatha conquered by Roman Empire.
June 363: After passing the fields flooded by the retreating Persians, Emperor Julian set fire to Birtha, while his troops breached the fortifications of Maiozamalcha. This event took place during the Roman-Persian Wars, with Julian leading the Roman Empire against the Sassanian Empire.
26.12.1.Perso-Roman Peace Treaty of 363
Was a peace treaty between the Romans and Sasanians in 363 AD.
January 364: In 363, the Roman Emperor Jovian had to cede the territory of Corduene to the Sasanian king Shapur II as part of a peace treaty following the Roman defeat at the Battle of Ctesiphon. This marked a significant loss for the Roman Empire in the region.
January 364: In 363, the Roman Emperor Jovian had to cede the territory of Corduene to the Sasanian king Shapur II. Jovian was a Roman Emperor who ruled from 363 to 364, while Shapur II was the king of the Sasanian Empire from 309 to 379.
26.13.Partition of Armenia (385)
Division of Armenia between the Romans and the Persians.
January 385: In 384, the kingdom of Armenia was divided into two regions: the western one was placed, as a protectorate, under the Eastern Roman Empire, while the eastern one was entrusted to the Persians. The western region became a province of the Roman Empire with the name of Armenia Minor, while the eastern part remained an independent kingdom, even if only formally, under Persian control.
After Trajan's death, his successor Hadrian withdrew from the territories of Armenia, Assyria and Mesopotamia, allowing the return of their respective client monarchies.
January 119: After the death of Emperor Trajan in 117 AD, Hadrian became the new Roman Emperor. He decided to withdraw Roman forces from the territories of Armenia, Assyria, and Mesopotamia, which had been conquered by Trajan. This decision allowed the client monarchies of these regions to regain control.
January 119: Hadrian was the Roman Emperor at the time, and the client monarchies in question were likely rulers appointed by the Parthian Empire to govern the territories of Armenia, Assyria, and Mesopotamia. The withdrawal of Hadrian allowed these monarchies to regain control of their territories.
Were a series of wars between of the Roman Empire against the Germanic Marcomanni and Quadi and the Sarmatian Iazyges.
28.1.First Marcomannic War
Beginning in 162 and continuing until 165, an invasion of Chatti and Chauci in the provinces of Raetia and Germania Superior was repulsed.
January 163: Invasion of Chatti and Chauci in Raetia and Germania Superior in 162-165.
February 163: The invasion of Chatti and Chauci in Raetia and Germania Superior in 162-165 was repulsed by the Roman legions led by the governor of the provinces at that time.
April 167: The invasion of Pannonia in late 166 or early 167 by the Langobardi and Lacringi was defeated by the local forces led by the Roman governor of the province, Marcus Valerius Maximianus. The Langobardi and Lacringi were Germanic tribes known for their raids and invasions in the region.
May 167: The invasion of Pannonia by the Langobardi and Lacringi in late 166 or early 167 was defeated by the local Roman forces led by the governor of the province, Marcus Valerius Maximianus. The Langobardi and Lacringi were Germanic tribes that often clashed with the Roman Empire in border regions.
December 169: The Costoboci were a barbarian tribe from the Carpathian Mountains. The Eleusinian Mysteries were ancient religious rites held in Eleusis, dedicated to Demeter and Persephone. The destruction of the temple was a significant event in Greek history.
January 170: The Costoboci were a barbarian tribe from the Carpathian Mountains. The Eleusinian Mysteries were ancient religious rites held in Eleusis, dedicated to Demeter and Persephone. The Roman Empire, under Emperor Marcus Aurelius, eventually defeated the Costoboci and restored order in Thrace.
June 170: During the Marcomannic Wars, the Marcomanni, a Germanic tribe led by their king Maroboduus, invaded the Roman province of Noricum in Veneto in 170. This invasion posed a significant threat to the Roman Empire in the west.
July 170: The Marcomanni, a Germanic tribe led by their king Ballomar, invaded the Roman province of Noricum in Veneto in spring 170. This invasion posed a significant threat to the Roman Empire in the west.
January 173: In 172, the Romans crossed the Danube into Marcomannic territory. Although few details are known, the Romans achieved success, subjugating the Marcomanni and their allies, the Varistae or Naristi and the Cotini.
January 174: The Chauci raided the shoreline of Gallia Belgica.
February 174: End of the Chauci raid in Gaul.
November 174: In 173, the Romans campaigned against the Quadi, who had broken their treaty and assisted their kin, and defeated and subdued them. By late 174, the subjugation of the Quadi was complete.
January 176: After this, the Romans focused their attention on the Iazyges living in the plain of the river Tisza (expeditio sarmatica). After a few victories, in 175, a treaty was signed.
January 179: During the Marcomannic Wars, Roman legions led by Emperor Marcus Aurelius occupied part of present-day Slovakia between 174 AD and 180 AD. This brief occupation was part of the Roman Empire's efforts to defend its borders against Germanic tribes.
January 180: During the Marcomannic Wars, Roman legions led by Emperor Marcus Aurelius occupied part of present-day Slovakia between 174 AD and 180 AD. This brief occupation was part of the Roman Empire's efforts to defend its borders against Germanic tribes.
28.2.Second Marcomannic War
In 177, the Quadi rebelled, followed soon by their neighbours, the Marcomanni, causing the intervention of the Roman Army.
October 180: In 177, the Quadi rebelled, followed soon by their neighbours, the Marcomanni. On 17 March 180, the emperor died at Vindobona (modern Vienna).
His successor Commodus had little interest in pursuing the war. Against the advice of his senior generals, after negotiating a peace treaty with the Marcomanni and the Quadi, he left for Rome in early autumn 180.
January 181: During the Roman occupation of Slovakia, the region known as 178 and 179 was abandoned and eventually fell under no entity's control. This territory was under the rule of Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius from 174 AD to 180 AD.
Was a Roman Civil War in which five men claimed the title of Roman emperor: Pertinax, Didius Julianus, Pescennius Niger, Clodius Albinus, and Septimius Severus.
March 193: The Romans legions of Syria proclaimed Pescennio Nigro Emeperor.
March 193: The legions of Britannia chose to be loyal to Clodius Albinus.
March 193: Roman general Severus proclaims himself emeperor in Pannonia.
June 193: Didius Julianus was therefore executed by a military tribune sent by the senate on 1 June 193 after only sixty-six days of reign, and Severus became the new Emperor of Rome.
June 194: After Severus had replaced Candidus with another general, Publius Cornelius Anullinus, Niger met Anullinus in battle at Issus in May 194, where after a long and hard-fought struggle, Pescennius Niger was decisively defeated. Forced to retreat to Antioch, Niger was captured while attempting to flee to Parthia. Niger was beheaded.
February 197: Clodius Albinus killed himself.
Was the War of the Roman Empire against the Garamantes of the Libyan desert waged by legate Quintus Anicius Faustus.
January 198: The legate of Legio III Augusta Quintus Anicius Faustus had been fighting against the Garamantes along the Limes Tripolitanus for five years, capturing several settlements from the enemy such as Cydamus, Gholaia, Garbia, and their capital Garama - over 600 km south of Leptis Magna.
Was the War waged by the Roman Emperor Severus against the Garamantes in the Libyan desert.
January 204: Roman Emperor Septimius Severus briefly held a military presence in Garama.
February 204: Emperor Septimius Severus led a Roman military campaign to acquire the territory of Garama in 203. The Garamantes were a Berber tribe known for their skilled cavalry and control of trans-Saharan trade routes. The acquisition of Garama expanded the Roman Empire's influence in North Africa.
Was a period in which the Roman Empire nearly collapsed due to invasions and secessions. In particular, the period saw the creation of two secessionist states: the Gallic Empire andhe Kingdom of Palmyra.
32.1.Barbarian invasions of the Third Century
Were a series of Barbarian invasions of the Roman Empire during the Crisis of the Third Century.
January 257: Dacia was upset with the crisis of the third century by continuous invasions by the barbarians, also due to the shape of its territories which extended beyond the Danubian limes, in the immense barbarian sea of Sarmatia. Already in 256 the emperor Gallienus was forced to abandon a large part of the territories of the North of the Three Dacias (ie all of Dacia Porolissensis and part of Upper Dacia).
January 274: Emperor Aurelian, due to the growing crisis along the Danubian borders, in addition to the secession of the Gallic Empire in the West and of the Kingdom of Palmyra in the East, was forced to evacuate the province of Three Dacias.
32.1.1.Evacuation of the Agri Decumates
Romans controlled the Agri Decumates region until the mid-3rd century, when the emperor Gallienus (259-260) evacuated it before the invading Alemanni.
January 214: The Alemanni occupied part of the Acri Decumates region.
January 261: The Romans evacuated most of the Agri Decumates region before the invading Alemanni.
January 358: Alemanni expansion into the Agri Decumates, a region of the Roman Empire's provinces of Germania Superior and Raetia.
January 379: Alemanni expansion into the Agri Decumates, a region of the Roman Empire's provinces of Germania Superior and Raetia.
32.1.2.Gothic War (249-253)
With the cessation of the payment of tribute previously made by the Roman emperor Philip the Arab (r. 244-249) to the tribes beyond the Danube, the Goths and their allies, led by King Ostrogotha and his subcommanders Argedo and Gundericus, moved towards the Roman border and began a series of attacks.
32.1.3.Invasions of the Juthungi
The Juthungi, a Germanic tribe, invaded Italy in 259-260.
January 260: In 259-260, the Juthungi, a Germanic tribe, invaded Northern Italy, specifically Raetia.
February 260: The Romans successfully repelled the invasion of the Juthungi in Raetia.
January 357: The Juthungi and Alamanni, Germanic tribes, invaded the Roman province of Raetia.
February 357: The Romans successfully repelled the invasion of the Juthungi and Alamanni in Raetia.
January 384: Barbarian invasion of Raetia in 383.
February 384: The second invasion of Raetia in 383 was repelled by the Roman general Magnus Maximus, who successfully defended the territory against the invading forces.
32.1.4.Gothic War (267-269)
Was a war of the Roman Empire against invading Goths and Scythians.
32.1.5.Campaigns against Germanic tribes of Emperor Aurelian
The Juthungi invaded Italy again in 271, defeating the Romans at the Battle of Placentia, but they were repulsed by Aurelian after the Battle of Fano and the Battle of Pavia.
January 272: The Juthungi, a Germanic tribe, invaded Italy in 271. They defeated the Romans at the Battle of Placentia but were later repulsed by Aurelian, a Roman Emperor, at the Battles of Fano and Pavia.
February 272: The Juthungi, a Germanic tribe, invaded Italy in 271 and defeated the Romans at the Battle of Placentia. However, they were later repulsed by Aurelian, the Roman Emperor, at the Battles of Fano and Pavia in 272.
32.1.6.Foundation of the Kingdom of the Goths
The Germanic tribe of the Ostrogoths established a kingdom in Dacia.
January 272: Hunnic conquest of Dacia.
32.2.Secession of the Gallic Empire
Was the secession of Postumus in 260 in the wake of barbarian invasions and instability in Rome. At its height, its empire included the territories of Germania, Gaul, Britannia, and (for a time) Hispania.
October 260: The Gallic Empire was established by Postumus in 260 in the wake of barbarian invasions and instability in Rome, and at its height included the territories of Germania, Gaul, Britannia, and (for a time) Hispania.
32.3.Death of Postumus
Was the death of the secessionist emperor of the Gallic Empire, after which Roman Emperor Claudius Gothicus re-established Roman authority in Gallia Narbonensis and parts of Gallia Aquitania and possibly Hispania.
January 270: After the death of Postumus, the Gallic Empire began to decline. Roman Emperor Claudius Gothicus re-established Roman authority in Gallia Narbonensis and parts of Gallia Aquitania, and there is some evidence that the provinces of Hispania, which did not recognize the subsequent Gallic Emperors, may have re-aligned with Rome then.
32.4.Secession of the Kingdom of Palmyra
Was the secession of most of the Roman east under Zenobia.
November 270: In 270 Zenobia managed to conquer most of the Roman east in a relatively short period, and tried to maintain relations with Rome. In 271 she claimed the imperial title for herself and for her son. In October of 270, a Palmyrene army of 70,000 invaded Egypt, and declared Zenobia queen of Egypt.
32.5.Reconquests made by the Gallic Empire
Gallic Empire Tetricus was able to re-take Gallia Aquitania and western Gallia Narbonensis while Roman Emperor Aurelian was engaging Queen Zenobia's Palmyrene Empire in the east.
January 271: Tetricus fought off Germanic barbarians who had begun ravaging Gaul after the death of Victorinus, and was able to re-take Gallia Aquitania and western Gallia Narbonensis while Roman Emperor Aurelian was engaging Queen Zenobia's Palmyrene Empire in the east.
32.6.The Kingdom of Palmyra´s conquests in Asia Minor
Was a military campaign by the Kingdom of Palmyra leading to the conquest of eastern Anatolia from the Romans.
January 272: Afterward, in 271, Zabbai started the operations in Asia Minor, and was joined by Zabdas in the spring of that year. The Palmyrenes subdued Galatia, and occupied Ankara, marking the greatest extent of the Palmyrene expansion.
32.7.Reconquest of the Kingdom of Palmyra
Roman Emperor Aurelian reconquered the secessionist Kingdom of Palmyra.
July 272: Battle of Immae.
July 272: The day after the battle, Aurelian arrived in Antioch where he found the city almost deserted: in fact, most of the inhabitants, frightened by the arrival of the Roman army, had fled.
January 273: Emperor Aurelian subjected the cities of Apamea, Larissa and Arethusa, which spontaneously opened their gates to him.
January 273: Battle of Emesa.
January 273: In the meantime, the Emperor sent Probus to subjugate Egypt and headed towards Palmyra crossing the desert.
January 273: In his obedience, Aurelian reduced the province of Bithynia without encountering resistance and took Ancyra and Tyana.
January 274: Siege of Palmyra.
32.8.Conquest of the Gallic Empire
The Battle of Châlons was fought in 274 between Roman emperor Aurelian and Emperor Tetricus I of the Gallic Empire, marking the end of the independent Gallic Empire.
April 274: The Battle of Châlons was fought in 274 between Roman emperor Aurelian and Emperor Tetricus I of the Gallic Empire. Fought in what is now Châlons-en-Champagne, France, it was the battle that marked the end of the independent Gallic Empire, and its unification back to the Roman Empire, after thirteen years of separation.
Were a series of conflicts between the co-emperors of the Roman Empire (the system of Thetrarchy introduced by Diocletian divided the Roman Empire between two emperors, the augusti, and their junior colleagues and designated successors, the caesares). The war ended with Constantine I as undisputed Emperor.
January 325: In 324, Constantine, the Roman Emperor of the West, defeated Licinius, the Roman Emperor of the East, in the battle of Chrysopolis. This victory allowed Constantine to become the sole ruler of the Roman Empire.
33.1.Early Tetrarchic Period
The Tetrarchy was the system instituted by Roman emperor Diocletian in 293 AD to govern the ancient Roman Empire by dividing it between two emperors, the augusti, and their junior colleagues and designated successors, the caesares. This marked the end of the Crisis of the Third Century.
January 286: The first phase of the Tetrarchy, sometimes referred to as the Diarchy ('the rule of two'), involved the designation of the general Maximian as co-emperor of Diocletian.
Was a military campaign of Roman Emperor Constantine against the Visigoths that took place in Bulgaria.
January 332: Emperor Constantine I may have started the construction of the new stretch of Limes, the so-called Brazda lui Novac du Nord, which ran parallel to and north of the lower course of the Danube, from Drobeta to the plain of Wallachia eastern up to the Siret river, incorporating new reconquered territories.
Were a series of military campaigns by Roman Emperor Constantine I against Germanic and Sarmatian tribes.
35.1.Campaign of Constantine against the Sarmatians
Was a military campaign by Roman Emperor Constantine I against the Sarmatian tribes.
January 333: In 332, a treaty was signed between the Roman Empire and the Goths Thervingi and Sarmatians in the region of modern-day Romania. The treaty aimed to establish peaceful relations and cooperation between the parties involved.
January 335: During the years 331-336 Constantine led his armies beyond the lower course of the Danube returning to occupy, about 60 years after Aurelian, a part of the territories of southern Dacia.
After their expulsion from the Danube area by the invading Visigoths, the Vandals established themselves in Pannonia as Roman foederati.
January 336: The Vandals obtained the permission by the Roman emperor to settle in Pannonia, where they remained peaceful for at least forty years, obeying the laws of the Empire like the other inhabitants of the region. They were thus incorporated as foederati, maintaining their buffer function between the empire and the other barbarian tribes of the Sarmatian plain.
Were a series of conflicts between the sons of Roman emperor Constantine I, that had partitioned the Empire after the death of their father.
37.1.Division of the Empire among the sons of Constantine the Great
Constantine the Great's three sons declared themselves augusti and divided their father's empire into three parts, with Constantine II (emperor) receiving Britain, Iberia, Gaul and Illyria, Constantius II Asia, Syria Palaestina and Egypt, and Constans Italy and Africa.
May 337: After Constantine the Great's death, his three sons declared themselves augusti and divided their father's empire into three parts, with Constantine II (emperor) receiving Britain, Iberia, Gaul and Illyria, Constantius II Asia, Syria Palaestina and Egypt, and Constans Italy and Africa. Constantine's nephew Dalmatius received Thracia, Achaea and Macedonia.
37.2.Roman civil war of 350-353
Was a war fought between the Roman emperor Constantius II and the usurper Magnentius.
July 353: Magnentius was a Roman usurper who declared himself emperor in 350. Constantius II was the legitimate Roman emperor at the time. In 353, Constantius defeated Magnentius at Mons Seleucus in Gaul, solidifying his control over the Roman Empire.
The Germanic people of the Franks became Roman foederati.
January 359: In the 4th century the federation of the Franks was the protagonist of various incursions into Gallic territory, conducted starting from their settlement area near the Rhine. Roman emperor Julian defeated them, however leaving them in possession of that territory, assigning them that part of Gallia Belgica as foederati of the Roman Empire, charged with defending the frontier of the Rhine, with the commitment to also supply men to the Roman army. From this territory the Franks gradually expanded.
Were a series of conflicts between the Roman Empire and the Goths.
39.1.Gothic War (367-369)
Was a military campaign of Roman Emperor Valens against the Visigoths under Athanaric.
June 367: Valens was the Roman Emperor at the time, while Athanaric was the king of the Visigoths. The Visigoths were a Germanic tribe that had settled north of the Danube. Valens' attack on Athanaric's Visigoths in 367 marked a significant event in the Roman Empire's efforts to control the territory north of the Danube.
July 367: In the spring of 367, Roman Emperor Valens crossed the Danube River and launched an attack on the Visigoths led by their king Athanaric. This event took place in the territory north of the Danube, which later came under the control of the Kingdom of the Gepids.
July 367: In the spring of 367, Roman Emperor Valens crossed the Danube River and launched an attack on the Visigoths led by Athanaric in the territory north of the Danube. This event marked a significant conflict between the Roman Empire and the Visigoths, who were eventually driven into the territory of the Ostrogoths in Dacia.
January 368: The Gothic army invaded Thrace and began plundering the farms and vineyards of the province. Valens, marching north after defeating Procopius, surrounded them with a superior force and forced them to surrender.
February 368: The Gothic army invaded Thrace and began plundering the farms and vineyards of the province. Valens, marching north after defeating Procopius, surrounded them with a superior force and forced them to surrender.
January 370: In 369, Valens crossed again, from Noviodunum, and by devastating the country forced Athanaric to attack him.
February 370: Valente sent the general Arinteo to restore Pope to the Armenian throne already the summer following the first action against the Goths (in 369?), also at the request of the Armenian nobility itself.
39.2.Gothic War (376-382)
Was a war between the Goths and the Roman Empire. The Goths, that were fleeing an invasion of the Huns, entered the Roman Empire requesting asylum. The Romans allowed the Goths to enter, but the harsh conditions in the small area that was assigned to them caused a revolt.
January 377: Winter 376-3 October 382: In the late summer/autumn of 376, the Tervingi fleeing from the Huns were admitted to the Roman Empire after a formal capitulation. Since the Terwingen could only take limited supplies with them when they fled, supply bottlenecks soon arose. Open rebellion broke out when Lupicinus attempted to have Alavivus and Fritigern, the leaders of the Goths, killed at a diplomatic banquet. The troops hastily assembled by Lupicinus were defeated by the Goths. They first plundered the area around Marcianople [...] as they were defeated in the battle of adrianople, the romans were not ablke to stop the goths [...] On October 3, 382 Theodosius concluded a peace treaty with the Goths.
February 377: Winter 376-3 October 382: In the late summer/autumn of 376, the Tervingi fleeing from the Huns were admitted to the Roman Empire after a formal capitulation. Since the Terwingen could only take limited supplies with them when they fled, supply bottlenecks soon arose. Open rebellion broke out when Lupicinus attempted to have Alavivus and Fritigern, the leaders of the Goths, killed at a diplomatic banquet. The troops hastily assembled by Lupicinus were defeated by the Goths. They first plundered the area around Marcianople [...] as they were defeated in the battle of adrianople, the romans were not ablke to stop the goths [...] On October 3, 382 Theodosius concluded a peace treaty with the Goths.
39.3.Goths made Foederati in Moesia
A peace treaty with the Romans allowed the Goths to create their own kingdom as foederati of the Roman Empire.
October 382: On October 3, 382, peace was signed between the Roman Empire and the Goths. Thervingi and Gruthungi became Foederati of the Empire, and obtained lands in Moesia and Lower Scythia, and perhaps also in Macedonia; they were allowed to settle within the Empire, and to maintain their tribal cohesion: in exchange, the Goths were supposed to provide allied contingents to the Roman army.
Were a series of conflicts that saw the Huns, an invading tribe probably from Central Asia, fighting against the Romans as well as the Germanic tribes of Europe.
40.1.Hunnic Invasion of Europe
The Huns invaded Europe starting with the Ukrainian Steppe.
40.1.1.The Kingdom of the Goths is absorbed by the Huns
The Huns invaded and annexed the Kingdom of the Goths.
January 377: The Huns expelled the Goth from eastern Europe and expanded between the Danube and the Black Sea.
After the death of Theodosius I, the last Emperor of the whole Roman Empire, the empire was divided between his two sons in a Western and Eastern part.
January 395: Before Roman emperor Theodosius' death, he divided the Empire between his two sons: the eastern part went to Arcadius, the western part to Honorius. This division was, from a formal point of view, only administrative, since the Empire was still one, but it was also an important event in Roman history, as never again did an emperor reign over the West and the East at the same time.
January 24 BC: After the defeat of his father Juba I in the Battle of Thapsus, Juba II was taken to Rome as a prisoner. However, Augustus later restored him as a client king of Numidia in -25 BC, allowing him to rule with some autonomy under Roman authority. Juba II was known for his patronage of the arts and sciences, and his reign was marked by prosperity and cultural development in Numidia.
January 19 BC: Later in 20 BC, Octavian, now as the Roman emperor Augustus, restored the Emesene Kingdom to Iamblichus II.
January 18 BC: Territories conquered by Rome under Augustus by 19 BC.
January 8 BC: Territories conquered by Rome under Augustus by 9 BC.
January 1: During the second part of the 1st century BC th town of Bizone fell in the sea because of a disastrous earthquake.
January 7: While nominally queen of these areas, they were ultimately subject to the Judaean prefect.
January 7: Herod's son Herod Archelaus, ruled Judea so badly that he was dismissed in 6 CE by the Roman emperor Augustus, who appointed Quirinius to exercise direct Roman rule after an appeal from Herod Archelaus' own population, thus was formed the Province of Judea.
January 18: The Kingdom of Lesser Armenia was annexed to the Roman Empire.
January 18: When, at an old age, Tiberius summoned him to Rome, he died there of natural causes. Cappadocia was subsequently incorporated as a fully functioning Roman province.
January 35: Philip the Tetrarch ruled Batanea, with Trachonitis, as well as Auranitis until 34 CE (his domain later being incorporated into the Province of Syria).
January 38: Conquest of Aspurgus (8 BC - 37 AD).
January 39: In 38 AD, Caligula reinstated Antiochus III's son Antiochus IV and also gave him the wild areas of Cilicia to govern. Antiochus IV was the only client king of Commagene under the Roman Empire.
January 39: A prince named Kotys (IX.) from the Thracian royal dynasty was appointed king of Lesser Armenia.
January 40: Herod Antipas, ruled as tetrarch of Galilee and Perea from 4 BC to 39 AD, being then dismissed by Caligula.
January 45: The Roman Emperor Claudius annexed Mauretania directly as a Roman province in 44.
January 47: After the death of Remetalce, Thrace was made a Roman province by Claudius.
January 55: Roman acquisitions under Emperor Claudius by 54 AD.
January 69: In 68, the new Roman emperor Galba restored the Bosporan Kingdom to Rhescuporis I, the son of Cotys I.
January 70: Conquest of Cotys I (45 - 69).
January 73: In the year 72, the Romans annexed Lesser Armenia to the 17 AD province of Cappadocia.
January 75: However, Rome only formally annexed the island to his empire together with Lycia under Vespasian AD 74.
January 79: Sohaemus was apparently the last king of the Emesene Kingdom and after his death in 78, the Kingdom most probably was absorbed by the Roman Province of Syria, but there is no explicit evidence of this occurring.
January 120: The Banat region is occupied by the Germanic Tribe if the Lazyges.
January 120: Wallachia is occupied by the Sarmatians Roxolani.
January 151: The Garamantes emerged as a major regional power in the mid second century AD, establishing a kingdom.
January 197: The Tanûkhids were a confederation of Arab tribes from 196 AD. The confederation occupied southern Syria and Jordan and western Iraq.
January 251: Christian Arabs emigrated, in the year 250, from Yemen to the Hawran region in southern Syria and established the Ghassanid Kingdom.
January 251: In the first half of the 3rd century there were raids by the Goths, who had conquered the territory of the old Bosporan Empire. They were able to take and plunder Trebizond and Bitschwinta for a short time. As a result, Roman rule in Colchis initially collapsed.
January 325: In 324, the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great concluded a treaty with the Goths Thervingi and the Sarmatians in the territory that is now modern-day Romania. This treaty helped establish peaceful relations between the Roman Empire and these tribes.
Disestablishment
January 395: Before Roman emperor Theodosius' death, he divided the Empire between his two sons: the eastern part went to Arcadius, the western part to Honorius. This division was, from a formal point of view, only administrative, since the Empire was still one, but it was also an important event in Roman history, as never again did an emperor reign over the West and the East at the same time.
Selected Sources
Bosporan Kingdom growth map-fr. Wikipedia. Retrieved on 7 Aptril 2024 on https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bosporan_Kingdom_growth_map-fr.svg
Claudio 41 - 54dC. Wikipedia. Retrieved on 7 April 2024 on https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claudio_41_-_54dC_jpg.jpg
Impero romano sotto Ottaviano Augusto 30aC - 6dC. Wikipedia. Retrieved on 7 April 2024 on https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Impero_romano_sotto_Ottaviano_Augusto_30aC_-_6dC.jpg
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, pp.75-77
Roman Empire
