If you are looking for the page with the statistics about this polity you can find it here:All Statistics
Polity that includes all territories militarly occupied by Sweden that are not part of a specific military territory.
Establishment
January 1497: Svante Nilsson, a Swedish nobleman and military leader, led the occupation of Ivangorod in 1496. Ivangorod was a strategically important fortress located on the border between Sweden and Russia.
February 1497: In 1497, during the Russo-Swedish War, the Swedes, led by King Hans of Denmark, set the fortress of Ivangorod ablaze before sailing back to their homeland. This event marked a significant victory for the Grand Duchy of Moscow in their conflict with Sweden.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was a series of wars fought between the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Khanate of Kazan from 1439, until Kazan was finally conquered by the Tsardom of Russia under Ivan the Terrible in 1552.
1.1.Wars of Ivan III
Russian military campaign against the Khanate of Kazan by Ivan III.
1.1.1.Russo-Swedish War (1495-1497)
Was a border war which occurred between the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Kingdom of Sweden.
A series of wars fought in northern and northeastern Europe from the 16th to the 18th century.
2.1.Livonian War
Was a war fought over the control of Old Livonia. The Tsardom of Russia faced a varying coalition of the Dano-Norwegian Realm, the Kingdom of Sweden, and the Union (later Commonwealth) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. Old Livonia was finally partitioned between Sweden, Poland-Lithuania and Denmark-Norway.
2.1.1.Polish and Swedish counterattack (Livonian War)
Were the military operations of Sweden and Poland-Lithuania against the Russian invasion.
January 1581: The fall of Narva, Ivangorod, Jama, and Koporye in 1580 marked Sweden's military occupation of these territories in Livonia. This expansion was part of King Charles IX's efforts to strengthen Sweden's influence in the region.
January 1581: The towns of Kexholm and Padise were taken by Swedish forces led by King John III of Sweden in 1580. This military occupation was part of the Livonian War, a conflict between Sweden, Russia, and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth over control of the Baltic region.
January 1582: During the Livonian War, Sweden, under the leadership of King John III, captured the strategic city of Narva in 1581. This military occupation allowed Sweden to gain control over important trade routes in the region and expand its influence in the Baltic Sea.
2.1.1.1.Truce of Plussa
Was a Truce concluded between Sweden and Russia that ended the Livonian War.
August 1583: The Treaty of Plussa was signed in 1583 between Tsar Ivan IV of Russia and King John III of Sweden. It allowed Sweden to keep the annexed Russian towns of Ivangorod, Jamburg, Koporye, and Korela with their uyezds, solidifying Swedish control over Ingria.
August 1583: The war of Sweden with Russia ended when the Tsar concluded the Truce of Plussa (Plyussa, Pljussa, Plusa) with Sweden on 10 August 1583. Russia relinquished most of Ingria, leaving Narva and Ivangorod under Swedish control. Russia kept a narrow passage to the Baltic Sea at the estuary of the Neva River, between the Strelka and Sestra Rivers.
2.2.Northern Seven Years' War
Was a war fought between the Kingdom of Sweden and a coalition of Denmark-Norway, Lübeck, and Poland-Lithuania between 1563 and 1570.
January 1564: In 1563, Jemtland was taken by Denmark-Norway but swiftly recaptured by the Norwegian governor of Trøndelag, Christen Munk. Munk was a Danish-Norwegian nobleman and military officer who played a key role in the region's defense.
January 1564: Sweden occupied the undefended Norwegian province of Jemtland.
August 1564: Nils Boije, a Swedish military commander, took control of Varberg in 1564 during the Northern Seven Years' War. This marked the territory's military occupation by Sweden.
September 1564: In August 1564, King Eric XIV of Sweden attacked Blekinge and his army occupied it.
January 1565: In 1564 the Swedes marched under Claude Collart and re-occupied Jemtland, as well as Herjedalen and Trøndelag, including the city of Trondheim.
January 1565: Sweden captured Båhus Fortress.
January 1565: The 400 Swedish soldiers were repelled from Trøndelag.
January 1567: Båhus Fortress is acquired by Denmark-Norway.
December 1570: The Treaty of Stettin was signed in 1570, ending the Northern Seven Years' War. It was negotiated by King Frederick II of Denmark-Norway and King John III of Sweden. The treaty restored the status quo ante bellum, returning territories to Denmark-Norway.
2.3.Russo-Swedish War (1590-1595)
Was a war between the Kingdom of Sweden and the Tsardom of Russia initiated by the latter in order the reconquer territories lost during the Livonian War.
August 1590: On July 18, 1590, the Swedes landed on the shores of the White Sea and proceeded with great brutality to slaughter the local population and to plunder and desecrate Orthodox churches.
September 1590: On July 18, 1590, the Swedes landed on the shores of the White Sea and proceeded with great brutality to slaughter the local population and to plunder and desecrate Orthodox churches.
October 1591: In September 1591, the Swedish Peterson forces tried unsuccessfully to take the Solovetsky Monastery and once again plundered the shores of the White Sea.
November 1591: End of Swedish raid on the shores of the White Sea.
2.4.Second Northern War
Was a war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden (along with their respective allies) over the hegemony in the Baltic Sea.
July 1655: Sweden seized Dünaburg.
July 1655: The nobles of Greater Poland surrendered to Wittenberg on 25 July in Ujście. Wittenberg established a garrison in Poznań.
August 1655: The Treaty of Kėdainiai placed Lithuania under Swedish protection, marking a significant shift in power dynamics in the region.
September 1655: On 8 September Charles X Gustav of Sweden occupied Warsaw.
October 1655: Kraków surrendered to Charles X Gustav of Sweden.
October 1655: The levy of Mazovia, led by Polish nobleman Stefan Czarniecki, surrendered to the Swedish forces after the Battle of Nowy Dwór in 1655.
January 1656: In 1656, during the Second Northern War, the "Great Elector" of Brandenburg, Frederick William, was forced to join the Swedish camp and became a Swedish vassal for the Duchy of Prussia and Ermland. This decision was a strategic move to protect his territories from Polish and Russian threats.
June 1656: In May 1656, Alexis of Russia declared war on Sweden. He invaded Livonia with 35,000 men and took Dünaburg.
October 1656: On 4 October, John II Casimir stormed Łęczyca.
October 1656: John II Casimir took Bromberg and Konitz in Royal Prussia.
March 1657: The Swedes stayed in Danzig until February 1657.
June 1657: The Swedish army by Charles X Gustav captured Brest in May 1657.
September 1657: Charles X Gustav of Sweden left the Commonwealth and headed westwards for an anti-Danish counterstrike. The Swedish-Brandenburgian-Transylvanian alliance broke apart.
January 1662: The treaty of Cardis obliged Russia to yield its Livonian and Ingrian conquests to Sweden.
2.4.1.Russo-Swedish War (1656-1658)
Was fought by Russia and Sweden as a theater of the Second Northern War.
January 1658: The Swedes recaptured much of Ingria, took the Pskov Monastery of the Caves and inflicted a defeat on the Russian general Matvey Sheremetev at Walk in 1657.
January 1662: As the Russian tsar could not allow himself to be involved into a new conflict against powerful Sweden, he had to sign Treaty of Kardis, which obliged Russia to yield its Livonian and Ingrian conquests to Sweden, confirming the provisions of the Treaty of Stolbovo.
2.4.2.Dano-Swedish War (1657-58)
Was a conflict between Sweden and Denmark-Norway during the Second Northern War.
February 1658: After entering Jutland from the south, a Swedish army of 7,000 veterans undertook the March across the Belts; on 9 February 1658, the Little Belt was crossed and the island Funen captured within a few days, and soon thereafter Langeland, Lolland and Falster.
2.4.3.Dano-Swedish War (1658-1660)
Was a war between Denmark-Norway and Sweden, with the former backed by the Dutch Republic and Poland.
August 1658: On August 16 the Swedes arrived at Helsingør, took shelter in the city and started bombarding the castle with artillery. The Danes returned the fire, attempting to set the city on fire. Discouraged and demoralized, the Danes capitulated.
September 1658: Swedish invaded Zealand in August 1658.
November 1658: Sweden had to abandon Funen and Langeland after the defeat in the Battle of Nyborg.
May 1659: The Swedes abandoned their last positions at Fredriksodde.
2.5.Scanian War
Was a war that saw Denmark and Brandenburg-Prussia fight against Sweden.
2.5.1.Swedish-Brandenburg War
Was the fight between Brandenburg-Prussia and Sweden in the first part of the Scanian War, when Swedeish troops invaded Brandenburg.
2.6.Great Northern War
Was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.
2.6.1.Phase 1: Swedish Dominance
Was the first phase of the Great Northern War, characterized by Swedish victories.
2.6.1.1.Livonian-Estonian Frontier of the Great Northern War
Was the Livonian-Estonian theatre of war in the first phase of the Great Northern War.
August 1705: Mitau is besieged by the Tsardom of Russia.
September 1705: Mitau is besieged by the Tsardom of Russia.
2.6.1.2.Danish Frontier of the Great Northern War
Was the Danish theatre of war in the first phase of the Great Northern War.
August 1700: A Swedish army of 10,000 landed on Zealand under the protection of their ship guns.
August 1700: The Swedish army, having landed on Zealand, marched against Copenhagen.
August 1700: Charles XII of Sweden attacked Denmark by land and sea, forcing the country to sign a peace treaty. The rulers of Sweden and Denmark signed the Peace of Travendal (August 18, 1700), which restored the status quo ante.
2.6.1.3.War against Augustus II
Was a military campaign initiated by Sweden during the Great Northern war. The goal of the campaign was the overthrow of Augustus II the Strong, who was at the same the Elector fo Saxony and the King of Poland-Lithuania.
January 1702: King Charles XII of Sweden took Mitau, the capital of the Duchy of Courland, and thus took the whole Duchy.
May 1702: Charles XII of Sweden and his army marched against Warsaw, which surrendered without a fight on May 14, 1702.
July 1702: Battle of Klissow.
July 1702: Charles XII of Sweden occupied Kraków on July 31, 1702. Sweden now controlled the residence city of Warsaw and the coronation city of Kraków.
May 1703: Battle of Pultusk (1703).
May 1703: Siege of Thorn (1703).
October 1703: The Swedes under King Charles XII. conquered the fortress of Thorn after a month-long siege.
January 1704: The city of Posen was conquered by the Swedes in 1703.
September 1704: Swedish storming of Lviv.
October 1704: In 1704, during the Great Northern War, Western Prussia was occupied by Sweden under the leadership of King Charles XII. The successful military occupation of the territory led to other cities in the region submitting to the Swedish king out of fear and admiration for his military prowess.
October 1704: The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth captured Warsaw (1704).
November 1704: Battle of Tillendorf.
October 1705: As a result of the Battle of Rakowitz, Stanislaus Leszczyński was crowned the new Polish king on October 4, 1705 in Warsaw. […] Only Greater Poland, West Prussia, Mazovia and Lesser Poland submitted to him, while Lithuania and Volhynia continued to support Augustus II and Peter I.
November 1705: Since Count Ogiński was unsuccessful in his continued struggle on August II's side, the Swedish party finally gained the upper hand in Lithuania.
March 1706: Battle in Nyasvizh.
March 1706: Siege of Lyakavichy.
April 1706: Battle of Klezk.
May 1706: Siege of Lyakavichy.
September 1706: In the summer of 1706, Charles XII of Sweden with his troops from eastern Poland, on August via Silesia into the Electorate of Saxony. The Swedes conquered the electorate step by step and crushed all resistance.
September 1706: Having pursued Augustus of Saxony in his homeland, the Swedish King forced Augustus to sign the Altranstadt Peace Treaty on 24 september 1706. The Elector of Saxony renounced the Polish crown "forever" and dissolved the alliance with Russia.
January 1707: Moreover, in 1706 a Russian army had invaded and occupied western Poland.
2.6.1.4.Ingrian Front of the Great Northern War
Was the Ingrian theatre of war in the first phase of the Great Northern War.
September 1708: Battle of the Neva.
October 1708: Battle of Koporje.
2.6.1.5.Russian Campaign of Charles XII
Was the Swedish invasion of the Tsardom of Russia during the first phase of the Great Northern War.
October 1707: On September 7, 1707, it crossed the Polish border near Steinau an der Oder. Menshikov's army avoided battle and withdrew from the western part of Poland.
January 1708: In mid-January 1708, King Charles XII of Sweden led his army out of Masuria and arrived in Grodno on January 28, 1708. The Swedish military occupation of Grodno was part of their campaign during the Great Northern War against the Russian Empire.
March 1708: Tsar Peter, who met with Menshikov not far from the city, considered the strength of the Russian army too weak to be able to stop the Swedish army there and ordered a further retreat to the Lithuanian-Russian border […] The Swedish advance lasted until the beginning February until the army of Charles XII. moved into winter camp near the Lithuanian town of Smorgon.
June 1708: After the start of the summer campaign on June 1st, the Swedish army crossed the Berezina on June 18th. The Russian forces were able to elude an attempted evasion by the Swedes and withdrew behind the next river barrier, the Drut.
July 1708: Battle of Golovchin.
July 1708: In 1708, during the Great Northern War, King Charles XII of Sweden halted the advance of the Swedish main army at Mogilev, awaiting General Lewenhaupt's reinforcements and supply trains from Livonia. This strategic decision was crucial for the Swedish military occupation of Mogilev.
August 1708: When the main Swedish army crossed the Dnieper in the first week of August, Lewenhaupt's army had still not arrived.
August 1708: On August 21, the Swedes occupied Chemikow on the Sosh River.
September 1708: Battle of Molyatichi.
September 1708: Finally, King Charles XII of Sweden decided to call off the march on Moscow. When he left Tatarsk in mid-September 1708, it marked the end of Sweden's military occupation of the territory.
September 1708: Swedish General Lewenhaupt reached the Dnieper River. The crossing took a week, allowing the Russian forces to close in and eventually chase the Swedes.
December 1708: Siege and storming of Weprik.
January 1709: In 1709, during the Great Northern War, Weprik was besieged and stormed by Swedish forces under the command of King Charles XII. The siege resulted in the territory falling under Swedish military occupation.
February 1709: Battle of Krasnokutsk.
April 1709: Siege of Poltava.
July 1709: The Swedish force was decisively defeated by Peter the Great of Russia at Poltava near the River Dnieper.
July 1709: The Swedish force was decisively defeated by Peter the Great of Russia at Poltava near the River Dnieper. Charles XII of Sweden fled to Turkish Moldavia.
July 1709: The troops around King Karl reached the Bug on July 17, where the pasha gave Ochakov permission to enter the Ottoman Empire. This ended Charles' Russian campaign in a catastrophic defeat.
2.6.2.Phase 2: Sweden Defending itself
Was the second phase of the Great Northern War. It consisted in the counterattack of all the countries that Sweden had invaded during the first phase of the war.
August 1709: After the Russian army invaded Poland and Peter I negotiated with his former ally, the Elector of Saxony canceled the Peace of Altranstädt with Sweden in August. On August 20, 1709, Saxon troops invaded Poland again. The weak Swedish troops under the command of General Krassow retreated with 9000 men to Stettin and Stralsund in Swedish Pomerania. The Polish king Stanislaus I Leszczynski, who was enthroned by the Swedes, fled to Stockholm via Stettin and Kristianstad.
August 1709: The Russian invasion of Poland and its victory at Poltava, revived the anti-Swedish alliance which came to include Saxony, Denmark, Prussia, Russia and Hanover. On August 20, 1709, Saxon troops invaded Poland again. The weak Swedish troops under the command of General Krassow retreated with 9000 men to Stettin and Stralsund in Swedish Pomerania. The Polish king Stanislaus I Leszczynski, who was enthroned by the Swedes, fled to Stockholm via Stettin and Kristianstad.
2.6.2.1.North German Front of the Great Northern War
Was the theatre of war of northern Germany in the second phase of the Great Northern War.
September 1713: By summer 1713 Sweden left all territories in Mecklenburg.
2.6.2.2.Swedish Campaign in Holstein
Was a Swedish military campaign in Holstein during the Great Northern War.
December 1712: The Swedish army moved on to Rostock and took the city.
December 1712: Swedish forces defeated Danish forces at Galdebusch (20 December 1712).
January 1713: Swedish general Magnus Stenbock takes the city of Altona after a siege. Subsequently the Swedish army burnt the city down ("Einäscherung von Altona").
February 1713: The Swedish army leaves Altona.
2.6.2.3.Norwegian Campaign (1716)
Was a Swedish invasion of Denmark-Norway during the Great Northern War.
April 1716: Oslo conquered by sweden.
July 1716: After the burning of the fleet by the Danes, the Swedish army was forced to return to Sweden in July.
November 1718: The Siege of Fredrikshald in 1718 was a military conflict between the forces of King Charles XII of Sweden and the Norwegian fortress town of Fredrikshald. The siege resulted in the death of King Charles XII and the territory of Fredrikshald falling under Swedish military occupation.
December 1718: The Siege of Trondheim in 1718 was part of the Great Northern War between Sweden and Denmark-Norway. The Swedish forces, led by King Charles XII, successfully captured the city of Trondheim, leading to a military occupation of the territory.
December 1718: The Siege of Fredrikshald in 1718 was a military conflict between Sweden and Denmark-Norway. The Swedish King Charles XII was killed during the siege, leading to the territory of Fredrikshald being ceded to Denmark-Norway as part of the peace treaty.
January 1719: The Siege of Trondheim in 1719 was part of the Great Northern War between Sweden and Denmark-Norway. Swedish forces, led by King Charles XII, unsuccessfully attempted to capture the city of Trondheim in Norway, which was then part of Denmark-Norway. The siege ended with the territory going back to Denmark-Norway.
2.6.3.Peace Treaties of the Great Northern War
Were the peace treaties that ended the Great Northern War.
2.6.3.1.Peace of Nystad
Was a treaty that ended the Great Northern War between the Tsardom of Russia and the Swedish Empire.
September 1721: In the Nystad Peace Treaty (1721), Sweden ceded the areas of Ingria, Livonia, Estonia, the islands of Ösel and Dagö, and South Karelia to Russia.
Was a war between Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth mainly over the control of Livonia and Estonia.
3.1.Swedish invasion of Livonia and Estonia
Was the Swedish invasion of the Polish-Lithuanian territories in Estonia and Livonia during the Polish-Swedish War (1600-1611).
April 1600: By March 1600 the Swedes displaced Polish forces from Estonia and most of Livonia.
3.2.Polish Counterattack (Polish-Swedish War of 1600-1611)
Was the Polish counterattack against the Swedish invasion in the Polish-Swedish War (1600-1611).
October 1600: Pärnu was besieged on 17 September and after heavy bombardment it surrendered on 17 October.
October 1600: Battle of Karksi.
January 1601: Battle of Kies.
April 1601: The town of Kokenhausen was taken by the Swedish forces under the command of King Charles IX of Sweden.
June 1601: Battle of Kokenhausen.
October 1601: Siege of Wolmar.
December 1601: Siege of Wolmar.
March 1602: Siege of Fellin.
May 1602: Siege of Fellin.
April 1603: The city of Dorpat surrendered to the Swedish forces led by King Charles IX of Sweden.
February 1608: Pärnu is besieged by Duchy of Livonia.
March 1608: Pärnu is besieged by Duchy of Livonia.
August 1608: The Swedish army captured Daugavgrīva.
January 1609: Swedish forces led by Mansfeld captured Daugavgriva, Viljandi and Koknese.
October 1609: Battle of Daugavgrīva.
January 1612: After Charles IX of Sweden's death in 1611, a truce was signed in the Duchy of Livonia. The truce established the status quo ante bellum, returning the territory to its pre-war condition.
Was a war between Duke Charles, later known as King Charles IX of Sweden, and Sigismund, who was at the time the king of both Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The war led to the dissolution of the Polish-Swedish Union.
May 1600: In 1600, King Charles IX of Sweden led a military occupation of the Swedish part of Estonia, which was under the personal union with Poland at the time.
Was a war between Denmark-Norway and Sweden.
June 1611: In 1611, during the Kalmar War, a Swedish force led by King Gustav II Adolph carried out the Storming of Kristianopel, a strategic fortress in present-day Sweden. The successful military occupation of Kristianopel marked a significant victory for Sweden in the ongoing conflict.
September 1611: In the summer of 1611, Swedish forces under Baltzar Bäck were ordered to invade Norwegian Jämtland. They did so, and armed Swedish peasants marched into Härjedalen. Both Jämtland and Härjedalen were conquered without much fight.
December 1612: Swedish troops under the command of Governor Axel Lillie were unable to defend Jämtland and Härjedalen against invading Danish-Norwegian forces. As a result, the territories were ceded to Denmark-Norway.
January 1613: The Treaty of Knäred ended the Kalmar War. Denmark incorporated Lapland into Norway. Militarly occupied territories were evacuated.
Was a period of political crisis during the Tsardom of Russia which began in 1598 with the death of Fyodor I, the last of the Rurik dynasty, and ended in 1613 with the accession of Michael I of the House of Romanov.
6.1.Ingrian War
Was a war between the Swedish Empire and the Tsardom of Russia. It ended with a large Swedish territorial gain (including Ingria) in the Treaty of Stolbovo.
6.1.1.Swedish invasion of Russia
Was the Swedish invasion of the Tsardom of Russia during the Ingrian War.
January 1612: In 1611 a Swedish expeditionary corps under Jacob De la Gardie captured Novgorod.
August 1614: Gdov is besieged by Sweden.
6.1.2.Treaty of Stolbovo
Was the treaty that ended the Ingrian War. Sweden gained the province of Ingria. Novgorod and Gdov were restored to Russia.
March 1617: The Treaty of Stolbovo stripped Russia of its access to the Baltic Sea and awarded to Sweden the province of Ingria. Novgorod and Gdov were restored to Russia.
Was a War between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Kingdom of Sweden caused by disputes over the Duchies of Livonia and Estonia.
June 1617: On June 19, 1617, four months after the Treaty of Stolbovo, Swedish naval squadron of four ships entered the Gulf of Riga and anchored at Dyjament/Dunamunde. The fortress was defended by weak Polish-Lithuanian forces under starosta of Rūjiena, Wolmar Farensbach, who capitulated after a two-day siege and joined the invaders.
August 1617: The city of Parnu was attacked on August 11, and capitulated after a three-day siege.
August 1617: Salacgrīva was captured on August 18.
September 1617: In July 1617, Swedish forces led by King Gustavus Adolphus occupied the Livonian coast from Grobiņa to Pärnu.
September 1617: In July 1617, Swedish forces led by King Gustavus Adolphus occupied the Livonian coast from Grobiņa to Pärnu.
October 1617: In 1617, the Swedish Empire, under the leadership of King Gustavus Adolphus, gained military control over Livonia, with the exception of the city of Riga.
October 1617: In 1617, the Swedish Empire, under the leadership of King Gustavus Adolphus, gained military control over Livonia, with the exception of the city of Riga.
October 1618: Military operations by Polish-Lithuanian forces led by Radziwill resulted in the recapture of almost all towns and strongholds occupied by Sweden, except for Pärnu.
Was a war in a long-running series of conflicts between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Swedish Empire. It began with a Swedish invasion of the Polish-Lithuanian fiefdom Livonia.
September 1621: Riga capitulated to Swedish forces on September 25.
October 1621: The Swedes captured the fortress of Dunamunde.
November 1621: The swedish King Gustavus Adolphus invaded the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia. He successfully captured the capital, Mitau (now Jelgava), without facing any resistance from the local defenders.
January 1622: In early January 1622, the Swedish forces led by King Gustavus Adolphus captured Valmiera, a town in present-day Latvia.
January 1622: In 1622, Janusz Radziwiłł, a Polish-Lithuanian nobleman and military commander, recaptured Mitau (now Jelgava) from the Swedish forces.
July 1625: On June 27, 1625, Gustav Adolf landed in Livonia with an army of 20,000. The main Swedish corps of almost 10,000 marched upwards the Daugava River, and besieged Koknese, capturing it after sixteen days.
August 1625: On August 27, 1625, Swedish forces led by King Gustavus Adolphus captured Tartu, a city in present-day Estonia.
September 1625: Mitau (today jelgava) conquered by sweden.
September 1625: The Swedish forces, led by King Gustavus Adolphus, invaded the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1625. Biržai was captured on September 7th.
September 1625: King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden captured the fortress of Bauska in present-day Latvia.
Was a war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden.
September 1626: Battle of Selburg.
April 1627: Hetman Koniecpolski recaptured the town of Puck.
May 1627: The area west of the Vistula was completely free of Swedish troops.
July 1627: Koniecpolski forced the Swedish garrison in Gniew to surrender.
September 1628: Gustaw Adolf led a military occupation of Brodnica, a town in Poland. This move was part of Sweden's involvement in the Thirty Years' War, a conflict that engulfed much of Europe at the time.
January 1629: Swedish forces captured the towns of Nowy and Brodnica.
February 1629: The Polish forces were badly defeated at the Battle of Górzno, where a Swedish force under Field Marshal Herman Wrangel encountered a Polish army under Stanisław Potocki.
9.1.Invasion of Polish Prussia
Swedish invasion of Prussia during the Polish-Swedish War (1626-1629).
July 1626: 7,000 Swedish soldiers landed in Piława .
July 1626: The cities of Frombork and Elbląg were occupied by Swedish forces.
July 1626: Orneta conquered by sweden.
July 1626: Malbork, a fortress in Poland, was taken by Swedish forces on July 18, 1626 after only two days of siege.
September 1626: The head fortress of Wisła Elbląska and Leniwka was seized by the Swedes under the command of King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.
January 1627: Swedish forces led by King Gustavus Adolphus captured the towns of Oliwa and Puck in Poland.
January 1627: King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden led his troops across the Vistula River and captured the towns of Tczew, Gniew, and Starogard (in Poland).
9.2.Truce of Altmark
Was the treaty that ended the Polish-Swedish War (1626-1629).
September 1629: After the Truce of Altmark, Sweden returned all the regions it had occupied in Prussia.
September 1629: In 1629, during the Thirty Years' War, the Coastal Stripe of Prussia was ceded to the Kingdom of Sweden. This territory included the cities of Elbing, Memel, Fischhausen, Braunsberg, and Frauenburg.
September 1629: The truce of Altmark in 1629 allowed Sweden, under the rule of King Gustavus Adolphus, to retain control of Livonia, including Riga.
Were a series of wars in Europe (and the overseas possessions of European countries) the 16th, 17th and early 18th that started after the Protestant Reformation. Although the immediate causes of the wars were religious, the motives were complex and also included territorial ambitions.
10.1.Thirty Years' War
Was a war that took place mainly in central Europe between 1618 and 1648. The war began as a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestant in the Holy Roman Empire but then escalated into a conflict for the hegemony in Europe between Habsburg Spain and Austria, Sweden and France.
10.1.1.Thirty Years' War Minor Scenarios
A series of conflicts related to the Thirty Years' War.
10.1.1.1.Torstenson War
Was a brief war between Sweden and Denmark-Norway.
January 1644: By the end of January 1644 the Jutland peninsula was in possession of Swedish troops.
March 1644: In February 1644, the Swedish General Gustav Horn with an army of 11,000 men occupied much of the Danish provinces of Halland and Scania, except for the fortress town of Malmø.
August 1645: The Second Treaty of Brömsebro ended the Torstenson War.
10.1.2.Swedish Period
Was the third main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of Sweden.
July 1630: Gustav Adolf led his army to Usedom, a strategic island in the Baltic Sea.
July 1630: In 1630, Stettin was occupied by the Swedes.
May 1631: After the Swedish occupation of Frankfurt an der Oder in April 1631, Pomerania, Mecklenburg, Brandenburg and Saxony signed alliance treaties with Sweden.
September 1631: Defeat of the Imperial army of Baltasar von Marradas by the Swedish army of Hans Georg von Arnim not far from Breslau.
September 1631: On September 17, 1631, the Swedish army under Gustav Adolf met the troops of the Catholic League under Tilly in the Battle of Breitenfeld north of Leipzig.
December 1631: Gustav Adolf II of Sweden crosses the Rhine with his army and besieges Mainz.
December 1631: Mainz conquered by sweden.
April 1632: On April 15, during the Battle of Rain am Lech, east of Donauwörth, the Swedish troops under Gustavus Adolphus defeated the Imperial forces commanded by Tilly.
May 1632: The Swedes arrive in Landshut but are defeated by the Imperial troops led by John of Werth of May, 14th 1632.
May 1632: The Swedish army, led by King Gustavus Adolphus, captured Munich.
July 1632: The Swedes reach the city of Ehrenburg bei Reutte, which is, however, succesfully defended by Leopold William of Habsburg.
November 1632: Withdrawal of the Wallenstein army to winter quarters in Saxony, Gustav Adolf was forced to stand by the allied Saxons.
December 1632: Swedes under Wolf Heinrich von Baudissin take Deutz.
December 1632: Swedes had to retreat from Deutz after a powerful counterattack.
March 1633: Bernhard von Sachsen-Weimar, as the German imperial prince, was able to achieve a leading position. He occupied Bamberg in February 1633.
March 1633: The Swedish troops of Georg von Braunschweig-Lüneburg capture the city of Hameln.
April 1633: Count Peter Melander of Holzappel's Hessians take Paderborn.
April 1633: The Swedish army captured Landsberg am Lech.
September 1633: The Swedes take Osnabrück.
November 1633: The Swedes under Bernard of Saxe-Weimar capture Ratisbon (today known as Regensburg).
December 1633: The lack of payment of wages led to mutinies among the soldiers, causing delays in the swedish conquest of Regensburg until November 1633.
June 1634: Conquest of Philippsburg by Sweden.
June 1634: In 1634, during the Thirty Years' War, Donauwörth was taken by the Imperial Army led by Johann von Aldringen.
July 1634: The Catholic League, led by Johann von Aldringen, successfully recaptured the city of Regensburg from the Swedes in July 1634. This victory marked a significant turning point in the Thirty Years' War, as the territory was then handed over to the Duchy of Bavaria.
10.1.2.1.Peace of Prague
Was a treaty during the Thirt Years' War that ended the war between Catholics and Protestants.
May 1635: According to the 1635 Peace of Prague, most of Lusatia became a province of the Electorate of Saxony, except for the region around Cottbus possessed by Brandenburg.
May 1635: In 1635, during the Thirty Years' War, Electoral Saxony (ruled by the Albertines) gained control of four administrative offices in the territory of Magdeburg. This transfer of power was part of the territorial realignment that occurred as a result of the war.
10.1.3.Franco-Swedish Period
Was the fourth main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of France.
10.1.3.1.North German Front (Sweden)
Was the north German front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
January 1635: In 1634, Schorndorf was occupied by Sweden.
January 1635: In 1635, during the Thirty Years' War, Philippsburg was recaptured from the Swedes by Imperial troops led by the Spanish general Ottavio Piccolomini.
September 1635: Imperials under Matthias Gallas liberate Swedish-occupied Schorndorf (east of Stuttgart).
October 1636: The Battle of Wittstock took place during the Thirty Years' War near the town of Wittstock on October 4, 1636. A Swedish-allied army commanded jointly by Johan Banér and Alexander Leslie decisively defeated a combined Imperial-Saxon army, led by Count Melchior von Hatzfeld and the Saxon Elector John George I.
November 1637: After the death of Swedish King Ferdinand II, his son and successor Ferdinand III brought the Swedish troops back to Pomerania, leaving the territories occupied by Sweden in Germany.
April 1639: The Battle of Chemnitz took place during the Thirty Years' War, with the Swedes led by Field Marshal Johan Banér. Pirna, a town in Saxony, was occupied by the Swedish forces after their victory.
August 1640: In 1640, the Swedes led by field marshal Banér moved through Thuringia via Saalfeld into Hesse and further near the town of Fritzlar, which was reached on August 31, 1640.
October 1640: When 14 regiments arrived to reinforce the imperial army at the end of September 1640, the Swedish army left the territories it occupied in Germany (with the exception of Pomerania).
January 1643: In 1642 Moravia was the target of the Swedish campaign. The Swedes conquered Olomouc.
December 1643: In 1643 Swedish general Torstensson invaded Moravia for the second time.
January 1644: In 1643, when the Torstensson War broke out, the Swedish military focused entirely on Denmark and thus enabled an imperial offensive to Jutland.
January 1644: In 1643, during the Torstensson War, Swedish forces occupied Jutland as part of their military campaign against Denmark.
November 1644: In 1644 Swedish field marshal Torstenson led his army for the third time into the heart of Germany and routed the imperials at the battle of Jüterbog.
January 1645: At the beginning of January 1645 the Swedes broke into Bohemia.
February 1645: The victory of Jankau in 1645 was achieved by Swedish military leader Lennart Torstensson during the Thirty Years' War. This triumph allowed Sweden to advance towards Vienna, a key strategic objective in the conflict.
January 1646: Swedish forces led by Field Marshal Torstensson reached the Danube.
September 1646: The exausted Swedish army led by Field Marshal Torstensson left Germany in the early summer of 1646 and returned to Sweden.
July 1647: The Imperial Army liberated the fortress of Egra (today known as Cheb in the Czech Republic) from Swedish occupation.
June 1648: In May 1648, there was the last major field battle of the Thirty Years' War between French-Swedish and Imperial-Bavarian armies near Augsburg.
July 1648: Swedish Siege of Prague from July 25, 1648.
10.1.3.2.Low Countries Front (France)
Was the Low Countries front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
January 1636: Spanish occupation of Philippsbourg, Speyer, Landau and Treviri.
10.1.3.3.Rhineland Front (France)
Was the Rhineland front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
September 1635: Jean de Werth takes over Heidelberg and then Speyer for the Imperials.
October 1648: Battle of Dachau.
10.1.4.Peace of Westphalia
Were a series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War. Catholics and Protestants were redefined as equal in the territories of the Holy Roman Empire. There were major territorial adjustments. In particular, France, Sweden and Brandenburg had major territorial gains, and several religious territories of the Holy Roman Empire were secularized.
October 1648: With the Peace of Westphalia Sweden received Western Pomerania (henceforth Swedish Pomerania), Wismar, and the Prince-Bishoprics of Bremen and Verden as hereditary fiefs. Sweden evacuated the remnant territories it had occupied in the Holy Roman Empire.
January 1649: Borders at the end of the Thirty Years' War.
10.2.Thirty Years' War aftermath wars
Were a series of wars that were a continuation of the Thirty Years' War.
10.2.1.Swedish Wars on Bremen
Were two wars fought between the Swedish Empire and the Hanseatic town of Bremen in 1654 and 1666. Bremen claimed to be subject to the Holy Roman Emperor, maintaining Imperial immediacy, while Sweden claimed Bremen to be a mediatised part of her dominions of Bremen-Verden.
10.2.1.1.First Swedish War on Bremen
Was the first of two wars fought between the Swedish Empire and the Hanseatic town of Bremen in 1654 and 1666. Bremen claimed to be subject to the Holy Roman Emperor, maintaining Imperial immediacy, while Sweden claimed Bremen to be a mediatised part of her dominions of Bremen-Verden.
May 1654: Bremen claimed to be subject to the Holy Roman Emperor, maintaining Imperial immediacy, while Sweden claimed Bremen to be a mediatized part of her dominions of Bremen-Verden. In early May 1654, the Swedes attacked the Bremen exclave of Bederkesa. The small garrison of only 40 men stationed in the castle there had to capitulate on May 8th.
May 1654: In 1654, Swedish riders, led by Field Marshal Carl Gustaf Wrangel, invaded the Bremen area.
June 1654: The Bremeners recaptured Vegesack and took 83 prisoners there.
June 1654: In 1654, Swedish riders invaded the Bremen area during the Thirty Years' War. They engaged in a skirmish at the Steinturm am Dobben, which was part of the upstream Landwehr defenses in the east of the city.
10.2.1.2.Second Swedish War on Bremen
Was the second of two wars fought between the Swedish Empire and the Hanseatic town of Bremen in 1654 and 1666. Bremen claimed to be subject to the Holy Roman Emperor, maintaining Imperial immediacy, while Sweden claimed Bremen to be a mediatised part of her dominions of Bremen-Verden.
September 1666: In January 1666, Carl Gustaf Wrangel departed from Swedish Pomerania to command the Swedish army, which in early 1666 numbered 14,000 troops. By summer, all of the city of Bremen's territory was occupied, except the city itself.
November 1666: On 14 November, the Peace of Habenhausen was signed. Bremen further had to cede its territories north of the city and at the lower Weser river. However, the city itself with a number of villages around, maintained its independence. […] The compromise stipulated that Bremen waived imperial immediacy until the end of the 17th century and could not take part in imperial diets. Of course, this was of no real importance to the city. This peace treaty put a heavy damper on Swedish military policy, and it was generally taken as a victory for Bremen.
Was a global conflict that involved most of the European great powers, and was fought primarily in Europe, the Americas, and Asia-Pacific. At the end of the war the main winner was Great Britain, that obtained territories in North America, the Caribbean and India, becoming the most powerful maritime and colonial of the European powers.
11.1.Pomeranian War
Was a theatre of war of the Seven Years' War. The term is used to describe the fighting between Sweden and Prussia between 1757 and 1762 in Swedish Pomerania, Prussian Pomerania, northern Brandenburg and eastern Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
September 1757: Swedish Major Carl Constantin De Carnall was able to reach Fehrbellin with 800 men to defend it from about 5,000 Prussians at a battle fought there on 28 September.
October 1757: After the failure of the Austrian invasion of Saxony, Hamilton left Neuruppin on 10 October and headed for the River Oder, in the hopes of joining up with the Russians. He failed in this and the Swedish force had to go into winter quarters, with Hamilton returning to Swedish Pomerania. .
October 1759: The Swedish army captured Usedom and Wollin.
December 1759: In 1759, during the Seven Years' War, Russian Field Marshal Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin was unable to besiege Stettin due to lack of cooperation from his allies. As a result, he withdrew into Swedish Pomerania, specifically in Usedom and Wollin, which then became part of the Kingdom of Prussia.
January 1760: Swedish troops penetrated as far as Anklam.
September 1760: However, despite these successes and despite the Prussian army's attention mainly being elsewhere, Lantingshausen and his 15,000 troops were under-supplied and only able to invade Prussia in August, mainly in order to find supplies. He pushed forward to Prenzlow (now Prenzlau) in Brandenburg with his main force of 6,000 troops, leaving Augustin Ehrensvard with a detachment in Pasewalk.
December 1760: Then many officers left to participate in parliament and the resulting shortage of officers forced Lantingshausen to return to Swedish Pomerania, where he remained for the whole winter without being attacked by the Prussians.
Was a war between Sweden and Russia.
July 1788: The storm of Nyslott by surprise ended in a siege led by Russian military commander Alexander Suvorov against the Swedish fortress of Nyslott in 1788. The siege resulted in the territory falling under Swedish military occupation.
July 1788: General Carl Gustaf Armfeldt's 4,000 men were to support the coastal fleet's capture of Frederikshamn and crossed the border on 18 July.
July 1788: The Swedish reached a staging ground just north of Frederikshamn.
August 1788: The landings were successful, some 10 km south-east of the town, and by the evening Swedish forces were advancing towards Frederikshamn.
August 1788: The siege of Nyslott had to be abandoned on 21 August 1788. The Swedish commander, Carl Olof Cronstedt, was forced to surrender the fortress to the Russian Empire after a prolonged siege during the Russo-Swedish War of 1788-1790.
August 1788: In 1788, King Gustav III of Sweden ordered a retreat from all territories occupied in Russia due to the threat of war from Denmark-Norway. The Swedish forces, led by Field Marshal Johan Christopher Toll, withdrew and the territories were ceded to the Russian Empire on August 25th.
June 1789: The Swedes won a resounding victory at Utti.
July 1789: By 18 July the Swedish army cleared the Russian defences of Frederikshamn.
July 1789: Small Swedish detachments (roughly 2,000 men) sent to stop the Russians were defeated at Kaipiainen and the Swedish army decided to withdraw from Russian territory.
April 1790: Swedes led by Colonel Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt defeated Russian defenders on 15 April in southern Savolax.
August 1790: The Russo-Swedish War of 1788-1790 was ended by the Treaty of Värälä, resulting in the return to the status quo ante bellum.
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
13.1.Franco-Swedish War
Was a war between France and Sweden that took place in Swedish Pomerania.
13.1.1.Offensive in Hanover (Franco-Swedish War)
Were a series of battles in the region of Lauenburg during the Franco-Swedish War.
September 1806: During the summer of 1806, Prussia, under the leadership of King Frederick William III, formed the Fourth Coalition against France, led by Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. As a result, Sweden, under King Gustav IV Adolf, was granted the right to occupy Lauenburg, a territory located in northern Germany.
December 1806: In 1806, during the Napoleonic Wars, French forces advanced rapidly in western Germany, leading to the retreat of Swedish troops towards Lübeck. The territory of Lauenburg was subsequently taken over by the Electorate of Hanover (England).
December 1806: In 1806, during the Napoleonic Wars, French forces advanced rapidly in western Germany, leading to the retreat of Swedish troops towards Lübeck. This event took place in Lauenburg, which later became part of the Mecklenburg-Schwerin Duchy.
13.2.Dano-Swedish War of 1808-09
Was a war between Denmark-Norway and Sweden due to Denmark-Norway's alliance with France and Sweden's alliance with the United Kingdom during the Napoleonic Wars.
13.2.1.Swedish Offensive (Dano-Swedish War of 1808-09)
Was the main Swedish military offensive against Denmark during the Dano-Swedish War of 1808-09.
April 1808: The Swedish main attack in Aurskog-Høland in 1808 was led by General Carl Pontus Gahn and Lieutenant Colonel Carl Johan Adlercreutz. The goal was to secure the territory for Sweden during the ongoing Finnish War against Russia.
April 1808: In 1808, during the Napoleonic Wars, a battle occurred at Lier, near Kongsvinger. The Swedish forces, led by King Charles XIII, defeated the Norwegian army. This victory led to Sweden's military occupation of the territory.
April 1808: Fighting in Høland and Aurskog ended with a Norwegian victory, and the Swedish commander, Colonel Schwerin felt so threatened by the Norwegian counterattacks that he ordered a retreat after the defeat at Toverud.
April 1808: After this victory the Swedish troops entrenched themselves at Lier and advanced all the way to the river Glomma.
April 1808: Battle of Trangen: The invading Swedish troops, led by Colonel Carl Pontus Gahn, were surrounded and forced to surrender to the Danish.
13.3.War of the Sixth Coalition
Was a war between France and a a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, and a number of German States. The coalition emerged after the decimation of the French army in the French invasion of Russia. The coalition ultimately invaded France and forced Napoleon to abdicate and go into exile.
January 1814: In December 1813, Bernadotte's Army, now some 65,000, composed only of Swedish and Russian troops following the secondment of the Prussian troops to Blücher's army, attacked the Danish Army in Holstein.
January 1814: The Treaty of Kiel was signed by King Frederick VI of Denmark-Norway and Crown Prince Charles John of Sweden. The treaty ended the Napoleonic Wars and resulted in Norway being ceded to Sweden, leading to a period of Swedish military occupation in Norway.
January 1814: Bernadotte invaded Schleswig, swiftly invested and reduced its fortresses and occupied the entire province.
January 1814: Occupied territories in Holstein and Schleswig are reverted to Denmark at the end of the War of the Sixth Coalition.
May 1814: The Norwegians rejected declared independence and adopted their own constitution on 17 May.
13.4.Swedish-Norwegian War (1814)
Was a war initiated by Norway to gain independence from Sweden. The war resulted in a compromise, with Norway being forced into the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway, a union with Sweden under the Swedish king Charles XIII, but with Norway having its own constitution and parliament.
July 1814: The hostilities opened on 26 July with a swift Swedish naval attack against the Norwegian gunboats at Hvaler.
July 1814: The town of Fredrikstad in Norway surrendered to Swedish force.
August 1814: The Norwegian forces withdrew over the Glomma river at Langnes in Askim.
August 1814: Convention of Moss, was signed on 14 August 1814. Norway agreed to enter into a personal union with Sweden as a separate state with its own constitution and institutions, except for the common king and foreign service.
January 1608: In 1607, Charles IX of Sweden, who was the King of Sweden from 1604 until his death, declared himself "King of the Lapps in Nordland" and began collecting taxes in Norwegian territory, specifically Lapland. This led to a military occupation of Lapland by Sweden.
January 1634: Territorial change based on available maps.
November 1814: The Union between Sweden and Norway was formally established.
Disestablishment
January 1814: In December 1813, Bernadotte's Army, now some 65,000, composed only of Swedish and Russian troops following the secondment of the Prussian troops to Blücher's army, attacked the Danish Army in Holstein.
January 1814: Bernadotte invaded Schleswig, swiftly invested and reduced its fortresses and occupied the entire province.
January 1814: The Treaty of Kiel was signed by King Frederick VI of Denmark-Norway and Crown Prince Charles John of Sweden. The treaty ended the Napoleonic Wars and resulted in Norway being ceded to Sweden, leading to a period of Swedish military occupation in Norway.
January 1814: Occupied territories in Holstein and Schleswig are reverted to Denmark at the end of the War of the Sixth Coalition.
May 1814: The Norwegians rejected declared independence and adopted their own constitution on 17 May.
July 1814: The hostilities opened on 26 July with a swift Swedish naval attack against the Norwegian gunboats at Hvaler.
July 1814: The town of Fredrikstad in Norway surrendered to Swedish force.
August 1814: The Norwegian forces withdrew over the Glomma river at Langnes in Askim.
August 1814: Convention of Moss, was signed on 14 August 1814. Norway agreed to enter into a personal union with Sweden as a separate state with its own constitution and institutions, except for the common king and foreign service.
November 1814: The Union between Sweden and Norway was formally established.
Selected Sources
Bradford, J.C. (2004): International Encyclopedia of Military History, Routledge, p. 553
Bradford, J.C. (2004): International Encyclopedia of Military History, Routledge, p. 554
Dreißigjähriger Krieg. Austria Forum. Retrieved on 30 march 2024 on https://austria-forum.org/af/AustriaWiki/Drei%C3%9Figj%C3%A4hriger_Krieg
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), p. 26-49
Frost, R. I. (2000): The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721, London (UK), p. 110-111
Frost, R. I. (2000): The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721, London (UK), p. 169
Frost, R. I. (2000): The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721, London (UK), p. 179
Frost, R. I. (2000): The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721, London (UK), p. 210
Livet, G. (1994): La Guerre de Trente Ans, Paris (France), p. 37
Poten, B. (1879): Handwörterbuch der gesamten Militärwissenschaften, Velhagen & Klasing, p. 195
Poten, B. (1879): Handwörterbuch der gesamten Militärwissenschaften, Velhagen & Klasing, p. 197
Poten, B. (1879): Handwörterbuch der gesamten Militärwissenschaften, Velhagen & Klasing, p. 202
Rambaud, A. (1890): Recueil des instructions données aux ambassadeurs et ministres de France depuis les traités de Westphalie jusqu'à la Révolution française, Ancienne Librairie Germer Baillière et Cie., p. 232.
Schmidt, G. (2006): Der Dreißigjährige Krieg, Munich (Germany), p. 65
Spindler, M. (2017): Geschichte Schwabens bis zum Ausgang des 18. Jahrhunderts, Munich (Germany), p. 266
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, pp.191-195
Westfälischer Friede - Vertrag von Osnabrück, https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Westf%C3%A4lischer_Friede_%E2%80%93_Vertrag_von_Osnabr%C3%BCck
.png.webp)
Sweden (Military Occupation)
