If you are looking for the page with the statistics about this nation you can find it here: All Statistics
The cluster includes all the forms of the country since the Middle Ages.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Kingdom of the Bavarians
Duchy of Bavaria
Bavaria-Palatinate
Kingdom of Bavaria
Establishment
January 552: In surviving records, the Bavarian name was first mentioned historically by the Franks in a list of peoples, prepared in c. 520 AD. The first document that also describes their location (east of the Swabians) is the History of the Goths by the historian Jordanes dating from 551 AD. Probably the Bavarians invaded Austria and southeastern Germany at the time of the Gothic-Byzantine wars.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series of revolts by the Kingdom of Thuringia against Frankish overlordship.
1.1.Independance of the Kingdom of the Thuringians
Was the secession of Thuringia after the death of the Frankish king Dagobert I.
January 639: In 641 he took part in the war against Duke Radulfo, to whom his father, Dagobert I had entrusted the defense of Thuringia, a frontier territory threatened by the Saxons, but who had rebelled after the death of Dagobert, in 639, creating an independent duchy .
Carinthia became a vassal of the Duchy of Bavaria.
January 744: In 743, Duke Odilo of Bavaria established vassalage over the Slavic princes of Carinthia, seeking protection from the Avar invaders. This marked the expansion of the Kingdom of the Bavarians into the region known as "Kärnet" on the map.
The last tribal stem duchy to be incorporated into the Frankish Kingdom was Bavaria in 788, after Duke Tassilo III had tried in vain to maintain his independence through an alliance with the Lombards.
January 789: The last tribal stem duchy to be incorporated was Bavaria in 788, after Duke Tassilo III had tried in vain to maintain his independence through an alliance with the Lombards. The conquest of the Lombard Kingdom by Charlemagne entailed the fall of Tassilo, who was deposed in 788. From that point, Bavaria was administrated by Frankish prefects.
The Frankish Kingdom was partitioned and reuinited several times as the Frankish rulers used to divide their territories equally among their heirs. This lead also to a number of wars and revolts.
4.1.Incoronation of Otto I
East Frankish King Otto I was crowned first Holy Roman Emperor.
February 962: The Duchy of Bavaria was one of the Stem Duchies of the Holy Roman Empire.
Was the end of a period of Bavarian domain over Benevento and Capua.
January 1027: Pandulf IV was released by Emperor Conrad II in 1024 at the request of Prince Guaimar III of Salerno, who was hoping for a new ally. Aided by Guaimar and the Norman knight Rainulf Drengot, Pandulf immediately besieged Capua. In 1025, Basil, returning from an expedition to Sicily, joined them in large forces. In 1026, after an 18-month siege, the city fell. The Greek commander gave the Count of Teano safe conduct to Naples. Pandulf resumed his dominion and remained in power until 1038.
January 1027: Pandulf IV of Capua was released by Emperor Conrad II in 1024 at the request of Prince Guaimar III of Salerno, who was hoping for a new ally. Aided by Guaimar and the Norman knight Rainulf Drengot, Pandulf immediately besieged Capua, his old domain that had been given to a new prince by the emperor. Pandulf was able to succesfully reconquer Capua.
Were a series of military campaigny by the Mongols that created the largest contiguous Empire in history, the Mongol Empire, which controlled most of Eurasia.
6.1.Mongol Invasions of Germany
Were a series of Mongol raids in Germany.
6.1.1.First Mongol Invasion of Germany
Was a Mongol raid in the Holy Roman Empire.
May 1241: The Mongols invaded the Holy Roman Empire without major clash of arms.The army invaded eastern Germany, and crossed the March of Moravia in April-May 1241.
June 1241: The Mongols left eastern Germany and Moravia.
6.1.2.Third Mongol Invasion of Germany
The Mongols raided the March of Brandenburg.
January 1341: In 1340, the Golden Horde, led by Khan Jani Beg, raided the March of Brandenburg.
February 1341: End of Mongol raid in Brandenburg.
Were a series of Wars between the Teutonic Order and the Kingdom of Poland. .
7.1.Polish-Teutonic War (1326-1332)
Was a war between the Kingdom of Poland and the State of the Teutonic Order over Pomerelia.
January 1327: In 1326, King Władysław I of Poland, with support from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, led forces to devastate the Neumark region.
February 1327: End of Polish raid in Neumark.
Was a war between the Duchy of Bavaria and the Hohenzollern domains of Ansbach and Bayreuth.
January 1460: Louis the Rich created the casus belli of the Bavarian War by taking the Free Imperial City of Donauwörth.
January 1462: Louis the Rich of Bavaria was able to occupy further areas of the Brandenburg possessions.
January 1464: A settlement was agreed in the Prague of Prague of 1463: Louis the Rich withdrew from the occupied territories and Albrecht Achilles renounced his claim to imperial jurisdiction.
Was a war that resulted from a dispute between the duchies of Bavaria-Munich (Bayern-München in German) and Bavaria-Landshut (Bayern-Landshut) in the succession of the latter.
December 1503: George, Duke of Bavaria-Landshut, and his wife Hedwig Jagiellon failed to produce a male heir, so George named his daughter Elisabeth (spuse of Ruprecht, Count Palatine of the Rhine) as his heir.
August 1504: On August 9th, troops from the Palatinate conquered Kufstein.
August 1504: Braunau conquered by the Electoral Palatinate.
January 1505: Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, took control of Kufstein in 1504 during the War of the Succession of Landshut. Kufstein was previously under the rule of the Duchy of Bavaria, which Maximilian sought to expand his territory.
January 1505: In the name of their underage sons, the Councilors of the Palatinate nevertheless continued the war, and their commander Georg von Wisbeck succeeded in conquering Vohburg an der Donau.
January 1505: The originally Bavarian offices Kufstein, Kitzbühel and Rattenberg in Tirol were lost to Austria in 1504.
Were a series of wars in Europe (and the overseas possessions of European countries) the 16th, 17th and early 18th that started after the Protestant Reformation. Although the immediate causes of the wars were religious, the motives were complex and also included territorial ambitions.
10.1.Schmalkaldic War
Was a war between the Holy Roman Empire and the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Lutheran states of the Holy Roman Empire itself.
10.1.1.Danube campaign (Schmalkaldic War)
Was a campaign of the Protestant Schmalkaldic league against the Imperial forces.
July 1546: Schertlin's plan was to disrupt the imperial troop recruitment as early as possible and thus prevent the approaching troops from uniting with the emperor. For this purpose, the Protestant army gathered in southern Germany moved to Füssen and occupied the city on July 10, 1546.
November 1546: The Saxon Elector Johann Friedrich then, after a lengthy argument with Landgrave Philipp, who first wanted to defeat the Emperor, withdrew his troops to Saxony on November 16th. The remaining Protestant army quickly disintegrated under the growing financial need.
10.2.Thirty Years' War
Was a war that took place mainly in central Europe between 1618 and 1648. The war began as a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestant in the Holy Roman Empire but then escalated into a conflict for the hegemony in Europe between Habsburg Spain and Austria, Sweden and France.
10.2.1.Bohemian-Palatine period
Was the first period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with a protestant revolt in Bohemia, at the time a territory of the Habsburg Domains.
10.2.1.1.War in Palatinate
Was the theatre of war in Palatinate during the first phase of the Thirty Years' War.
January 1622: After the defeat of Elector Friedrich V in the Battle of Weißer Berg near Prague on November 8, 1620, the Upper Palatinate was occupied by Bavaria in 1621, re-catholicized and annexed in 1628.
10.2.2.Swedish Period
Was the third main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of Sweden.
April 1632: On April 15, during the Battle of Rain am Lech, east of Donauwörth, the Swedish troops under Gustavus Adolphus defeated the Imperial forces commanded by Tilly.
May 1632: The Swedes arrive in Landshut but are defeated by the Imperial troops led by John of Werth of May, 14th 1632.
May 1632: The Swedish army, led by King Gustavus Adolphus, captured Munich.
July 1632: The Swedes reach the city of Ehrenburg bei Reutte, which is, however, succesfully defended by Leopold William of Habsburg.
April 1633: The Swedish army captured Landsberg am Lech.
November 1633: The Swedes under Bernard of Saxe-Weimar capture Ratisbon (today known as Regensburg).
December 1633: The lack of payment of wages led to mutinies among the soldiers, causing delays in the swedish conquest of Regensburg until November 1633.
July 1634: The Catholic League, led by Johann von Aldringen, successfully recaptured the city of Regensburg from the Swedes in July 1634. This victory marked a significant turning point in the Thirty Years' War, as the territory was then handed over to the Duchy of Bavaria.
10.2.3.Franco-Swedish Period
Was the fourth main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of France.
10.2.3.1.North German Front (Sweden)
Was the north German front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
November 1637: After the death of Swedish King Ferdinand II, his son and successor Ferdinand III brought the Swedish troops back to Pomerania, leaving the territories occupied by Sweden in Germany.
January 1646: Swedish forces led by Field Marshal Torstensson reached the Danube.
September 1646: The exausted Swedish army led by Field Marshal Torstensson left Germany in the early summer of 1646 and returned to Sweden.
June 1648: In May 1648, there was the last major field battle of the Thirty Years' War between French-Swedish and Imperial-Bavarian armies near Augsburg.
July 1648: Swedish Siege of Prague from July 25, 1648.
November 1648: When in November Gustaf of Sweden received a report about the signed peace, he ordered his troops to leave. Also the French troops started leaving the occupied territories in the Holy Roman Empire.
10.2.3.2.Rhineland Front (France)
Was the Rhineland front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
May 1648: The French returned to Swabia and then to Bavaria. They defeated the Imperial forces at Zusmarshausen (May 17, 1648) and drove Maximilian of Bavaria out of Munich.
10.2.4.Peace of Westphalia
Were a series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War. Catholics and Protestants were redefined as equal in the territories of the Holy Roman Empire. There were major territorial adjustments. In particular, France, Sweden and Brandenburg had major territorial gains, and several religious territories of the Holy Roman Empire were secularized.
October 1648: With the Peace of Westphalia Sweden received Western Pomerania (henceforth Swedish Pomerania), Wismar, and the Prince-Bishoprics of Bremen and Verden as hereditary fiefs. Sweden evacuated the remnant territories it had occupied in the Holy Roman Empire.
October 1648: Maximilian kept the Upper Palatinate, to the north of Bavaria.
January 1649: Marstetten was devastated during the Thirty Years' War. Its territoriy became de facto part of Bavaria.
The death of childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700 led to a struggle for control of the Spanish Empire between his heirs, Philip of Anjou and Charles of Austria, and their respective supporters. It was a global war, with fighting taking place in Europe, Asia, and America. At the end of the war, Philip II, who was the successor chosen by Charles II as a descendant of Charles' paternal half-sister Maria Theresa, became King of Spain and of its overseas empire. The Spanish possessions in Europe were partitioned between various European Monarchies.
11.1.Dutch and German Theatre (War of the Spanish Succession)
Was the theatre of war of the War of the Spanish Succession in Germany and the Low Countries.
January 1703: In mid-January 1704 the Elector of Bavaria took Passau on the Danube.
September 1704: Ulm and Ingolstadt conquered by austria.
November 1704: The Treaty of Ilbersheim between Austria and Bavaria was signed on November 7, 1704, three months after the Battle of Blenheim. It had the effect of removing Bavaria from the War of the Spanish Succession. By the terms of the treaty, Bavaria was essentially placed under military occupation by Austria and the Palatinate.
November 1704: By the Treaty of Ilbersheim, signed 7 November 1704, Bavaria was placed under Austrian military rule, allowing the Habsburgs to use its resources for the rest of the War of the Spanish Succession.
11.2.Treaty of Baden
Was a treaty between France and the Holy Roman Empire, to end the War of the Spanish Succession.
September 1714: Treaty of Baden in 1714.
Were a series of wars between the Habsburg Domains and Prussia for the control of Silesia. The war started during the War of the Austrian Succession, when Frederick the Great of Prussia invaded Habsburg-held Silesia.
12.1.First Silesian War
Was the first of three wars between Austria and Prussia for the control of Silesia. It was part of the War of the Austrian Succession. The war started when Prussia invaded Silesia. The possession of the region by Prussia was aknowledged by Austria at the end of the war.
12.1.1.Bohemian Theatre (First Silesian WarWar)
Was the Bohemian theatre of the First Silesian War.
December 1741: Charles Albert was the Elector of Bavaria, who was supported by France in his claim to the Bohemian throne during the War of the Austrian Succession. He proclaimed himself King of Bohemia on 7 December 1741 after his forces occupied the territory.
January 1743: Siege of Prague.
12.1.2.Bavarian Theatre
Was the Bavarian theatre of the First Silesian War.
January 1742: Von Khevenhüller defeated a Bavarian army at Schärding.
February 1742: On January 24, 1742, during the War of the Austrian Succession, Bavarian Field Marshal Bärenklau captured the capital city of Munich, which was under the control of the Habsburg Empire at the time.
May 1743: The Battle of Simbach in 1743 saw the Bavarians defeated by Charles of Lorraine, who was a general in the Habsburg Empire. This military occupation resulted in the territory of Simbach falling under Habsburg control.
June 1743: In mid-June, the Pragmatic army arrived at Aschaffenburg, on the north bank of the River Main.
October 1744: Prince Charles's army was able to return to Bohemia quickly, in good order and at full strength, though it was forced to abandon control of Alsace and Bavaria. Austrian diplomats also persuaded Saxony to re-enter the conflict on Austria's side, though in a strictly defensive role. By early October the Austrians were advancing through southwestern Bohemia toward Prague.
April 1745: With Prussia's forces driven out of Bohemia, Austria renewed its offensive against Bavaria in March 1745, swiftly over-running the defences that had been reestablished there during the winter. On 15 April the Austrians under Count Batthyány decisively defeated the Franco-Bavarian army at the Battle of Pfaffenhofen and drove the allied forces entirely out of Bavaria.
April 1745: After this defeat, Maximilian III of Bavaria (the son of the late Emperor Charles Albert) made peace with Maria Theresa by the Treaty of Füssen on 22 April.
Was a dispute between the Austrian Habsburg monarchy and an alliance of Saxony and Prussia over the succession to the Electorate of Bavaria after the extinction of the Bavarian branch of the House of Wittelsbach. Bavaria was finally united with Palatinate (where another Branche of the Wittelsbach ruled) but lost the Innviertel region ot Austria.
13.1.Treaty of Teschen
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Bavarian Succession.
May 1779: By the peace of Teschen (13 May 1779) the Innviertel was ceded to Austria.
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
October 1802: In September 1802, Weissenburg in Bayern lost its imperial freedom and became part of Electoral Bavaria. In 1804, it was transferred to Prussia before finally becoming part of the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1806.
January 1803: In the year 1802, Dinkelsbühl lost its status as an imperial city and became part of the Electorate of Bavaria.
January 1803: The city and bishopric of Bamberg were promised to the Electorate of Bavaria as compensation for the loss of the Palatinate to France in the Treaty of Lunéville. Even before the final determination of borders in the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss (Imperial Recess) of 1803, Bavaria began to militarily occupy the territory of the bishopric on September 2, 1802, and declared the area a Bavarian province on November 29, definitively.
January 1803: In 1802, Bopfingen lost its imperial immediacy and came under the control of Bavaria.
January 1803: In 1802, the Prince-Bishopric of Eichstätt was secularized by the Electorate of Bavaria.
January 1803: In the course of mediatisation in 1802, Windsheim lost its status as an Imperial City and was assigned to Bavaria.
January 1803: In 1802Ulm lost its independence and was incorporated into the Electorate of Bavaria.
January 1803: As part of the mediatisation, Wangen lost its status as an imperial city in 1803 and became part of the Electorate of Bavaria.
January 1803: The Augsburg Prince-Bishopric is acquired by the Bavaria-Palatinate.
January 1803: As part of the mediatisation following the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, Memmingen fell to the Electorate of Bavaria in 1803.
January 1803: The Reichsdeputationshauptschluss assigned Schweinfurt to Bavaria in 1802.
February 1803: Reichsdeputationsschluss: the Imperial Recess of 1803, was a resolution passed by the Reichstag (Imperial Diet) of the Holy Roman Empire. The law secularized nearly 70 ecclesiastical states and abolished 45 imperial cities to compensate numerous German princes for territories to the west of the Rhine that had been annexed by France as a result of the French Revolutionary Wars.
February 1803: The Imperial City of Nördlingen is acquired by the Bavaria-Palatinate as a result of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss.
February 1803: Since the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803, the town of Irsee has belonged to Bavaria.
January 1804: Some Palatine right-bank territories of the Rhine River were transferred to the Electorate of Baden as part of the territorial changes brought about by the Napoleonic Wars.
January 1804: The Freising Prince-Bishopric is acquired by Bavaria-Palatinate as a result of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss.
January 1804: In 1803, the princes of the Leiningen-Dagsburg-Hardenburg line were compensated for their lost possessions in the Palatinate on the left bank of the Rhine with a new territory, which became part of the Principality of Leiningen. This territory was located in present-day Germany.
January 1804: The Passau Prince-Bishopric is divided between Bavaria and Salzburg.
January 1804: In the course of mediatisation in 1803, Leutkirch lost its status as an Imperial City and was assigned to Bavaria.
January 1804: In the course of mediatisation in 1803, Ravensburg lost its status as an Imperial City and was assigned to Bavaria.
January 1804: Kempten was annexed to the Electorate of Bavaria in the course of the German mediatization in 1803.
January 1804: Eichstädt is acquired by the Salzburg Electorate.
January 1804: In 1803, the Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg was secularized by the Electorate of Bavaria.
January 1804: In the course of mediatisation in 1803, Rothenburg lost its status as an Imperial City and was assigned to Bavaria.
January 1804: In the course of mediatisation in 1803, Kaufbeuren lost its status as an Imperial City and was assigned to Bavaria.
January 1804: The Imperial City of Kempten is acquired by Bavaria-Palatinate.
October 1804: In 1804 Weißenburg in Bayern was annexed by Prussia.
January 1806: The Kingdom of Bavaria had its origins in the Peace of Pressburg on December 26, 1805 between the representatives of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte and the German and Austrian (double) Emperor Franz II./I. concluded peace treaty. On January 1, 1806, King Maximilian I Joseph was proclaimed in Munich.
January 1806: Establishment of the Granduchy of Würzburg.
October 1806: In September 1802, the city of Nuremberg lost its imperial freedom and came under the control of Electoral Bavaria. In 1804, it was transferred to Prussia before finally becoming part of the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1806.
January 1807: The Principality of Öttingen is acquired by the Kingdom of Bavaria.
January 1807: In 1806, the various Hohenlohe territories were divided between the Kingdom of Württemberg and the Kingdom of Bavaria. This decision was made as part of the territorial reorganization following the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.
January 1807: The domains of all Fuggers (Prince of Fugger-Babenhausen, Count of Fugger-Glött, Count of Fugger-Kirchberg-Weissenhorn, Count of Fugger-Kirchheim, Count of Fugger-Nordendorf) fell to Bavaria.
January 1807: In 1806, the territory of castell was transferred to the Kingdom of Bavaria as a result of the Treaty of Pressburg.
January 1807: In 1806, the city of Augsburg was transferred to the Kingdom of Bavaria as part of the territorial changes brought about by the Napoleonic Wars. This decision was made by the Treaty of Pressburg, signed by Emperor Francis II of Austria and Emperor Napoleon I of France.
January 1807: The Sternstein County is acquired by the Kingdom of Bavaria.
January 1807: The Kurpfalz-Bayern came to the Kingdom of Württemberg in 1806 through an exchange of territory.
January 1807: Pappenheim County was annexed ot Bavaria in 1806.
January 1807: In 1806, in the reorganization of Germany occasioned by the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, Maximilian I Joseph, now King of Bavaria, ceded Berg to Napoleon in return for the Principality of Ansbach.
January 1807: In 1806, the city of Nuremberg was transferred to the Kingdom of Bavaria as part of the territorial changes brought about by the Napoleonic Wars. This decision was made as a result of the Treaty of Pressburg, signed between Napoleon Bonaparte and Emperor Francis II of Austria.
January 1808: In 1806, in the reorganization of Germany occasioned by the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, Maximilian I Joseph, now King of Bavaria, ceded Berg to Napoleon in return for the Principality of Ansbach.
January 1811: Parts of Bavaria are transferred to Württemberg.
January 1811: Bopfingen, Leutkirch, Ravensburg, Ulm and Wangen are annexed by the Kingdom of Württemberg.
January 1811: In 1810, the Alpine territories surrounding Sillian and Lienz were added to the First French Empire under the rule of Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte.
January 1811: Trento is annexed by the Kingdom of Italy.
January 1811: Regensburg and Windesheim are acquired by Bavaria.
January 1811: Schweinfurth is annexed by the Granduchy of Würzburg.
14.1.War of the First Coalition
Were a series of wars between the Kingdom of France (later the French Republic) and several European Monarchies. The French Revolution had deteriorated the relations of France with the other European countries, that tried several times to invade France in order to crash the revolutionary government.
July 1794: The Battle of Trippstadt was a relatively minor French military action in 1794. This victory gave the French control of the mountain passes across the lower Vosges ( Kaiserslautern, Trippstadt, Schänzel, Neustadt and along the banks of the Speyerbach River).
September 1794: In mid-September 1794, the Prussians, led by Frederick William II, attacked the weakened French forces, commanded by General Lazare Hoche, in the north-eastern frontier and reoccupied Kaiserslautern, which was part of the territory of Bavaria-Palatinate at the time.
January 1795: The French armies drove the Austrians, British, and Dutch beyond the Rhine, occupying Belgium, the Rhineland, and the south of the Netherlands.
14.1.1.Rhineland campaign of 1792
Was a French military campaign in the Rhineland.
September 1792: The French attacked Speyer on 29 September and conquered it the next day.
October 1792: French troops occupy Worms and Philippsburg without a fight.
October 1792: French general Custine captured Mainz on 21 October 1792.
October 1792: The French army penetrated as far as Frankfurt, which surrendered.
14.1.2.Flanders Campaign
Was a French military campaign in the Flanders.
December 1794: By 28 December the French had occupied the Bommelwaard and the Lands of Altena.
January 1795: On 10 January French general Pichegru ordered a general advance across the frozen river between Zaltbommel and Nijmegen and the allies were forced to retreat behind the Lower Rhine.
June 1795: Territory evacuated by the French at the end of the Flanders Campaign. The surrender of Luxembourg on 7 June 1795 concluded the French conquest of the Low Countries, thus marking the end of the Flanders Campaign.
14.1.3.Peace of Basel
Were a series of Treaties between the French Republic and Prussia, Spain and Hesse-Kassel that ended the War of the First Coalition with these countries.
April 1795: Peace of Basel of 1795 at the end of the War of the First Coalition between the Kingdom of Prussia and the French Republic. France gained the left bank of the Rhine.
14.1.4.Italian theatre (War of the first coalition)
Was the Italian theatre of the War of the First Coalition.
February 1797: French troops advanced directly toward Austria over the Julian Alps. General Barthélemy Joubert invaded Tyrol.
14.1.5.Rhine campaign of 1796
Were a series of battles in the Rhineland during the War of the First Coalition.
June 1796: A division of French general Kléber's troops seized a bridge over the Sieg from Michael von Kienmayer's Austrians at Siegburg.
14.1.6.Treaty of Campo Formio
Was a treaty between France and Austria that ended the War of the First Coalition.
January 1798: The Treaty of Campo Formio was signed on 17 October 1797 (26 Vendémiaire VI). The treaty transferred the Austrian Netherlands to France. The territories of Venice were partitioned, most were acquired by Austria. Austria recognized the Cisalpine Republic and the newly created Ligurian Republic. Extension of the borders of France up to the Rhine, the Nette, and the Roer.
14.2.War of the Second Coalition
Was the second war that saw revolutionary France against most of the European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria, and Russia, and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Naples, and various German monarchies. Prussia did not join this coalition, and Spain supported France.
14.2.1.German Front (War of the Second Coalition)
Was the German theatre of the War of the Fifth Coalition.
June 1800: After being defeated by the French at the Battle of Höchstädt, Hungarian General Paul Kray retreated to Munich.
December 1800: The French victory in the Battle of Hohenlinden ended the War of the Second Coalition against France.
December 1800: French General of Division Claude Lecourbe's Right Wing brushed aside Riesch at Rosenheim.
December 1800: The French army occupied Salzburg.
December 1800: Austria was defeated by France in the Battle of Hohenlinden (3 December 1800). By december, 25th the French forces were 80 km from Vienna. The Austrians requested an armistice, which French general Moreau granted on 25 December.
14.2.2.Suvorov Swiss campaign
Was a military campaign led by Russian general Alexander Suvorov against France that took place in Switzlerand.
October 1799: The Russian troops were forced by the French to abandon their hold on the left bank of the Rhine.
14.2.3.Treaty of Lunéville
Was a treaty between the French Republic and the Holy Roman Empire that formally ended the partecipation of Austria and the Holy Roman Empire in the War of the Second Coalition.
February 1801: The Treaty of Lunéville was signed in the Treaty House of Lunéville between the French Republic and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II. Certain Austrian holdings within the borders of the Holy Roman Empire were relinquished, and French control was extended to the left bank of the Rhine, "in complete sovereignty" but France renounced any claim to territories east of the Rhine. Contested boundaries in Italy were set. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was awarded to the French.
14.3.War of the Third Coalition
Was a European conflict spanning the years 1805 to 1806. During the war, France and its client states under Napoleon I opposed an alliance, the Third Coalition, made up of the United Kingdom, the Holy Roman Empire, the Russian Empire, Naples, Sicily, and Sweden. Prussia remained neutral during the war.
14.3.1.Ulm Campaign
Was a series of French and Bavarian military maneuvers and battles to outflank and capture an Austrian army in 1805 during the War of the Third Coalition. It took place in the vicinity of and inside the city of Ulm.
October 1805: The French army crossed the Danube at Donauwörth.
October 1805: By 10 October French officer Loison's division held Elchingen.
14.3.2.Venetian front or Italian campaign of 1805
Was the Venetian theatre of the War of the Third Coalition.
November 1805: By November 14th, 1805 the French armies had reached the Isonzo but the army of Archduke Charles of Austria prevented them to cross the river.
14.3.3.Peace of Pressburg
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Third Coalition.
December 1805: On December 16, 1805, the area of Königsegg-Rothenfels went to the Kingdom of Bavaria through the Peace of Pressburg.
December 1805: The Kingdom of Bavaria was a state in Central Europe. It had its origins in the Peace of Pressburg on December 26, 1805 between the representatives of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte and the German and Austrian (double) Emperor Franz II./I. concluded peace treaty. On January 1, 1806, King Maximilian I Joseph was proclaimed in Munich.
December 1805: French evacuation of occupied territories after the Peace of Pressburg.
14.4.War of the Fifth Coalition
Was a conflict between a colition of European monarchies and Napoleon's French Empire.
14.4.1.Danube Campaign (War of the Fifth Coalition)
Was a French military campaign in the Danube area during the War of the Fifth Coalition. The French forces defeated the Austrian army and occupied Vienna.
April 1809: The Austrian advance guard, led by Archduke Charles of Austria, beat back the Bavarians, commanded by Marshal Lefebvre, near Landshut in 1809 during the War of the Fifth Coalition. This victory led to the Austrian Empire occupying the territory.
14.4.2.Treaty of Schönbrunn
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Fifth Coalition.
October 1809: The Treaty of Schönbrunn was signed between France and Austria at Schönbrunn Palace near Vienna.
October 1809: The Treaty of Schönbrunn was signed between France and Austria at Schönbrunn Palace near Vienna.Austria had to cede the Duchy of Salzburg to Bavaria.
January 1811: Due to the Peace of Schönbrunn in 1809, Bavaria once again took possession of the Innviertel in 1810.
14.5.Congress of Vienna
Was a series of international diplomatic meetings after the end of the Napoleonic wars whose aim was a long-term peace plan for Europe. It redraw the borders of Europe and partially restored the Monarchies of the pre-revolutionary period.
January 1815: The region of Frankfurt was annexed by Bavaria in 1814.
January 1815: The Granduchy of Würzburg is partitioned between Baden and Bavaria.
January 1815: Tirol is annexed by Austria.
June 1815: Rieneck is ceded to Bavaria.
June 1815: Territories awarded to the Kingdom of Bavaria by the Congress of Vienna.
Were a series of wars that resulted in the creation of the German Empire under Prussian leadership in 1871.
15.1.Austro-Prussian War
Was a war between the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire over the dominance of the German states. The war resulted in a Prussian victory. The German confederation was abolished and in 1871 Prussia united all the German states but Austria in the German Empire.
15.1.1.Campaign of the Main
Was a campaign of the Prussian army in the area of the river Main against the allies of Austria in Southern Germany during the Austro-Prussian War of 1866.
July 1866: Battle of Kissingen.
July 1866: The Prussians won the battle near Laufach against Hessian-Darmstadt troops and stormed Aschaffenburg on July 14 in fierce street fighting against Austrian troops under Field Marshal Erwin von Neipperg.
July 1866: Battle of Helmstadt.
July 1866: Battle of Rossbrunn.
August 1866: Battle of Rossbrunn.
15.1.2.Peace Treaties (Austro-Prussian War)
Were a series of treaties that ended the Austro-Prussian War. Prussia annexed the Austro-Prussian condominium of Schleswig and Holstein and several other territories. The German Confederation was dissolved, and a Prussian domained Northern German Confederation, that excluded the southern German states, was created.
September 1866: At the end of the Austro-Prussian War, Prussia left the territories occupied in Bavaria.
15.2.Franco-Prussian War
Was a war that saw the Second French Empire fight against an alliance of German states led by the Kingdom of Prussia. The war was caused by the struggle over dominance in continental Europe between Prussia and France. The German states were victorious and in 1871 merged to form the German Empire. France was occupied and forced to cede Alsace-Lorraine to Germany.
15.2.1.Unification of Germany (1871)
Was the unification of 25 German states into the German Empire under the leadership of the Kingdom of Prussia, officially proclaimed on 18 January 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France.
January 1871: Unification of Germany into a German Empire with tight political and administrative integration, replacing the decentralized German Confederation and Holy Roman Empire, was officially proclaimed on 18 January 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France.
January 632: Samo's Empire was a confederation of Slavic tribes, including Czechs, Slovaks, Sorbians and other western Slavic tribes along the Danube river, gathered around the Frankish merchant Samos.
January 659: Carantania, also known as Carentania, was a Slavic principality that emerged in the second half of the 7th century, in the territory of present-day southern Austria and north-eastern Slovenia. It was the predecessor of the March of Carinthia, created within the Carolingian Empire in 889.
January 741: When about 740 Prince Boruth asked the Bavarian duke Odilo for help against the pressing danger posed by Avar tribes from the east, Carantania lost its independence. Boruth's successors had to accept the overlordship of Bavaria.
January 977: Carinthia was made a separate duchy from Bavaria.
January 1000: The Passau Prince-Bishopric acquired Imperial immediacy.
January 1001: The castle was built around the year 1000 in what was then Nordmark by the Counts of Hohenburg as a border county.
January 1001: Hals County was established in the 11th century.
January 1001: In the 11th and 12th centuries the lords of Zulling had extensive possessions in the Isar valley where they established Leonsberg County.
January 1008: In 1007, the Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg was established.
January 1023: Holy Roman Emperor Henry II, in 1022, conquered Capua and Benevento.
January 1025: The county of Abenberg came into being under the Ottonians between 1002 and 1024.
January 1051: The organization of the Geisenhausen dominion has been recognizable since the middle of the 11th century.
January 1055: Castell County is first mentioned in 1054.
January 1076: Marquartstein Castle was founded in 1075 by the Chiemgau count Marquardt.
January 1079: The first evidence of Lechsgemünd Castle as the ancestral seat of the noble family also dates back 1078.
January 1089: Wasserburg is first mentioned in a document dated between 1085 and 1088.
January 1101: In the 12th century the nobleman Dietmar von Dornberg built a castle on a mountain cone of the "Dornberg".
January 1101: First documented reference of Frontenhausen County.
January 1101: After Bavarian and Germanic land seizures in the coming centuries, Count Rodolt or Rodin from the influential Ebersberg family converted the remains of a Roman complex into a castle. When the Sempt and Ebersberg families died out in 1045, the Lords and later Counts of Roning took over the inheritance. Count Otto, who founded the Roning-Rottenburg branch line, expanded the castle around 1100 in terms of defense and living space in order to live in it himself.
January 1139: Gebhard I, who built Abensberg Castle in the middle of the 12th century, was the first to name himself after the town of Abensberg. The earliest written mention under the name of habensperch comes from around 1138.
January 1141: Eschenlohe Lordship is mentioned for the first time in 1140.
September 1156: Austria was elevated from a margraviate to an independent duchy in the Privilegium Minus.
January 1157: Henry the Lion (* around 1129/30 or 1133/35; † August 6, 1195 in Braunschweig) from the House of Guelph was Duke of Saxony (Henry III) from 1142 to 1180 and also Duke of Bavaria from 1156 to 1180 (Henry XII.).
January 1182: The Hohenstaufen dynasty succeeded in isolating Henry the Lion and eventually deprived him of his duchies of Bavaria and Saxony. Bavaria fell to Otto I, the first Bavarian ruler from the House of Wittelsbach, a dynasty which reigned until the abdication of King Ludwig III of Bavaria in the German Revolution of 1918.
January 1195: Berchtesgaden Provostry gains imperial immediacy.
January 1201: Establishment of the Regensburg Prince-Bishopric in the 13th Century.
January 1201: Sternstein County is mentioned for the first time in 1200.
January 1220: Nuremberg is declared a Free Imperial City.
January 1221: Based on Gustav Droysen's Holy Roman Empire Map at the time of the Hohenstaufen dynasty.
January 1227: Konrad III, the last Count of Frontenhausen and Bishop of Regensburg, sold part of the County of Frontenhausen to Bavaria for 7000 pounds.
January 1242: Weißenburg is named in the imperial tax register of 1241 (66. Item de Wizenburc XL mr).
January 1248: In 1220 the town already had ring walls and a moat[12], but in 1247 Wasserburg was conquered by Duke Ludwig (later Ludwig II the Strict) after a 17-week siege. The possessions of the Count of Wasserburg passed to the duke and Wasserburg was thus owned by the Wittelsbach family (contract of inheritance).
January 1250: After the death of the first Meranian Duke in 1159, his son Konrad III. was his successor. He is only mentioned as Duke of Merania, thus Croatia and Dalmatia had disappeared from the Duchy.
January 1262: The fief of Dillingen reverted to the Empire, and the Holy Roman Emperor assigned it to Bavaria.
January 1271: From 1269 the Nordgau, which had previously belonged to Emperor Barbarossa and his descendants from the Staufer family, came under the rule of the Wittelsbach family.
January 1273: Ortenburg-Murach is sold to Bavaria.
January 1273: The family of the Falkensteiner died out in 1272 with Siboto IV. The county reverted to the Duchy of Bavaria.
January 1274: With the end of Hohenstaufen Dynasty influence from 1273, many imperial territories were acquired by states of the Holy Roman Empire.
January 1280: After the Counts of Moosburg-Rottenburg died out in 1279, Veste Rottenburg and the surrounding area passed into the possession of the Wittelsbach Duke Heinrich von Niederbayern.
January 1282: The Moosburg family of counts died out with Konrad IV in 1281. As a result, the fiefs, including the market town of Moosburg, reverted to the feudal lords.
January 1296: In 1295, the rulers of Eschenlohe became extinct and the county was partitioned between Austria and the Duchy of Bavaria.
January 1301: The centuries-long efforts of the Lords of Waldeck to gain imperial immediacy finally led to the release of the feudal sovereignty of the Bishop of Freising around 1300.
January 1301: The Marquartstein castle passed to the Wittelsbach family at the end of the 13th century.
January 1320: After thei extinction of the Brandenburg Ascanians in 1319, the main part of Mark Lusatia was acquired by the Wittelsbachs.
September 1322: After his victory over the Habsburg Frederick the Handsome in the Battle of Mühldorf on September 28, 1322, Alsace came under the control of Louis of Bavaria.
January 1324: The Wittelsbach Emperor Louis IV granted Brandenburg to his oldest son, Louis I. Brandenburg thus entered the possession of the Bavarian Wittelsbach.
January 1326: After reverting to the Habsburgs in 1325, Alsace finally came under the rule of Louis IV of Bavaria after the death of Frederick IV in 1330.
January 1328: In 1327 the last male descendant of the Lechsgemünd family died. The entire property of the Counts of Lechsgemünd fell to the Wittelsbach family.
January 1330: In 1329, Emperor Ludwig the Bavarian divided the Wittelsbacher Lande through the House Treaty of Pavia, whereby the Rheinpfalz and the Nordgau fell to the descendants of his brother Rudolf, the now Palatinate line of the Wittelsbachs.
January 1331: After reverting to the Habsburgs in 1325, Alsace finally came under the rule of Louis IV of Bavaria after the death of Frederick IV in 1330.
January 1334: The Archbishop of Salzburg razed the Dornberg castle in 1333. Shortly thereafter, Bavarian troops occupied the castle and it was rebuilt by order of the duke.
January 1343: The Tirol County is acquired by the Duchy of Bavaria.
January 1350: Holland is acquired by the Bavarian Wittelsbachs.
January 1359: Selz is declared a Free Imperial City.
January 1361: The bailiff of Lower Alsatia was transferred as a whole to the Counts Palatine.
January 1368: Elector Otto von Wittelsbach sold the March of Lusatia to the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1367.
January 1369: For the sake of peace, the Brandenburg Margrave Otto the Lazy sold the city of Deutsch Krone (today Wałcz) to the Poles in 1368.
January 1370: In 1369, Tyrol fell through the Treaty of Schärding to the Habsburgs.
January 1374: Charles (Luxembourg) succeeded in purchasing Brandenburg from Margrave Otto for 500,000 guilders in 1373 and, at a Landtag in Guben, he attached (but not incorporated) Brandenburg to the Crown of Bohemia.
January 1379: Based on Gustav Droysen's Map of the Holy Roman Empire in the XIV century.
January 1394: In 1393, Hedwig von Fraunhofen left the bailiwick of Geisenhausen to the Wittelsbachers of Landshut for 10,000 guilders.
January 1434: Holland is acquired by the Duchy of Burgundy.
January 1438: In 1437 Niklas von Ramsberg sold the property over Leonsberg to Duke Ernst and his son Albrecht III (i.e. to Bavaria).
January 1486: Although independent rule, Abensberg was always dependent on the powerful Bavarian dukes. The last lord of Abensberg, Niklas, allegedly named after his godfather Nikolaus von Kues, was killed by Duke Christoph in 1485. [...] The rule of Abensberg lost its independence and became part of Bavaria.
January 1509: The Harbach Lordship is annexed by Bavaria.
January 1537: The Knights of Schwangau then continued to hold the dominion as an imperial fief until they died out in 1536.
January 1548: Based on Gustav Droysen's Map of the Holy Roman Empire at the time of the Reformation.
January 1617: Mindelheim is acquired by the Duchy of Bavaria.
January 1643: After the Helfenstein family died out in 1627, two-thirds of the imperial county of Wiesensteig (through three hereditary daughters) fell to Electoral Bavaria in 1642.
January 1647: Extinction of the counts of Leuchtenburg. The county falls to Bavaria.
January 1715: In 1714 the city of Donauwörth was annexed by Bavaria.
January 1715: The Churchill-Marlborough Principality is acquired by the Duchy of Bavaria.
January 1716: The Hals County is acquired by the Duchy of Bavaria.
January 1735: After the Maxlrain family died out in 1734, Hohenwaldeck came to the Wittelsbach family.
December 1777: Electoral Palatinate-Bavaria came into being in 1777 when Elector Karl Theodor took over the inheritance of the Bavarian line of his house (Electorate of Bavaria), which had died out in the male line.
January 1787: Based on Gustav Droysen's Map of the Holy Roman Empire in the XVIII century.
January 1788: Based on Gustav Droysen's Map of the Holy Roman Empire in the XVIII century.
January 1811: The Bishopric of Regensburg was given to Bavaria. Its ruler, Karl Theodor von Dalberg, obtained Frankfurt.
May 1816: Only in the Munich Treaty did the Kingdom of Bavaria finally cede the Innviertel and other areas to the Austrian Empire on May 1, 1816.
July 1816: Based on an agreement between Austria, Prussia and Hesse-Darmstadt, some territories in Lower Franconia were ceded to the Kingdom of Bavaria.
Disestablishment
January 1871: Unification of Germany into a German Empire with tight political and administrative integration, replacing the decentralized German Confederation and Holy Roman Empire, was officially proclaimed on 18 January 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France.
Selected Sources
Addington, L. (1994): The Patterns of War Since the Eighteenth Century, Bloomington (USA), p.24
Articles secrets et convention additionelle du traité de Campo Formio. Retrieved on March, 24th 2024 on https://books.google.de/books?id=SStJAAAAcAAJ&dq=Trait%C3%A9%20de%20paix%20de%20Campo%20Formio&hl=de&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=Trait%C3%A9%20de%20paix%20de%20Campo%20Formio&f=false
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), p. 48
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), pp. 26-27
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), pp. 30-31
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), pp. 38-39
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), pp. 46-47
Fournier. A (1913): Napoleon I. Eine Biographie, Vienna (Austria), p. 255
Frieden von Campoformio. Retrieved on March, 24th 2014 on https://books.google.de/books?id=UbGMtENHaBIC&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false
Gagliardo, J. (1980): Reich and Nation: The Holy Roman Empire as Idea and Reality, 1763–1806, Bloomington (USA), p. 192
Guthrie, W. (1798): A New geographical, historical and commercial grammar and present state of the several kingdoms of the world, printed for Charles Dilly and G.G. and J. Robinson, p. 473
Jorio, M. (2002): Basel, Frieden von (1795). Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz. https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/044887/2002-05-01/
Kreins, J. (2003): Histoire du Luxembourg, Paris (France), p. 63
Krumenacker, Y. (2008): La Guerre de Trente Ans, Paris, Ellipses, pp. 146-147
Köbler, G. (2014) Historische Enzyklopädie der Länder der Deutschen, C.H. Beck München, pp. 28-31
O'Mahony, C. I. (2013). War within the Walls: Conflict and Citizenship in the Murals of the Hôtel de Ville, Paris. Journal of War & Culture Studies, 6(1), 6-23.
Phillipson, C. (2008): Termination of War and Treaties of Peace, Clark (USA), p. 273
Poole, R.L. (1902): Historical Atlas of Modern Europe, Oxford (United Kingdom), Plate XI
Schmidt, G. (2006): Der Dreißigjährige Krieg, Munich (Germany), p. 65
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Schneid, F. (2002): Napoleon's Italian campaigns, 1805-1815, Greenwood (USA), pp. 41-42
Smith, D. (1998): Napoleonic Wars Databook, London (UK), p. 178
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Spindler, M. / Kraus, A. (2011): Geschichte Schwabens bis zum Ausgang des 18. Jahrhunderts (Handbuch der bayerischen Geschichte. Band 3: Franken, Schwaben, Oberpfalz bis zum Ausgang des 18. Jahrhunderts.), Munich (Germany), p. 384ff.
Strakosh-Grassmann, G. (1893): Der Einfall der Mongolen in Mitteleuropa in den Jahren 1241 und 1242, Innsbruck (Austria), pp. 53-67
Swiss campaign of Suvorov and his wonder-heroes. Top War. 30 September 2011. https://en.topwar.ru/7227-shveycarskiy-pohod-suvorova-i-ego-chudo-bogatyrey.html
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