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Polity that includes all territories militarly occupied by Turkey that are not part of a specific military territory.
Establishment
January 1416: Ottoman incursion in Friuli of 1415.
February 1416: Ottoman incursion in Friuli of 1415. The Ottomans left the region after the incursion.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series of raids by the Ottomans in the Friuli region during the 15th and 16th centuries, in the context of tensions between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire.
January 1464: Ottoman incursion in Friuli of 1463.
February 1464: Ottoman incursion in Friuli of 1463. The Ottomans left the region after the incursion.
August 1469: Ottoman raid in Friuli between July and September 1469.
September 1469: Ottoman raid in Friuli between July and September 1469. The Ottomans left the region after the incursion.
September 1472: In 1472, probably between 21 and 24 September, there was an Ottoman raid in Friuli.
October 1472: In 1472, probably between 21 and 24 September, there was an Ottoman raid in Friuli. The Ottomans left the region after the incursion.
October 1477: Between October and November 1477 there was one of the most devastating Ottoman raids in Friuli.
November 1477: Between October and November 1477 there was one of the most devastating Ottoman raids in Friuli. The Ottomans left the region after the incursion.
June 1478: Between the spring and summer of 1478 there were raids by the Turks in Friuli.
July 1478: Between the spring and summer of 1478 there were raids by the Turks in Friuli. The Ottomans left the region after the incursion.
January 1480: Ottoman raid in Friuli in 1479.
February 1480: Ottoman raid in Friuli in 1479. The Ottomans left the region after the incursion.
September 1499: 28 September - 4 October 1499: probably the most devastating raid by soldiers of the Ottoman Empire in Friuli.
October 1499: 28 September - 4 October 1499: probably the most devastating raid by soldiers of the Ottoman Empire in Friuli. The Ottomans left the region after the incursion.
January 1504: Ottoman raid in Friuli of 1503.
February 1504: End of the Ottoman raid in Friuli of 1503.
Expansion during the rule of Murad II in the Ottoman Sultanate.
2.1.Ottoman annexion of Serbia
Serbia was invaded and annexed by the Ottoman Empire.
January 1441: In 1440, Sultan Murad II of the Ottoman Empire failed to capture Belgrade from Hungary (Personal Union with Poland). He had to return to Anatolia to defend against attacks by the Karamanids.
January 1441: In 1440, Ottoman Sultan Murad II besieged Belgrade, a key fortress on Hungary's border. The siege was led by Hungarian military commander John Hunyadi, who successfully defended the city against the Ottoman forces.
Wars during the rule of Mehmed II in the Ottoman Sultanate.
3.1.Ballaban's campaign of 1465
Was a an Ottoman military campaign by Ballaban Badera, sanjakbey of the Sanjak of Ohrid against the Albanian League of Lezhë.
September 1465: Battle of Vaikal: the Turkish strategy was to implement a pincer movement with the goal of entering in central Albania in full force, storming what was supposed to be a hesitant Albanian defense. Skanderbeg, however, defeated both armies.
September 1465: Battle of Kashari: the Turkish strategy was to implement a pincer movement with the goal of entering in central Albania in full force, storming what was supposed to be a hesitant Albanian defense. Skanderbeg, however, defeated both armies.
October 1465: After being defeated by Skanderbeg in Vaikal and Kashari, the Turkish army left Albania.
Were two conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt that ended with the annexion of the latter by the Ottomans.
4.1.Ottoman-Mamluk War (1485-1491)
The Ottoman-Mamluk war took place from 1485 to 1491, when the Ottoman Empire invaded the Mamluk Sultanate territories of Anatolia and Syria.
February 1485: The Ottoman forces, led by Sultan Bayezid II, subdued the rebellious Turgudlu and Vasak tribes in Adana, Cilicia in 1485. The military occupation of the territory by the Ottomans marked their expansion and consolidation of power in the region.
March 1485: In 1485, the Ottoman army, led by Karagöz Mehmed and Hersekzade Ahmed, suffered a defeat before Adana against the Ramadanid Emirate (Mamluk). As a result, Cilicia was once again under Mamluk control.
June 1488: The Ottoman army, led by Sultan Bayezid II, secured control of Cilicia, including Adana, in 1488. This military occupation marked the expansion of the Ottoman Empire into the region, consolidating their power in Anatolia.
August 1488: The Mamluk and Ottoman armies met at Ağaçarıyı near Adana on 26 August 1488. Initially, the Ottomans made good progress on their left, but their own right flank was driven back. When the Karaman soldiers fled the battlefield, the Ottomans were forced to retreat, conceding the field and the victory to the Mamluks.
December 1488: The Mamluks laid siege to Adana, which fell after three months.
June 1491: A treaty was signed by the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire which fixed their mutual border at the Gülek Pass in the Taurus Mountains.
Were a series of wars between Ottoman Empire and the Safavid, Afsharid, Zand, and Qajar dynasties of Iran (Persia) through the 16th-20th centuries.
5.1.Battle of Chaldiran
Was a battle between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire during the Ottoman-Persian Wars.
August 1514: In 1514, the Ottomans, led by Sultan Selim I, briefly occupied and plundered the Safavid capital, Tabriz. This event marked a significant conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire, led by Shah Ismail I, over territorial disputes and control of the region.
August 1514: Battle of Chaldiran: Ottomans annex Eastern Anatolia and northern Iraq from the Safavids.
October 1514: Due to the discontent amongst the Janissaries, the Ottomans evacuated the territories occupied in Persia.
5.2.Ottoman-Safavid War (1578-1590)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire. The war was won by the Ottomans that gained various territories, in particular western Iran.
September 1578: Shirvan fell to the Ottomans before the end of the summer of 1578. The Ottomans had now control of almost all Persian territories west of the Caspian Sea coast.
January 1586: Tabriz was a significant city in Persia at the time, and Osman Pasha was a prominent Ottoman military leader. The capture of Tabriz by the Ottoman forces marked a significant military achievement for the Ottoman Empire in their expansion efforts.
January 1588: In 1587, Ottoman forces under the Governor of Baghdad, Cığalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha, managed to take Luristan and Hamadan.
January 1589: The Ottoman commander Farhād Pasha advanced into Karabakh through Georgia. Many of the Turkic Qizilbash tribes, which formed the backbone of the Safavid military, submitted without any significant resistance in order to protect their own interests.
5.2.1.Treaty of Constantinople (1590)
Was a treaty that ended the Ottoman-Safavid War of 1578-1590.
March 1590: According to the Treaty of Constantinople, the Ottoman Empire kept most of its gains in the Ottoman-Safavid War of 1578-1590. These included most of the southern Caucasus (which included the Safavid domains in Georgia, composed of the Kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti and the eastern part of the Samtskhe-Meskheti principality, as well as the Erivan Province, Karabakh, and Shirvan), the Azerbaijan Province (incl. Tabriz, but not Ardabil, which remained in Safavid hands), Luristan, Dagestan, most of the remaining parts of Kurdistan, Shahrizor, Khuzestan, Baghdad and Mesopotamia.
5.3.Ottoman-Safavid War (1603-1618)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire. Persia regained and reestablished its suzerainty over the Caucasus and Western Iran, which had been lost at the Treaty of Constantinople in 1590.
5.3.1.Ottoman Invasion (1619)
In 1618, an Ottoman army of 100,000 led by the grand vizier, invaded the Safavid Empire.
January 1619: In 1618, an Ottoman army of 100,000 led by the grand vizier, invaded and easily seized Tabriz.
5.4.Ottoman-Safavid War (1623-1639)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire.
December 1625: The Ottoman army reached Baghdad and invested it in November.
August 1635: The Turkish Army captured Yerevan on 8 August.
September 1635: Tabriz conquered by turkey.
June 1636: Persian ruler Shah Safi retook Yerevan and Tabriz after defeating an Ottoman army.
5.5.Ottoman invasion of Persia (1906)
Was an Ottoman invasion of Persia that started in 1906.
May 1906: The Ottomans occupied Behik in Bradest.
June 1906: The Ottomans occupied Serdasht and Bani.
August 1906: By 26 August the Ottomans controlled Urumia, where they were already collecting Taxes.
October 1906: Ottoman troops occupied a strip of territory extending from a point south-west of Soujboulak to a point west of Khoi.
January 1912: The Ottomans were expelled from Persia by the Russian Imperial Army in 1911.
Conquests and wars with Ottoman involvement during the rule of Suleiman I.
January 1539: Ottoman sultan Suleiman occupied Suceava and annexed Bessarabia.
January 1539: In 1538, Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent invaded the Kingdom of Moldavia. Prince Peter IV Rareş sought refuge in Transylvania as Suleiman's forces occupied key Moldavian cities, such as the capital of Jassy.
6.1.Moldavian-Ottoman War
Was a conflict between Moldavia and the Ottoman Empire.
February 1539: In 1539, the Kingdom of Moldavia was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. Prince Peter IV Rareş fled to Transylvania as Suleiman invaded and occupied major cities, including the capital of Jassy.
Were a series of conflicts covering the period between 1494 to 1559, fought mostly in the Italian peninsula, but later expanding into Flanders, the Rhineland and the Mediterranean Sea. The primary belligerents were the Valois kings of France, and their Habsburg opponents in the Holy Roman Empire and Spain.
7.1.Italian War of 1551-1559
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars.
7.1.1.Mediterranean campaigns
Was a French and Ottoman naval campaign during the Italian War of 1551-1559.
January 1553: In 1552, when Henry II attacked Charles V, the Ottomans sent 100 galleys to the Western Mediterranean, which were accompanied by three French galleys under Gabriel de Luetz d'Aramon in their raids along the coast of Calabria in Southern Italy, capturing the city of Reggio.
February 1553: In 1552, when Henry II attacked Charles V, the Ottomans sent 100 galleys to the Western Mediterranean, which were accompanied by three French galleys under Gabriel de Luetz d'Aramon in their raids along the coast of Calabria in Southern Italy, capturing the city of Reggio.
7.1.1.1.Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands
Was the Ottoman invasion of Corsica during the Italian War of 1551-1559.
July 1558: The Ottomans attacked the citadel of Ciutadella in Menorca, which was only garrisoned with 40 soldiers.
August 1558: The Ottomans under Piyale Pasha and Turgut Reis put the town of Minorca under siege for eight days, then entered and decimated the town.
Were a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice
8.1.Ottoman-Venetian War (1570-1573)
Was a war of the Ottoman Empire against the Republic of Venice and the Holy League.
March 1573: The new treaty confirmed the new state of affairs: Cyprus became an Ottoman province.
8.1.1.Ottoman conquest of Cyprus
Was an Ottoman military campaign that resulted in the annexion of Cyprus, a Venetian possession at the time.
July 1570: The Ottomans landed unopposed at Salines, near Larnaca on the island's southern shore.
September 1570: The Siege of Nicosia in 1570 was part of the Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573). The Ottoman forces, led by Lala Mustafa Pasha, besieged the city of Nicosia, which was then under Venetian control. The siege lasted for seven weeks, resulting in the fall of the city to the Ottoman Empire on September 9.
September 1570: The fortress of Kyrenia surrendered without resistance to the Ottoman Empire.
8.2.Cretan War (1645-1669)
Was a war between the Republic of Venice and her allies (among them the Knights of Malta, the Papal States and France) against the Ottoman Empire and the Barbary States.
January 1646: During the Cretan War (1645-1669), Cres Island was briefly occupied by the Ottoman Empire. The war was fought between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire over control of the island of Crete. The Ottoman occupation of Cres lasted until the end of the war in 1669.
January 1670: During the Cretan War (1645-1669), Cres Island was briefly occupied by the Ottoman Empire. However, in 1669, the territory was transferred to the Republic of Venice, which ruled over Cres Island and the neighboring Lošinj Islands until 1797.
8.2.1.Ottoman invasion of Crete
Was the Ottoman invasion and occupation of Crete, a Venetian possession at the time.
June 1645: The Ottomans, led by Sultan Ibrahim, landed on the coast 15 miles west of Canea in 1645. The local militia, led by Venetian commander Francesco Morosini, retreated as the Ottomans began their military occupation of the territory.
August 1645: The Ottoman army advanced to the city of Canea itself, which fell.
October 1646: The venetian attempt to break the Ottoman blockade of Rettimo led to the fall of the city in 1646.
June 1647: Gazi Hüseyin Pasha, the local commander, conquered the eastern half of Crete, except for the fortress of Siteia.
April 1648: By the beginning of 1648, all of Crete, except Candia and a few strongholds like the island of Gramvousa, was in Ottoman hands.
January 1654: In 1653, the Ottomans took the island fortress of Selino in Suda Bay.
September 1669: Siege of Candia.
8.2.2.War in Dalmatia
Was the Dalmatian theatre of the Cretan War (1645-1669).
January 1647: The Ottomans launched a large-scale attack in 1646, and made some significant gains, including the capture of the islands of Krk, Pag and Cres.
8.2.3.Cretan War (1645-1669) Peace Treaty
Was the peace treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice that ended the Cretan War (1645-1669). Venice aknowledged the loss of Crete. At the same time the borders of the Venetian possession in Dalmatia were officially established with the Nani Line, and Venice had some territorial gains in Dalmatia.
January 1672: The peace treaty between Venice and the Sublime Porte was signed two years after the loss of Candia, in 1671, sanctioning the definitive loss of Crete for the Venetians, even though they were allowed to keep only the fortress-islands of Gambusa, Suda and Spinalonga.
January 1672: In 1671, the territory of Nani Line was acquired by the Republic of Venice. This expansion in Dalmatia was part of Venice's efforts to strengthen its control in the region, following the end of the war.
Expansion during the rule of Murad III in the Ottoman Empire.
July 1586: In 1585, Ottoman admiral Murat Reis captured the island of Lanzarote in the Canary islands off the West African coast.
Were a series of Wars between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire.
10.1.Polish-Ottoman War (1633-34)
Was a conflict between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire with its vassals.
October 1633: In mid-October 1633, Polish King Władysław IV Vasa was near Chocim (Khotyn) during the Polish-Ottoman War. The city was under Turkish military occupation at the time.
October 1633: Abazy crossed the Dniestr about October 20.
October 1633: In 1633, Abazy Pasha, the Ottoman governor of Podolia, attacked the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth with his full forces but was repelled with heavy losses. As a result, he ordered a retreat from all occupied regions back to Ottoman territory.
Was a war between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. The Russian Empire was victorious and ceded territories in Ukraine to Russia. The Crimean Khanate became a Russian protectorate.
11.1.Ottoman Raids
Were a series of raids by Crimean Khan Qırım in Russian held territories in modern-day Ukraine.
January 1770: In 1769, Crimean Khan Qırım Giray invaded the Russian held territories in modern-day Ukraine, leading to the territory being occupied by Turkey. Qırım Giray was a prominent leader of the Crimean Khanate, a Turkic state that was a vassal of the Ottoman Empire.
February 1770: In 1769, Crimean Khan Qırım Giray invaded the Russian held territories in modern-day Ukraine. This event eventually led to the Russian Empire gaining control of the territory in 1770.
Was a war between the Habsbaug Domains and the Ottoman Empire.
August 1788: In July 1788, the Ottomans, led by Grand Vizier Cenaze Hasan Pasha, crossed the Danube and invaded the Austrian Banat, leading to a military occupation of the border regions. This event was part of the Austro-Turkish War of 1788-1791.
September 1788: In 1788, the balance of power shifted towards Austria as the Turks were expelled from parts of Croatia, the Banat, and Bosnia.
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Principality of Montenegro caused by the Montenegrin secret aid to Herzegovinian rebels.
December 1852: An Ottoman column, led by Omar Pascià and the vizir of Scutari Osman Pascià, formed by 17,400 men, attacked the Principality of Montenegro from the east along the Spuž, Martinići, Ostrog line.
December 1852: A second Ottoman column of 7,000 men, coming from Bar, attacked the Montenegrins from the south.
March 1853: In 1853, European powers Russia and Austria intervened to negotiate a ceasefire in the conflict, leading to a retreat from all occupied regions. The territory in question was then ceded to the Principality of Montenegro.
Was a war between Russia and an alliance comprising the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Sardinia.
14.1.Danube campaign (Crimean War)
Was the Danubian theatre of the Crimean War.
November 1853: Following the Ottoman ultimatum in September 1853, forces under the Ottoman general Omar Pasha, a prominent military leader in the Ottoman Empire, crossed the Danube at Vidin and captured Calafat in October 1853. This event marked the beginning of the military occupation of Calafat by Turkey.
July 1854: During the Crimean War, the Ottoman forces led by Omar Pasha crossed the Danube River and defeated the Russian troops in Giurgiu, a city in Wallachia. This victory resulted in the territory of Giurgiu being placed under Turkish military occupation in 1854.
July 1854: On 26 July 1854, Tsar Nicholas I, responding to an Austrian ultimatum, ordered the withdrawal of Russian troops from the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. Their place in the Principalities was taken by the Austrians, as a neutral peacekeeping force.
14.2.Caucasus theatre (Crimean War)
Was the Caucasian theatre of the Crimean War.
October 1853: Being outnumbered, the Russians abandoned Poti and Redut Kale.
November 1853: In 1853, during the Crimean War, the Turks, led by Ottoman military leader Omar Pasha, advanced towards Akhaltsike in Georgia, threatening the Russian forces stationed there. The Turks were waiting for reinforcements to launch an attack on the Russian-held territory.
December 1853: In 1853, during the Crimean War, about 30,000 Ottoman troops, led by Omar Pasha and Mehmed Ali Pasha, retreated east to the main Russian concentration at Gyumri (Alexandropol). The territory was under Turkish military occupation at the time.
November 1855: Ottoman field marshal Omar Pasha crossed the Ingur River on 7 November.
November 1855: Kars surrendered to Russian forces on 8 November.
January 1856: Learning of the fall of Kars, the Turkish forces withdrew to the Ingur River.
March 1856: The Treaty of Paris of 1856 settled the Crimean War between the Russian Empire: it restored the respective territories of the Russian and the Ottoman Empires to their prewar boundaries, with the exception of southern Bessarabia which was lost by Russia to the Ottoman Empire.
Was a war between the Kingdom of Greece and the Ottoman Empire.
April 1897: Based on troops disposition during the Greco-Turkish War of 1897.
May 1897: Based on troops disposition during the Greco-Turkish War of 1897.
15.1.Thessalian Front
Was the Thessalian front of the Greco-Turkish War (1897).
April 1897: Larissa fell to the Turks on the 27 April.
May 1897: Three Ottoman divisions attacked Farsala, forcing an orderly withdrawal of Greek forces.
May 1897: In 1897, during the Greco-Turkish War, the Smolenski family, a prominent Greek military family, withdrew from the recently recaptured town of Velestino to Almyros as the territory was placed under Turkish military occupation.
May 1897: Volos fell into Ottoman hands on the 8 May.
May 1897: Battle of Domokos.
May 1897: In 1897, during the Greco-Turkish War, Ethem Pasha, a prominent Ottoman military leader, led the advance to Thermopylae, where despite strong Greek defenses, the pass was captured by the Turkish forces. This strategic victory allowed Turkey to establish military occupation in the region.
15.2.Treaty of Constantinople (1897)
Was the treaty that ended the Greco-Turkish War (1897). Greece lost some territories in Thessaly but Crete became an autonomous states under nominal Ottoman sovereignty.
December 1897: On the 20 September a peace treaty was signed between the Greeks and the Ottomans. Greece was forced to cede minor border areas and pay heavy reparations. The Ottoman Empire evacuated the territories it had occupied during the war.
Were two wars fought in southeastern Europe in 1912-1913 during which the states of the Balkan League (Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia) first conquered Macedonia and much of Thrace from the Ottomans and then clashed with each other over the division of the conquered lands.
16.1.Second Balkan War
Was a war fought by Bulgary against a coalition of Balkan states. During the First Balkan War the Balkan League had conquered most of the Ottoman Balkan territories. Bulgaria was dissatisfied by the territorial partition and invaded its former allies.
16.1.1.Ottoman intervention (Second Balkan War)
Was an Ottoman military offensive against Bulgaria during the Second Balkan War.
July 1913: Ottoman troops garrisoning Çatalca and Gelibolu reached the Enos-Midia line.
July 1913: Edirne is occupied by the Ottomans on 23 July.
August 1913: The Ottoman armies crossed into Bulgarian territory. A cavalry unit advanced on Yambol.
16.1.2.Treaty of Bucarest
Was the treaty that ended the Second Balkan War.
August 1913: The Sofia government obtained the Blagoevgrad district and a part of Western Thrace.
August 1913: The European borders of Turkey were set with the Treaty of Bucarest that ended the Second Balkan War.
August 1913: Bulgarians stopped the Serbian offensive in Macedonia at Kalimanci.
Was a global conflict between two coalitions, the Allies (primarily France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). It was mainly caused by the competition of the western countries over domain in Europe and in the rest of the world with their colonial empires. The war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. The war also caused the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War.
17.1.World War I Middle East Theatre
Was the theatre of war in the Middle East during World War I.
17.1.1.Caucasus campaign (World War I)
Was an armed conflict mainly between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire in the Caucasus area during World War I.
17.1.1.1.Russian Conquest of Armenia
Was the Russin offensive in Armenia during World War I.
December 1914: At the Battle of Ardahan, the city was captured by the Turks.
April 1915: The Russians were holding the towns of Eleşkirt, Ağrı and Doğubeyazıt in the south.
August 1916: Russian units pushed the Ottoman 2nd Army deep into Anatolia and defeated the Turks in the Battles of Mush and Bitlis (March 2 - August 24).
17.1.1.2.Transcaucasian Front of World War I
Was the theatre of war in Transcaucasia during World War I.
October 1918: By September 1918, the Ottomans consolidated their control over northern Persia, between Tabriz and the southern shores of the Caspian Sea.
17.1.2.Mesopotamian campaign
Was a military operation by the British Empire to conquer Ottoman-held Mesopotamia.
November 1918: British troops led by general Cobbe marched unopposed into the city of Mosul on the 14 November 1918.
17.1.3.Persian Campaign
Was a series of military conflicts between the Ottoman Empire, British Empire and Russian Empire in Iran during World War I.
April 1915: Dilman was the site of a very hard battle between the Armenians and the Turks.
August 1915: During July 1915, Russian forces were forced into a general retreat across the Caucasus area, with one column of Russians retreating as far as the Persian frontier.
November 1915: On November 10, the Gendarmerie forces, led by Ali Quli Khan Pasyan, defeated the tribal forces of the Khamseh (allies of the British), which were commanded by Ibrahim Khan Qavam-ul-Mulk, and captured Shiraz.
December 1915: In November 1915, Major Pesyan, commander of the Gendarmerie in Hamedan, launched an attack on the pro-Russian Persian Cossack Brigade in a battle that later took the battle name of Musalla. His gendarmes managed to disarm the enemies and he, with a patriotic speech, managed to convince some of them to go over to their side.
December 1915: The Russians advanced against the Gendarmerie forces both in the Robatkarim region, where the forces were commanded by Mohammad Hossein Jahanbani, and along the road linking the Hamadan and Kermanshah regions, where the Gendarmerie forces were commanded by Major Pesyan and Azizollah Zarghami. The gendarmes, having been defeated, retreated to Kermanshah.
December 1915: Hamadan was captured by the troops of General Baratov.
February 1916: On February 26, 1916, the Russians defeated the Ottoman gendarmes, who were forced to retreat to Qasr-e-Shirin province.
February 1916: In 1916, during World War I, General Nikolai Baratov led Russian forces to capture the city of Kermanshah in Persia (modern-day Iran).
March 1916: Kharind conquered by russia.
June 1916: In May 1916 Qasr-e-Shirin province also fell into Russian hands.
June 1916: On June 12, British soldiers advanced into southern Persia, which was conquered with the capture of Kerman by Percy Sykes' troops.
July 1916: In northern Persia, the Ottoman 6th Division arrived as reinforcements. Ali İhsan Bey captured Khermanshah on 2 July.
August 1916: Turkish forces took Hamadan.
January 1917: In December 1916, Baratov began moving towards the cities of Qom and Hamadan, to eliminate the Persian and Turkish forces there. In the same month the cities were conquered.
June 1918: After the revolution, the Russian troops in Persia were routed and Turkey decided to reconquer these regions. On June 8, 1918, the Ottoman IV Corps entered Tabriz.
June 1918: The town of Dilman was captured by Ottoman forces on June 18.
July 1918: In southern Persia, Urmia fell to the hands of the Ottoman IV Corps.
August 1918: During July 1918, the British army occupied a large portion of Mesopotamia, as well as a large part of Persian Azerbaijan.
17.1.3.1.Ottoman campaign in Persia during World War I
Were minor conquests of the Ottomans in Persia during World War I.
December 1914: The Ottoman Van Jandarma Division occupied the city of Qotur.
January 1915: Urmia, a city in northwestern Iran, was captured by a volunteer detachment led by Omer Naci Bey, who was sent by Talat Pasha of the Ottoman Empire on a special mission.
January 1915: The "Mosul Group" commanded by Omer Fevzi Bey entered Tabriz, without facing much resistance.
January 1915: During World War I, Russian General Chernozubov led the force that recaptured Tabriz from Ottoman forces in 1915.
17.1.4.Sinai and Palestine campaign
Was a campaign fought by the Arab Revolt and the British Empire, against the Ottoman Empire and its Imperial German allies.
October 1918: The Armistice of Mudros, concluded on 30 October 1918, ended the hostilities, at noon the next day, in the Middle Eastern theatre between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies of World War I. As part of several conditions to the armistice, in the Caucasus, the Ottomans had to retreat to within the pre-war borders between the Ottoman and the Russian Empires.
17.1.4.1.Ottoman Invasion of Sinai
Was the Ottoman invasion of Sinai during World War I.
January 1915: Two smaller flanking columns of the Ottoman Army made secondary attacks near Kantara in the northern sector of the Canal and near Suez in the south.
February 1915: Kress von Kressenstein's Ottoman Suez Expeditionary Force advanced from Southern Palestine to arrive on the Canal on 2 February when they succeeded in crossing the Canal near Ismailia on the morning of 3 February 1915.
February 1915: The Ottoman companies held their positions until the evening of 3 February 1915, when the commanding officer ordered them to withdraw. Subsequently, Ottoman advance troops and outposts were maintained on the Sinai peninsula on a line between El Arish and Nekhl.
Was the Turkish invasion of Cyprus that resulted in the formation of the Autonomous Turkish Cypriot Administration in the northern portion of the island. The invasion immediate cuase was the Greek junta-sponsored Cypriot coup d'état that happened in a period of intercommunal violence between Greek and Turkish Cypriots.
February 1975: A State on the region of Northern Cyprus was declared in 1975 and existing until 1983, that was not recognized by the international community.
18.1.First Turkish Invasion
Was the first phase of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus.
July 1974: Battle of Pentemili beachhead.
July 1974: The last defences at Kyrenia collapsed. Greek Cypriot forces, trapped in the castle, managed to escape out of the city.
July 1974: The forces of a Turkish Commando arrived at Nicosia Airport just in time to mount a defence, via old city buses. They assumed fighting positions in and around the main terminal building, as a convoy of Turkish vehicles arrived at the north end of the airport, about 500 metres from the defenders.
July 1974: The village of St Ermolaos was briefly recaptured by Cypriot National Guard forces led by General George Grivas in 1974 during the Turkish military occupation of Cyprus. This event was part of the ongoing conflict between Greek and Turkish Cypriots on the island.
July 1974: Cypriot National Guard forces retreat from St Ermolaos.
August 1974: Turkish forces occupied Lapithos after two days of resistance.
18.2.Second Turkish Invasion
Was the second phase of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus.
August 1974: Morphou and Lefka both fall to Turkish forces.
August 1974: The last defences at Famagusta (Varosha) collapsed, and Greek Cypriot forces, led by General George Grivas, withdrew to Larnaca. The city was then occupied by Turkish forces during the Cyprus conflict in 1974.
August 1974: Turkish forces advance as far as the "Green line", a predetermined territorial occupation by which time, 37% of the island is now under Turkish control.
August 1974: The United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus is a demilitarized zone, patrolled by the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP), that was established in 1964 and extended in 1974 after the ceasefire of 16 August 1974.
Initially a series of anti-government protests and revolts across the Arab world, it soon evolved into a series of wars. The wars caused by the revolts are sometimes referred to as the Arab Winter.
19.1.Syrian Civil War
Is an ongoing civil war in Syria between the government (the Syrian Arab Republic) and several factions. The civil war started in 2011 with protests, part of the wider Arab Spring, caused by discontent with the Syrian government.
19.1.1.East Aleppo offensive (2024)
Is an operation launched in eastern Aleppo Governorate in Northern Syria by the Kurdish-led and US-backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) in December 2024 against the Turkey-backed Syrian National Army (SNA) to regain control of territory that was lost during the Manbij offensive and to advance from Dayr Hafir into the Tishrin Dam area.
December 2024: Kurdish forces of the SDF advanced from the Tishrin Dam into the Abu Qalqal district.
19.1.2.2024 Syrian opposition offensives
Was a major offensive by a coalition of Syrian revolutionary factions. It eventually resulted in the Fall of the Assad Regime and the Creation of the Syrian transitional government.
December 2024: The Turkish-backed Syrian National Army (SNA) launched an offensive on the town of Tell Rifaat, capturing the town along with several surrounding villages.
December 2024: The remaining SDF-controlled towns in the Idlib region were besieged and cut off from communication after being encircled by Turkish-backed opposition forces.
December 2024: The remaining SDF-controlled towns in the Idlib And Aleppo region were besieged and cut off from communication after being encircled by Turkish-backed opposition forces.
December 2024: SDF forces clashed with the the Turkish-backed Syrian National Army (SNA) in Dayr Hafir.
December 2024: The Kurdish SDF forces withdrew from Manbij.
19.1.2.1.Northwestern Syria offensive
Was a military offensive by the Syrian Government against rebel forces in the Latakia, Idlib and Hama Governatorates during the Syrian Civil War.
19.1.3.Hama Governorate Theatre of War
Is the theatre of war in the Hama Governatorate of the Syrian Civil War.
19.1.4.Damascus and Rif Damashq Governorates Theatre of War
Is the theatre of war in Damascus and the Rif Damashq Governatorate of the Syrian Civil War.
19.1.4.1.Battles in Muadamiyat al-Sham
Were a series of battles in and around Muadamiyat al-Sham, part of the battles in the Damascus and Rif Damashq Governorates of the Syrian Civil War.
September 2016: Territorial changes caused by the conquest of Muadamiyat al-Sham by the Syrian Arab Army.
19.1.5.Aleppo Governorate
Is the theatre of war in the Aleppo Governatorate of the Syrian Civil War.
19.1.5.1.Battles in Azaz
Were a series of battles in and around Azaz, in the Aleppo Governatorate, during the Syrian Civil War.
January 2015: The town of Azaz came under military occupation by Turkey.
19.1.5.2.YPG Counterattack
Was a military campaign of Kurdish forces in the territories controlled by the Islamic State in the Aleppo Governatorate during the Syrian Civil War.
April 2015: The Kurdish People's Defense Units (YPG) captured Ras al Ayn on 19 April.
19.1.5.3.Operation Euphrates Shield
Was a military operation conducted by the Turkish Armed Forces in the Syrian Civil War which led to the Turkish occupation of northern Syria.
August 2016: The Turkish Army captured Jarabulus.
September 2016: Turkey deployed tanks to the Syrian town of al-Rai.
September 2016: Turkey declared that the Turkish-backed rebels had captured the last remaining ISIL held villages along the Turkish border.
October 2016: The town of Akhtarin was captured by Turkish forces on 6 October 2016.
October 2016: The Free Syrian Army (FSA), headed by Sultan Murad Division, took control of Sawran, Syria.
October 2016: Rebel forces occupy Dabiq and Asanbul.
February 2017: Al-Bab was captured from ISIL by Turkish-backed rebels on 23 February, along with the towns of Qabasin and Bizaah.
19.1.5.4.Operation Olive Branch
Was a military operation by the Turkish Armed Forces against Kurdish forces in the Afrin district, during the Syrian Civil War.
February 2018: During Operation Olive Branch, Part of Afrin and Aziz Districts were captured by Turkey and its allies.
February 2018: Turkish conquest during Operation Olive Branch.
March 2018: Turkish conquest during Operation Olive Branch.
19.1.6.Al-Hasakah Governorate Theatre of War
Is the theatre of war in the al-Hasakah Governatorate of the Syrian Civil War.
19.1.6.1.Battles in Ras al-Ayn
Were a series of battles in and around Ras al-Ayn, in the Al-Hasakah Governatorate, during the Syrian Civil War.
October 2013: The Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) withdraw from Ras al-Ayn.
19.1.6.2.2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria
Was a Turkish military offensive in the Aleppo, Hasakah, and Raqqa Governatorates during the Syrian Civil War.
October 2019: 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria. Turkish army occupies Tell Abyad.
October 2019: 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria.
October 2019: 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria. Turkish army occupies Mabrouka.
October 2019: 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria. Turkish army occupies Manajr.
October 2019: 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria. Turkish forces reach Al-Qantari.
January 1539: The Khotyn area becomes part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
January 1539: Hotin conquered by Poland-Lithuania.
January 1587: Lanzarote was reconquered by Spain from the Turks.
Selected Sources
Another besieged Damascus suburb surrenders. The National. 1 September 2016.https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/another-besieged-damascus-suburb-surrenders-1.233280
Bigham, C.C. (1897): With the Turkish Army in Thessaly. With illustrations and maps, London, Macmillan & Co, "Sketch Map showing position of The Turkish & Greek forces on April 25,1897"
Bigham, C.C. (1897): With the Turkish Army in Thessaly. With illustrations and maps, London, Macmillan & Co, "Sketch Map showing position of The Turkish & Greek forces on May 10, 1897"
Bigham, C.C. (1897): With the Turkish Army in Thessaly. With illustrations and maps, London, Macmillan & Co, "Sketch Map showing position of The Turkish & Greek forces on May 20, 1897"
Bigham, C.C. (1897): With the Turkish Army in Thessaly. With illustrations and maps, London, Macmillan & Co, "Sketch Map showing position of The Turkish & Greek forces on May 4, 1897"
Changing frontlines of the Turkish offensive in Rojava, 2019. Wikipedia. Retrieved on 7 April on https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Changing_frontlines_of_the_Turkish_offensive_in_Rojava,_2019.gif
Cimarosti, M. (2021). 6.3 GLI INCURSORI DEL SULTANO IN FRIULI 1472-1499: IL NEMICO ALLE PORTE. "La Percezione Veneziana Dello Stato Ottomano Dalla Presa Di Costantinopoli Al Dopo Lepanto".
Giorgiutti, M. Le incursioni turche in Friuli nel secolo XV. RegioneStoria. Retrieved on 30 March 2024 on https://www.regionestoriafvg.eu/tematiche/tema/474/Le-incursioni-turche-in-Friuli-nel-secolo-XV
Kasapoğlu, C. / Ülgen, S. (March 2018): Turkey’s Operation Olive Branch Enters A New Phase. edam - Centre for Economics and Foreign Policy Studies. Pp. 4-5 Retrieved on https://edam.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Operation-Olive-Branch-Update2.pdf
Lazzarin, R. (22 november 2020): INCURSIONI TURCHE. Mercurio. https://mer-curio.com/2020/11/22/incursioni-turche/
Treaty of Paris (1856), https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10557776?page=,1
https://www.syriahr.com/%d8%ad%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%ab%d8%b1-%d9%85%d9%86-200-%d8%a3%d9%84%d9%81-%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d8%ac%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1/738649/
https://www.syriahr.com/en/350959/
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Turkey (Military Occupation)
