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The cluster includes all the forms of the country from the Ottoman state to modern-day Turkey.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Ottoman Beylik
Ottoman Sultanate
Ottoman Empire
Republic of Turkey
Republic of Türkiye
Establishment
January 1291: In 1290, Osman I proclaimed himself more autonomous from the Seljuk Turks and took the title of Bey. This marked the beginning of the Ottoman Beylik, which eventually grew into the powerful Ottoman Empire under his leadership.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Expansion during the rule of Orhan in the Ottoman Beylik.
January 1327: In 1326, shortly before succeeding his father, only diplomatic negotiations conquered Bursa, which would become the Ottoman capital for twenty years.
January 1332: In 1331 Ottoman Bey Orhan conquered Nicaea after three years of siege.
January 1338: The Turks were in a position to lay siege to the great Byzantine cities of Bithynia: Nicomedia.
January 1339: In 1338, when Üsküdar was captured, most of northwestern Anatolia was in Ottoman hands.
January 1351: In 1350, the territory of Yoros was taken over by the Ottoman Beylik from the Genoan rulers who had controlled it from 1300 to 1350. Yoros was a strategic location on the Bosphorus Strait, and its capture played a significant role in the expansion of the Ottoman Empire.
January 1353: In 1352 , Süleyman Paşa initiated the Turkish penetration into Europe, by conquering a fortress at Tzympe, near Gallipoli, in Thrace.
April 1354: In March 1354 , Ottoman commander Süleyman Paşa occupied and rebuilt Gallipoli (evacuated by its Greek population in the wake of an earthquake that destroyed it).
April 1354: Süleyman Paşa was a prominent Ottoman military leader who captured and restored Gallipoli in 1354. The city had been abandoned by its Greek inhabitants due to an earthquake. This event marked the expansion of the Ottoman Beylik's territory.
January 1355: In 1354, Ankara was briefly annexed by Orhan of Ottoman Beylik.
January 1360: Orhan I and Süleyman Paşa consolidated the Turkish base of Gallipoli.
January 1361: Lala Şahin Paşa prepared to advance from Gallipoli (the base that Süleyman Paşa had left on the European continent), on the Byzantine territory of Thrace , taking in 131360 , after years of siege, Demotika.
January 1362: The Beylik of the Karasids was taken over by its neighbors, the Ottomans, in 1361.
Expansion during the rule of Murad I in the Ottoman Beylik.
January 1363: Reorganized the leadership of the Ottoman forces in Europe, under the leadership of Lala Şahin Paşa, Murad I led the final Ottoman campaign in Thrace. This conquest was crowned in 1362 with the capture of Adrianople , which from then on was renamed Edirne.
January 1365: Philippopolis and Thrace conquered by Ottoman Beylik.
January 1369: In 1368, Ottoman Bey Murad I personally led a campaign along the Black Sea coast, which was completed with the capture of Burgaz.
January 1374: Murad completed his triumph on the banks of the Maritza by launching a well-organized campaign to extend his rule over the remaining Balkan territories, south of the Danube. The left wing of the Ottoman expansion under Evrenos Bey crossed the Rhodope Mountains and seized almost all of Macedonia, a conquest that culminated in the capture of Serres in 1373 .
January 1374: Unable to defend his country from the Ottomans, in 1373 the Bulgarian emperor Ivan Shishman agreed to become an Ottoman vassal.
January 1374: In 1373, two years after the devastating Battle of Maritsa, the Principality of Velbazhd became a vassal to the Ottoman Empire.
January 1382: In Bursa, Murad received the ambassador of Hamid's Bey Kemaleddin Hüseyin. A treaty of offensive-defensive alliance was signed between the Ottomans and Hamid, through this treaty Murad bought from Hamid the territories of Akşehir, Yalvaç, Beyşehir, Seydişehir, Karaağaç, Eğirdir and Isparta.
January 1382: After Eretna's death, his lands were nibbled away by the Ottomans in the west and the Aq Qoyunlu in the east due to internal disputes between the Eretnids.
January 1382: Ottoman prince Bayezid married Devlet Şah Hâtûn , daughter of Germiyan bey Süleyman Şah. The gifts that Germiyan bestowed on the bride were Kütahya, Simav, Tavşanlı and Emet which were given to the Ottomans.
January 1382: In 1377, the Venetians controlled Bozcaada Island (Tenedo) was taken over by the Ottoman Beylik.
January 1384: In 1383, in recognition of the campaign against the Balkan Christians, the Abbasid Caliphate of Cairo appointed Bey Murad as sultan.
January 1386: An Ottoman offensive, under the command of General Kara Timurtash Bey (a Turkmen from Anatolia), advanced, up the Tundzha River, into the heart of Bulgaria and occupied Sofia and Niš.
Dissolution of Serbia after the Battle of Maritsa between the Ottoman Empire and Serbia.
September 1371: After the Battle of Maritsa, Serbia fragmented into several successor states.
January 1372: The region between Pogradec, Ohrid, and Debar became semi-independent as the Principality of Gropaj.
Were a series of wars between the Ottomans and the Bulgarians that resulted in the Ottoman conquest of the Second Bulgarian Empire.
January 1387: In 1386, the Ottoman Sultan Murad I himself led much larger forces that took Niš from Lazar.
January 1387: After bitter fighting, in 1386 the Turks seized Pirot and Naissus.
4.1.Battle of Chernomen and its consequences
Was a battle between the Ottoman Empire and the Serbian Empire that lead to the loss of southern Serbia to the Ottomans.
October 1371: In 1371, the Ottoman Beylik captured the territory of Sozopol, a historic town on the Black Sea coast of Bulgaria.
November 1371: In 1371, during the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans, one of Ivan Shishman's voivodes, Shishkin, was killed in battle in the Rhodopes region. This event further facilitated the Ottoman Beylik's control over Kostenets, Ihtiman, and Samokov.
November 1371: Immediately after the battle of Chernomen, the armies of Murad I embarked on another campaign overrunning Northern Thrace and forcing Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria to pull back north of the Balkan Mountains.
November 1371: The Ottomasn conquered the whole bulgarian state with the exception of lands to the north of the Balkan mountains and the Valley of Sofia.
November 1371: In 1371, the Ottoman Beylik, led by Murad I, captured Bitola in the southwest after a bloody siege.
November 1371: The Ottomans succeeded capturing the cities of Drama, Kavála, and Serrai in modern Greece.
January 1374: Between 1371 and 1373 the Ottomans emerged as a considerable power on the Balkans. They ruled over the entire Thrace and had seized the lands of Uglesha in Eastern Macedonia.
January 1374: In 1373 Ivan Shishman, the ruler of Moravian Serbia, was forced to negotiate a humiliating peace treaty: he became an Ottoman vassal strengthening the union with a marriage between Murad and Shishman's sister Kera Tamara. To compensate, the Ottomans returned some of the conquered lands, including Ihtiman and Samokov.
4.2.Ottoman campaign in Bulgaria of 1389
As a result of the campaign the Turks took most of eastern Bulgaria including several key towns. Now the authority of Ivan Shishman was reduced to the lands to the west of the capital Tarnovo and several castles along the Danube. To the east the Bulgarians kept Varna and the capital of the Principality of Karvuna, Kaliakra.
January 1389: The Turks took most of eastern Bulgaria including several key towns. Now the authority of Ivan Shishman was reduced to the lands to the west of the capital Tarnovo and several castles along the Danube. To the east the Bulgarians kept Varna and the capital of the Principality of Karvuna, Kaliakra.
4.3.Ottoman campaign in Bulgaria of 1388
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Bulgaria led by Murad I.
January 1389: The Bulgarians saved Nikopol but were forced to cede another key Danubian fortress, Dorostolon.
January 1389: In Tutrakan the citizens allowed the Turks to install a small garrison but then they killed the Turkish soldiers and prepared for siege. Ali Pasha immediately burned the surrounding fields and soon the starving town had to surrender.
Expansion during the rule of Bayezid I in the Ottoman Sultanate.
January 1390: Ottoman General Lala Shahin Pasha took Sofia and the capital of Bulgaria, Tirnova.
January 1391: Menteş submitted to Ottoman rule in 1390.
January 1391: In 1390 the Beylik of Lâdik was conquered by Bayezit I.
January 1391: Bayezid I overran the Sarukhanids.
January 1391: The Beylik of Aydin was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire for the first time in 1390.
January 1392: The Ottomans took the cities of Akşehir and Niğde, as well as their capital Konya from the Karaman.
January 1392: The territory of the Hamidids became the Ottoman Sanjak of Hamid.
January 1392: Bayezid I, also known as Bayezid the Thunderbolt, was the Ottoman Sultan who conquered the Beylik of Teke in 1391. The Beyliks of Hamid and Germiyan were also defeated by Bayezid during his military campaigns.
January 1392: Bayezid I, also known as Bayezid the Thunderbolt, was the Ottoman Sultan conquered the beylik of Germiyan in 1391.
January 1393: Sinop conquered by Ottoman Sultanate.
January 1393: Bayezid I, also known as Bayezid the Thunderbolt, was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1389 to 1402. He conquered Kastamonu, a city in northern Anatolia, in 1392.
July 1393: The Ottomans captured Tarnovo after a three-month siege.
January 1395: In 1393/4, the Ottoman Turks, led by Sultan Bayezid I, conquered Neopatras, a city in central Greece, and the entire Spercheios River valley. This marked a significant expansion of the Ottoman Sultanate's territory in the region.
January 1395: Due to the unpopularity of the Dowager Countess Helena Asanina Kantakouzene, in 1394, the town of Salona opened its gates to the Ottoman sultan Bayezid I.
January 1396: The Gropaj noble family ruled until 1395 when it fell under the rapid expansion of the Ottoman Empire.
January 1396: The Kingdom of Prilep of late King Marko was conquered by Ottoman Turks.
January 1398: According to various sources, the fall of the Kingdom of Vidin is given as 1396 or 1397.
January 1398: In 1397, Bayezid defeated the emir of Karaman in Akçay, killing him and annexing his territory.
January 1399: Ottoman sultan Beyazit I annexed the Beylik of Erzincan.
January 1399: In 1398, Dukagjini prince Tanush III surrendered to the Ottomans.
Military campaigns of Timur (or Tamerlane), a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia.
6.1.Timurid invasion Anatolia
Was a Timurid campaign in Anatolia, which was occupied for several years.
September 1400: In August 1400, the Turko-Mongol conqueror Tamerlane, also known as Timur, attacked and plundered the city of Sebaste, which is now known as Sivas. This event was part of Tamerlane's campaign to expand the Timurid Empire in Anatolia.
January 1401: Under the pretext of defending the Muslim lords of Anatolia, Tamerlane began the invasion of Armenia and eastern Anatolia.
June 1402: In the spring of 1402, Tamerlan advanced into central Anatolia.
January 1404: Fortunately for the Ottoman dynasty, in 1403 Tamerlane returned with his army to Samarkand, because he wanted to conquer China.
6.1.1.Battle of Ankara
Was a battle between the forces of the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I and the Emir of the Timurid Empire, Timur. The battle was a major victory for Timur, and it led to the Ottoman Interregnum.
July 1402: Timurid decisive victory against the Ottomans in the Battle of Ankara (1402).
Civil war broke out among the sons of Sultan Bayezid I upon his death in 1403.
March 1403: Civil war broke out among the sons of Sultan Bayezid I upon his death in 1403. His oldest son, Süleyman, with his capital at Edirne, ruled the recently conquered Bulgaria, all of Thrace, Macedonia and northern Greece.
January 1405: Ankara conquered by Süleimain's Reign.
July 1413: The armies of the rival Ottoman brothers met on the plain of Chamurli. Mûsa's Ottomans fought well, but the battle was won by Muhammad and his allies. Mûsa fled, was later captured and strangled. With Mûsa dead, Muhammad was the sole surviving son of the late Sultan Bayezid I and became Sultan Muhammad I.
Byzantine reconquest of the Egean Islands.
January 1404: Byzantine reconquest of the Egean Islands.
Were a series of raids by the Ottomans in the Friuli region during the 15th and 16th centuries, in the context of tensions between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire.
January 1416: Ottoman incursion in Friuli of 1415.
February 1416: Ottoman incursion in Friuli of 1415. The Ottomans left the region after the incursion.
January 1464: Ottoman incursion in Friuli of 1463.
February 1464: Ottoman incursion in Friuli of 1463. The Ottomans left the region after the incursion.
August 1469: Ottoman raid in Friuli between July and September 1469.
September 1469: Ottoman raid in Friuli between July and September 1469. The Ottomans left the region after the incursion.
September 1472: In 1472, probably between 21 and 24 September, there was an Ottoman raid in Friuli.
October 1472: In 1472, probably between 21 and 24 September, there was an Ottoman raid in Friuli. The Ottomans left the region after the incursion.
October 1477: Between October and November 1477 there was one of the most devastating Ottoman raids in Friuli.
November 1477: Between October and November 1477 there was one of the most devastating Ottoman raids in Friuli. The Ottomans left the region after the incursion.
June 1478: Between the spring and summer of 1478 there were raids by the Turks in Friuli.
July 1478: Between the spring and summer of 1478 there were raids by the Turks in Friuli. The Ottomans left the region after the incursion.
January 1480: Ottoman raid in Friuli in 1479.
February 1480: Ottoman raid in Friuli in 1479. The Ottomans left the region after the incursion.
September 1499: 28 September - 4 October 1499: probably the most devastating raid by soldiers of the Ottoman Empire in Friuli.
October 1499: 28 September - 4 October 1499: probably the most devastating raid by soldiers of the Ottoman Empire in Friuli. The Ottomans left the region after the incursion.
January 1504: Ottoman raid in Friuli of 1503.
February 1504: End of the Ottoman raid in Friuli of 1503.
Expansion during the rule of Murad II in the Ottoman Sultanate.
January 1422: The Ottomans conquered parts of Albania.
January 1426: The Ottomans permanently conquered the town of Amisus (Simesso/Samsun).
January 1427: In 1426, the Beylik of Aydin was annexed by the Ottoman Empire under the rule of Sultan Murad II. The Beylik of Aydin was a Turkish principality that had been established after the collapse of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum.
September 1427: Immediately after becoming the ruler of Serbia, in the summer of 1427, Đurađ was faced with the challenge of an Ottoman invasion. The Ottomans occupied Kruševac and Niš, the Dubočica region including Leskovac, and most of the Toplica region.
January 1432: In 1431, the Sanjak of Albania was created out of areas in present-day western Albania.
January 1435: The Principality of Gjirokastër was abolished after the Ottoman invasion in 1434.
January 1435: In 1434, Alušta was taken over by the Ottoman Sultanate from Venetian control.
June 1437: In 1437, the Ottoman Empire invaded Serbia, leading to negotiations between Serbian ruler Đurađ Branković and the Sultan. As a result, an unfavorable peace agreement was reached, with Braničevo being ceded to the Ottoman Sultanate.
10.1.Siege of Constantinople (1422)
The first full-scale Ottoman siege of Constantinople took place in 1422 as a result of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel II's attempts to interfere in the succession of Ottoman Sultans, after the death of Mehmed I in 1421.
June 1422: The Siege of Constantinople in 1422 was led by Ottoman Sultan Murad II against the Byzantine Empire, ruled by Emperor John VIII Palaiologos. The city eventually fell to the Ottomans, solidifying their control over the region.
October 1422: The Siege of Constantinople in 1422 was led by the Ottoman Sultan Murad II against the Byzantine Emperor John VIII. The city was successfully defended by the Byzantine forces, preventing its capture by the Ottomans.
10.2.Ottoman annexion of Serbia
Serbia was invaded and annexed by the Ottoman Empire.
January 1439: After the death of King Sigismund of Hungary in 1437, the Ottoman intensified their attacks in the region. In 1438, they successfully occupied Borač.
January 1439: In 1438, Ottoman Sultan Murad II attacked the Serbian Despotate, forcing Despot Đurađ Branković to cede the territories of Ždrelo and Višesav. This marked a significant loss for the Serbian state in its ongoing struggle against the Ottoman Empire.
August 1439: In 1439, the Ottoman army, led by Sultan Murad II, launched an attack on Smederevo, resulting in the city falling under Ottoman control. Smederevo was a strategic fortress in Serbia and its capture was a significant victory for the Ottoman Sultanate.
November 1439: At the end of 1439, Smederevo capitulated and Murad succeeded in making Serbia an Ottoman province.
January 1441: In 1440, Ottoman Sultan Murad II besieged Belgrade, a key fortress on Hungary's border. The siege was led by Hungarian military commander John Hunyadi, who successfully defended the city against the Ottoman forces.
January 1441: In 1440, Sultan Murad II of the Ottoman Empire failed to capture Belgrade from Hungary (Personal Union with Poland). He had to return to Anatolia to defend against attacks by the Karamanids.
10.3.Christian Retreat (Varna Crusade)
The crusaders were defeated by the Ottoman troops and left the Varna region.
Were a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice
11.1.Battle of Nicopolis
Was a battle between a crusader army of allied countries (Hungary, Croatia, Bulgaria, Wallachia, France, Venice and others) and the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman victory led to the end of the Second Bulgarian Empire.
11.2.Siege of Thessalonica (1422-1430)
Saw the Ottoman Empire under Sultan Murad II capture the city of Thessalonica.
March 1430: Ottoman capture of Thessalonica.
11.3.Ottoman-Venetian War (1463-1479)
Was a war between the Republic of Venice and the ottoman Empire. Several Venetian territories were captured and annexed by the Ottomans.
April 1463: The governor of the Morea, Isa-Beg Ishaković, took the Venetian-held town of Argos by treason.
August 1463: In early August, the Venetians retook Argos.
December 1463: In 1463, Matthias Corvinus, the King of Hungary, captured over sixty fortified places in Bosnia and successfully took the capital city of Jajce after a 3-month siege on 16 December.
January 1464: While of all Venetian territories in the Morea, Nauplia persisted longest in her possession, and was surrendered to the Ottomans in 1540 after the conclusion of the Third Ottoman-Venetian War.
January 1464: Preveza (Prevesa) was a Venetian colony from 1401 to 1463. In 1463, it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. The Venetians regained control from 1684 to 1699 and again from 1717 to 1797.
April 1464: The Ottoman army razed the Hexamilion, and advanced into the Morea. Argos fell.
May 1466: In April 1466, Vettore Cappello, the most vociferous proponent of the war, replaced Loredan as Captain General of the Sea. Under his leadership, the Venetian war effort was reinvigorated: the fleet took the northern Aegean islands of Imbros, Thasos and Samothrace.
January 1469: After the death of the Albanian national hero Scanderbeg, the Republic of Venice seized the strategic city of Croia (Kruja) in 1468.
January 1469: The Venetian commander Vettor Capello conquered Methone, Imbros, Thassos, Samothrace.
January 1469: In 1468, Athens was conquered by the Republic of Venice under the leadership of the Venetian general Bartolomeo Contarini. The city remained under Venetian control for a brief period before being captured by the Ottoman Empire in 1458.
January 1470: In 1469, Athens was conquered by the Ottoman Empire, ending its brief period as part of the Venetian colonial Empire.
January 1471: Pteleos was a Venetian colony from 1322 to 1470. In 1470, the territory was conquered by the Ottoman Empire under the leadership of Mehmed the Conqueror, marking the end of Venetian rule in the region.
January 1471: Negroponte was taken by the Turks.
October 1478: Croia fell into Muslim hands.
January 1479: Venetian colony of Drisht (Drivasto) in the periods 1393-1423 and 1442-1478.
January 1479: The Venetian-controlled territory of Lezhë (Alessio) was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1478.
January 1479: Lemnos reverted to Ottoman control in accordance with the 1479 Treaty of Constantinople.
January 1480: Lefkada Island (Santa Maura) was a Venetian colony from 1362 to 1479, 1502 to 1503, and 1684 to 1797. In 1479, the territory was taken over by the Ottoman Empire. The Venetians were a powerful maritime republic based in Venice, Italy, known for their trade and military strength in the Mediterranean.
11.3.1.Treaty of Constantinople (1479)
Was a treaty between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire.
April 1479: Shkodër succumbed to the Ottomans in 1479.
11.4.Ottoman-Venetian War (1499-1503)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice for control of the lands that were contested between the two parties in the Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea, and the Adriatic Sea.
January 1500: Nafpaktos (Lepanto) is occupied by the Ottomans.
September 1500: Ottoman conquest of Modone.
September 1500: Tinos and Mykonos conquered by Ottoman Empire.
December 1500: Siege of the Castle of Saint George or Siege of Cephalonia
January 1501: Cephalonia and Ithaca were conquered by the Venetians in December 1500.
October 1501: Santa Maura conquered by the Venetians.
January 1502: The city of Lezhë was again under the control of the Republic of Venice.
January 1502: In 1501 the Ottomans led by Feriz Beg captured Durazzo in Venetian Albania.
May 1503: The Ottomans abandoned Naples of Románia, Navarino, Malvasia, Kefalonia and Zakynthos.
January 1504: End of the Venetian rule of Lefkada Island (Santa Maura).
January 1507: In 1506, Lezhë (Alessio) was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
11.5.Ottoman-Venetian War (1537-1540)
Was one of the Ottoman-Venetian wars which took place during the 16th century.
January 1538: Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent attacked the Venetian colonies, conquering Corfu, Clissa, Syra, Stampalia, Patmos, Naxos, Andros.
January 1538: In 1537 the Duchy of the Archipelago became a tributary of the Ottoman Empire.
January 1538: Venetian Aegina (Egina), 1451-1537.
September 1538: In the summer of 1538 the Ottomans turned their attention to the remaining Venetian possessions in the Aegean capturing the islands of Andros, Naxos, Paros, and Santorini, as well as taking the last two Venetian settlements on the Peloponnese Monemvasia and Navplion.
October 1538: Cefalonia conquered by Ottoman Empire.
January 1539: The Venetians loose the Sporades to the Ottomans.
January 1539: Venetian Karpathos Island (Scarpanto) and Kasos Island (Caso), 1306-1538.
January 1539: Northern Sporades conquered by the Ottomans.
January 1539: Venice agreed to cede Morea to the Ottomans.
August 1539: Siege of Castelnuovo.
11.6.Ottoman-Venetian War (1570-1573)
Was a war of the Ottoman Empire against the Republic of Venice and the Holy League.
January 1572: Venetian Ulcinj (Dulcigno), 1405-1571.
January 1572: Venetian Bar (Antivari), 1443-1571.
March 1573: The new treaty confirmed the new state of affairs: Cyprus became an Ottoman province.
January 1574: In 1573, the Holy League fleet failed to sail altogether. Instead, Don John attacked and took Tunis.
11.6.1.Ottoman conquest of Cyprus
Was an Ottoman military campaign that resulted in the annexion of Cyprus, a Venetian possession at the time.
July 1570: The Ottomans landed unopposed at Salines, near Larnaca on the island's southern shore.
September 1570: The Siege of Nicosia in 1570 was part of the Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573). The Ottoman forces, led by Lala Mustafa Pasha, besieged the city of Nicosia, which was then under Venetian control. The siege lasted for seven weeks, resulting in the fall of the city to the Ottoman Empire on September 9.
September 1570: The fortress of Kyrenia surrendered without resistance to the Ottoman Empire.
11.7.Cretan War (1645-1669)
Was a war between the Republic of Venice and her allies (among them the Knights of Malta, the Papal States and France) against the Ottoman Empire and the Barbary States.
January 1646: During the Cretan War (1645-1669), Cres Island was briefly occupied by the Ottoman Empire. The war was fought between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire over control of the island of Crete. The Ottoman occupation of Cres lasted until the end of the war in 1669.
January 1646: Ottoman occupation of Crete.
January 1647: Ottoman occupation of Novigrad.
January 1648: Venice reconquers Tenin (Knin) from the Ottomans.
January 1649: Knin (Tenin) is conquered by the Ottomans.
July 1656: The Venetians seize Tenedos.
August 1656: Lemnos conquered by Republic of Venice.
August 1657: The Ottoman fleet proceeded to recover Lemnos.
November 1657: Tenedos conquered by Ottoman Empire.
January 1670: End of the Ottoman occupation of Krk Island and Pag Island.
January 1670: During the Cretan War (1645-1669), Cres Island was briefly occupied by the Ottoman Empire. However, in 1669, the territory was transferred to the Republic of Venice, which ruled over Cres Island and the neighboring Lošinj Islands until 1797.
11.7.1.Ottoman invasion of Crete
Was the Ottoman invasion and occupation of Crete, a Venetian possession at the time.
June 1645: The Ottomans, led by Sultan Ibrahim, landed on the coast 15 miles west of Canea in 1645. The local militia, led by Venetian commander Francesco Morosini, retreated as the Ottomans began their military occupation of the territory.
August 1645: The Ottoman army advanced to the city of Canea itself, which fell.
October 1646: The venetian attempt to break the Ottoman blockade of Rettimo led to the fall of the city in 1646.
June 1647: Gazi Hüseyin Pasha, the local commander, conquered the eastern half of Crete, except for the fortress of Siteia.
April 1648: By the beginning of 1648, all of Crete, except Candia and a few strongholds like the island of Gramvousa, was in Ottoman hands.
January 1654: In 1653, the Ottomans took the island fortress of Selino in Suda Bay.
September 1669: Siege of Candia.
11.7.2.War in Dalmatia
Was the Dalmatian theatre of the Cretan War (1645-1669).
July 1646: The supposedly impregnable fortress of Novigrad surrendered.
January 1647: The Ottomans launched a large-scale attack in 1646, and made some significant gains, including the capture of the islands of Krk, Pag and Cres.
January 1648: Venetian commander Leonardo Foscolo seized several forts and retook Novigrad, temporarily captured the fortress of Knin and took Klis.
11.7.3.Cretan War (1645-1669) Peace Treaty
Was the peace treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice that ended the Cretan War (1645-1669). Venice aknowledged the loss of Crete. At the same time the borders of the Venetian possession in Dalmatia were officially established with the Nani Line, and Venice had some territorial gains in Dalmatia.
October 1671: The Nani line (later called the Purchase Vecchio) was the border line established in Dalmatia on October 30 1671 between the Venetian and Ottoman possessions, following the War of Candia.
January 1672: The peace treaty between Venice and the Sublime Porte was signed two years after the loss of Candia, in 1671, sanctioning the definitive loss of Crete for the Venetians, even though they were allowed to keep only the fortress-islands of Gambusa, Suda and Spinalonga.
January 1672: In 1671, the territory of Nani Line was acquired by the Republic of Venice. This expansion in Dalmatia was part of Venice's efforts to strengthen its control in the region, following the end of the war.
11.8.Ottoman-Venetian War (1714-1718)
Was a war between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire.
11.8.1.Ottoman conquest of the Venetians possessions in Greece
Was the Ottoman invasion of Venetian-held Peloponnese.
June 1715: The Ottoman army crossed the Isthmus of Corinth and entered the Morea. The citadel of Acrocorinth, which controlled the passage to the peninsula, surrendered after a brief siege.
July 1715: The Ottoman Fleet, numbering 80 warships under Canum Hoca, captured the last Venetian possessions in the Aegean, the islands of Tinos and Aigina.
July 1715: After only nine days of siege, the Ottomans exploded a mine under the bastions of Palamidi and successfully stormed the fort.
September 1715: Gathered their remaining forces at Methoni (Modon). However, being denied effective support from the sea by Delfin's reluctance to endanger his fleet by engaging the Ottoman navy, the fort capitulated.
September 1715: The Ottomans then advanced to the southwest, where the forts of Navarino and Koroni were abandoned by the Venetians.
January 1716: Tinos conquered by Ottoman Empire.
January 1716: Poros, along with Methana, Troezen, and Epidaurus, was part of the Venetian Colony from 1484 to 1715. In 1715, the territory was taken over by the Ottoman Empire. This marked the end of Venetian control in the region.
January 1716: Venice conquered Kythira Island (Cerigo) and Antikythera Island (Cerigotto).
11.9.Ottoman-Venetian War (1714-18)
Was a war between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire between 1714 and 1718. It was the last conflict between the two powers, and ended with an Ottoman victory and the loss of Venice's major possession in the Greek peninsula, the Peloponnese (Morea).
July 1718: The Mocenigo line (later called the Acqui Nuovissimo) was the border line established in Dalmatia in 1721 between the Venetian and Ottoman possessions, following the Peace of Passarowitz of 21 July 1718.
July 1718: The Mocenigo line (later called the Acqui Nuovissimo) was the border line established in Dalmatia in 1721 between the Venetian and Ottoman possessions, following the Pace of Passarowitz of 21 July 1718.
Expansion during the rule of Francesco Foscari in the Republic of Venice.
April 1442: In 1442, the southern part of Zeta was attacked by the Venetians, led by Doge Francesco Foscari. The territory was eventually conquered and incorporated into the Republic of Venice, marking a significant expansion of Venetian influence in the region.
January 1443: Venetian colony of Drisht (Drivasto) in the periods 1393-1423 and 1442-1478.
January 1445: The maximum extent of Venetian Albania was reached in 1444.
Were a series of Wars between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire.
13.1.Crusade of Varna
Was an unsuccessful military campaign mounted by several European leaders to check the expansion of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans.
13.1.1.Christian Invasion (Varna Crusade)
Was a Christian military campaign agains the Ottoman in the Balkans.
November 1443: The Battle of Niš in 1443 was a significant military confrontation where John Hunyadi, a Hungarian military leader, led crusaders to capture the Ottoman stronghold of Nish, located in present-day Serbia. This victory marked a temporary occupation of the territory by Hungary, Poland, and Serbia.
December 1443: The Christians, led by John Hunyadi of Hungary, Vladislav III of Poland, and George Brankovic of Serbia, reached the Zlatitsa pass in 1443 but were stopped by the Ottomans, leading to a military occupation of the territory by Hungary, Poland, and Serbia.
13.2.Polish-Ottoman War (1633-34)
Was a conflict between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire with its vassals.
October 1633: In mid-October 1633, Polish King Władysław IV Vasa was near Chocim (Khotyn) during the Polish-Ottoman War. The city was under Turkish military occupation at the time.
October 1633: Abazy crossed the Dniestr about October 20.
October 1633: In 1633, Abazy Pasha, the Ottoman governor of Podolia, attacked the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth with his full forces but was repelled with heavy losses. As a result, he ordered a retreat from all occupied regions back to Ottoman territory.
13.3.Polish-Ottoman War (1672-1676)
Was a war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire. The war ended with the Commonwealth ceding control of most of its Ukraine territories to the Ottomans.
13.3.1.First Phase of the Polish-Ottoman War (1672-1676)
Was the first phase of the Polish-Ottoman War (1672-1676), where the Ottomans invaded the Ukrainian territories of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
September 1672: Kamieniec Podolski was a key fortress in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Ottoman forces, led by Grand Vizier Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed and Sultan Mehmed IV, successfully invaded the territory in 1672, marking a significant victory for the Ottoman Empire in the region.
13.3.1.1.Treaty of Buchach
Was a treaty that ended the first phase of the Polish-Ottoman War (1672-1676).
October 1672: The Poles were forced to sign the Peace of Buczacz in October that year, which ceded to the Ottomans the Commonwealth part of Ukraine.
13.3.2.Second Phase of the Polish-Ottoman War (1672-1676)
Was the second phase of the Polish-Ottoman War (1672-1676). The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth got part of its Ukrainian territories back.
October 1676: The Treaty of Żurawno ended the second phase of the Polish-Ottoman War (1672-76). It revised the 1672 Treaty of Buchach, and was more favorable to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which no longer had to pay tribute, and regained about one third of the Ukrainian territories lost in the Buchach treaty.
Wars during the rule of Mehmed II in the Ottoman Sultanate.
November 1444: Ottomans secured tthe Despotate of Dobruja after the Battle of Varna.
July 1454: Without formally declaring an end to the peace treaty, Sultan Mehmed II invaded Serbia in mid-July 1454. Much of central Serbia fell.
June 1455: Novo Brdo, a strategic mining town in the Balkans, was besieged by the Ottoman Empire in 1455. The town fell after being bombarded with heavy cannons, leading to its territory being taken over by the Ottomans.
October 1455: The rest of southern Serbia was occupied by the Ottomans.
January 1456: The Venetian Bozcaada Island (Tenedo) was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
January 1457: Ainos conquered by Ottoman Empire.
January 1457: In 1456, after the Fall of Constantinople (1453) to the Ottoman Empire, Turahanoğlu Ömer Bey conquered the remnants of the Duchy of Athens.
January 1457: Thasos was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1456.
January 1457: Samothrace conquered by Ottoman Empire.
January 1459: Ragusa conquered by the Ottomans.
April 1459: By the start of the reign of Stephen Tomašević Serbia was reduced to only a strip of land along the Danube.
June 1459: Sultan Mehmed II decided to conquer Serbia completely and arrived at Smederevo. The new ruler did not even try to defend the city. After negotiations, Bosnians were allowed to leave the city and Serbia was officially conquered by Turks on June 20, 1459.
May 1460: After more years of incompetent rule by the despots, their failure to pay their annual tribute to the Sultan, and finally their own revolt against Ottoman rule, Mehmed came into the Morea in May 1460. Demetrios ended up a prisoner of the Ottomans and his younger brother Thomas fled. By the end of the summer the Ottomans had achieved the submission of virtually all cities possessed by the Greeks.
January 1461: The Ottoman empire occupied the region of Angelokastron.
January 1461: Venetian Spetses (Velvina or Spezia) is conquered by the Ottomans.
January 1461: In 1460, the Beylik of Canik was annexed by the Ottoman Empire.
January 1461: Amasra, the most important fortress of the Genoese on the Black Sea coast, was besieged and captured.
August 1461: After the emperor of the Empire of Trebizond refused to pay tribute and made an alliance with the Akkoyunlu Mehmed led a campaign against Trebizond by land and sea. After a siege of more than 32 days, Trebizond and the emperor surrendered and the Empire came to an end.
January 1462: The Beylik of Jandar was annexed by the Ottoman Empire.
September 1462: The island of Lesbos was captured following a siege of its capital, Mytilene, and annexed.
January 1463: In 1462, Gökçeada Island (Imbro) was taken over by the Ottoman Empire.
January 1463: The Ottomans appointed Vlad's brother Radu as a vassal ruler of Wallachia.
January 1463: Vlad the Impaler who with Ottoman help had become the Ottoman vassal ruler of Wallachia, refused to pay tribute after some years and invaded Ottoman territory in northern Bulgaria. At that point Mehmed, with the main Ottoman army, was on the Trebizond campaign in Asia. When Mehmed returned from his Trebizond campaign he led a campaign against Wallachia. Vlad fled after some resistance to Hungary. Mehmed first made Wallachia an Ottoman eyalet.
June 1463: Mehmed led a campaign against the Kingdom of Bosnia and annexed it to the Ottoman Empire.
January 1469: After the death of Skanderbeg, the renowned Albanian military leader, in 1468, the Ottoman Empire was able to easily conquer and subdue the entire territory of Albania, with the exception of the region of Kruje and Venetian Albania.
June 1475: In May 1475, the Ottoman commander Gedik Ahmet Pasha conquered Caffa.
July 1475: Soldaia or Sugdeia (today's Sudak) - 1266/87-1322, 1358/65-1475 in the intermediate period she was Venetian.
November 1475: At the end of the year, after a five-month siege, Doros, the capital of the Theodoro principality, also fell into Ottoman hands.
January 1476: Genoese domination over Anapa lasted until the arrival of an Ottoman fleet in 1475.
January 1476: The Genoese outpost of Cembalo, now Balaklava, part of the city of Sevastopol in Crimea, was conquered by the Turks.
January 1476: In 1475, the Genoese colony of Vosporo (modern-day Kerč, Crimea) was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
January 1479: In 1478 the Crimean Khanate recognized Ottoman suzerainty.
January 1480: Cephalonia and Ithaca, originally part of the Palatine county and the Orsini-ruled Despotate of Epirus, came under Ottoman rule in 1479.
January 1480: The Ottoman Empire captured Shkodra.
January 1480: In 1479 the Principality of Zeta fell under Turkish rule.
January 1480: Duke Leonardo III Tocco was expelled by the Ottomans in 1479 along with his brothers Antonio and Giovanni Tocco.
February 1480: The forces of Samtskhe-Saatabago leave Erzurum after a raid.
14.1.Fall of Constantinople
Was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire. The city was captured on 29 May 1453 after a 53-day siege which had begun on 6 April. The conquest of Constantinople and the fall of the Byzantine Empire marked the effective end of the last remains of the Roman Empire.
May 1453: In 1453, during the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople, the Genoese territory of Galata was taken over by the Ottoman Sultanate under the leadership of Mehmed the Conqueror.
May 1453: Mehmed II "the Conqueror" captured the Byzantine capital Constantinople in 1453. This marked the end of the Byzantine Empire. Sultan Mehmed II made Constantinople his capital, renaming it Istanbul
May 1453: The Ottoman Sultanate is considered an Empire after the conquest of Constantinople.
July 1453: On May 29, 1453, after a siege of almost two months, the imperial capital fell to Mehmed II. The last Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI. died during the fighting for the city.
November 1453: After the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the Northern Sporades (Skiathos, Skopelos, and Alonissos) became part of the Republic of Venice.
January 1454: After the fall of Constantinople in 1453 the Byzantine forces in Imbros left the island.
January 1454: After the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople, the Greek islands of Skyros, Skiathos and Skopolos granted themselves to Venice.
14.2.Siege of Belgrade (1456)
After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror rallied his resources to subjugate the Kingdom of Hungary. His immediate objective was the border fort of the town of Belgrade (Hungarian: Nándorfehérvár).
July 1456: Siege of Belgrade.
14.3.Ballaban's campaign of 1465
Was a an Ottoman military campaign by Ballaban Badera, sanjakbey of the Sanjak of Ohrid against the Albanian League of Lezhë.
September 1465: Battle of Vaikal: the Turkish strategy was to implement a pincer movement with the goal of entering in central Albania in full force, storming what was supposed to be a hesitant Albanian defense. Skanderbeg, however, defeated both armies.
September 1465: Battle of Kashari: the Turkish strategy was to implement a pincer movement with the goal of entering in central Albania in full force, storming what was supposed to be a hesitant Albanian defense. Skanderbeg, however, defeated both armies.
October 1465: After being defeated by Skanderbeg in Vaikal and Kashari, the Turkish army left Albania.
Were two conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt that ended with the annexion of the latter by the Ottomans.
15.1.Ottoman-Mamluk War (1485-1491)
The Ottoman-Mamluk war took place from 1485 to 1491, when the Ottoman Empire invaded the Mamluk Sultanate territories of Anatolia and Syria.
February 1485: The Ottoman forces, led by Sultan Bayezid II, subdued the rebellious Turgudlu and Vasak tribes in Adana, Cilicia in 1485. The military occupation of the territory by the Ottomans marked their expansion and consolidation of power in the region.
March 1485: In 1485, the Ottoman army, led by Karagöz Mehmed and Hersekzade Ahmed, suffered a defeat before Adana against the Ramadanid Emirate (Mamluk). As a result, Cilicia was once again under Mamluk control.
June 1488: The Ottoman army, led by Sultan Bayezid II, secured control of Cilicia, including Adana, in 1488. This military occupation marked the expansion of the Ottoman Empire into the region, consolidating their power in Anatolia.
August 1488: The Mamluk and Ottoman armies met at Ağaçarıyı near Adana on 26 August 1488. Initially, the Ottomans made good progress on their left, but their own right flank was driven back. When the Karaman soldiers fled the battlefield, the Ottomans were forced to retreat, conceding the field and the victory to the Mamluks.
December 1488: The Mamluks laid siege to Adana, which fell after three months.
January 1491: In 1490, the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, led by Sultan Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri, launched an offensive campaign into Karaman and besieged the city of Kayseri, located in modern-day Turkey. The Mamluks were successful in capturing the territory during this military campaign.
February 1491: In 1491, the Karamanids, led by Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha, were besieging Kayseri. The Ottoman Empire sent a relief army, prompting the Karamanids to retreat back to Cilicia. Ahmed Pasha was a prominent military leader in the Ottoman Empire at the time.
June 1491: A treaty was signed by the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire which fixed their mutual border at the Gülek Pass in the Taurus Mountains.
15.2.Ottoman-Mamluk War (1516-17)
Was the second major conflict between the Egypt-based Mamluk Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire, which led to the fall of the Mamluk Sultanate and the incorporation of the Levant, Egypt, and the Hejaz as provinces of the Ottoman Empire.
August 1516: Ottoman conquest of Syria.
October 1516: Battle of Yaunis Khan.
January 1517: The Battle of Ridaniya in 1517 saw the Ottoman commander Hadım Sinan Pasha lose his life at the doorstep of Cairo. Following this, the Ottomans captured and sacked Cairo, solidifying their control over Egypt.
April 1517: The last Mamluk sulatn Tuman Bay was finally captured by the Ottomans and hanged at the gate of Cairo. As a consequence the Sharif of Mecca also submitted to the Ottomans, placing the holy cities of Mecca and Medina under Ottoman rule.
Conquests and wars with Ottoman involvement during the rule of Suleiman I.
January 1521: Kheireddine Barbarossa seizes the city of Collo with the help of the locals.
August 1521: In July 1521 there was a Crimean campaign against the Muscovite Empire.
August 1521: Siege of Belgrade.
January 1522: Constantine conquered by Ottoman Empire.
January 1522: The Jabrid Emirate, ruled by the Jabrid dynasty, collapsed in 1521 after being invaded by the Muntafiq tribe of Basrah and later by the Ottoman Turks. The territory was then absorbed into the expanding Ottoman Empire.
January 1522: An assembly made up of Algiers notables decided to submit Algeria to the Ottoman Empire.
January 1523: The Beylik of Dulkadir was annexed by the Ottoman Empire.
January 1523: Annaba conquered by Ottoman Empire.
January 1523: The Knights were ousted by the Ottomans from the island of Rhodes (and neighbouring islands of the Dodecanese island group).
January 1523: Venetian Syros (Siro), 1207-1522.
January 1524: The Khanate of Astrakhan was twice briefly occupied by Mehmed I Giray, a prominent ruler of the Crimean Khanate, which was a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire. This occurred in 1523 as part of the ongoing power struggles in the region.
January 1525: Hasankeyf passed to Ottoman rule in 1524 with the uprising of the Kurdish tribes.
January 1526: The Ottomans recaptured Alger definitively in 1525.
January 1527: The Ottomans occupied Sawakin.
July 1527: In an attempt to unite with the forces of Ferdinand, Jovan Nenad was severely wounded in Szeged. In his retreat towards Senta, he was intercepted and murdered by the Ottomans in the village of Tornjoš.
January 1530: In 1529, a treaty was signed according to which the kingdom of Koukou became dependent on the regency against recognition of its autonomy.
January 1530: John I of Hungary swore fealty to the Ottoman sultan in 1529.
January 1530: A treaty is signed between the Kingdom ot Ait Abbas and the Kingdom of Kalâa.
January 1532: In 1531, the prince of Bitlis withdrew his support for the Ottomans and turned towards the Safavids instead, an event that lead to the capture of the principality by the Ottomans.
January 1533: The region of Syrmia was conquered by the Ottomans.
August 1534: The Ottomans conquered Tunis in 1534.
January 1535: In 1534, during the 6th (Irakeyn) campaign of Suleyman I, Pargalı İbrahim Pasha annexed the Afshar territory to the Ottoman realm.
January 1538: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1538.
January 1539: Ottoman sultan Suleiman occupied Suceava and annexed Bessarabia.
January 1539: In 1538, Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent invaded the Kingdom of Moldavia. Prince Peter IV Rareş sought refuge in Transylvania as Suleiman's forces occupied key Moldavian cities, such as the capital of Jassy.
January 1541: Annaba is acquired by the Ottoman Empire.
January 1542: Hotin conquered by turkey.
January 1542: In 1541, the city of Biskra was conquered by the Ottoman Empire under the leadership of Hayreddin Barbarossa, a famous Ottoman admiral and privateer.
January 1542: The Khotyn area becomes part of Moldavia.
January 1546: Samtskhe became a vassal of the Ottoman Empire.
January 1550: Khanate of Astrakhan conquered by turkey.
January 1551: In 1550, the Ottoman Empire imposed a naval blockade on Guria and annexed its southern provinces of Adjara, Northern Chaneti, and Machakheli.
January 1551: The State of Tlemcen is annexed to the Regency of Algiers (1550).
August 1551: Tripoli (1510-1530), then ceded to the Knights Hospitaller, was lost in 1551.
November 1552: Salah Raïs, bey of Algiers, led an expedition against Tuggurt in 1552. The Ben Djellab surrendered in the face of enemy artillery; politically they became vassals of Algiers and paid it tribute.
January 1554: A Spanish garrison remained in Mahdiya until 1553, when it was conquered by the Ottomans.
February 1554: Sultan Abū Hasūn `Ali was the ruler of Fez who fled to Europe in 1550. The Pasha of Algiers supported him with an army to reclaim Fez from the Saadians. In January 1554, the Ottoman Empire, led by Abu Hassoun, successfully occupied Fez.
January 1555: Ali Abu Hassun, new Wattasid ruler of Morocco in 1554, then gave the Peñón to Ottoman troops who had assisted him in gaining the throne.
October 1555: In 1555, the Ottomans, supported by the Kabyles, won the Battle of Béjaia and liberated the city from Spanish occupation.
January 1557: In 1556, the Turkish corsair Dragut, who ruled in Tripoli, attacked Tunisia from the east. He successfully entered Kairouan in 1558, further expanding the Ottoman Empire's territory in North Africa.
January 1558: The Sultanate of Dahlak was occupied by the Ottoman Empire, who made it part of the Habesh Eyalet.
January 1558: coastline of medri bahri conquered by Ottoman Empire.
January 1560: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1560.
January 1560: Turks briefly occupied the highland parts of Baharnagash in 1559.
January 1561: The area was occupied by Ottoman forces in the middle of the 16th century under the leadership of Suleiman the Magnificent, who expanded the empire's territory into the Lhasa eyalet region in 1560.
January 1561: The Tunisian Island of Djerba was controlled by Spanish forces from 1521 to 1524 and from 1559 to 1560. The Spanish called the Island Yerba.
January 1562: Tripoli was besieged and conquered by famed Ottoman admirals Sinan Pasha and Turgut Reis. Declared as Bey and later Pasha of Tripoli, Turgut Reis submitted the tribes of the interior and several cities like Misrata, Zuwara, Gharyan, and Gafsa in the next decade.
16.1.Moldavian-Ottoman War
Was a conflict between Moldavia and the Ottoman Empire.
January 1505: After 1504, Moldavia fell into decline and was forced to accept vassalage for the Porte.
February 1539: In 1539, the Kingdom of Moldavia was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. Prince Peter IV Rareş fled to Transylvania as Suleiman invaded and occupied major cities, including the capital of Jassy.
16.1.1.Ottoman conquest of the Budjak fortress
Moldavia had to surrender Chilia (Kiliya) and Cetatea Albă (Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi), the two main fortresses in the Budjak, to the Ottomans.
January 1485: Ottoman conquest of Chilia and Cetatea Albă, the two main fortresses in the Budjak.
January 1485: In 1484, the Ottomans managed to annex Chilia and Akkerman.
16.2.Siege of Rhodes (1522)
The Siege of Rhodes of 1522 was the second and ultimately successful attempt by the Ottoman Empire to expel the Knights of Rhodes from their island.
December 1522: With the the Siege of Rhodes of 1522, the Ottoman Empire expelled the Knights of Rhodes from their island, removing the last serious threat to Ottoman naval power in the eastern Mediterranean and Aegean.
16.3.Italian War of 1536-1538
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars. It was a conflict between King Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain. The objective was to achieve control over territories in Northern Italy, in particular the Duchy of Milan.
16.4.Ottoman-Portuguese conflicts (1538-1559)
Were a series of confrontations between the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire that took place in the Indian Ocean, the Persian Gulf, and the Red Sea.
January 1539: Aden was ruled by the Ottoman Empire between 1538 and 1547.
February 1548: The Capture of Aden of 1548 was accomplished when Ottomans under Piri Reis managed to take the harbour of Aden in Yemen from the Portuguese.
January 1551: In 1550, the inhabitants of Al-Hasa voluntarily submitted to the rule of the Ottomans, preferring them to the Portuguese.
September 1552: The Turks captured Muscat from the Portuguese.
January 1553: In 1552, the Turks, led by Ottoman admiral Piri Reis, captured Muscat from the Portuguese in a significant event known as the Capture of Muscat. This marked a turning point in the struggle for control over the strategic port city in the Arabian Peninsula.
January 1558: In 1557 the Ottoman captured the port of Massawa.
16.5.Mediterranean campaigns
Was a French and Ottoman naval campaign during the Italian War of 1551-1559.
16.5.1.Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands
Was the Ottoman invasion of Corsica during the Italian War of 1551-1559.
16.6.Ottoman conquest of Habesh
Was an Ottoman military campaign in modern-day Eritrea.
Was a series of wars fought between the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Khanate of Kazan from 1439, until Kazan was finally conquered by the Tsardom of Russia under Ivan the Terrible in 1552.
17.1.Wars of Vasily III
Russian military campaign against the Khanate of Kazan by Vasily III.
September 1521: End of the Crimean campaign against the Muscovites.
January 1524: Expansion of the Grand Duchy of Moscow by 1524.
Were a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Domains. The conflicts started with the partition of Hungary between the Ottomans and the Habsburgs after the Battle of Mohács (1526).
18.1.Habsburg-Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526-1568)
Were a series of wars between the Habsburgs and the Ottoman Empire over the control of Hungary. The Kingdom of Hungary had ceased to exist after its defeat by the Ottomans in the battle of Mohács (1526). The Ottomans had then taken control of the southern regions of Hungary, whereas the Habsurgs, that had inherited the throne, were able to took control of the northern regions.
November 1529: The Austrian army reached Ofen on August 18, 1527 without any major difficulties.
December 1529: After the Siege of Buda in 1529, the Ottoman army, led by Suleiman the Magnificent, withdrew through Belgrade. However, Ottoman troops remained in border fortresses, maintaining a presence in the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom.
December 1529: After the Siege of Buda in 1529, the Ottoman army, led by Suleiman the Magnificent, withdrew through Belgrade. However, Ottoman troops remained in the border fortresses, maintaining a presence in the region.
January 1531: The Duchy of Syrmia becomes a Habsburg vassal.
September 1543: The Ottomans took Stuhlweißenburg at the beginning of September.
January 1545: The army campaigns of 1543-44 left only one secure road link to Royal Hungary, along the Vág valley, and this further decreased Habsburg support in the kingdom.
January 1546: After a failed siege of Esztergom in 1545, Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent soon withdrew his forces from the city.
January 1547: Suleiman took most of central Hungary under direct Ottoman rule as Budin Province.
January 1552: A Habsburg army marched into Transylvania and the Tisza region, under Giovanni Battista Castaldo.
January 1553: Erasmus von Teufel was a military commander serving the Habsburg forces, while Ali Pasha was the governor of the Ottoman Empire. The skirmish near the palace in Szolnok resulted in a victory for Ali Pasha's troops, leading to the Ottoman conquest of the territory in 1552.
January 1553: The Ottomans besieged for a year before being able to occupy the fort.
January 1553: In 1552, Lippa was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. The territory was taken by the Ottoman general Mustafa Pasha, who led the successful military campaign to capture the town. This event was part of the Ottoman Empire's expansion efforts in the region during the 16th century.
January 1553: The Ottomans incorporated the area around Temesvar into their dominions.
January 1554: The Habsburg withdrew their troops from Transylvania.
January 1557: In 1556 the Ottomans attacked Szigetvár because numerous raids on their territory had been carried out from there.
February 1557: The Ottomans were not able to conquer Szigetvár and thus left the area.
September 1566: The Siege of Szigetvár in 1566 was a key battle between the Ottoman Empire, led by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, and the Habsburg Monarchy, led by Croatian-Hungarian nobleman Nikola Šubić Zrinski. The Ottoman victory resulted in the territory of Szigetvár falling under Ottoman control.
January 1567: The city of Gyula was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1566. This event was part of the Ottoman-Habsburg wars, with the Ottoman forces led by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. Gyula was an important strategic location in the region, and its capture further solidified Ottoman control in Hungary.
January 1567: The Habsburg troops managed to conquer the town of Veszprém and the Totis Castle.
18.1.1.Ottoman invasion of Hungary
Was a Ottoman military campaign that led to the collapse of the Kingdom of Hungary in the Battle of Mohács fought on 29 August 1526.
August 1526: The Hungarians were defeated at the Battle of Mohács. The Battle marked the beginning of Ottoman domination of South-Central Europe.
September 1526: The Ottomans took Furnace (Buda) on September 10th.
September 1526: On September 25, Pest was occupied by the Ottomans and set on fire.
September 1526: The Ottoman army withdrew from Belgrade.
October 1526: Right after the battle of Mohács, Jovan Nenad appeared between Tisza and Danube as a leader of a Serb regiment. He quickly drove the Ottomans from Bačka and parts of Banat and Syrmia, which he then ruled independently.
November 1526: On 29 August 1526, at the Battle of Mohács, the Christian forces led by Louis II of Hungary were defeated by Ottoman forces led by Suleiman. The Ottoman victory led to the partition of Hungary for several centuries between the Ottoman Empire, the Habsburg Monarchy, and the Principality of Transylvania.
November 1526: Battle of Mohacs.
November 1527: Radoslav Čelnik, a Serb general (vojvoda) in the army of Jovan Nenad, the titular Serbian Emperor, ruled over Syrmia as Duke as an Ottoman vassal from 1527.
18.1.2.Hungarian campaign of 1527-1528
Was a military campaign by Habsburg ruler Ferdinand I against the Ottoman Empire and its vassals in Hungary.
January 1529: Following the Battle of Mohács, the Ottomans were forced to withdraw as events elsewhere in their now massive Empire required the Sultan's attention. Seizing upon their absence, Ferdinand I attempted to enforce his claim as King of Hungary. In 1527 he drove back the Ottoman vassal John Zápolya and captured Buda, Győr, Komárom, Esztergom, and Székesfehérvár by 1528.
18.1.3.Suleiman I's campaign of 1529
Was an Ottoman military campaign led by Suleiman I in Hungary.
September 1529: On September 8 Buda surrendered to the Ottomans.
September 1529: On 27 September, Ottoman Sultan Suleiman reached Vienna.
October 1529: End of the Ottoman Siege of Vienna.
18.2.Long Turkish War
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburgs (along with their respective allies) over the control of Romanian and Hungarian territories.
September 1592: In the summer of 1592, Ottoman forces captured the Habsburg border fortress of Bihać.
January 1595: In 1594, the Ottoman army, led by Sultan Mehmed III, successfully captured the main Hungarian fortress of Raab. This conquest was part of the Ottoman Empire's expansion into Hungarian territory during the Long War (1593-1606) against the Habsburg Monarchy.
September 1595: On September 7th of that year, after a siege by Karl von Mansfeld for several months, Gran fell back into Austrian hands.
October 1596: On October 12, 1596, the Ottomans managed to take the fortress of Erlau with his 100,000-strong army.
October 1596: The Battle of Mezőkeresztes in 1596 was fought between the Ottoman Empire, led by Sultan Mehmed III, and the Holy Roman Empire. The Ottoman victory allowed them to advance further into Central Europe, posing a threat to the Holy Roman Empire.
January 1599: In 1598, the Habsburg troops under Adolf von Schwarzenberg and Nicholas II Pálffy succeeded in recapturing the Raab and Veszprém (Weissbrunn) fortresses from the Ottomans.
October 1600: Wallachia was in personal union with Moldavia until September 1600.
January 1601: In 1600, the Habsburg fortress Pápa was lost to the Ottoman Empire during the Long War. The fortress was under the command of General Giorgio Basta, a prominent military leader in the Habsburg army.
January 1602: Wallachia was in personal union with Transylvania 1600.
January 1602: In 1601 Stuhlweißenburg was conquered by the Ottomans, who were finally able to take the important fortress of Kanischa after a two-month siege.
January 1603: In 1602, the Habsburgs, led by Archduke Matthias of Austria, recaptured Stuhlweißenburg from the Ottoman Empire.
June 1606: By the Peace of Vienna, Bocskay obtained religious liberty and political autonomy.
18.2.1.Peace of Zsitvatorok
Was a peace treaty which ended the 15-year Long Turkish War between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy on 11 November 1606.
November 1606: The Principality of Transylvania became de facto independent.
November 1606: With the Peace of Zsitvatorok, the Ottomans kept Eger and Nagykanizsa, while the fortresses north of Buda, which had been conquered by the Habsburgs at the beginning of the war, remained in their possession. The status quo ante of 1593 applied to the remaining borders.
18.3.Austro-Turkish War (1663-64)
Was a war between the Ottoman Emprie and the Habsburg Domains over territories in Hungary.
October 1663: The Ottomans conquered Neuhäusel Fortress in September.
July 1664: The Ottomans besieged the Neu-Zrin fortress from June 5 to 30, 1664, then took it and destroyed it on July 7, 1664 to the ground.
18.3.1.Peace of Vasvár
Was the treaty that ended the Austro-Turkish War (1663-1664).
August 1664: The Neu-Zrin fortress had to be razed.
18.4.Great Turkish War
Was a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League consisting of the Holy Roman Empire, Poland-Lithuania, Venice, Russia, and Habsburg Hungary.
July 1683: Ottoman siege of Vienna since July 15th.
September 1683: The Habsburg defeated the Ottomans on September 12, 1683 in the Battle of Kahlenberg, ending the Siege of Vienna.
January 1684: Expansion of the Habsburg Domains in the Balkans by 1683.
January 1685: Republic of Ragusa part of Habsburg Austria from 1684.
September 1686: Imperial troops conquered the fortress of Buda.
August 1687: 161 years after independent Hungary ceased to exist in the first Battle of Mohács (1526), the Battle of Hungary broke out again on August 12, 1687 on the same plain. The consequences of this significant Habsburg victory were far-reaching: Charles of Lorraine was able to liberate Esseg and Slavonia, while Transylvania was re-incorporated into Hungary.
September 1689: Imperial troops conquered Niš on September 24, 1689.
October 1689: Widin conquered by austria.
November 1689: The Habsburgs advanced to Bankya (now a suburb of Sofia), Kyustendil Pernik to the east, Skopje Pristina to the south (liberated October 1689).
January 1692: Ottoman conquest of Vlorë (Valona) and Kaninë Castle (Canina).
October 1697: Prince Eugen decided to launch a raid on Bosnia with part of his army. The invasion began on October 13, 1697 from Esseg (today: Osijek). Just ten days later, despite the impassable route through the Bosnian mountains, they reached Sarajevo, 250 km away.
January 1698: The Venetians loose control of Amfissa (Salona) the Ottomans.
January 1699: The Treaty of Karlowitz, signed in Sremski Karlovci, in modern-day Serbia, concluded the Great Turkish War of 1683-1697.
March 1701: The Grimani line (later known as the New Purchase) was the border line established in Dalmatia in February 1701 between the Venetian and Ottoman possessions, following the Peace of Carlowitz of 26 January 1699.
18.4.1.Morean War
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice, part of the Great Turkish War. Venice succesfully invaded and occupied the Peloponnese.
August 1684: Lefkada (Santa Maura) was conquered by Venice after a brief siege of 16 days, on 6 August 1684.
October 1684: Acarniana fell under venetian rule.
October 1684: In September 1684, at the early part of the Morean War, the Venetians, aided by Greek irregulars, crossed from the island of Lefkada (Santa Maura) and captured Preveza as well as Vonitsa.
August 1685: In 1685, the Venetian army, led by General Francesco Morosini, laid siege to the former Venetian fort of Koroni in Greece. The castle, defended by the Ottoman Empire, surrendered after 49 days, leading to the territory of Koroni being transferred to the Republic of Venice.
June 1686: The fortress of Navarino surrendered in 1686 to the Republic of Venice.
July 1686: Methoni was taken by Venice after an effective bombardment destroyed the fort's walls.
September 1686: Nafplion was forced to surrender on September 3, 1686, during the Morean War, led by the Venetian general Francesco Morosini. The city was then taken over by the Republic of Venice.
July 1687: In 1687, during the Morean War, the Venetians, led by Francesco Morosini, successfully captured the citadel of Patras and the forts of Rion, Antirrion, and Nafpaktos (Lepanto) from the Ottoman Empire.
August 1687: Corinth was occupied by Venice.
August 1687: Mystra, a fortified town in the Peloponnese region of Greece, surrendered to the Republic of Venice in 1687.
September 1687: Taking Eleusis, Athens was also briefly conquered, whose Acropolis was besieged by the Venetians from September 23 to 29.
January 1688: Venetian occupation of Amfissa (Salona) from 1687.
January 1688: Gerolamo Cornaro, provveditore general in Dalmatia on behalf of the Republic of Venice, bent the Turkish resistance after a tough siege.
January 1688: Venice controlled Argos from 1687 to 1715.
January 1689: Venetians conquered Risan and Knin.
January 1691: The Peloponnese was under complete Venetian control, and only the fort of Monemvasia in the southeast continued to resist, holding out until 1690.
January 1691: Venetian colonies in Vlorë (Valona) and Kaninë Castle (Canina) from 1690.
18.4.2.Russo-Turkish War (1686-1700)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Tsardom of Russia that began after the Tsardom of Russia joined the European anti-Turkish coalition (Habsburg monarchy, Poland-Lithuania, Venice) in 1686, after Poland-Lithuania agreed to recognize Russian incorporation of Kiev and the left bank of Ukraine.
June 1687: In 1687, during the First Crimean Campaign, the Russians, led by Tsar Ivan V, reached the Konskiye Vody river in Crimea.
June 1687: On 17 June the Russians decided to turn back from Crimea.
May 1689: Second crimean campaign: by 3 May they were at the point where the 1687 expedition had turned back.
May 1689: On 20 May the Russian army reached the isthmus of Perekop.
June 1689: Because the Tatars had dug a 7 km ditch which made moving the artillery forward impossible, Prince Vasily Golitsyn ordered the Russian army to turn back from their campaign in the Crimean Khanate.
July 1696: The Azov garrison surrendered on July 19 to Russian forces.
18.4.3.Habsburg Occupation of Serbia
Various regions of present-day Serbia (which were de jure Ottoman territory) were occupied by the Habsburg monarchy.
September 1688: Habsburg victory in the Siege of Belgrade (1688).
January 1690: Habsburg forces continued their advance towards south, taking Niš and reaching Prizren and Skopje (1689).
July 1690: In 1690, a full-scale Ottoman counter-offensive was launched, forcing Habsburg commanders and the Serbian Militia to retreat to the north.
October 1690: The Siege of Belgrade in 1690 was led by Grand Vizier Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha of the Ottoman Empire. The Battle of Slankamen in 1691 saw the Ottoman forces defeated by Prince Eugene of Savoy, leading to the liberation of Syrmia from Ottoman control.
18.4.4.Treaty of Karlowitz
Was a treaty that concluded the Great Turkish War and the Morean War. The Ottoman Empire suffered major territorial losses.
January 1699: Following the 1699 Treaty of Karlowitz, Transylvania was formally attached to the Habsburg-controlled Hungary.
January 1699: The peace of Carlowitz sanctioned the victory of the Holy League and the cession of the Kingdom of Morea to the Venetians.
January 1699: The Treaty of Karlowitz confirmed the Venetian possession of Kephalonia, and the Morea with the island of Aigina, which became organized as the "Kingdom of the Morea".
January 1700: At the end of the war in 1699 Preveza was handed back to Ottoman rule.
18.5.Austro-Russian-Turkish War (1735-39)
Was a war mainly between Russia and the Ottoman Empire.
May 1736: On May 28, 1736, Field Marshal Münnich's main army (about 50,000 strong) broke through the defense line and captured the same city.
July 1736: The city of Bachchysaraj, seat of the Crimean Tatar Khans, was devastated along with the peninsula before Münnich had to return to Ukraine due to supply shortages and diseases that had occurred in his army.
July 1736: General Peter Lacy occupied Azov with his troops (about 15,000 men) on July 4.
August 1736: The city of Bachchysaraj, seat of the Crimean Tatar Khans, was devastated along with the peninsula before Münnich had to return to Ukraine due to supply shortages and diseases that had occurred in his army.
July 1737: In 1737, Russian General Burkhard Christoph von Münnich led the military occupation of Očakiv, now in Ukraine. He swiftly captured the city without a formal siege by launching a sudden attack on 10 July.
August 1737: A small army corps under the command of General George Olivier Wallis occupied a part of Wallachia.
August 1737: Field Marshal Friedrich Heinrich von Seckendorff was a German military officer who served in the Habsburg army. Niš was a strategic city in the Ottoman Empire, located in modern-day Serbia. The occupation of Niš by Seckendorff's army was part of the Habsburg Empire's expansion into Ottoman territories in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
August 1737: In july the Russian Army managed to break into Crimea.
September 1737: The Russian Army leaves central Crimea including Bachčysaraj.
September 1737: The Russian Army occupies Crimea.
November 1737: Niš was reconquered by a Turkish army.
August 1738: General Lacy, who with 35,000 men had to proceed again towards the Crimea to conquer the city of Caffa, occupied Perekop in July.
January 1739: The Ochakiv fortress had to be left to the Turks again that year without fighting.
January 1739: With the help of significantly improved artillery, the Turks reconquered the Serbian fortresses that had fallen into Austrian hands step by step and in May entered Banat and occupied Mehadia. by the end of the year the Ottomans had captured Mehadia, Orșova, Ada Kaleh, Smederevo and Užice.
August 1739: The Russians defeated the Turks on August 27 near Stavučany and the city of Chotyn fell to them soon after.
18.5.1.Treaty of Belgrade
Was a peace treaty signed on September 18, 1739 in Belgrade, Habsburg Kingdom of Serbia (today Serbia), by the Ottoman Empire on one side and the Habsburg Monarchy on the other, that ended the Austro-Turkish War (1737-39).
September 1739: The Treaty of Belgrade, known as the Belgrade peace was the peace treaty signed on September 18, 1739 in Belgrade, Habsburg Kingdom of Serbia (today Serbia), by the Ottoman Empire on one side and the Habsburg Monarchy on the other, that ended the Austro-Turkish War (1737-39).
September 1739: Treaty of Belgrade: Serbia was returned to the Ottoman Empire in 1739.
18.5.2.Treaty of Niš
Was a treaty that ended the Russo-Turkish War of 1735-1739. Russia left most of the territories it had occupied during the war and kept only possession of the the forts of Azob and Zaporižžja.
October 1739: Russia's accession to the Treaty of Belgrade with the Peace of Nyssa (October 3, 1739) was of little benefit to Tsarina Anna. She renounced all territorial conquests made in military campaigns and only the fortresses of Azov and Zaporizhzhya passed under Russian control.
Expansion during the rule of Mohammed ash-Sheikh of the Saadi dynasty.
November 1554: Mohammed ech-Sheikh was the ruler of the Saadi dynasty, who took over Fez in 1554. He successfully reunified Morocco and established his capital in Marrakech, solidifying his control over the region.
Expansion during the rule of Selim II in the Ottoman Empire.
January 1567: Hydra (Idra), 1204-1566 Venetian Colony.
January 1567: The Genoese controlled the island of Chios from 1304 to 1329 and again from 1346 to 1566. In 1566, the territory was taken over by the Ottoman Empire. Chios was an important trading hub for the Genoese, known for its production of mastic resin.
January 1568: Özdemir Pasha, a deputy of the Ottoman Empire admiral, conquered the west bank of the Red Sea in 1567 during the reign of Selim II. This territory roughly corresponds to a narrow coastal strip of Sudan and Eritrea.
January 1570: In 1569, the territory of Tunis was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. In 1573-1574, Spanish forces attempted to regain control of Tunis, but were ultimately unsuccessful in their campaign.
January 1570: The Ottomans again conquered Tunis in 1569 and held it for four years.
January 1571: Losses of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom to the Ottomans by the time of the Treaty of Speyer (1570)
January 1571: The Ottoman Turks made multiple advances further inland conquering Eritrea. The sanjak of Ibrim was established in the 1560s.
March 1571: Upon the death of John II in 1571 the Royal House of Báthory came to power and ruled Transylvania as princes under the Ottomans.
August 1571: Famagusta fell to the Ottomans in August 1571 after a siege that lasted nearly a year.
January 1573: Conquests in Hungary by the Ottomans in 1572.
January 1573: Hotin conquered by turkey.
September 1574: The Conquest of Tunis in 1574 marked the final conquest of Tunis by the Ottoman Empire over the Spanish Empire.
20.1.Conquest of Tunis (1574)
Was the Ottoman conquest of Tunis, controlled by Spain at the time.
September 1574: Final conquest of Tunis by the Ottoman Empire over the Spanish Empire. This was an event of great significance as it decided that North Africa would be under Muslim rather than Christian rule.
Expansion during the rule of Murad III in the Ottoman Empire.
January 1575: In 1574, the city of Sousse, known as Susa, was taken over by the Ottoman Empire from the Spanish. This marked a significant shift in power in the region, with the Ottomans gaining control over the strategic city.
January 1575: The Principality of Moldavia becomes a vassal of the Ottoman Empire.
January 1575: In 1574, La Goulette was captured by the Ottoman Empire from the Spanish.
January 1576: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1576.
January 1578: In 1577, the territory of Ouargla was taken over by the Ottoman Empire. Previously, in the 16th century, the Beylerbey of Algiers Salah Raïs had paid tribute to the populations of Ouargla before it became part of the Eastern Beylik.
January 1579: In 1578, the Ottoman Empire attempted to expand into the highlands of Medri Bahri with the assistance of Bahr negus Yeshaq, who was the ruler of the region at the time. This move was part of the Ottoman Empire's efforts to increase its territorial control and influence in the area.
January 1580: The Duchy of the Archipelago was annexed by the Ottomans in 1579.
January 1581: In the 1570s, the Ottoman navy occupied the fort of Tskhumi, turning it into the Turkish fortress of Suhum-Kale. Abkhazia came under the influence of Turkey.
January 1581: The Shamkhalate of Tarki became a vilayet within Ottoman Empire (1580s-1590s).
January 1586: The Ottomans had pushed as far south as the third Nile cataract and subsequently attempted to conquer Dongola, but, in 1585, were crushed by the Funj at the battle of Hannik. Afterwards, the battlefield, which was located just south of the third Nile cataract, would mark the border between the two kingdoms.
July 1586: In 1585, Ottoman admiral Murat Reis captured the island of Lanzarote in the Canary islands off the West African coast.
January 1588: The Pazuki Principality came to an end in 1587 when it was annexed by the Ottomans.
21.1.Ottoman-Portuguese conflicts (1586-1589)
Were armed military engagements which took place between the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire along the coast of eastern Africa.
21.1.1.Ottoman backed revolt of Indian Ocean coast
Was a revolt backed by the Ottomans in the East African coast against Portuguese rule.
January 1582: Muscat conquered by Ottoman Empire.
January 1586: Ottoman conquest of Mombasa.
January 1587: In 1586, at Pate island, Mir Ali Bey, a prominent Ottoman naval commander, captured a Portuguese merchant carrack. This event was part of the ongoing conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Portuguese Empire for control of trade routes and territories in the Indian Ocean.
January 1587: Barawa and Faza declared their support and allegiance to the Ottoman Empire.
January 1587: In 1586, Mir Ali Bey captured a small galley belonging to Roque de Brito Falcão in Lamu, a port city in present-day Kenya. The king of Lamu handed over Portuguese refugees to the Ottoman Empire, marking a shift in power dynamics in the region.
January 1587: The Ottomans occupied Mombasa and built a fort there.
January 1587: At Mogadishu, Mir Ali Bey convinced its inhabitants to rebel against the Portuguese.
21.1.2.Portuguese Counterattack
Were a series of Portuguese military actions against African rebels and the Ottomans during the Ottoman-Portuguese conflicts (1586-1589).
January 1589: Muscat conquered by portugal.
March 1589: Battle of Mombasa.
May 1589: After capturing the Ottoman corsair Mir Ali Bey, the Portuguese reestablished suzerainty over the entire Swahili coast, using diplomacy or force of arms.
The Crimean Tatars repeatedly undertook campaigns to Central Europe and Russia in the XVI and XVII centuries.
February 1576: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1576. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
January 1577: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1577.
February 1577: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1577. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
January 1580: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1580.
February 1580: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1580. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
January 1590: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1590.
February 1590: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1590. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
January 1594: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1594.
February 1594: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1594. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
January 1617: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1617.
February 1617: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1617. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
January 1641: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1641. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
January 1641: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1641.
February 1641: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1641.
February 1641: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1641. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
January 1667: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1667. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
January 1667: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1667.
February 1667: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1667.
February 1667: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1667. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
January 1668: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1668.
January 1668: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1668. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
February 1668: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1668.
February 1668: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1668. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
January 1682: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1682.
February 1682: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1682. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
January 1689: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1689.
February 1689: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1689. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
Was a period of political crisis during the Tsardom of Russia which began in 1598 with the death of Fyodor I, the last of the Rurik dynasty, and ended in 1613 with the accession of Michael I of the House of Romanov.
23.1.Polish-Muscovite War (1605-1618)
Was a conflict fought between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth together with Zaporozhian Cossacks.
23.1.1.Truce of Deulino
Was the treaty that ended the Polish-Muscovite War (1609-1618) with notable Polish territorial gains.
January 1619: With the Truce of Deulino at the end of the Polish-Muscovite War (1605-1618), Russia ceded various territories to Poland-Lithuania. The Commonwealth gained control over the Smolensk and Chernihiv Voivodeships.
Were a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and Zaidi tribes in Upper Yemen.
24.1.Yemeni Expedition of the 1630s
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Yemen.
January 1635: Zaidi Imam Al-Mu'ayyad Muhammad captured Zabid.
January 1637: By 1636, the Zaydi tribesmen had driven the Ottomans out of Mocha completely.
24.2.Yemeni Expedition of 1849
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Yemen.
May 1849: In 1849, the Ottomans returned to Yemen once more. In April, they captured Al Hudaydah.
August 1849: In July, the ottomans entered Sana'a on the invitation of the Imam, who wished for Yemen to become a Vassal state under Ottoman protection.
January 1850: The Ottomans were forced to leave Yemen due to a revolt.
24.3.Yemeni Expedition of 1872
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Yemen.
January 1873: In 1872, the Ottomans were invited to occupy Sana'a by local nobles who were irritated by the alleged incompetence of the Zaidi imam, allowing the Ottomans to finally conquer Yemen and establish the Yemen Vilayet.
24.4.Yemeni Rebellion of 1904
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Yemen.
January 1905: Zaidi revolt against Ottoman rule in Hajjah and Hajur.
January 1905: Zaidi Rebels occupied Dhamar and Yarim.
March 1905: In early March, the Zaidi rebels captured Hajjah.
April 1905: Zaidi conquest of Manakhah.
April 1905: In March 1905, the Zaidi rebels captured Yarim.
May 1905: In April 1905, the Zaidis recaptured Sana'a.
May 1905: By the third week of May, the Zaidi rebels captured Ibb and Qatabah.
July 1905: Ottoman forces evacuated Manakhah on 16 July 1905.
24.5.Yemeni Rebellion of 1911
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Yemen.
January 1905: In early 1911, the Zaidi Imam began another revolt against the Ottomans. Armed rebel bands arrived in Sanaa on 12 January 1911, and took over the city.
April 1905: The Zaidi rebels lost Sanaa to the Ottomans near the end of April.
24.6.Yemeni Expedition of 1905
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Yemen.
August 1905: By the end of August, the Ottomans had retaken Abha in Asir.
August 1905: Ottoman forces took back Sanaa.
October 1905: The Ottomans captured Yarim.
October 1905: An Ottoman force captured Mafraq.
November 1905: Advancing Ottoman forces occupied Khawlan, Jiblah and Badan as well as many nearby villages.
November 1905: The Ottomans retook Amran, Thula, Kawkaban, and Hajjah.
January 1906: The Ottomans captured Suq al-Khamis.
October 1911: The Treaty of Daan was signed and resulted in Yemen becoming a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire.
Were a series of wars in Europe (and the overseas possessions of European countries) the 16th, 17th and early 18th that started after the Protestant Reformation. Although the immediate causes of the wars were religious, the motives were complex and also included territorial ambitions.
25.1.Thirty Years' War
Was a war that took place mainly in central Europe between 1618 and 1648. The war began as a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestant in the Holy Roman Empire but then escalated into a conflict for the hegemony in Europe between Habsburg Spain and Austria, Sweden and France.
25.1.1.Peace of Westphalia
Were a series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War. Catholics and Protestants were redefined as equal in the territories of the Holy Roman Empire. There were major territorial adjustments. In particular, France, Sweden and Brandenburg had major territorial gains, and several religious territories of the Holy Roman Empire were secularized.
January 1649: Fortress of Klis (Clissa) returned in venetian hands.
A series of wars fought in northern and northeastern Europe from the 16th to the 18th century.
26.1.Russo-Polish War (1654-1667)
Was a major conflict between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth that ended with significant Russian territorial gains.
June 1655: A Polish army (allied with the Tatars) crushed a Russian-Ukrainian contingent at Zhashkov.
26.1.1.Truce of Andrusovo
The Truce of Andrusovo established a thirteen-and-a-half year truce, signed in 1667 between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which had fought the Russo-Polish War since 1654 over the territories of modern-day Ukraine and Belarus.
January 1667: During the 1667 truce of Andrusovo, the region of Zaporizhzhia fell under condominium of both the Tsardom of Muscovy and the Kingdom of Poland.
26.2.Great Northern War
Was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.
26.2.1.Phase 2: Sweden Defending itself
Was the second phase of the Great Northern War. It consisted in the counterattack of all the countries that Sweden had invaded during the first phase of the war.
26.2.1.1.Russian Offensive in the Ottoman Empire
Was a Russian military campaign against the Ottoman Empire during the Great Northern War.
July 1711: Siege of Brăila.
July 1711: Battle of Stănileşti: the joint Moldavian and Russian troops, the former under the command of Cantemir and the latter under Peter the Great and Boris Sheremetev, were surrounded and forced to surrender (on 22 July) to the larger Ottoman army.
July 1711: In 1711 the mouth of the Don was lost in favor of Turkey according to the Prut peace.
July 1711: The conflict was ended on 21 July 1711 by the Treaty of the Pruth that stipulated the return of Azov to the Ottomans.
Was a 1664 military expedition by Louis XIV to seize the port of Djidjelli and establish a naval base against the Barbary corsairs.
July 1664: Djidjelli Expedition.
October 1664: Louis XIV's expeditionary force abandoned Djidjelli and re-embarked for France.
Was a war between the Tsardom of Russia and the Ottoman Empire. .
28.1.1679 Campaign
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Ukraine during the Russo-Turkish War of 1676-1681.
January 1679: The Russian army retreated beyond the Dnieper, beating off the pursuing Turkish army, which would finally leave them in peace. Later the Turks seized Kanev and established the power of Yuri Khmelnitsky on the Right-bank Ukraine.
28.2.1677 Campaign
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Ukraine during the Russo-Turkish War of 1676-1681.
August 1677: The Ottomans crossed the Sula River on the way to Chyhyryn.
September 1677: In 1677, Ivan Samoilovich and Grigory Romodanovsky, military commanders in the Russian army, successfully relieved the city of Chyhyryn from Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth occupation during the Russo-Turkish War.
28.3.1678 Campaign
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Ukraine during the Russo-Turkish War of 1676-1681.
August 1678: In 1678, the Turkish army led by Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa, along with the Crimean Tatar army, besieged Chyhyryn.
August 1678: The Turks broke into the Lower Town of Chyhyryn.
Was an anti-Habsburg uprising in Hungary led by Emeric Thököly.
November 1682: Establishment of the Principality of Upper Hungary.
January 1683: Thököly captured fortress after fortress from the Emperor and extended his dominions to the Vág river.
October 1685: In 1685 Thököly was defeated at Eperjes (present-day Prešov).
Was a military expedition undertaken by the Ottoman Empire against its tributary states in western Georgia.
August 1703: In June-July 1703, Halil Pasha, an Ottoman military commander, led an attack on western Georgia. His troops crossed the Çoruh River on pontoons and invaded Guria, a historical region in Georgia.
August 1703: In 1703, the Ottoman navy landed in Mingrelia, a territory in present-day Georgia.
August 1703: The troops of Ishak Pasha of Çildir, fought their way through the Zekari Pass into Imereti.
October 1703: On 22 August, Ottoman Sultan Mustafa was forced to abdicate in a coup, which come to be known as the Edirne event. The new sultan, Ahmed III, refused to continue the war in Georgia and left the area.
January 1704: In 1703, the Imeretians, led by King George XI, were unable to defend Baghdati against the Ottoman Empire's artillery. This defeat resulted in the territory of Baghdati falling under Ottoman control.
January 1704: In 1703, the heavily fortified towers of Chalatqe in the canton of Argveti were destroyed by soldiers led by Ishak Pasha of the Ottoman Empire. This event marked the Ottoman Empire's expansion into the region and the defeat of local resistance forces.
January 1705: The cost of the Ottoman invasion of western Georgia contributed to the fall of Sultan Mustafa II. The new Ottoman government ordered the withdraw from much of western Georgia's interior.
A popular revolt at the end of a period of civil war in Tripolitania led by the Turkish officer Ahmed Karamanli against the ruling Tripolitanian bey, in which Karamanli seized control of Tripoli and installed himself as the head of the Karamanli dynasty, which ruled over Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, and Fezzan for 124 years as a semi-autonomous Ottoman province.
January 1712: In 1711 Turkish officer Ahmed Bey Karamanli, overthrew the pasha of Tripoli and founded a dynasty that governed Tripoli for the next 124 years. Karamanli recognized the nominal Ottoman suzerainty, however Lybia was practically independent.
Was a war between the Habsburg Domains and the Ottoman Empire.
October 1715: The remaining Venetian strongholds, including the last remaining outposts on Crete (Spinalonga and Souda), likewise capitulated in exchange for safe departure. Within a hundred days, the entire Peloponnese had been re-taken by the Ottomans.
October 1716: Siege of Temeşvar.
August 1717: The Austrian defeat of the Ottomans in the Battle of Belgrade on August 16, 1717, led to the Ottoman cession of their portion of Hungary and much of Serbia.
January 1718: The only permanent Venetian success was the capture of the fortresses of Preveza and Arta in 1717.
32.1.Treaty of Passarowitz
Was the treaty that ended the Austro-Turkish War (1716-1718).
July 1718: The Ottoman Empire lost the Banat to Prince Eugene of Savoy and the Habsburg Monarchy in 1718. This marked a significant victory for the Habsburgs in their ongoing conflict with the Ottomans over control of territories in Eastern Europe.
July 1718: Venice retained only the Ionian Islands, with Ottoman-occupied Kythera added to them.
July 1718: Parga was Venetian since the Peace of Passarowitz of 1718.
July 1718: In Dalmatia, the Venetians made some small advances, taking the areas of Imotski and Vrgorac in the hinterland.
July 1718: Southeastern Syrmia, central part of present-day Serbia (from Belgrade to south of Kruševac), was taken by the Austrians.
July 1718: Northern Bosnia conquered by austria.
July 1718: In 1714 the Republic was forced to confront the Ottomans again as they attempted to penetrate the Adriatic. The war caught the Serenissima politically and militarily unprepared: soon the Morea and the last Aegean colonies fell. [...] The peace of Passarowitz, in 1718, forced Venice to recognize the loss of the Morea.
July 1718: Part of Wallachia (an autonomous Ottoman vassal) known as the Lesser Wallachia (Oltenia) was also ceded to the Habsburg Monarchy.
January 1719: Venice regained Kythira Island (Cerigo) and Antikythera Island (Cerigotto).
January 1722: In 1721, the Dalmatian border was definitively stabilized with the definition of the so-called Mocenigo line. This agreement was reached between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire, with the line being named after Alvise Mocenigo, the Venetian ambassador who negotiated the treaty.
Were a series of wars between Persia and Russia in the period 1651-1828.
33.1.Russo-Persian War (1722-23)
Was a war between the Russian Empire and Safavid Iran, triggered by the Tsar's attempt to expand Russian influence in the Caspian and Caucasus regions.
June 1724: The Treaty of Constantinople (1724) concluded between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, dividing large portions of the Safavid Iran between them. Iranian lands located on the east of the conjunction of the rivers Kurosh (Kur) and Aras were given to the Russians. These comprised the provinces in northern mainland Iran (Gilan, Mazandaran and Astrabad), the territories in Dagestan (amongst which Derbent), as well as Baku and the territory surrounding it in the Shirvan province.
June 1724: Treaty of Constantinople (1724) was a treaty concluded on 24 June 1724 between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, dividing large portions of the territory of mutually neighbouring Safavid Iran between them.
The lands on the west went to the Ottomans,[3] comprising large parts of Iranian Azerbaijan (incl. Ardabil and Tabriz), Hamadan, Kermanshah, and much of the rest of Iranian-ruled Transcaucasia (encompassing modern-day Georgia and Armenia).
January 1726: Expansion of the Russian Empire by 1725 (based on maps).
Expansion during the rule of Nader Shah of the Afsharid Dynasty.
January 1742: The Persian Empire annexes almost all of Dagestan.
Expansion during the rule of Adel Shah of Afsharid Iran.
January 1748: Shoragei was a sultanate established around 1747.
Was a war between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. The Russian Empire was victorious and ceded territories in Ukraine to Russia. The Crimean Khanate became a Russian protectorate.
36.1.Russian invasion (Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774)
Was the Russian invasion of the Ottoman Empire during the Russo-Turkish War (1768-1774).
September 1769: The Russians began their initial campaign over the Dneister into Moldavia. The elite Ottoman Janissaries took heavy casualties from the Russians at Khotyn.
October 1769: With the Ottomans in disarray the Russians took the capital of Moldavia (Jassy).
November 1769: The Russians continued the advance south into Wallachia, occupying its capital Bucharest.
August 1770: From the capital of Bucharest, the Russians fanned out through the principality, only later being challenged by Grand Vizier Mehmed Emin Pasha at Kagul on Aug 1, 1770. The Russians routed the Grand Vizier's forces and allegedly one-third of the Ottoman troops drowned in the Danube trying to escape.
36.2.Ottoman Raids
Were a series of raids by Crimean Khan Qırım in Russian held territories in modern-day Ukraine.
January 1770: In 1769, Crimean Khan Qırım Giray invaded the Russian held territories in modern-day Ukraine, leading to the territory being occupied by Turkey. Qırım Giray was a prominent leader of the Crimean Khanate, a Turkic state that was a vassal of the Ottoman Empire.
February 1770: In 1769, Crimean Khan Qırım Giray invaded the Russian held territories in modern-day Ukraine. This event eventually led to the Russian Empire gaining control of the territory in 1770.
36.3.Russian Mediterranean expedition
Was a Russian naval expedition in the Mediterranean raiding Ottoman territories.
January 1770: Several islands in Greece were occupied by Russia.
July 1771: The Russian fleet abandoned the region in following June.
June 1772: Russian occupations of Beirut.
June 1772: The Russians surrendered Beirut to the pro-Ottoman emir of Mount Lebanon, Yusuf Shihab, only after being paid a large ransom.
October 1773: In 1773, Russian forces led by Count Orlov occupied Beirut for four months to pressure Yusuf Karamanli, the ruler of Tripoli, to pay a ransom for the release of Russian prisoners captured during the First Russo-Turkish War. This military occupation was part of the broader conflict between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire.
February 1774: In 1774, the Russians, led by Count Orlov, occupied Beirut for four months in order to pressure Yusuf, the governor of Sidon, to pay a ransom. This event was part of the larger Russo-Turkish War (1768-1774) between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire.
36.4.Final Russian offensive
Was the final and victorious Russian offensive against the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War (1768-1774).
June 1774: Battle of Kozludzha.
36.5.Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
Was the treaty that ended the Russo-Turkish War (1768-1774). The Ottomans ceded territories in modern-day Ukraine to Russia, and the Crimean Khanate became a Russian protectorate.
July 1774: After the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca forced the Ottoman Empire to leave the Crimean Khanate, the Russian army left the other regions it had occupied.
July 1774: The Ochakiv area passed to direct control of the Ottoman Empire.
July 1774: In 1774, as part of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, Russia gained territory between the rivers Dnieper and Southern Bug from the Ottoman Empire. The Porte renounced its claims to Kabarda in the North Caucasus. This treaty was signed by Catherine the Great of Russia and Sultan Mustafa III of the Ottoman Empire.
July 1774: In 1774, as part of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, Russia gained territory between the rivers Dnieper and Southern Bug from the Ottoman Empire. The Porte, referring to the Ottoman Empire, renounced its claims to Kabarda in the North Caucasus. This treaty was signed by Catherine the Great of Russia and Sultan Abdul Hamid I of the Ottoman Empire.
July 1774: In 1774, the Ottoman Empire ceded the seaports of Azov and Kerch to the Russian Empire as part of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca. This treaty was signed by representatives of the Ottoman Empire and Russia, marking a significant shift in power dynamics in the region.
Were a series of wars between Ottoman Empire and the Safavid, Afsharid, Zand, and Qajar dynasties of Iran (Persia) through the 16th-20th centuries.
January 1780: The Persians held Basra until 1779 when the Ottomans, under Sulayman Agha, retook the city, following Karim Khan's death.
37.1.Battle of Chaldiran
Was a battle between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire during the Ottoman-Persian Wars.
August 1514: Battle of Chaldiran: Ottomans annex Eastern Anatolia and northern Iraq from the Safavids.
August 1514: In 1514, the Ottomans, led by Sultan Selim I, briefly occupied and plundered the Safavid capital, Tabriz. This event marked a significant conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire, led by Shah Ismail I, over territorial disputes and control of the region.
October 1514: The Ottoman Empire successfully annexed Eastern Anatolia (encompassing Western Armenia) and northern Mesopotamia from the Safavids.
October 1514: Due to the discontent amongst the Janissaries, the Ottomans evacuated the territories occupied in Persia.
37.2.Ottoman-Safavid War (1532-1555)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire led by Suleiman the Magnificent, and the Safavid Empire led by Tahmasp I.
37.2.1.First campaign of the Ottoman-Safavid War (1532-1555)
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Persia.
January 1534: Tabriz conquered by Ottoman Empire.
January 1534: In the 16th century, most of the territory of present-day Iraq came under the control of Ottoman Empire as the pashalik of Baghdad.
January 1535: In 1534, Azerbaijan, then part of the Safavid Empire, was conquered by the Ottoman Empire under the leadership of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. This marked the end of Safavid control over Azerbaijan and the beginning of Ottoman rule in the region.
January 1535: The Ottomans attacked Safavid Iraq.
January 1535: In 1534, Azerbaijan was conquered by the Safavid dynasty, led by Shah Tahmasp I. The Safavids were able to regain control of the territory from the Ottomans, securing their rule in the region.
37.2.2.Second campaign of the Ottoman-Safavid War (1532-1555)
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Persia.
August 1548: Siege of Van by the Ottomans.
37.2.3.Third campaign of the Ottoman-Safavid War (1532-1555)
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Persia.
January 1554: The Safavids occupy Erzurum.
January 1555: Erzurum is conquered by Ottoman forces.
37.2.4.Peace of Amasya
Was the treaty that ended the Ottoman-Safavid War of 1532-1555.
May 1555: Armenia and Georgia were divided equally between the Ottomans and the Persians, with Western Armenia, western Kurdistan, and western Georgia (incl. western Samtskhe) falling in Turkish hands while Eastern Armenia, eastern Kurdistan, and eastern Georgia (incl. eastern Samtskhe) stayed in Iranian hands. The Ottoman Empire obtained most of Iraq, including Baghdad, which gave them access to the Persian Gulf, while the Persians retained their former capital Tabriz and all their other northwestern territories in the Caucasus and as they were prior to the wars, such as Dagestan and all of what is now Azerbaijan. The frontier thus established ran across the mountains dividing eastern and western Georgia (under native vassal princes), through Armenia, and via the western slopes of the Zagros down to the Persian Gulf.
37.3.Ottoman-Safavid War (1578-1590)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire. The war was won by the Ottomans that gained various territories, in particular western Iran.
September 1576: The Ottomans took Akhaltsikhe in August 1576.
September 1578: Shirvan fell to the Ottomans before the end of the summer of 1578. The Ottomans had now control of almost all Persian territories west of the Caspian Sea coast.
January 1586: Tabriz was a significant city in Persia at the time, and Osman Pasha was a prominent Ottoman military leader. The capture of Tabriz by the Ottoman forces marked a significant military achievement for the Ottoman Empire in their expansion efforts.
January 1588: In 1587, Ottoman forces under the Governor of Baghdad, Cığalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha, managed to take Luristan and Hamadan.
January 1589: The Ottoman commander Farhād Pasha advanced into Karabakh through Georgia. Many of the Turkic Qizilbash tribes, which formed the backbone of the Safavid military, submitted without any significant resistance in order to protect their own interests.
37.3.1.Lala Mustafa Pasha's Caucasian campaign
Was a military Ottoman expedition launched in 1578 by grand-vizier Lala Mustafa Pasha against Persia.
January 1578: Samtskhe-Saatabago revolted against Ottoman rule.
August 1578: Turkish armies defeated the coalition of Irano-Georgian forces in the Battle of Çıldır.
August 1578: Some Samtskhian nobles, including the brother of the ruler, accepted Ottoman vassalage.
August 1578: The Ottomans continued their expansion against the Safavids, and by the August 24 took the Georgian capital of Tbilisi.
September 1578: King of Kakheti, Alexander acted wisely and made peace with the Ottomans on September 1, agreeing on the payment of annual tribute. Because of this agreement, the Kingdom of Kakheti managed to escape the war completely unharmed.
37.3.2.Treaty of Constantinople (1590)
Was a treaty that ended the Ottoman-Safavid War of 1578-1590.
March 1590: According to the Treaty of Constantinople, the Ottoman Empire kept most of its gains in the Ottoman-Safavid War of 1578-1590. These included most of the southern Caucasus (which included the Safavid domains in Georgia, composed of the Kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti and the eastern part of the Samtskhe-Meskheti principality, as well as the Erivan Province, Karabakh, and Shirvan), the Azerbaijan Province (incl. Tabriz, but not Ardabil, which remained in Safavid hands), Luristan, Dagestan, most of the remaining parts of Kurdistan, Shahrizor, Khuzestan, Baghdad and Mesopotamia.
37.4.Ottoman-Safavid War (1603-1618)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire. Persia regained and reestablished its suzerainty over the Caucasus and Western Iran, which had been lost at the Treaty of Constantinople in 1590.
37.4.1.Safavid Invasion (1603)
Was the Safavid invasion of the Ottoman Empire.
October 1603: Tabriz, a major city in northwestern Iran, was captured by the Safavid Empire.
November 1603: In 1603, the Safavid Empire, led by Shah Abbas I, entered Nakhchivan, a strategic territory located in present-day Azerbaijan.
November 1603: The Safavid army, led by Shah Abbas I, laid siege to Yerevan.
January 1604: In 1603, Safavid armies led by Shah Abbas I captured Tbilisi, leading to the kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti becoming Safavid dependencies.
July 1604: The Safavid army captured Yerevan.
December 1604: The Safavids advanced towards Kars before being stopped in Akhaltsikhe.
July 1606: Abbas I was able to liberate Ganja, Baku, Shirvan and Shamakhi in Azerbaijan.
37.4.2.Treaty of Nasuh Pasha
The Treaty of Nasuh Pasha was signed on 20 November 1612 and ended the first phase of the Ottoman-Safavid War (1603-1618).
November 1612: The Treaty of Nasuh Pasha was signed by the Persians and by the Ottomans. It restored the border of 1555 established by the Peace of Amasya.
37.4.3.Ottoman Invasion (1619)
In 1618, an Ottoman army of 100,000 led by the grand vizier, invaded the Safavid Empire.
January 1619: In 1618, an Ottoman army of 100,000 led by the grand vizier, invaded and easily seized Tabriz.
37.5.Ottoman-Safavid War (1623-1639)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire.
December 1625: The Ottoman army reached Baghdad and invested it in November.
August 1635: The Turkish Army captured Yerevan on 8 August.
September 1635: Tabriz conquered by turkey.
June 1636: Persian ruler Shah Safi retook Yerevan and Tabriz after defeating an Ottoman army.
December 1638: In 1638, Murad IV again personally led an army against Baghdad. The city fell in December after a siege of 39 days.
37.5.1.Safavid Invasion (1624)
Was a Safavid military campaign against the Ottoman Empire.
January 1624: The Persians, led by Shah Abbas I of the Safavid Empire, besieged Baghdad in 1624.
January 1625: The Persians captured most of Iraq, including the cities of Kirkuk and Mosul and the Shia holy shrines of Najaf and Karbala, which the Shah visited.
37.5.2.Treaty of Zuhab
Was the treaty that ended the Ottoman-Safavid War (1623-1639).
May 1639: The treaty confirmed the dividing of territories in West Asia priorly held by the Safavids, such as the permanent parting of the Caucasus between the two powers, in which East Armenia, eastern Georgia, Dagestan, and Azerbaijan stayed under the control of the Safavid Empire, while western Georgia and most of Western Armenia came fully under Ottoman rule. It also included all of Mesopotamia (including Baghdad) being irreversibly ceded to the Ottomans, as well as Safavid-controlled eastern Samtskhe (Meskheti), making Samtskhe in its entirety an Ottoman possession.
37.6.Ottoman-Persian War (1730-1735)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire.
June 1730: In the spring of 1730, Nader attacked the Ottomans and regained most of the territory lost during the collapse of the Safavid Empire in the late 1720s.
January 1731: Collapse of the authority of the Iboukhtouchen.
September 1735: Nader Shah, a powerful Persian ruler, defeated the Ottoman forces at Yeghevard in 1735, reclaiming Armenia and Georgia. This marked a significant military achievement for Nader in his campaign to expand Persian territories.
37.6.1.Tahmasp's campaign of 1731
Was a failed attempt by Tahmasp II of the Safavid dynasty to launch an offensive into Ottoman held Caucasus.
January 1732: Tahmasp tried to assert himself by launching a foolhardy campaign to recapture Yerevan. He ended up losing all of Nader's recent gains to the Ottomans.
37.6.2.Treaty of Ahmet Pasha
Was a treaty signed on 10 January 1732 between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia.
January 1732: The Safavids ceded Georgia and Armenia to the Ottomans in exchange for Tabriz, a strategic city in northwestern Iran.
37.6.3.Treaty of Constantinople (1736)
Was a treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire ending the Ottoman-Safavid War of 1578-1590.
September 1736: Treaty of Constantinople was a treaty between Ottoman Empire and Afsharid Persia signed on 24 September 1736, ending the Afsharid-Ottoman War (1730-35).
37.7.Ottoman-Persian War (1743-1746)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Afsharid Empire.
37.7.1.Persian Invasion (1740)
Was the Persian invasion of the Ottoman Empire in the Ottoman-Persian War (1743-1746).
July 1740: Kirkuk and Arbil conquered by persia.
September 1740: The siege of Mosul in 1740 was led by the Persian military commander Nader Shah. The city was defended by the Ottoman governor of Mosul, Daud Pasha. After 40 days of intense fighting, Mosul fell to the Persian forces, leading to a period of Persian military occupation in the region.
January 1747: In 1746 peace was made. The boundaries were unchanged and Baghdad remained in Ottoman hands.
37.8.Ottoman-Persian War (1775-1776)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Zand Dynasty of Persia.
January 1776: The Persians, ruled by Karim Khan Zand and led by his brother Sadeq Khan Zand, invaded southern Iraq in 1775. They besieged Basra, leading to the territory falling under Persian military occupation.
37.9.Ottoman-Persian War (1821-1823)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and Qajar Iran.
37.9.1.Persian Invasion (1822)
Was the Persian invasion of the Ottoman Empire during the Ottoman-Persian War (1821-1823).
January 1822: Battle of Erzurum.
January 1822: Crown Prince Abbas Mirza of Persia, at the instigation of the Russian Empire, invaded Western Armenia and the areas surrounding Iranian Azerbaijan.
January 1822: In 1821, Abbas Mirza, the Crown Prince of Persia, led a military campaign into Anatolia with 30,000 troops. He clashed with an Ottoman army of 50,000 at the Battle of Erzurum, resulting in the territory falling under Persian military occupation.
37.10.Ottoman invasion of Persia (1906)
Was an Ottoman invasion of Persia that started in 1906.
May 1906: The Ottomans occupied Behik in Bradest.
June 1906: The Ottomans occupied Serdasht and Bani.
August 1906: By 26 August the Ottomans controlled Urumia, where they were already collecting Taxes.
October 1906: Ottoman troops occupied a strip of territory extending from a point south-west of Soujboulak to a point west of Khoi.
January 1912: The Ottomans were expelled from Persia by the Russian Imperial Army in 1911.
Was a war between the Habsbaug Domains and the Ottoman Empire.
August 1788: In July 1788, the Ottomans, led by Grand Vizier Cenaze Hasan Pasha, crossed the Danube and invaded the Austrian Banat, leading to a military occupation of the border regions. This event was part of the Austro-Turkish War of 1788-1791.
September 1788: In 1788, the balance of power shifted towards Austria as the Turks were expelled from parts of Croatia, the Banat, and Bosnia.
October 1789: Belgrade was taken in a three-week campaign by the Austrian Field Marshal Laudon.
November 1789: Habsburg-occupied Serbia (1788-92) was established.
38.1.Treaty of Sistova
Was the treaty that ended the Austro-Turkish War (1788-1791). The Habsburgs gained some borderlands in Croatia.
August 1791: By 1791 the Austrians (the Habsburg) were forced into withdrawal across the Danube and Sava rivers, joined by thousands of Serbian families who feared Ottoman persecution.
August 1791: In the final negotiated outcome of the Austro-Turkish War (1788-1791), established in the Treaty of Sistova of 4 August 1791, Austria's gains were "meagre": Austria returned all the territory from its conquests save the small town of Orsova and a strip of Croatian land near the Bosnian-Croatian border (e.g. Drežnik Grad, Cetin Castle, Donji Lapac, Srb).
August 1791: Austrian withdrawal from a large territory in the Balkans with the Treaty of Sistova (1792). The territory was regained by the Ottomans.
Was an unsuccessful attempt by the Ottoman Empire to regain lands lost to the Russian Empire in the course of the previous Russo-Turkish War (1768-1774).
December 1788: Ochakov, at the mouth of the Dnieper, fell to the Russian forces on 6 December 1788 after a six-month siege by Prince Grigory Potemkin and Suvorov.
January 1789: In Moldavia, Russian troops captured the Ottoman cities of Chocim and Jassy.
August 1789: On 1 August the Russians under Suvorov attained a victory against the Ottomans led by Osman Pasha at Focsani
September 1789: Russian troops drove the Ottomans away from near the Râmnicul Sărat river
December 1789: The Russians continued their advance when Suvorov captured the reportedly "impenetrable" Ottoman fortress of Ismail.
July 1791: Russia defeats the Ottomans at Machin (9 July 1791).
39.1.Treaty of Jassy
Was the treaty that ended the Russo-Turkish War (1787-1792).
January 1792: The Treaty of Jassy was signed on 9 January 1792 by the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, recognizing Russia's 1783 annexation of the Crimean Khanate. Yedisan (Odessa and Ochakov) was also ceded to Russia.
Was a revolt against the Ottoman Empire in Vidin (Bulgaria).
January 1795: Osman Pazvantoğlu rebelled against the Ottoman sultan Selim III, and, acting as an independent ruler in Vidin, he minted his own coins and had diplomatic relations with foreign states.
January 1800: In order to end the secession of Vidin, Osman Pazvantoğlu was granted amnesty in 1799 and appointed Pasha of Vidin. However, Pazvantoğlu ruled effectively independently.
Was a war between the rebel Souliotes, an Orthodox Christian Albanian tribal community, and the Ottoman Empire.
December 1803: Without food and ammunition, the Souliotes were forced to withdraw to the fortresses of Kiafa and Kougi, where they lost the last battle.
Was an uprising against Ottoman rule in Serbia.
January 1805: Revolutionary Serbia was established by Serbian revolutionaries in Ottoman Serbia (Sanjak of Smederevo) after successful military operations against the Ottoman Empire.
November 1813: Restoration of Ottoman rule on Serbia.
42.1.First Serbian Uprising
Was a Serbian Uprising (1804-1813), during which Serbia existed as a de facto independent state for over a decade.
February 1804: Uprising of Serbs in the Sanjak of Smederevo against the Ottoman Empire. During the uprising, Serbia existed as a de facto independent state for over a decade.
October 1813: The Ottomans defeat of the First Serbian Uprising.
42.2.Second Serbian Uprising
Was the second phase of the Serbian Revolution against the Ottoman Empire, which erupted shortly after the re-annexation of the country to the Ottoman Empire in 1813.
July 1817: Strategic Serbian diplomatic victory. Establishment of the autonomous Principality of Serbia.
were a series of two wars fought by the United States, Sweden, and the Kingdom of Sicily against the Barbary states (including Tunis, Algiers, and Tripoli) of North Africa in the early 19th century. The wars were largely a reaction to piracy carried out by the Barbary states.
43.1.First Barbary War
Was a conflict in which the United States and Sweden fought against Tripolitania after the latter had requested a tributary payment in exchange for a cessation of Tripolitatian commerce raiding at sea.
May 1805: The Americans capture the city of Derna in May 1805.
June 1805: A peace agreement is reached between the United State and the "Barbary state" of Tripoli. End of the First Barbary War.
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
January 1808: After the Peace of Pressburg in 1805, the territory of the Republic of Ragusa was occupied by France under Napoleon Bonaparte (May 27, 1806). The Republic was ultimately abolished by decree issued by General Marmont on January 31, 1808.
44.1.War of the First Coalition
Were a series of wars between the Kingdom of France (later the French Republic) and several European Monarchies. The French Revolution had deteriorated the relations of France with the other European countries, that tried several times to invade France in order to crash the revolutionary government.
October 1798: The Battle of Nicopolis in 1798 took place in the Venetian possession of Greece. The Ottoman troops, led by Ali Pasha and his son Mukhtar, decisively defeated the Venetian forces, leading to the territory being transferred to the Ottoman Empire.
October 1798: In 1798 small Venetian territories that were not ceded to the Austrian Empire were conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
44.1.1.Treaty of Campo Formio
Was a treaty between France and Austria that ended the War of the First Coalition.
October 1797: The Treaty of Campo Formio was signed on 17 October 1797 (26 Vendémiaire VI). The treaty transferred the Austrian Netherlands to France. The territories of Venice were partitioned, most were acquired by Austria. Austria recognized the Cisalpine Republic and the newly created Ligurian Republic. Extension of the borders of France up to the Rhine, the Nette, and the Roer.
44.2.French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars - Theatre of war in the overseas colonies
The theatre of war in the overseas colonies during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
January 1807: French conquest of El Kala in 1806.
44.3.War of the Second Coalition
Was the second war that saw revolutionary France against most of the European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria, and Russia, and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Naples, and various German monarchies. Prussia did not join this coalition, and Spain supported France.
44.3.1.Mediterranean campaign of 1798
Was a French military campaign in Egypt led by Napoleone Bonaparte. The French Republic sought to capture Egypt as the first stage in an effort to threaten British India and force Great Britain to make peace.
July 1798: In 1798, Napoleon Bonaparte led the French army to victory in the Battle of Alexandria, securing the city during the French military occupation of Egypt. This was part of Napoleon's campaign to disrupt British trade routes and establish French dominance in the region.
July 1798: French general Louis Desaix marched across the desert with his division and two cannon, arriving at Demenhour, 24 kilometres from Alexandria, on 18 Messidor (6 of July).
July 1798: In 1798, French forces under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte marched to Rahmanié in Egypt during the French campaign in the country. The fleet was expected to arrive with much-needed provisions for the troops.
July 1798: The village of Chebreiss, located in modern-day Lebanon, was captured by French forces in 1798 after two hours of fierce fighting led by General Napoleon Bonaparte during the French campaign in Egypt and Syria.
July 1798: On 2 Thermidor (20 July) 1798, French General Napoleon Bonaparte's army arrived 800 meters from the village of Embabé in Egypt during his military campaign in the region.
July 1798: Battle of the Pyramids, also known as the Battle of Embabeh. It was a major engagement fought during the French Invasion of Egypt. The French army, under Napoleon Bonaparte, scored a decisive victory against the forces of the local Mamluk rulers, wiping out almost the entire Ottoman army located in Egypt. The victory effectively sealed the French conquest of Egypt as Murad Bey chaotically fled to Upper Egypt. Napoleon entered Cairo after the battle and created a new local administration under his supervision.
August 1798: In 1798, Napoleon Bonaparte led the French military occupation of Upper Egypt, defeating Ibrahim Bey at the Battle of Salahie and driving him out of the territory.
February 1799: Bonaparte's French forces left Egypt on 5 February 1799 and, seven days after leaving Cairo, Bonaparte arrived at Arish and bombarded one of the castle towers. The garrison surrendered two days later.
March 1799: French forces managed to capture Jaffa.
March 1799: The French captured Haifa and the munitions and provisions stored there, along with the castle at Jaffa, the castle at Nazareth and even the town of Tyre much farther up the coast. Also the siege of Acre began on 18 March but the French were unable to take it.
May 1799: Napoleon Bonaparte retreated from Acre on 21 May after a failed final assault on 10 May, and withdrew to Egypt.
April 1801: In April 1801, Fort Julien, Egypt, surrendered to the Ottoman Empire.
June 1801: Cairo conquered by Ottoman Empire.
September 1801: After Napoleon's failed campaign in Egypt, French General Menou was left in charge. He was eventually besieged in Alexandria by the British forces led by General Abercromby. Menou surrendered on September 2, 1801, marking the end of French rule in Egypt.
44.4.War of the Third Coalition
Was a European conflict spanning the years 1805 to 1806. During the war, France and its client states under Napoleon I opposed an alliance, the Third Coalition, made up of the United Kingdom, the Holy Roman Empire, the Russian Empire, Naples, Sicily, and Sweden. Prussia remained neutral during the war.
44.4.1.Peace of Pressburg
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Third Coalition.
December 1805: Territorial changes after the Peace of Pressburg.
44.5.War of the Fourth Coalition
Was a war between the French Empire and a coalition of European monarchies, mainly Prussia and Russia.
44.5.1.Polish, Russian and Swedish campaigns (War of the Fourth Coalition)
Was the theatre of war in Poland, Russia and Sweden during the War of the Fourth Coalition.
January 1807: In order to safeguard the Russian border against a possible French attack, a 40,000-strong Russian contingent advanced into Moldavia and Wallachia.
44.5.2.Peace of Tilsit
Were a series of treaties that ended the War of the Fourth Coalition.
July 1807: The Treaties of Tilsit were two agreements signed by Napoleon I of France in the town of Tilsit in July 1807 in the aftermath of his victory at Friedland. The first was signed on 7 July, between Emperor Alexander I of Russia and Napoleon I of France. The Russian tsar agreed to evacuate Wallachia and Moldavia.
44.6.Adriatic campaign of 1807-1814
Was the theatre of war in the Adriatic Sea during the Napoleonic Wars.
January 1814: Cattaro, a strategic port city in modern-day Montenegro, was captured by Austrian forces in collaboration with Montenegrin ground troops in 1814 during the Napoleonic Wars. This victory was part of the Sixth Coalition's efforts to defeat Napoleon Bonaparte.
January 1814: Ragusa conquered by Sixth Coalition.
44.7.War of the Fifth Coalition
Was a conflict between a colition of European monarchies and Napoleon's French Empire.
44.7.1.Treaty of Schönbrunn
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Fifth Coalition.
October 1809: The Treaty of Schönbrunn was signed between France and Austria at Schönbrunn Palace near Vienna. Austria lost its access to the Adriatic Sea by waiving the Littoral territories of Gorizia and Gradisca and the Imperial Free City of Trieste, together with Carniola, the March of Istria, western ("Upper") Carinthia with East Tyrol, and the Croatian lands southwest of the river Sava to the French Empire (Illyrian provinces).
44.8.Congress of Vienna
Was a series of international diplomatic meetings after the end of the Napoleonic wars whose aim was a long-term peace plan for Europe. It redraw the borders of Europe and partially restored the Monarchies of the pre-revolutionary period.
June 1815: Some minor territories de facto fell under the control of the Ottoman Empire in 1815.
Was a war between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire.
September 1809: In August 1809, Prince Bagration succeeded General Kamensky in leading the Russian military occupation of Dobruja. Bagration's crossing of the Danube River marked a significant military advance in the region during the Russo-Turkish War of 1806-1812.
January 1810: In 1809, during the Russo-Turkish War, Russian General Bagration laid siege to Silistra in Dobruja. However, upon learning of the approaching 50,000-strong Turkish army, Bagration decided to retreat to Bessarabia to avoid confrontation.
May 1810: The Russians defeated the Ottoman reinforcement heading for Silistra and ousted the Turks from Hacıoğlu Pazarcık.
May 1810: The garrison of Silistra, led by Ottoman military commander Ahmed Pasha, surrendered to the Russian forces in 1810 during the Russo-Turkish War. The occupation of Silistra by Russia marked a significant turning point in the conflict.
September 1810: The fortress of Rousse (or Rustchuk) fell to the Russians.
January 1811: On July 2, 1810, the Russian Marines stormed Suhum-Kale and had Aslan-Bey replaced with his rival brother, Sefer-Bey (1810-1821), who had become converted to Christianity and assumed the name of George. Abkhazia joined the Russian empire as an autonomous principality.
January 1812: Russian general Mikhail Kutuzov, in accordance with his cautious character, evacuated Silistria and slowly started to retreat northward. Kutuzov's withdrawal induced the Turks to launch a counter-offensive to recapture all the lost area.
45.1.Caucasus front of the Russo-Turkish War (1806-1812)
Was the theatre of the Caucasus area of the Russo-Turkish War (1806-1812).
January 1808: Fighting with Turkey began in 1807 with the swift seizure of Anapa by Admiral Pustoshkin.
45.2.Treaty of Bucharest
The Treaty of Bucharest between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, was signed on 28 May 1812 at the end of the Russo-Turkish War of 1806-12. The eastern half of the Principality of Moldavia was ceded by the Ottoman Empire to Russia.
July 1812: The Ottoman Empire regained Poti, Anapa and Akhalkalali. Russia retained Sukhum-Kale on the Abkhazian coast.
July 1812: The Treaty of Bucharest between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, was signed on 28 May 1812, in Manuc's Inn in Bucharest, and ratified on 5 July 1812, at the end of the Russo-Turkish War. The eastern half of the Principality of Moldavia, between Prut and Dniester Rivers, with an area of 45,630 km2 (Bessarabia), was ceded by the Ottoman Empire (to which Moldavia was a vassal) to Russia.
Was a war fought from early 1811 to 1818, between the Ottoman Empire and the Emirate of Diriyah, the First Saudi State, resulting in the destruction of the latter.
January 1812: The Ottomans were not able to recapture the Holy cities (Jeddah, Mecca, Medina) until 1811.
January 1818: In 1817, Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt advanced into central Arabia to occupy the towns of Unaizah and Buraidah.
September 1818: In 1818, the city of Diriyah was destroyed by forces led by Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt, marking the end of the First Saudi State established by Muhammad bin Saud and Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab.
October 1818: It took until September for the Wahhabis to surrender, in part due to Ibrahim's poorly trained army.
Wars that saw the partecipation of Muhammad Ali Pasha, the Wali of Egypt.
47.1.Anglo-Turkish War (1807-1809)
Was a war between Great Britain and the Ottoman Empire caused by the agreement of the Ottomans to open the Dardanelles exclusively to French warships. .
47.2.Egyptian conquest of Sudan
Were a series of military expeditions of the nominally Ottoman Eyalet of Egypt in Sudan that resulted in the annexion of the region.
July 1820: When the Egyptians passed the second cataract of the Nile, the ruler of Say submitted.
July 1820: In 1820, the Egyptian army, led by Muhammad Ali Pasha, advanced into the territory between the first and second cataract of the Nile River. The kashif of Lower Nubia, a local ruler, submitted to the Egyptian forces, despite the territory being only nominally under Ottoman rule. This event marked the expansion of Egyptian control into the region.
August 1820: In 1820, during the Ottoman-Egyptian conquest of Sudan, the Mamluks, who were slave soldiers in Egypt, either surrendered or escaped from Dongola. This event marked the expansion of Egyptian control over the region.
November 1820: The main military opposition to the Egyptians in Sudan came from the powerful Shayqiyya confederation, which was defeated on 4 November at the battle of Korti.
February 1821: Ismail himself took the bulk of his forces on a march across the Bayuda Desert and reached the Nile at al-Buqayr, south of Ad-Damir seven days later. .
March 1821: The Egyptians reached Berber, which submitted without fighting.
June 1821: The Egyptian received the official submission of Badi VII of Funj.
January 1823: The Kordofan Campaign of 1822 was led by the Egyptian ruler Muhammad Ali Pasha and his son Ismail Pasha. They successfully conquered the territory of North Kordofan, which was part of the Egypt Eyalet at the time. This campaign was part of Muhammad Ali's efforts to expand his control over Sudan and establish Egyptian dominance in the region.
January 1841: A number of territories in modern Sudan and South Sudan were not conquered in the Egyptian conquest of 1822-24, but were added following campaigns in later years. In 1840, the regions of Kassala and Taka were added to the Egyptian domains.
January 1856: In 1855, the Upper White Nile region around Fashoda was part of the Egypt Eyalet.
January 1866: Suakin and the Red Sea coast were conquered by Egypt in 1865.
January 1871: Equatoria conquered by turkey.
October 1874: Sultanate of Darfur conquered by Rabih az-Zubayr.
December 1881: In November 1881, the territory of Mangbetu was occupied by the Egyptian Khedivate.
47.3.Egyptian-Ottoman Wars
Were two major wars between Muhammad Ali Pasha's Egypt (nominally an Ottoman vassal but factually independent) and the Ottoman Empire over the control of territories in the Levant.
47.3.1.Egyptian-Ottoman War (1831-1833)
Was a military conflict between the Ottoman Empire and Egypt brought about by Muhammad Ali Pasha's demand to the Sublime Porte for control of Greater Syria, as reward for aiding the Sultan during the Greek War of Independence.
June 1832: Acre fell to Egyptian prince Ibrahim Pasha's army in May 1832.
October 1832: In 1832, Ibrahim Pasha, the son of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, led a military campaign to conquer the Levant region. After capturing Acre, he successfully took control of major cities like Aleppo, Homs, Beirut, Sidon, Tripoli, and Damascus, expanding the territory of the Egypt Eyalet.
November 1832: With the provinces of Greater Syria under his control, the Egyptian army continued their campaign into Anatolia in late 1832.
November 1832: In 1832, the Egyptian forces, led by Ibrahim Pasha, occupied the city of Konya in central Anatolia. This was part of the Egyptian invasion of Ottoman territories during the Ottoman-Egyptian War.
47.3.2.Egyptian-Ottoman War (1839-1841)
Was a military conflict between the Ottoman Empire and Egypt initiated by the Ottomans to reoccupy lands lost to Muhammad Ali in the First Turko-Egyptian War.
September 1840: Open war broke out on September 11, when Napier bombarded Beirut and effected a landing at Jounieh with 1,500 Turks and Marines to operate against Ibrahim, who was prevented by the revolt from doing more than trying to hold the coastal cities.
September 1840: With a mixed squadron of British, Turkish and Austrian ships, bombarded Sidon on September 26 and landed with the storming column. Sidon capitulated in two days.
October 1840: The Egyptians had abandoned Beirut on October 3.
November 1840: In 1840, the city of Acre and several nearby coastal cities were occupied by the British military.
November 1840: On 27 November 1840, the Convention of Alexandria took place. British Admiral Charles Napier reached an agreement with the Egyptian government, where the latter abandoned its claims to Syria and returned the Ottoman fleet.
Was the war of indipendence of Greece from the Ottoman Empire.
48.1.Peloponnese Front
Was the theatre of war in the Peloponnese of the Greek War of Indipendence.
March 1821: War was declared on the Turks by the Maniots in Areopoli.
March 1821: In Achaia, the town of Kalavryta was besieged by Greek Independists.
March 1821: In 1821, in Patras, conflicts between Greek Independists and Ottoman forces lasted for many days.
March 1821: Kalamata fell to the Greeks on 23 March.
March 1821: By the end of March, the Greeks effectively controlled the countryside, while the Turks were confined to the fortresses, most notably those of Patras (recaptured by the Turks on 3 April by Yussuf Pasha), Rio, Acrocorinth, Monemvasia, Nafplion and the provincial capital, Tripolitsa.
April 1821: Patras was recaptured by the Turks of Yussuf Pasha.
January 1822: After lengthy negotiations, the Turkish forces surrendered Acrocorinth.
48.2.Central Greece Front (Greek War of Indipendence)
Was the theatre of war in central Greece of the Greek War of Indipendence.
March 1821: The first region to revolt against the Ottomans in Central Greece wasPhocis.
March 1821: Salona conquered by Greek Independists.
March 1821: In Boeotia, Livadeia was captured by Greek Independist Athanasios Diakos.
April 1821: Thebes conquered by Greek Independists.
April 1821: The revolutionary forces were led by Greek independence fighters such as Alexandros Mavrokordatos and Demetrios Ypsilantis. The Turkish garrison was under the command of Ottoman military leader Mehmet Reshid Pasha. The siege of the Acropolis marked a significant turning point in the Greek War of Independence.
May 1821: Missolonghi revolted on 25 May 1821. The Greek town was a key site in the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire. The revolt was led by prominent Greek leaders such as Lord Byron and Alexandros Mavrokordatos.
June 1821: Omer Vrioni was an Ottoman military commander during the Greek War of Independence. Livadeia was a strategic town in central Greece. Vrioni's capture of Livadeia was a significant blow to the Greek forces, as it allowed the Ottomans to establish control over the region.
July 1821: The Greek revolution spreaded to other cities of western Central Greece.
October 1821: After a Greek force of 2,000 men managed to destroy at Vassilika a Turkish relief army on its way to Vrioni, the latter abandoned Attica in September and retreated to Ioannina.
48.3.Macedonian Front (Greek War of Independence)
Was the theatre of war in Macedonia of the Greek War of Indipendence.
May 1821: In 1821, the Greeks of Polygyros, a town in Greece, rebelled against Ottoman rule. They killed the local governor, Mustafa Bey, and 14 of his men, while also wounding three others.
June 1821: Spreading of the Greek insurrection to the villages of Chalkidiki.
July 1821: The revolt gained momentum in Mount Athos and Kassandra, and the island of Thasos joined it.
October 1821: An offensive led by the new Pasha of Thessaloniki, Muhammad Emin Abulubud, resulted in a decisive Ottoman victory at Kassandra.
April 1822: At the beginning of 1822, Anastasios Karatasos and Aggelis Gatsos arranged a meeting with other armatoloi; they decided that the Greek insurrection should be based on three towns: Naoussa, Kastania, and Siatista.
April 1822: In March 1822, Mehmed Emin secured decisive victories at Kolindros and Kastania.
May 1822: Mehmed Emin launched a number of attacks pushing the Greeks further back and finally captured Naousa in April.
48.4.Cretan Front (Greek War of Indipendence)
Was the theatre of war in Crete of the Greek War of Indipendence.
January 1822: An uprising by Christians in Crete against Ottoman rule.
June 1824: By the spring of 1824, the Ottomans had managed to limit the Cretan resistance to just a few mountain enclaves.
August 1825: Led by Dimitrios Kallergis and Emmanouil Antoniadis, a group of Cretans captured the fort at Gramvousa and other insurgents captured the fort at Kissamos.
January 1828: The Cretan insurgents were besieged in Gramvousa for more than two years by the Ottoman army.
April 1828: Frangokastello's defence was doomed after a seven-day siege and Dalianis perished along with 385 men.
April 1828: In January 1828, the Epirote Hatzimichalis Dalianis landed in Crete with 700 men and in the following March took possession of Frangokastello.
48.5.Ottoman counterattacks
Were a series of Ottoman military campaigns against the Greek revolutionaries during the Greek War of Independence.
48.5.1.Egyptian Campaign (Greek War of Independence)
Was a military campaign by troops of the Egyptian Eyalet against the Greek revolutionaries during the Greek War of Independence.
February 1825: Ibrahim Pasha landed at Methoni.
April 1825: Navarino fell to Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt.
June 1825: Ibrahim Pasha, the son of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, captured the city of Argos in 1825.
June 1825: Nafplion conquered by Ottoman Empire.
August 1826: The Siege of the Acropolis (1826-27) was a significant event during the Greek War of Independence. The Greek forces, led by notable figures such as General Odysseas Androutsos and Colonel Yannis Makriyannis, defended the Acropolis of Athens against the Ottoman Empire for over a year before surrendering due to lack of supplies.
May 1827: During the Siege of the Acropolis (1826-27), Greek forces led by General Odysseas Androutsos defended the Acropolis in Athens against the Ottoman Empire. The siege ended with the Greeks surrendering due to lack of supplies and heavy bombardment.
48.5.2.Ottoman-Egyptian invasion of Mani
Was a military campaign by Egytpian and Ottoman troops against the Greek revolutionaries in Mani during the Greek War of Independence.
August 1826: In August 1826, Ibrahim Pasha, the son of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, renewed the offensive against the Greeks. He sent a group of regular soldiers down the coast, reaching Kariopoli.
August 1826: Ibrahim sent a force of 8,000 men down to Polytsaravo.
August 1826: The Egyptians and the Ottomans were forced to retreat from the Mani Peninsula with significant losses.
48.6.Greek Revolutionaries' operations with foreign support
Were a series of military actions either by Greek revolutionaries with foreign support or directly by foreign countries supporting the revolutionaries during the Greek War of Independence.
November 1828: In October 1828, the Greeks regrouped and formed a new government under Kapodistrias. Kapodistrias took advantage of the Russo-Turkish war and sent troops of the reorganised Hellenic Army to Central Greece. They advanced to seize as much territory as possible, including Athens and Thebes.
September 1829: Battle of Petra: The Turks surrendered all lands from Livadeia to the Spercheios River in exchange for safe passage out of Central Greece.
48.6.1.Morea Expedition
Was a land intervention of the French Army in the Peloponnese between 1828 and 1833, at the time of the Greek War of Independence, with the aim of expelling from the region the Ottoman-Egyptian occupation forces.
October 1828: The day after Ibrahim's departure, General Maison ordered General Philippe Higonet to march on Navarino.
October 1828: The fortress of Methoni was taken and General Maison installed his apartments there .
October 1828: Nicolas Joseph Maison, who was given command of a French expeditionary Corps of 15,000 men, landed on 30 August 1828 at Petalidi and helped the Greeks evacuate the Peloponnese from all the hostile troops by 30 October.
48.7.Treaty of Constantinople (1832)
The treaty marked the end of the Greek War of Independence and established modern Greece as an independent state free of the Ottoman Empire.
July 1832: Treaty of Constantinople: Greece was defined as an independent kingdom, with the Arta-Volos line as its northern frontier.
July 1832: The Treaty of Constantinople, confirmed at the London Conference, established the new land border of the Kingdom of Greece.
Was a war between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. War broke out after the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II closed the Dardanelles to Russian ships because Russia had supported the revolutionaries of the Greek War of Independency.
49.1.Balkan front of the Russo-Turkish War (1828-29)
Was the Balkan theatre of the Russo-Turkish War (1828-1829).
June 1828: In April and May 1828, the Russian commander-in-chief, Prince Peter Wittgenstein, led Russian forces into the Romanian Principates of Wallachia and Moldavia as part of the Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829. The territories were placed under Russian military occupation.
July 1828: In June 1828, the main Russian forces under the emperor crossed the Danube and advanced into Dobruja.
September 1828: Varna was captured by Russian forces on 29 September.
January 1829: Russia had to withdraw to Moldavia with heavy losses without having captured Shumla and Silistra.
July 1829: On 19 June, Silistra fell to the Russians.
July 1829: The Russians captured the city of Burgas.
August 1829: By 22 August, the Russians had taken Adrianople.
49.2.Caucasus front of the Russo-Turkish War (1828-29)
Was the Caucasian theatre of the Russo-Turkish War (1828-1829).
June 1828: Anapa was captured by Russian forces on 12 June.
June 1828: In 1828, Russian General Ivan Paskevich led his troops to victory against the Turks at the Battle of Akhalzic. Following this success, Paskevich captured the strategic city of Kars on June 23rd, solidifying Russian military occupation in the region.
June 1828: Erzurum conquered by russia.
July 1828: In 1828, during the Russo-Turkish War, Russian forces led by General Ivan Paskevich captured the fortress of Akhalkalak. The defenders, led by Ottoman commander Mehmet Bey, were overwhelmed and forced to surrender after the Russians scaled the walls using the same ropes left behind by the retreating Ottoman troops.
August 1828: On 22 August 1828, the Russian forces, led by General Ivan Paskevich, occupied Ardahan as part of the Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829. This military occupation marked a significant turning point in the conflict between the two empires.
February 1829: In 1829, Akhmet Beg of Hulo, a prominent Ottoman military leader, along with 15000 Lazes and Adjars, captured the town of Akhaltsikhe. This event marked the territory of Akhaltsikhe falling under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
June 1829: That great city of Erzurum, which had not seen Christian soldiers within its walls for five centuries, surrendered to Russia.
49.3.Treaty of Adrianople (1829)
Was the treaty that ended the Russo-Turkish War (1828-1829).
September 1829: With the Treaty of Adrianople of 1829, Russia retained Moldavia and evacuated the ther territories it had occupied in the Ottoman Empire.
September 1829: The treaty also fixed the border between the Ottoman Empire and Wallachia on the thalweg of the Danube, transferring to Wallachia the rule of the rayas of Turnu, Giurgiu and Brăila.
September 1829: The Ottoman Empire gave Russia access to the mouths of the Danube and the fortresses of Akhaltsikhe and Akhalkalaki in Georgia. The Sultan recognized Russia's possession of Georgia (with Imeretia, Mingrelia, Guria) and of the Khanates of Erivan and Nakhichevan which had been ceded to the tsar by Persia in the Treaty of Turkmenchay a year earlier.
Was the French conquest of Algeria. It begun with the French sizing Algiers and other coastal territories of Algeria in 1830. Due to the Algerian resistance, France had slowly to conquer the interior of Algeria over the next 100 years.
June 1830: The troops of Africa, led by French General Bertrand Clauzel, landed on June 14, 1830 on the peninsula of Sidi Ferruch, 30 km west of Algiers, marking the beginning of the French military occupation of Algeria.
July 1830: Capitulation of Algiers to French forces.
July 1830: After the capitulation of the Ottomans in Algeria, the French controlled only the city of Alger.
January 1832: The greater part of the beylik of Oran falls under the control of the sultan of Morocco, Moulay Abderrahmane, who holds Tlemcen and Mascara and is recognized by the Arab tribes.
In 1842, Prince Bedirkhan established the autonomous Kurdish Emirate of Botan in Jezirah-ibn-Omar and then extended his control to large parts of Kurdistan.
January 1843: In 1842, Prince Bedirkhan established the autonomous Kurdish Emirate of Botan in Jezirah-ibn-Omar and then extended his control to large parts of Kurdistan.
January 1848: Destruction of the Kurdish Emirate of Botan by the Ottomans.
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Principality of Montenegro caused by the Montenegrin secret aid to Herzegovinian rebels.
December 1852: A second Ottoman column of 7,000 men, coming from Bar, attacked the Montenegrins from the south.
December 1852: An Ottoman column, led by Omar Pascià and the vizir of Scutari Osman Pascià, formed by 17,400 men, attacked the Principality of Montenegro from the east along the Spuž, Martinići, Ostrog line.
March 1853: In 1853, European powers Russia and Austria intervened to negotiate a ceasefire in the conflict, leading to a retreat from all occupied regions. The territory in question was then ceded to the Principality of Montenegro.
Was a war between Russia and an alliance comprising the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Sardinia.
53.1.Danube campaign (Crimean War)
Was the Danubian theatre of the Crimean War.
November 1853: Following the Ottoman ultimatum in September 1853, forces under the Ottoman general Omar Pasha, a prominent military leader in the Ottoman Empire, crossed the Danube at Vidin and captured Calafat in October 1853. This event marked the beginning of the military occupation of Calafat by Turkey.
April 1854: In early 1854 the Russians again advanced, crossing the River Danube into the Turkish province of Dobruja.
April 1854: Siege of Silistra.
May 1854: By April 1854, the Russians had reached the lines of Trajan's Wall where they were finally halted.
June 1854: Siege of Silistra.
July 1854: During the Crimean War, the Ottoman forces led by Omar Pasha crossed the Danube River and defeated the Russian troops in Giurgiu, a city in Wallachia. This victory resulted in the territory of Giurgiu being placed under Turkish military occupation in 1854.
July 1854: On 26 July 1854, Tsar Nicholas I, responding to an Austrian ultimatum, ordered the withdrawal of Russian troops from the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. Their place in the Principalities was taken by the Austrians, as a neutral peacekeeping force.
March 1856: Moldavia and Walachia (Romania) were recognized as quasi-independent states under Ottoman suzerainty. They gained the left bank of the mouth of the Danube and part of Bessarabia from Russia.
53.2.Caucasus theatre (Crimean War)
Was the Caucasian theatre of the Crimean War.
October 1853: Being outnumbered, the Russians abandoned Poti and Redut Kale.
November 1853: In 1853, during the Crimean War, the Turks, led by Ottoman military leader Omar Pasha, advanced towards Akhaltsike in Georgia, threatening the Russian forces stationed there. The Turks were waiting for reinforcements to launch an attack on the Russian-held territory.
December 1853: In 1853, during the Crimean War, about 30,000 Ottoman troops, led by Omar Pasha and Mehmed Ali Pasha, retreated east to the main Russian concentration at Gyumri (Alexandropol). The territory was under Turkish military occupation at the time.
November 1855: Ottoman field marshal Omar Pasha crossed the Ingur River on 7 November.
November 1855: Kars surrendered to Russian forces on 8 November.
January 1856: Learning of the fall of Kars, the Turkish forces withdrew to the Ingur River.
March 1856: The Ottoman army evacuated Batum.
March 1856: The Treaty of Paris of 1856 settled the Crimean War between the Russian Empire: it restored the respective territories of the Russian and the Ottoman Empires to their prewar boundaries, with the exception of southern Bessarabia which was lost by Russia to the Ottoman Empire.
53.3.Treaty of Paris (1856)
The Treaty of Paris of 1856 ended the Crimean War.
Were a series of wars that resulted in the creation of the German Empire under Prussian leadership in 1871.
54.1.Austro-Prussian War
Was a war between the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire over the dominance of the German states. The war resulted in a Prussian victory. The German confederation was abolished and in 1871 Prussia united all the German states but Austria in the German Empire.
54.1.1.Third Italian War of Independence
Was the last of the three traditional Italian Wars of Independence, and also represented the southern theatre of the larger Austro-Prussian War. It was fought by the Kingdom of Italy against the Austrian Empire, resulting in the Italian annexion of the remaining territories of the Austrian Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia.
October 1866: The Treaty of Vienna signed on 12 October 1866 marked the end of the Third Italian War of Independence. It resulted in the transfer of Veneto from the Austrian Empire to the Kingdom of Italy, following the defeat of Austria by the Italian forces led by King Victor Emmanuel II and Prime Minister Bettino Ricasoli.
Was an Ottoman military campaign to conquer the El-Hasa region of eastern Arabia.
January 1872: In 1871, Midhat Pasha invaded al-Hasa and restored Ottoman control of the Najd Sanjak.
January 1872: The Ottoman Empire controlled the Oasis of al-Hasa since 1871.
January 1872: Ottoman campaign to Al-Ahsa (Al-Hasa) in 1871.
Was a conflict between Aussa, Oromo, and Somali tribesmen, and the Khedivate of Egypt from 1874 to 1885. In 1874, the Egyptians invaded Eastern Ethiopia and ruled it for 11 years.
January 1874: In August 1873, Egyptian garrisons, under the rule of Khedive Isma'il Pasha of the Ottoman Empire, occupied Berbera. This move was part of Egypt's efforts to expand its influence in the region and control key strategic ports along the Red Sea coast.
January 1876: Egypt annexed the Emirate of Harar in 1875.
Was a war between the Ethiopian Empire and the Khedivate of Egypt caused by the expansionistic aims of the latter after having occupied Sudan.
March 1876: The Egyptians, established forts in Eritrea: "Gura" fort and "Khaya Khor" fort.
March 1876: Battle of Gura.
Was a war between the Principality of Montenegro and the Ottoman Empire.
September 1877: Montenegro conquered Nikšić (24 September 1877).
January 1878: Grmožur, a fortress located in Montenegro, was occupied by Montenegrin forces on 26 January 1878. This event took place during the time of the Congress of Berlin, where European powers were negotiating the borders and territories of the Balkans following the Russo-Turkish War.
January 1878: Vranjina and Lesendro are occupied by Montenegrin forces.
Was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and a coalition led by the Russian Empire, and including Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro.
June 1878: A British protectorate under nominal Ottoman suzerainty was established over Cyprus by the Cyprus Convention of 4 June 1878, following the Russo-Turkish War.
January 1880: The Republic of Tămrăš came into being when, following the Russo-Turkish War, from February to May 1878, an uprising broke out in the Pomakian regions of the Central Rhodopes. Their goal was to escape the power of the Orthodox Bulgarians and Russia.
59.1.Caucasus front of the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878)
Was the Caucasian theatre of the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878).
April 1877: The Russians, led by General Loris-Melikov, managed to occupy the Doğubeyazıt fortress on April 30, 1877.
May 1877: Ardahan conquered by russia.
November 1877: The Russians conquer Kars.
February 1878: Erzerum, with a weak Turkish garrison, was occupied occupied by Russian forces on February 21st.
59.2.Danubian Theatre
Was the Danubian theatre of the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878).
May 1877: In the Romanian Parliament, Mihail Kogălniceanu declared the independence of Romania from the Ottoman Empire, in accordance with the will of the Romanian people.
June 1877: Russian advance towards Svishtov. After a short fight the Turks retreated and the Bulgarians who inhabited the city handed it over to the Russians.
July 1877: The former residence of the Bulgarian tsars, Tarnovo, was captured by the Russians after a minor fight.
July 1877: Battle of Nicopolis.
July 1877: In 1877, during the Russo-Turkish War, the Russian Empire, under the command of General Mikhail Skobelev, successfully captured the Šipka pass from the Ottoman Empire. The pass was strategically important for controlling access to the Balkans. The Russians quickly fortified the area to defend against any potential counterattacks.
September 1877: An attempt to take Šipka was made by the Turks on 16 September night, when the attackers were able to capture Mount St. Nicholas, near the pass.
September 1877: Mount Saint Nichola conquered by russia.
December 1877: Siege of Pleven.
January 1878: In 1877, during the Russo-Turkish War, the Russian Empire, under the leadership of Tsar Alexander II, occupied Măcin, Tulcea, and Hârșova after the Turks withdrew from the Danube delta area.
January 1878: Remaining at Trajan's Wall, the Russians then conquered all of Dobruja.
January 1878: General Iosif Gurko's army had the task of following the second direction and in the intense cold and sleet, after some victorious clashes, on 4 January 1878 it entered Sofia.
January 1878: In 1878, during the Russo-Turkish War, the Russian Empire's army, led by General Joseph Vladimirovich Gourko, occupied Ihtiman as part of their military campaign towards Philippopolis (now Plovdiv, Bulgaria). This strategic move played a crucial role in the eventual Russian victory in the war.
January 1878: Pazardžik conquered by russia.
January 1878: During the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878, Russian forces led by General Joseph Vladimirovich Gourko defeated the Ottoman Turks at Philippopolis (now Plovdiv, Bulgaria). This victory led to the Russian Empire occupying the territory as part of the Treaty of San Stefano.
January 1878: Occupied Adrianople and ever closer to the capital Constantinople, the Russians prompted the Turkish government to send plenipotentiaries who met Grand Duke Nicholas on January 20.
February 1878: After the disbandment of the siege army of Pleven, the Romanians concentrated their attention on the fortress of Vidin, on the Danube, in which 12,000 Turks with abundant means of defense had taken refuge. Although it was on the verge of surrendering several times, the fortress only surrendered on February 23, 1878.
March 1878: Corlu, San Stefano, Pazardzhik, Plovdiv conquered by russia.
59.3.Serbian Theatre (Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878)
Was the Serbian theatre of the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878).
January 1878: The Montenegrins conquered Antivari on January 10.
January 1878: On December 14, 1877, Serbia again declared war on Turkey and on January 11, 1878 it captured the city of Niš.
January 1878: Dulcigno conquered by montenegro.
59.4.Treaty of San Stefano
Was a treaty between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire that ended the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878). The Ottoman Empire recognized the independence of Montenegro, Romania and Serbia.
March 1878: The Treaty of San Stefano was signed by Russia and the Ottoman Empire, with British and Austrian representatives present. It was negotiated by Russian statesman Count Nikolay Ignatyev and Ottoman Grand Vizier Mehmed Said Pasha. The treaty aimed to create a large Bulgarian state, but was later revised by the Congress of Berlin.
March 1878: The advancement of Russian forces toward the Ottomans forced them to sign a peace treaty on 3 March 1878, recognising the independence of Montenegro. They also increased Montenegro's territory from 4,405 km² to 9,475 km². Montenegro gained the towns of Nikšić, Kolašin, Spuž, Podgorica, Žabljak, Bar, as well as access to the sea.
59.5.Treaty of Berlin
The Congress of Berlin (13 June - 13 July 1878) was a meeting of the representatives of the era's six great powers in Europe (Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Germany), the Ottoman Empire and four Balkan states (Greece, Serbia, Romania and Montenegro). It aimed at determining the territories of the states in the Balkan Peninsula after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 and came to an end with the signing of the Treaty of Berlin, which replaced the preliminary Treaty of San Stefano. The treaty formally recognized the independence of the de facto sovereign principalities of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro.
July 1878: Territorial change based on available maps.
July 1878: Following the Romanian War of Independence in 1877-78, Romania shook off formal Ottoman rule but eventually clashed with its Russian ally over its demand for the Southern Bessarabia region. Ultimately, Romania was awarded Northern Dobruja in exchange for Southern Bessarabia.
July 1878: The Treaty of Berlin confirmed most of the Russian gains from the Ottoman Empire specified in the Treaty of San Stefan, but the valley of Alashkerd and the town of Bayazid were returned to the Ottomans.
July 1878: The Vilayet of Bosnia was placed under Austro-Hungarian occupation although it formally remained part of the Ottoman Empire.
Was the French conquest of Tunisia that became a French protectorate.
60.1.Conquest of Tunisia
Was the French military invasion and occupation of Tunisia.
April 1881: General François Auguste Logerot was a French military leader who led 5,000 troops into Sakiet Sidi Youssef in 1881. This marked the beginning of France's military occupation of the territory.
April 1881: The bombardment of the fort on the island of Tabarka in 1881 was part of the French military occupation of Tunisia. La Surveillante, an armored frigate, attacked the fort, leading to its near destruction. Tunisian soldiers abandoned the fort, allowing 1,300 French soldiers to occupy it.
April 1881: In 1881, French General Charles Lallemand led the forces that laid siege to Le Kef, a strategic town in Tunisia. This marked the beginning of the French military occupation of Tunisia, which was completed later that year.
April 1881: General Logerot, a French military leader, left Le Kef and passed through Nebeur without any trouble.
April 1881: Souk El Arba is occupied by French forces.
May 1881: The Logerot column, led by French General Paul Flatters, returned to Fernana, which they reached on May 6.
May 1881: The Treaty of Bardo established a French protectorate over the Beylik of Tunis.
Was a war by Mahdist Sudan against Egyptian rule. The Mahdista were finally defeated by Egyptian and British forces, and Sudan became an Anglo-Egyptian condominium.
August 1881: Mahdi retreated into Kordofan in 1881.
61.1.Mahdist Attacks to Ethiopia
Was the invasion of Ethiopia by Mahdist Sudan during the Mahdist War.
January 1869: Bogos occupied by Egypt.
After helping the Egyptian government to end a nationalist uprising, the British made Egypt a protectorate.
October 1882: The Battle of Tel el Kebir between British and Egyptian forces on September 13, 1882, established British control of Egypt.
Was a war between the Kingdom of Serbia and the Principality of Bulgaria.
November 1885: Battle of Slivnitsa.
November 1885: Slivnitsa was the decisive battle of the Serbo-Bulgarian War. The Serbians fought only limited rearguard actions as they retreated and by 24 November they were back in Serbia.
March 1886: According to the terms of a peace treaty signed in Bucharest, no changes were made to the Bulgarian-Serbian border (status quo ante bellum).
Was a war between the Kingdom of Greece and the Ottoman Empire.
March 1897: 2,600 irregulars crossed the Greek border into Ottoman Macedonia.
April 1897: Based on troops disposition during the Greco-Turkish War of 1897.
May 1897: Based on troops disposition during the Greco-Turkish War of 1897.
64.1.Epirus Front (Greco Turkish War of 1897)
Was the front in Epirus during the Greco-Turkish War (1897).
April 1897: Col. Manos captured Pente Pigadia, but the Greek advance was halted due to lack of reinforcements against an already numerically superior opposition. .
64.2.Thessalian Front
Was the Thessalian front of the Greco-Turkish War (1897).
April 1897: Larissa fell to the Turks on the 27 April.
May 1897: Three Ottoman divisions attacked Farsala, forcing an orderly withdrawal of Greek forces.
May 1897: In 1897, during the Greco-Turkish War, the Smolenski family, a prominent Greek military family, withdrew from the recently recaptured town of Velestino to Almyros as the territory was placed under Turkish military occupation.
May 1897: Volos fell into Ottoman hands on the 8 May.
May 1897: Battle of Domokos.
May 1897: In 1897, during the Greco-Turkish War, Ethem Pasha, a prominent Ottoman military leader, led the advance to Thermopylae, where despite strong Greek defenses, the pass was captured by the Turkish forces. This strategic victory allowed Turkey to establish military occupation in the region.
64.3.Treaty of Constantinople (1897)
Was the treaty that ended the Greco-Turkish War (1897). Greece lost some territories in Thessaly but Crete became an autonomous states under nominal Ottoman sovereignty.
December 1897: On the 20 September a peace treaty was signed between the Greeks and the Ottomans. Greece was forced to cede minor border areas and pay heavy reparations. The Ottoman Empire evacuated the territories it had occupied during the war.
December 1897: Treaty of Constantinople: Crete became an autonomous state with a Greek prince as high commissioner.
Was a skirmish on the border between the British protectorate of Egypt and the Ottoman Empire.
May 1906: The Ottoman Sultan leaves Taba to the British.
January 1907: The Taba Crisis of 1906 started when Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire decided to build a post at Taba, on the border between the Ottoman Empire and British Egypt.
Was a war beteen the Kingdom of Italy and the Ottoman Empire caused by Italian colonial ambitions. It resulted in the Italian occupation of the Dodecanese and of the Libyan coast (the interior was nominally ceded to Italy but not under its control).
66.1.Libyan Front
Was the Italian invasion of Ottoman Libya during the Italo-Turkish War.
October 1911: On the morning of 4 October, an Italian naval squadron landed in Tobruch without encountering resistance.
October 1911: Italian forces land in Tripoli and occupy the city.
October 1911: On October 13, Italian Vice Admiral Aubry ordered the occupation of Derna with the troops already present in Tobruch. On October 16, after a violent naval bombardment, Italian forces managed to land in Derna.
October 1911: The whole city of Benghasi was occupied in the morning of October 19th.
October 1911: Italian forces landed in Homs and defeated the 300-strong Turkish garrison.
October 1911: Italian Bersaglieri occupied the Mergèb heights, opposed not only by the Turkish garrison but also by about 1,500 Arab irregulars.
November 1911: On November 10, Tadjoura was occupied by Italian forces.
December 1911: The Italian forces achieved a significant victory at the Battle of Ain Zara. This victory, occurring near Tripoli in modern-day Libya, was pivotal in consolidating Italian control over the region.
January 1912: Italian forces occupied Gargaresh on January 20, 1912.
February 1912: The high ground around Homs was reconquered by the Italians.
February 1912: Italian occupation of Lebda.
June 1912: Italian victory at the battle of Zanzur.
June 1912: Landing of Italian troops in Libya with immediate occupation of Bu Sceifa and Gasr-Ahmed.
July 1912: Italian occupation of Sidi Said.
July 1912: Italian occupation of Misrata.
July 1912: Italian forces take Sidi Alì on July 14th.
August 1912: Italian troops entered Zuara without encountering resistance.
66.2.Treaty of Lausanne (1912)
Was the peace treaty that ended the Italo-Turkish War. The Ottoman Empire ceded Libya to Italy. The Dodecanese was not ceded by the Ottomans, but it was under Italian military occupation and was not given back.
October 1912: On 18 October 1912, Italy and the Ottoman Empire signed the First Treaty of Lausanne, ending the Italo-Turkish War. The Ottoman Turks ceded the provinces of Tripolitania, Fezzan, and Cyrenaica to Italy. These provinces together formed what became known as Libya. The Dodecanese was not officially ceded but was never returned from Italy to Turkey.
Were two wars fought in southeastern Europe in 1912-1913 during which the states of the Balkan League (Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia) first conquered Macedonia and much of Thrace from the Ottomans and then clashed with each other over the division of the conquered lands.
67.1.First Balkan War
Was a war fought in southeastern Europe where the states of the Balkan League (Kingdom of Bulgaria, Kingdom of Greece, Kingdom of Montenegro and Kingdom of Serbia) conquered Macedonia and much of Thrace (virtually all remaining territories of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans) from the Ottomans.
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January 1913: The territory of Albania was occupied by Serbia in the north and Greece in the south.
67.1.1.Aegean Front
Was the Aegean front of the First Balkan War.
April 1912: On the 28th, Astypalaia (It. Stampalia) was occupied by Italian forces.
May 1912: The first Italian landing in Rhodes took place on May 4, when 8,000 men under the command of General Giovanni Ameglio landed in the bay of Kalitea about 10 km from the capital Rhodes, reached in the evening. The Turkish garrison of city withdrew during the night and surrendered the following morning.
May 1912: On May 9, 1912, Italian cruiser Duca degli Abruzzi occupied Calchi, taking the garrison prisoner.
May 1912: Ships of the Italian 1st and 2nd divisions occupied Karpathos (It. Scarpanto) and Kasos (It. Caso), while other units of the same divisions with simultaneous action, seized Nisyros (It. Nisiro), Tilos (It. Piscopi), Kalymnos (It. Calimno), Leros (It. Lero), and Patmos (It. Patmo).
May 1912: On May 16, during the battles of Psithos, Italian destroyers Nembo and Aquilone occupied the island of Leipsoi (It. Lisso).
May 1912: Italian R.N. Pegasus took possession of the island of Symi.
May 1912: Italian R.N. Napoli occupies the island of Kos.
October 1912: On October 20, Greek units occupied Tenedos.
November 1912: Greek forces took Taşoz, İmroz, Samothrace and Limni (now Lemnos) in early November.
December 1912: Greek forces took Körice on December 20.
December 1912: On November 21, the Greeks landed at Midilli.
January 1913: Greek conquest of Sakız.
67.1.2.Northern Rumelian Front
Was the Northern Rumelian front of the First Balkan War.
October 1912: The Montenegrin Eastern Division took Akova.
October 1912: Montenegrin conquest of Berane.
October 1912: Montenegrin conquest of Palav.
October 1912: Serbian conquest of Priştina.
October 1912: The Serbian army of the Ibar took Yeni Pazar.
October 1912: Serbian conquest of Senica.
October 1912: Taşlıca is taken by Montenegrin forces on October 28.
October 1912: the Montenegrin troops arrived at Scutari on 18 October, but two frontal assaults launched on 24 and 28 October were repulsed by the Ottoman garrison.
November 1912: Montenegrin detachments captured İpek.
November 1912: Montenegrin cnquest of Yakova jointly with the Serbs.
November 1912: On November 2, Preveze was reached by Greek forces and fell two days later.
November 1912: With the capture of Prizren, Kosovo was completely occupied by the Serbian and Montenegrin coalition forces.
November 1912: A Serbian column reached the sea at Leş.
November 1912: On November 25, Hellenic Army officer Sapountzakis was able to surround Ioannina on three sides (west, south and east), but the north side remained uncovered.
November 1912: A Serbian column instead captured Tirana and Dıraç by November 27.
March 1913: On March 6 the Ottoman garrison of Ioannina surrendered to Greek forces.
March 1913: With the fall of Ioannina, the Greeks completed the conquest of Epirus by taking, between 15 and 21 March, Ergiri Kasrı and Tepedelen.
April 1913: The Serbs advanced into southern Albania, occupying Loşna.
April 1913: Serbian forces occupied Berat.
April 1913: The Montenegrins took possession of the city of Scutari (Shkodër).
67.1.3.Bulgarian offensive (First Balkan War)
Was the Bulgarian military invasion of Ottoman territories during the First Balkan War.
October 1912: On the night of October 18, 1912, the Bulgarian vanguards began to penetrate enemy territory, easily pushing back the few Ottoman forces stationed to guard the border.
October 1912: The important center of Kardzhali was occupied by Bulgarian forces.
October 1912: The Bulgarians arrived in front of the main body of the Ottoman Eastern Army, deployed between the cities of Adrianople and Kirk Kilisse.
October 1912: On October 24, the Bulgarians took Kirk Kilisse.
October 1912: Between 26 and 27 October the Bulgarian forces secured the town of Smoljan and the Mesta valley.
October 1912: The Bulgarians did not immediately press the Ottomans, who were thus able to entrench themselves on a 40 km long second defensive line between the towns of Lüleburgaz, Karaağaç and Bunarhisar, 150 km west of Istanbul: on 29 October the Bulgarian First and Third Armies attacked the Ottoman line, but met stiff resistance.
November 1912: Bulgarian victory at the battle of Lüleburgaz.
November 1912: On November 5, Bulgarian forces forced the Ottoman positions on the Rhodope mountain chain and occupied the important railway center of Drama.
November 1912: Adrianople (modern-day Edirne) was completely surrounded by the Bulgarians.
November 1912: After massing the First and Third Armies in front of Çatalca, the Bulgarian forces launched their offensive on 17 November.
November 1912: Bulgarian forces occupied İskeçe on November 26.
November 1912: Bulgarian forces reached the Aegean coast at Dedeağaç (now Alexandroupoli).
November 1912: Ottoman forces were forced to surrender at Feres.
November 1912: Bulgarian troops from Lüleburgaz reached the coast of the Marmara Sea near Şarköy, isolating the Ottoman forces barricaded in the Gallipoli peninsula, which were however able to hold their position.
March 1913: The Ottoman commander Şükrü Pasha surrendered Adrianople (modern-day Edirne) to the Bulgarians, ending a siege that lasted 155 days.
67.1.4.Macedonian Front (Balkan War)
Was the Macedonian front of the First Balkan War.
October 1912: On October 19, Crown Prince Alexander's Serbian First Army crossed the Ottoman border south of Vranje aiming towards the Vardar valley, while General Stepanović's Serbian Second Army moved from Bulgarian territory to take the enemy forces from the rear.
October 1912: After meeting negligible resistance, on October 22, the forces of Prince Constantine of Greece launched an assault against the Ottoman fortifications of the Sarantaporo pass, overcoming them after a day of hard fighting.
October 1912: Ottoman and Serbian forces faced each other near Kumanovo.
October 1912: The Greeks entered Kozani.
October 1912: The Serbian First Army took Üsküb virtually without a fight.
October 1912: The Serbian Second Army captured İştip and Ustrumca.
November 1912: Encountering negligible resistance, the Bulgarians took Petriç, Demirhisar and Serez.
November 1912: The Hellenic fleet occupied the Chalkidiki peninsula with landing forces.
November 1912: After passing the Olympus massif, the Greek troops entered the plain of Thessaloniki, where they met Ottoman resistance: between 1 and 2 November the two sides faced each other in the battle of Giannitsa, a tough battle that ended with another Greek victory .
November 1912: Between 5 and 6 November Ottoman and Serbian forces faced each other in the battle of Prilep, a battle won by the Serbs who were thus able to continue their advance.
November 1912: On November 8, the Ottoman garrison capitulated and the Greeks took possession of Saloniki.
November 1912: On November 16, the two Serbian armies reached Monastir, the third largest city in Macedonia. On 19 November the Serbs entered Monastir undisturbed, leaving the Ottomans free to fall back on central-southern Albania.
November 1912: On November 20, the Serbs took Resne.
November 1912: Greek forces captured the town of Florina.
November 1912: Serbian military operations ended with the capture of the city of Ohrid.
November 1912: The Greeks extended their conquests as far west as Körice, Albania, and east as far as Lake Dojran and Mount Pangeo, completing the occupation of southern Macedonia in less than a month.
67.1.5.Treaty of London (1913)
The Treaty of London (1913) was signed on 30 May following the London Conference of 1912-13. It ended the First Balkan War and dealt with the territorial adjustments arising out of the conclusion of the First Balkan War.
May 1913: The Treaty of London was signed on 30 May following the London Conference of 1912-13. It dealt with the territorial adjustments arising out of the conclusion of the First Balkan War. Albania was declared independent.
67.2.Second Balkan War
Was a war fought by Bulgary against a coalition of Balkan states. During the First Balkan War the Balkan League had conquered most of the Ottoman Balkan territories. Bulgaria was dissatisfied by the territorial partition and invaded its former allies.
67.2.1.Ottoman intervention (Second Balkan War)
Was an Ottoman military offensive against Bulgaria during the Second Balkan War.
July 1913: Ottoman troops garrisoning Çatalca and Gelibolu reached the Enos-Midia line.
July 1913: Edirne is occupied by the Ottomans on 23 July.
August 1913: The Ottoman armies crossed into Bulgarian territory. A cavalry unit advanced on Yambol.
67.2.2.Treaty of Bucarest
Was the treaty that ended the Second Balkan War.
August 1913: The European borders of Turkey were set with the Treaty of Bucarest that ended the Second Balkan War.
August 1913: The Sofia government obtained the Blagoevgrad district and a part of Western Thrace.
August 1913: Bulgarians stopped the Serbian offensive in Macedonia at Kalimanci.
Were a series of wars and events that resulted in the establishment of modern-day Saudi Arabia.
January 1914: In 1913, Emir Abdulaziz Al Saud of Riyadh captured the Sanjak of Hasa from the Ottomans, expanding his territory in the Arabian Peninsula.
January 1914: In 1913 Ibn Saud launched an attack on Hofuf, where 1,200 Turkish troops had been stationed since the province's annexation in 1871. The Ottoman garrison was expelled from Hasa, and the territory fell to the Al Saud.
July 1919: The First Saudi-Hashemite War or the Al-Khurma dispute took place in 1918-1919 between Abdulaziz Ibn Abdul Rahman AlSaud of the Emirate of Nejd and the Hashemites of the Kingdom of Hejaz. It resulted in the defeat of the Hashemite forces and capture of al-Khurma by the Saudis.
September 1932: On 23 September 1932, Ibn Saud proclaimed the union of the main Saudi dominions of al-Hasa, Qatif, Nejd and the Hejaz as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
68.1.Conquest of al-Hasa
Was a Saudi expedition to conquer the Oasis of Al-Hasa, that was controlled by the Ottoman Empire since 1871.
May 1913: The Conquest of the al-Hasa Oasis from the Ottomans was achieved by the Saudi forces of ibn Saud with support from the Ikhwan (a religious militia made up of nomadic tribesmen) in April 1913.
Was a global conflict between two coalitions, the Allies (primarily France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). It was mainly caused by the competition of the western countries over domain in Europe and in the rest of the world with their colonial empires. The war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. The war also caused the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War.
69.1.World War I eastern Front
Was the theatre of war in eastern Europe during World War I.
69.1.1.Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (also known as the Brest Peace in Russia) was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, between the new Bolshevik government of Russia and the Central Powers (German Empire, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire), that ended Russia's participation in World War I.
March 1918: On March 3, the Ottoman Grand vizier Talat Pasha signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Russian SFSR. Bolshevik Russia ceded Batum, Kars, and Ardahan to the Ottomans, which the Russians had captured during the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878).
March 1918: Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia declared independence as the Transcaucasian Commissariat.
69.2.World War I Middle East Theatre
Was the theatre of war in the Middle East during World War I.
January 1916: By 1915, with the first world war in full swing, Al Idrisi established contacts with the British through its administration in Aden. With the new connections, the Idrisids occupied over the Farasan Islands, and later parts of Northern Tihamah and Al Luḩayyah.
October 1918: Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Imam Yahya Muhammad of the al-Qasimi dynasty declared northern Yemen an independent sovereign state.
69.2.1.Caucasus campaign (World War I)
Was an armed conflict mainly between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire in the Caucasus area during World War I.
69.2.1.1.Russian Conquest of Armenia
Was the Russin offensive in Armenia during World War I.
November 1914: Russian forces reached Köprüköy on November 4.
November 1914: The 3rd Infantry Regiment, led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, invaded Köprüköy during the Azap Offensive in November 1914, securing the territory for the Ottoman Empire.
November 1914: The Ottoman 3rd Infantry Regiment invaded Köprüköy during the Azap Offensive in November 1914, securing the territory for the Ottoman Empire.
November 1914: By the end of November, the front had stabilized, with the Russians clinging to a salient 25 kilometers into the Ottoman Empire along the Erzurum-Sarikamish axis.
November 1914: Armenian volunteers were took Karaköse and Doğubeyazıt.
December 1914: At the Battle of Ardahan, the city was captured by the Turks.
April 1915: The Russians were holding the towns of Eleşkirt, Ağrı and Doğubeyazıt in the south.
April 1915: Self-defensive measure by the Armenian population of Van against the Ottoman Empire. Armenian forces fought against the attempts to massacre the Armenian population in the Van Vilayet.
January 1916: The Battle of Koprukoy in 1916 occurred when the Russians were advancing to Erzurum.
February 1916: Ottoman Mahmut Kamil was forced to order the 3rd Army to retreat from the Erzurum, as Russian Yudenich had a numerical advantage over the Ottoman army.
April 1916: Ottoman forces retreated from Trabzon, and on April 15 the city was taken without a fight by the Russian Caucasus Army.
July 1916: On July 2, Erzincan was captured by Russina forces.
August 1916: Russian units pushed the Ottoman 2nd Army deep into Anatolia and defeated the Turks in the Battles of Mush and Bitlis (March 2 - August 24).
69.2.1.2.Ottoman offensive (Caucasus campaign)
Was the Ottoman military offensive during the Caucasus campaign of World War I.
February 1918: The Bolshevik revolution left Russia's vast southern territories unguarded. The Ottoman forces moved through east of the line between Tirebolu and Bitlis and took Kelkit on February 7.
February 1918: Erzincan conquered by Ottoman Empire.
February 1918: Bayburt conquered by Ottoman Empire.
February 1918: Tercan conquered by Ottoman Empire.
February 1918: The Black Sea port of Trabzon was reconquered by Turkish forces on February 24.
March 1918: On March 3, the Grand vizier Talat Pasha signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Russian SFSR. Bolshevik Russia ceded Batum, Kars, and Ardahan to the Ottomans, which the Russians had captured during the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878).
March 1918: Manzikert, Hınıs, Oltu, Köprüköy and Tortum conquered by Ottoman Empire.
March 1918: By March 24 the Ottoman forces had crossed the 1914 frontier into what had been Russian Empire territory, occupying parts of Armenia.
69.2.1.3.Transcaucasian Front of World War I
Was the theatre of war in Transcaucasia during World War I.
April 1918: The Ottomans with 10,000-12,000 troops captured the port of Batumi.
April 1918: Surrender of the city of Kars to the Ottoman army.
May 1918: The First Republic of Armenia declared its independence.
May 1918: Georgia withdrew from the federation and declared itself a separate republic, encouraged by the German mission led by Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein and Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg.
October 1918: By September 1918, the Ottomans consolidated their control over northern Persia, between Tabriz and the southern shores of the Caspian Sea.
69.2.2.Capture of Cheikh Saïd
Capture of Cheikh Saïd by British forces during World War I.
November 1914: British forces captured Cheikh Saïd.
69.2.3.Mesopotamian campaign
Was a military operation by the British Empire to conquer Ottoman-held Mesopotamia.
November 1914: The British occupied the city of Basra .
December 1914: The British forces defeated the Ottomans at the Battle of Qurna and occupied the city.
December 1914: At the Battle of Qurna they succeeded in capturing Subhi Bey.
July 1915: In July 1915, a force led by General George Frederick Gorringe, a British Army officer, captured the city of Nasiriyah in present-day Iraq.
March 1916: By early March 1916, the British were at the outskirts of Baghdad.
March 1916: On 11 March 1917, the British entered Baghdad.
November 1916: The British Indian Expeditionary led by Charles Townshend arrived at Ctesiphon where an inconclusive battle took place.
November 1916: The British ended up retreating from the battlefield of Ctesiphon.
January 1917: The British occupied Kut.
April 1917: British forces captured Hīt and Khan al Baghdadi in March.
May 1917: Kifri conquered by great britain.
March 1918: An uprising began when Captain Marshall was murdered in the citadel of Najaf.
November 1918: British troops led by general Cobbe marched unopposed into the city of Mosul on the 14 November 1918.
69.2.4.Persian Campaign
Was a series of military conflicts between the Ottoman Empire, British Empire and Russian Empire in Iran during World War I.
March 1915: The Van Gendarmerie Division retreated to Qotur.
April 1915: Dilman was the site of a very hard battle between the Armenians and the Turks.
April 1915: After the battle of Dilman in 1915, General Nazarbekov of the Russian Empire managed to push Ottoman General Halil Pasha's troops towards Başkale, a town located in present-day Turkey.
August 1915: During July 1915, Russian forces were forced into a general retreat across the Caucasus area, with one column of Russians retreating as far as the Persian frontier.
November 1915: On November 10, the Gendarmerie forces, led by Ali Quli Khan Pasyan, defeated the tribal forces of the Khamseh (allies of the British), which were commanded by Ibrahim Khan Qavam-ul-Mulk, and captured Shiraz.
December 1915: In November 1915, Major Pesyan, commander of the Gendarmerie in Hamedan, launched an attack on the pro-Russian Persian Cossack Brigade in a battle that later took the battle name of Musalla. His gendarmes managed to disarm the enemies and he, with a patriotic speech, managed to convince some of them to go over to their side.
December 1915: The Russians advanced against the Gendarmerie forces both in the Robatkarim region, where the forces were commanded by Mohammad Hossein Jahanbani, and along the road linking the Hamadan and Kermanshah regions, where the Gendarmerie forces were commanded by Major Pesyan and Azizollah Zarghami. The gendarmes, having been defeated, retreated to Kermanshah.
December 1915: Hamadan was captured by the troops of General Baratov.
February 1916: In 1916, during World War I, General Nikolai Baratov led Russian forces to capture the city of Kermanshah in Persia (modern-day Iran).
February 1916: On February 26, 1916, the Russians defeated the Ottoman gendarmes, who were forced to retreat to Qasr-e-Shirin province.
March 1916: Kharind conquered by russia.
June 1916: In May 1916 Qasr-e-Shirin province also fell into Russian hands.
June 1916: On June 12, British soldiers advanced into southern Persia, which was conquered with the capture of Kerman by Percy Sykes' troops.
July 1916: In northern Persia, the Ottoman 6th Division arrived as reinforcements. Ali İhsan Bey captured Khermanshah on 2 July.
August 1916: Turkish forces took Hamadan.
January 1917: In December 1916, Baratov began moving towards the cities of Qom and Hamadan, to eliminate the Persian and Turkish forces there. In the same month the cities were conquered.
June 1918: After the revolution, the Russian troops in Persia were routed and Turkey decided to reconquer these regions. On June 8, 1918, the Ottoman IV Corps entered Tabriz.
June 1918: The town of Dilman was captured by Ottoman forces on June 18.
July 1918: In southern Persia, Urmia fell to the hands of the Ottoman IV Corps.
August 1918: During July 1918, the British army occupied a large portion of Mesopotamia, as well as a large part of Persian Azerbaijan.
69.2.4.1.Ottoman campaign in Persia during World War I
Were minor conquests of the Ottomans in Persia during World War I.
December 1914: The Ottoman Van Jandarma Division occupied the city of Qotur.
January 1915: Urmia, a city in northwestern Iran, was captured by a volunteer detachment led by Omer Naci Bey, who was sent by Talat Pasha of the Ottoman Empire on a special mission.
January 1915: The "Mosul Group" commanded by Omer Fevzi Bey entered Tabriz, without facing much resistance.
January 1915: During World War I, Russian General Chernozubov led the force that recaptured Tabriz from Ottoman forces in 1915.
69.2.5.Sinai and Palestine campaign
Was a campaign fought by the Arab Revolt and the British Empire, against the Ottoman Empire and its Imperial German allies.
October 1918: The Armistice of Mudros, concluded on 30 October 1918, ended the hostilities, at noon the next day, in the Middle Eastern theatre between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies of World War I. As part of several conditions to the armistice, in the Caucasus, the Ottomans had to retreat to within the pre-war borders between the Ottoman and the Russian Empires.
69.2.5.1.Ottoman Invasion of Sinai
Was the Ottoman invasion of Sinai during World War I.
January 1915: Two smaller flanking columns of the Ottoman Army made secondary attacks near Kantara in the northern sector of the Canal and near Suez in the south.
February 1915: Kress von Kressenstein's Ottoman Suez Expeditionary Force advanced from Southern Palestine to arrive on the Canal on 2 February when they succeeded in crossing the Canal near Ismailia on the morning of 3 February 1915.
February 1915: The Ottoman companies held their positions until the evening of 3 February 1915, when the commanding officer ordered them to withdraw. Subsequently, Ottoman advance troops and outposts were maintained on the Sinai peninsula on a line between El Arish and Nekhl.
August 1916: Battle of Romani: During the night of 3-4 August 1916 the advancing force, including the German Pasha I formation and the Ottoman 3rd Infantry Division, launched an attack from Katia on Romani.
August 1916: Egyptian forces reac Bir el Abd.
January 1917: Battle of Rafa - The Allied troops captured the town.
69.2.5.2.British Campaign in Palestine
Was the British Campaign in Ottoman-held Palestine during Wolrd War I.
March 1917: From April to October 1917 the Ottoman and British Empire forces held their lines of defence from Gaza to Beersheba. Both sides constructed extensive entrenchments.
October 1917: Karm conquered by great britain.
October 1917: Battle of Beersheba.
November 1917: Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe.
November 1917: Third Battle of Gaza. Ottoman garrison abandons Gaza.
November 1917: Battle of Mughar Ridge: a Junction Station known as Wadi es Sara was captured by the British, and the Ottoman railway link with Jerusalem was cut. As a result of this victory the Ottoman Eighth Army withdrew behind the Nahr el Auja and their Seventh Army withdrew toward Jerusalem.
November 1917: The Battle of Nebi Samwil was the first attempt by the forces of the British Empire to capture Jerusalem. The village of Nebi Samwil, also known as the "Tomb of Samuel", was part of the Ottoman defences in front of Jerusalem. The village was captured by the 234th Brigade, part of the 75th Division, on 21 November 1917.
December 1917: Jerusalem surrendered to the British on 30 December 1917.
February 1918: The British capture of Jericho occurred between 19 and 21 February 1918.
March 1918: British occupation of Es Salt in the hills of Moab between 24 and 25 March.
April 1918: The city of Berukin was captured by the British.
September 1918: Units of the British 4th and 5th Cavalry Divisions converged to capture Afulah with the 4th Cavalry Division capturing Beisan in the afternoon. The Australian Mounted Division captured Jenin.
September 1918: Tulkarm and Tabsor conquered by great britain.
September 1918: The British 5th Cavalry Division captured the town of Nazareth.
September 1918: British divisions also captured Haifa and Acre following the Battle of Haifa.
September 1918: British forces captured Tiberias.
September 1918: Second Battle of Amman.
September 1918: Battle of Nablus.
September 1918: Daraa was captured by the British on 27 September 1918.
October 1918: Damascus conquered by great britain.
October 1918: Battle of Aleppo.
69.2.6.Gallipoli Campaign
Was an unsuccesful military operation by the Entente that wanted to take control of the Ottoman straits.
April 1915: The ANZAC, the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, landed at Gallipoli, north of Ari Burnu.
April 1915: The invasion of Gallipoli began on April 25, 1915. After heavy bombardment by Allied naval artillery, the 29th Division was dropped off at Helles at the tip of the peninsula.
April 1915: British forces advanced on Cape Hellas in Gallipoli, Turkey. This strategic move was part of the Gallipoli Campaign led by British General Sir Ian Hamilton.
May 1915: The Second Battle of Krithia took place during World War I in 1915 in Cape Helles, Gallipoli.
August 1915: By decision of the British Dardanelles Committee, two new infantry divisions (10th (Irish) and 11th (Northern) Division) landed in Suvla Bay on the night of August 6th.
August 1915: Battle of Hill 60 and Battle of Scimitar Hill.
January 1916: After eight months' fighting, with approximately 250,000 casualties on each side, the Gallipoli campaign was abandoned and the invasion force withdrawn. It was a costly defeat for the Allies. The last units left Gallipoli on 9 January 1916.
69.2.7.Arab Revolt
Was a military uprising of Arab forces against the Ottoman Empire in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I.
June 1916: Another of Hussein's sons, the Emir Abdullah attacked Ta'if, With the Egyptian artillery support, Abdullah took Ta'if on September 22, 1916.
June 1916: The port of Jidda was attacked by 3500 Arabs. The Ottoman garrison surrendered.
September 1916: By the end of September 1916 the Sharifian army had taken the coastal cities of Rabegh, Yenbo, Qunfida.
January 1917: Royal Navy bluejackets attacked Wejh from the north on 23 January 1917. Wejh surrendered within 36 hours.
July 1917: After an overland attack, Aqaba fell to those Arab forces with only a handful of casualties.
September 1918: The Sharifian Army succeeded in cutting off and thus neutralizing the Ottoman position at Ma'an, who held out until late September 1918.
September 1918: The major victory in Tafas in 1918 was led by T.E. Lawrence, also known as Lawrence of Arabia, and Arab forces against Ottoman, Austrian, and German troops.
September 1918: "Sherifial irregulars" , accompanied by Lieutenant Colonel T. E. Lawrence, captured Deraa.
January 1919: Hussain occupied Mecca and besieged Medina. It was one of the longest sieges in history that lasted until even after the armistice.
69.2.7.1.Battle of Mecca
On July 4, 1916 the last Turkish resistance in Mecca capitulated.
July 1916: The last Turkish resistance in Mecca, Jirwal barracks, capitulated.
69.3.Aftermath of World War I
Were a series of treaties and military events that can be considered a direct consequence of World War I.
69.3.1.Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)
Was a war between Greece and the Turkish National Movement during the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I.
69.3.1.1.Greek Expansion in the aftermath of WWI
Was the Greek occupation of Turkish territories in the aftermath of World War I.
May 1919: The occupation of Smyrna was the military control by Greek forces of the city of Smyrna and surrounding areas.
May 1919: The Greeks brought their forces into Eastern Thrace (apart from Constantinople and its region).
69.3.1.2.Greek Offensive (Greco-Turkish War)
Was a Greek offensive in Turkey during the Greco-Turkish War.
July 1920: Kırkağaç, Soma and Salihli were captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
July 1920: Alaşehir was captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
July 1920: Kula was captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
July 1920: Balıkesir was captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
August 1920: Bandırma, Kirmasti and Karacabey were captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
August 1920: Nazilli was captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
August 1920: Gemlik and Mudanya were captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
August 1920: Bursa was captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
August 1920: İznik was captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
August 1920: Gediz and Ulubey were captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
August 1920: Uşak was captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
September 1920: Gains from Greek Offensive by August 1920.
September 1920: Simav was captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
January 1921: The Greek advance in Turkey was halted for the first time at the First Battle of İnönü.
March 1921: Greek I Army Corps took Kara Hisâr-ı Sâhib (present-day Afyonkarahisar).
March 1921: Turkish Army Officer İsmet İnönü attacked again after receiving reinforcements, and recaptured Metristepe.
July 1921: Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir.
August 1921: Gains from Greek Offensive by July 1921.
September 1921: Following the retreat of the Turkish troops under Ismet Inönü in the battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir the Greek Army advanced afresh to the Sakarya River (Sangarios in Greek), less than 100 kilometres west of Ankara.
69.3.1.3.Greek Retreat after the Battle of Sakarya
Was the Greek reatreat after the battle of Sakarya during the Greco-Turkish War.
September 1921: After Greek retreat, Turkish forces managed to retake Sivrihisar.
69.3.1.4.Turkish counter-attack (Greco-Turkish War)
Was a Turkish offensive against the Greek army during the Greco-Turkish War.
August 1922: The major Greek defense positions were overrun, and Afyon fell to Ottoman forces.
September 1922: On September 2, 1922, Eskişehir was captured by the Turkish National Forces led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
September 1922: Balıkesir and Bilecik were taken by the Ottomans on September 6.
September 1922: Aydın conquered by Ottoman Empire.
September 1922: Aydın, Germencik and Kuşadası fell under Turkish control.
September 1922: Anisa was taken by the Ottomans on September 8.
September 1922: Turkish cavalry entered Smyrna on September 9.
September 1922: Gemlik and Mudanya fell to the Ottomans on September 11.
September 1922: On 16 September the last Greek troops left Çeşme.
September 1922: The expulsion of the Greek Army from Anatolia was completed.
September 1922: Mustafa Kemal's troops moved into the straits zones and refused British requests to leave. The British cabinet was divided on the matter but eventually any possible armed conflict was prevented. British General Charles Harington, allied commander in Constantinople, kept his men from firing on Turks and warned the British cabinet against any rash adventure. The Greek fleet left Constantinople upon his request. The British finally decided to force the Greeks to withdraw behind the Maritsa in Thrace. This convinced Mustafa Kemal to accept the opening of armistice talks.
69.3.2.Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine
The Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine required Bulgaria to cede various territories, after Bulgaria had been one of the Central Powers defeated in World War I. The treaty was signed on 27 November 1919 at Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.
November 1919: The Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine established the border of Bulgaria with the Ottoman Empire.
69.3.3.Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
The treaty ended the Greco-Turkish conflict and redrew the borders established by the Treaty of Sèvres.
July 1923: The Treaty of Lausanne (24 July 1923) marked the end of the Turkish War of Independence. The treaty recognized the sovereignty of Turkey over its territory, including the zone of the straits.
Was a series of military campaigns waged by the Turkish National Movement after parts of the Ottoman Empire were occupied and partitioned following its defeat in World War I. The war led to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey.
November 1918: British troops occupy Musul.
November 1918: British troops occupy İskenderun and the two sides of the Dardanelles.
November 1918: Joint French-Greek troops cross the Meriç River and occupy the town of Uzunköprü in Eastern Thrace as well as the railway axis till the train station of Hadımköy near Çatalca on the outskirts of Istanbul.
November 1918: Ottoman troops withdraw from Baku, which was occupied by British troops in the followind days.
December 1918: British troops based in Syria occupy Kilis,.
January 1919: British troops based in Syria occupy Jerablus.
January 1919: British troops based in Syria occupy Antep.
February 1919: British troops based in Syria occupy Maraş.
February 1919: British troops based in Syria occupy Birecik.
March 1919: British troops based in Syria occupy Urfa.
April 1919: Italian forces occupied Antalya, the region around which will remain comparatively calm throughout the war.
May 1919: Small Italian contingents occupied (rather symbolically, since the Ottoman administration is allowed to function intact) Fethiye, Bodrum and Marmaris and the surrounding regions.
December 1921: The British troops evacuate Kilis that had been under British administration since three years.
September 1922: Turkish troops re-assume control of the city of Çanakkale and its depending towns after almost four years, and following several days of tension of international scale, known as Chanak Crisis.
January 1923: Italy began the withdrawal of its expeditionary force in Constantinople in the autumn of 1922.
70.1.Franco-Turkish War
Was a war between France and the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I. France started a military campaign in the southern territories of the Ottoman Empire because in the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement with the United Kingdom it had agreed to take control of the region.
December 1918: French troops occupy Tarsus and Ceyhan and face the first exchanges of fire in Dörtyol in one of the opening acts of what will later be termed the Franco-Turkish War.
December 1918: French troops occupy Adana, Çukurova's largest city with central importance for southern Turkey.
December 1918: French troops occupy Osmaniye and Islahiye.
December 1918: The control over Çukurova was acquired by General Henri Gouraud, a French military commander, in a move that extended French military occupation to Pozantı in Gülek Pass (Cilicia Gates) on December 27, 1918.
April 1920: French occupation troops are forced to evacuate Urfa faced to the resistance and assaults of the Turkish Revolutionaries.
June 1920: French occupation troops are forced to evacuate the entire region of Urfa, east of Euphrates.
June 1920: The French retire their troops from Karadeniz Ereğli.
February 1921: Antep's Turkish forces surrendered to French forces after 384 days of fighting.
March 1921: French occupation troops are forced to evacuate Kadirli faced to the resistance and assaults of the Turkish Revolutionaries.
March 1921: French occupation troops were forced to evacuate Feke faced to the resistance and assaults of the Turkish Revolutionaries.
June 1921: The French troops depart from Zonguldak.
November 1921: French troops evacuate Islahiye.
January 1922: French troops evacuate Mersin.
January 1922: French troops evacuate Dörtyol.
70.1.1.French Occupation of strategic places in Turkey after WWI
Were a series of French military actions to occupy territories in the southern part of the Ottoman Empire.
November 1918: A French brigade entered Constantinople on 12 November 1918. On 8 February 1919, French general Franchet d'Espèrey - commander-in-chief of allied occupation forces in the Ottoman Empire - arrived in Constantinople to coordinate the occupation government.
January 1919: The city of Bursa (a former Ottoman capital of central importance in northwest Anatolia) was also held by French forces for a brief period before the great summer offensive of the Greek army in 1920.
March 1919: Two French gunboats brought troops to the Black Sea ports of Zonguldak and Karadeniz Ereğli to command the Ottoman coal mining region.
June 1920: Because of the resistance they faced during their one-year stay in the region, French troops begin to withdraw from Karadeniz Ereğli.
70.1.2.Cilicia Campaign
Was a French and British military campaign in southern Anatolia during the Franco-Turkish War.
November 1918: French forces land at Mersin.
November 1918: Tarsus, a city in modern-day Turkey, was occupied by French forces in 1918.
November 1919: The city of Mardin was occupied by the French for one day.
70.1.3.French Withdrawal (Franco-Turkish War)
Was the withdrawal of French forces from Southern Anatolia.
November 1919: The French abandoned the occupation attempt of Mardin.
February 1920: After 22 days of the Battle of Marash, the French occupation troops, followed by members of the local Armenian community, found themselves forced to evacuate Marash by the resistance and assaults of the Turkish revolutionaries.
January 1922: The French forces withdrew from the occupation zone in Turkey in the first days of 1922, about ten months before the Armistice of Mudanya. Beginning on 3 January, French troops evacuated Mersin and Dörtyol.
January 1922: On 5 January the French left Adana, Ceyhan and Tarsus to the Ottomans.
January 1922: The French evacuation of Anatolia was completed with the last troops leaving Osmaniye. France left all territories occupied in Cilicia and southern Turkey with the exception of the Republic of Hatay.
Was a Civil War in Russia that involved varios factions but mainly the Bolsheviks and the conservative White Army in the core Russian territories, as well as a multitude of local secessionist states. At the end of war the Bolsheviks were victorious and established the Soviet Union.
71.1.Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War
Local independence movement caused several secessions and revolts during the Russian Civil War.
71.1.1.Pro-independence and White movements in the Caucasus during the Russian Civil War
Were a series of revolts and secessions in the Caucasus during the Russian Civil War.
August 1920: The Treaty of Sèvres was signed between the Allied and Associated Powers and the Ottoman Empire at Sèvres, France on August 10, 1920. The treaty included a clause on Armenia: it made all parties signing the treaty recognize Armenia as a free and independent state. De facto Armenia never took control of all the regions populated by Armenians.
October 1921: The Treaty of Kars was a peace treaty that established the common borders between Turkey and the three Transcaucasian republics of the Soviet Union.
71.1.1.1.Georgian-Armenian War
Was a border dispute that was fought in December 1918 between the newly independent Democratic Republic of Georgia and the First Republic of Armenia.
71.1.1.2.Red Army invasion of Georgia and Armenia
Was a military campaign by the Russian Red Army against secessionist states in the Caucasus.
December 1920: The Soviets took control of Armenia, which ceased to exist as an independent state. The regions given to Armenia by the treaty of Sevres remained to Turkey.
71.1.2.Pro-independence movements in central Asia during the Russian Civil War
Were a series of revolts and secessions in central Asia during the Russian Civil War.
January 1919: Turkish forces withdrew from the Arabian Peninsula in 1918.
71.2.Ottoman Invasion of Armenia
Was an Ottoman military invasion of Armenia, part of the Turkish-Armenian war and also of the Caucasian theatre of the Russian Civil War.
September 1920: At 2:30 in the morning of September 13, five battalions from the Turkish XV Army Corps crossed the Turkish-Armenian border and surprised the thinly spread and unprepared Armenian armies at Olti and Peniak.
September 1920: Turks entered Sarıkamış.
October 1920: The city of Kars came under full Turkish occupation.
November 1920: Turkish forces continued to advance in Armenia, and a week after the capture of Kars, they took control of Alexandropol.
November 1920: The Turks captured the strategic village of Aghin.
March 1921: Treaty of Moscow: the Turkish authorities proclaimed the annexation of Batumi.
March 1921: The battle for Batumi ended with the port and most of the city in Georgian hands.
Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.
72.1.End of World War II in Europe
Refers to the surrender of Axis forces and the end of World War II and to the territorial changes that were a direct consequence of World War II but happened after the traditional end of the War.
72.1.1.The Surrender of German forces
Surrender of German forces at the end of World War II.
May 1945: At the end of World War II Greece freed its islands from German forces.
Was the Turkish invasion of Cyprus that resulted in the formation of the Autonomous Turkish Cypriot Administration in the northern portion of the island. The invasion immediate cuase was the Greek junta-sponsored Cypriot coup d'état that happened in a period of intercommunal violence between Greek and Turkish Cypriots.
February 1975: A State on the region of Northern Cyprus was declared in 1975 and existing until 1983, that was not recognized by the international community.
73.1.First Turkish Invasion
Was the first phase of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus.
July 1974: The last defences at Kyrenia collapsed. Greek Cypriot forces, trapped in the castle, managed to escape out of the city.
July 1974: Battle of Pentemili beachhead.
July 1974: The forces of a Turkish Commando arrived at Nicosia Airport just in time to mount a defence, via old city buses. They assumed fighting positions in and around the main terminal building, as a convoy of Turkish vehicles arrived at the north end of the airport, about 500 metres from the defenders.
July 1974: The village of St Ermolaos was briefly recaptured by Cypriot National Guard forces led by General George Grivas in 1974 during the Turkish military occupation of Cyprus. This event was part of the ongoing conflict between Greek and Turkish Cypriots on the island.
July 1974: Cypriot National Guard forces retreat from St Ermolaos.
August 1974: Turkish forces occupied Lapithos after two days of resistance.
73.2.Second Turkish Invasion
Was the second phase of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus.
August 1974: Morphou and Lefka both fall to Turkish forces.
August 1974: The last defences at Famagusta (Varosha) collapsed, and Greek Cypriot forces, led by General George Grivas, withdrew to Larnaca. The city was then occupied by Turkish forces during the Cyprus conflict in 1974.
August 1974: The United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus is a demilitarized zone, patrolled by the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP), that was established in 1964 and extended in 1974 after the ceasefire of 16 August 1974.
August 1974: Turkish forces advance as far as the "Green line", a predetermined territorial occupation by which time, 37% of the island is now under Turkish control.
Initially a series of anti-government protests and revolts across the Arab world, it soon evolved into a series of wars. The wars caused by the revolts are sometimes referred to as the Arab Winter.
74.1.Syrian Civil War
Is an ongoing civil war in Syria between the government (the Syrian Arab Republic) and several factions. The civil war started in 2011 with protests, part of the wider Arab Spring, caused by discontent with the Syrian government.
74.1.1.East Aleppo offensive (2024)
Is an operation launched in eastern Aleppo Governorate in Northern Syria by the Kurdish-led and US-backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) in December 2024 against the Turkey-backed Syrian National Army (SNA) to regain control of territory that was lost during the Manbij offensive and to advance from Dayr Hafir into the Tishrin Dam area.
December 2024: Kurdish forces of the SDF advanced from the Tishrin Dam into the Abu Qalqal district.
74.1.2.2024 Syrian opposition offensives
Was a major offensive by a coalition of Syrian revolutionary factions. It eventually resulted in the Fall of the Assad Regime and the Creation of the Syrian transitional government.
December 2024: The Turkish-backed Syrian National Army (SNA) launched an offensive on the town of Tell Rifaat, capturing the town along with several surrounding villages.
December 2024: The remaining SDF-controlled towns in the Idlib region were besieged and cut off from communication after being encircled by Turkish-backed opposition forces.
December 2024: The remaining SDF-controlled towns in the Idlib And Aleppo region were besieged and cut off from communication after being encircled by Turkish-backed opposition forces.
December 2024: SDF forces clashed with the the Turkish-backed Syrian National Army (SNA) in Dayr Hafir.
December 2024: The Kurdish SDF forces withdrew from Manbij.
74.1.2.1.Northwestern Syria offensive
Was a military offensive by the Syrian Government against rebel forces in the Latakia, Idlib and Hama Governatorates during the Syrian Civil War.
74.1.3.Hama Governorate Theatre of War
Is the theatre of war in the Hama Governatorate of the Syrian Civil War.
74.1.4.Damascus and Rif Damashq Governorates Theatre of War
Is the theatre of war in Damascus and the Rif Damashq Governatorate of the Syrian Civil War.
74.1.4.1.Battles in Muadamiyat al-Sham
Were a series of battles in and around Muadamiyat al-Sham, part of the battles in the Damascus and Rif Damashq Governorates of the Syrian Civil War.
September 2016: Territorial changes caused by the conquest of Muadamiyat al-Sham by the Syrian Arab Army.
74.1.5.Aleppo Governorate
Is the theatre of war in the Aleppo Governatorate of the Syrian Civil War.
74.1.5.1.Battles in Azaz
Were a series of battles in and around Azaz, in the Aleppo Governatorate, during the Syrian Civil War.
January 2015: The town of Azaz came under military occupation by Turkey.
74.1.5.2.YPG Counterattack
Was a military campaign of Kurdish forces in the territories controlled by the Islamic State in the Aleppo Governatorate during the Syrian Civil War.
April 2015: The Kurdish People's Defense Units (YPG) captured Ras al Ayn on 19 April.
74.1.5.3.Operation Euphrates Shield
Was a military operation conducted by the Turkish Armed Forces in the Syrian Civil War which led to the Turkish occupation of northern Syria.
August 2016: The Turkish Army captured Jarabulus.
September 2016: Turkey deployed tanks to the Syrian town of al-Rai.
September 2016: Turkey declared that the Turkish-backed rebels had captured the last remaining ISIL held villages along the Turkish border.
October 2016: The town of Akhtarin was captured by Turkish forces on 6 October 2016.
October 2016: Rebel forces occupy Dabiq and Asanbul.
October 2016: The Free Syrian Army (FSA), headed by Sultan Murad Division, took control of Sawran, Syria.
February 2017: Al-Bab was captured from ISIL by Turkish-backed rebels on 23 February, along with the towns of Qabasin and Bizaah.
74.1.5.4.Operation Olive Branch
Was a military operation by the Turkish Armed Forces against Kurdish forces in the Afrin district, during the Syrian Civil War.
February 2018: During Operation Olive Branch, Part of Afrin and Aziz Districts were captured by Turkey and its allies.
February 2018: Turkish conquest during Operation Olive Branch.
March 2018: Turkish conquest during Operation Olive Branch.
74.1.6.Al-Hasakah Governorate Theatre of War
Is the theatre of war in the al-Hasakah Governatorate of the Syrian Civil War.
74.1.6.1.Battles in Ras al-Ayn
Were a series of battles in and around Ras al-Ayn, in the Al-Hasakah Governatorate, during the Syrian Civil War.
October 2013: The Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) withdraw from Ras al-Ayn.
74.1.6.2.2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria
Was a Turkish military offensive in the Aleppo, Hasakah, and Raqqa Governatorates during the Syrian Civil War.
October 2019: 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria. Turkish army occupies Tell Abyad.
October 2019: 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria.
October 2019: 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria. Turkish army occupies Mabrouka.
October 2019: 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria. Turkish army occupies Manajr.
October 2019: 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria. Turkish forces reach Al-Qantari.
January 1300: Bilecik conquered by Ottoman Beylik.
July 1302: Battle of Bafea.
January 1304: The true birth of the Ottoman Empire can be attributed to the conquest of the city of Eskişehir (Turkish for 'Old City') in 1301 - 1303.
January 1322: In 1321, the territory of Mudanya was captured by the Ottoman Beylik.
January 1322: An Ottoman column captured the southeastern coast of the Sea of Marmara
January 1322: An Ottoman column commanded by Aqueda captured Kocaeli.
February 1353: It was the first settlement of the Ottoman Turks in Europe. Juan VI negotiated with Orján his withdrawal.
January 1377: Ainos conquered by Republic of Genoa.
January 1387: The Principality of Gjirokastër was created by John Zenevisi in 1386.
January 1388: The Serbian principalities under the command of Prince Lazar Hreveljanovič , defeated Kara Timurtas at Plosnik (1388) and forced the Ottomans to retreat to Thrace and Macedonia.
January 1389: Władysław II Jagiełło, needing financial support for his battles against the Teutonic Knights, used the region of Pokuttya as a guarantee for a loan which he obtained from Petru II of Moldavia.
January 1392: Prince Petru of Moldavia expanded his rule southwards to the Danube Delta.
January 1397: By 1396 the Muzaka family took over control of Berat.
January 1401: Bozcaada Island (Tenedo) was under Venetian control again from ca. 1400.
January 1401: Mircea the Elder (the Voivode of Wallachia) defeated the Ottomans in several battles, including the Battle of Rovine in 1394, driving them away from Dobruja and briefly extending his rule to the Danube Delta, Dobruja and Silistra (c. 1400-1404).
January 1403: Salona fell for a short time into the hands of the Despotate of the Morea c. 1402.
January 1403: After Angora, he visited Constantinople, the capital city of the Byzantine Empire, where he was given the title of Despot, and since then his state became known as the Serbian Despotate in 1402. Due to the Battle of Ankara in 1402, in which the Ottomans were defeated by Timur and their leader Bayezid was captured, the vassalage of Serbia to the Ottomans was de fact void.
January 1403: Due to the Battle of Ankara in 1402, in which the Ottomans were defeated by Timur and their leader Bayezid was captured, the vassalage of the Principality of Dukagjini to the Ottomans ended.
January 1404: Mehmet Bey, the ruler of the Karamanids, a Turkic dynasty in Anatolia, assembled an army to march on Bursa. He captured the city and damaged it.
February 1404: The Karamanids leave Bursa.
July 1413: As a reward for helping sultan Mehmed, Stefan of Serbia received the town of Koprijan near Niš and the Serbian-Bulgarian area of Znepolje.
June 1414: The Ottoman Turks conquered the Marquisate of Bodonitsa in 1414.
January 1415: Ottoman overlordship over Menteshe.
January 1415: Zenebishi of Gjirokastër was defeated by the Turks.
January 1416: Niketa continued to be the ruler of Krujë until 1415 when the Principality of Albania fell under the Ottoman Empire.
January 1416: In 1415, Mehmed I, the Ottoman Sultan, conquered Wallachia and made it a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire.
January 1417: Gjon Zenebishi was called back to Gjirokastër in 1416 by an uprising of the mountain tribes. With the support of Venice, he again set his sights on Gjirokastra.
January 1418: The Principality of Kastrioti falls to the Ottoman Empire 1417.
January 1418: In 1417 Berat became a part of the Ottoman Empire.
January 1418: Ottoman sultan Mehmed I took control of Turnu Măgurele and Giurgiu.
January 1418: The Principality of Valona was conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1417.
October 1443: A broad Christian coalition of Hungarians (under John Hunyadi), Serbs (under Despot Đurađ) and Romanians (under Vlad II Dracul) advanced into Serbia and Bulgaria in September 1443.
January 1444: The Principality of Kastrioti is re-established.
March 1444: The League of Lezhë, a military and diplomatic alliance of Albanian feudal lords, was established in the city of Lezhë on 2 March 1444.
August 1444: Serbia was fully restored by the Peace of Szeged on August 15, 1444. Its borders were the same as before 1437, with the exception of the southern part of Zeta, which remained under Venice, and fort Golubac, which was returned to Serbia even though it was lost much earlier, in 1427.
January 1445: Duchy of Stephen Vukcic Kosaca annexed Upper Zeta.
November 1454: But the capital was well-prepared and the Ottomans, upon hearing that Hunyadi would cross the Danube to reinforce the Serbs, soon lifted their siege of Smederevo. The Sultan retreated back to Sofia.
January 1460: Territorial change based on available maps.
January 1461: Territorial change based on available maps.
January 1463: Vlad the Impaler who with Ottoman help had become the Ottoman vassal ruler of Wallachia, refused to pay tribute after some years and invaded Ottoman territory in northern Bulgaria. At that point Mehmed, with the main Ottoman army, was on the Trebizond campaign in Asia. When Mehmed returned from his Trebizond campaign he led a campaign against Wallachia. Vlad fled after some resistance to Hungary. Mehmed first made Wallachia an Ottoman eyalet.
January 1480: Qvarqvare II Jaqeli, the Atabeg of Samtskhe-Saatabago, ravaged the land around Erzurum, reducing the city to tributary status.
January 1482: The statehood of Zeta was restored as early as 1481.
January 1482: Palatine count Antonio Tocco was able to reconquer the Ionian Islands in 1481 with the help of Catalan mercenaries.
January 1483: Castelnuovo was conquered by the Turks in 1482.
January 1483: The Duchy of Saint Sava was occupied by Ottoman forces.
January 1483: The two cities of Risano and Castelnuovo in Montenegro were ceded to the Ottoman Turks in 1482.
January 1483: Genoese colony established in the city of Tmutarakan.
January 1484: The Coun Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos was killed in 1483 fighting the Ottomans.
January 1485: Poros, along with Methana, Troezen, and Epidaurus, became a Venetian colony in 1484. The Republic of Venice gained control of these territories in the Peloponnese region of Greece, maintaining control until 1715.
January 1486: In 1485, King Casimir undertook an expedition into Moldavia after its seaports were overtaken by the Ottoman Turks.
August 1487: Moncastro (today: Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky) fell to Ottoman conquest.
January 1488: The Karamanid state was terminated by the Ottomans in 1487.
January 1491: However, the following year Bayezid II defeated the Venetian fleet at Sapienza and at Zonchio, conquering Modone and the main fortresses of the Morea.
January 1494: In 1493, the territory of Alaiye was annexed by the Ottoman Empire. Alaiye was a city in modern-day Turkey.
January 1497: Zeta fell under the rule of the Ottoman Empire for the second time.
January 1515: As a result of the war between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid State, culminating in defeat for the Safavids at the Battle of Chaldiran, the Emirate of Palu was annexed by the Ottoman Empire in 1514.
January 1516: In 1516, Selim I incorporated the beylik into the Ottoman Empire after his conquest of the Mamluk state.
January 1517: Montenegro was independent from 1516, when Vladika Vavila was elected as ruler of Montenegro by its clans, and it became a theocratic state.
January 1517: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1517.
February 1517: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1517. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
February 1524: In 1524, the Khanate of Astrakhan was briefly occupied by Crimea under the leadership of Mehmed I Giray. Mehmed I Giray was a prominent Crimean Khan who sought to expand his territory into the Astrakhan Khanate.
January 1528: The Kingdom of Kuku expands eastwards.
August 1531: Pokuttya was lost by Moldavia in the Battle of Obertyn.
January 1532: Honaine conquered by spain.
July 1535: A year later the King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor Charles I and V seized Tunis, drove the Ottomans out and restored Muley Hassan as a Hapsburg tributary.
February 1538: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1538. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
January 1539: In 1538, Castelnuovo in Montenegro was under Spanish military occupation after being conquered by Spanish tercios during the Holy League's unsuccessful campaign against the Ottoman Empire in the Eastern Mediterranean.
January 1539: The Khotyn area becomes part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
January 1539: Hotin conquered by Poland-Lithuania.
January 1543: In 1542, the regency of Algiers allowed the lord of the Kalâa to rule in the Medjana.
January 1548: Aden conquered by portugal.
February 1550: Khanate of Astrakhan conquered by Astrakhan Khanate.
January 1556: Hassan Pasha delivered the town of M'sila and its defenses including 3 pieces of artillery to Abdelaziz.
January 1560: In 1559, the Kingdom of Ait Abbas gained control of Touggourt. El Hadj Khichan el Merbaï, a member of the loyal Hachem tribe, was appointed as Sheikh of Touggourt by the Kingdom.
January 1560: Tolga and Biskra conquered by Kingdom of Ait Abbas.
February 1560: Crimean Tatar raid in Central Europe and Russia in 1560. After the raid the Tatars left these territories.
February 1560: The Turks withdrew from Baharnagash after they encountered resistance and pushed back by the Bahrnegash and highland forces.
January 1563: The Khotyn area becomes part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
January 1563: Hotin conquered by Poland-Lithuania.
September 1564: The Moroccans are forces to evacuate Penon de velez de la gomera, which is handed over to the Spaniards.
January 1571: In 1570, John II signed the Treaty of Speyer with Ferdinand's successor, Maximilian. John II again renounced his claim as king of Hungary in favor of Maximilian, thus ending the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom.
January 1571: In 1570, John II of Hungary signed the Treaty of Speyer with Maximilian of Habsburg. John II renounced his claim as king of Hungary in favor of Maximilian, thus ending the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom.
January 1573: Moldavia freed from Ottoman vassalage.
January 1573: Conquests in Hungary by the Habsburgs in 1572.
January 1574: Hafsid Kingdom conquered by Spain.
January 1574: Ahmed Amokrane, a prominent leader of the Kingdom of Ait Abbas, conquered the territory of the Ouled Naïl from Bou Saâda to Djelfa.
January 1580: Christian rule in Tinos (possibly with vassalage to Venice).
January 1580: Independence of the Duchy of the Archipelago.
January 1587: Lanzarote was reconquered by Spain from the Turks.
January 1588: The Portuguese occupied Faza and constructed a chapel there.
March 1588: Mombasa fell under Ottoman Empire suzerainty.
January 1590: In 1589, the Ottoman Empire, under the leadership of Sultan Murad III, was forced to withdraw their forces from Medri Bahri, a region in present-day Eritrea and Ethiopia. This withdrawal marked a significant setback for the Ottoman Empire in their attempts to expand their territory in the Horn of Africa.
January 1590: In 1589, the Ottoman Empire, led by Sultan Murad III, was forced to withdraw their forces from Medri Bahri, a region in present-day Eritrea and Ethiopia. The territory was then controlled by the local Medri Bahri kingdom.
January 1590: Emperor Sarsa Dengel of Ethiopia successfully checked the Ottoman expansion into Ethiopian territories by securing a significant victory and subsequently sacking Arqiqo in 1589. This decisive action restricted the Ottomans to a narrow coastal strip, limiting their influence and control in the region.
January 1591: Emperor Sarsa Dengel of Ethiopia successfully checked the Ottoman expansion into Ethiopian territories by securing a significant victory and subsequently sacking Arqiqo in 1589. This decisive action restricted the Ottomans to a narrow coastal strip, limiting their influence and control in the region.
January 1591: The Shamkhalatebecame a Persian protectorate.
January 1596: From 1595 the Portuguese acted as military protectors of the Basra.
January 1598: Al-Mansur al-Qasim proclaimed the Imamate in September 1597.
January 1600: The Principality of Transylvania fell under the authority of Wallachia.
June 1600: Wallachian rule was extended to Moldavia.
January 1601: In the late 16th century the Funj pushed towards the neighbourhood of the Habesh Eyalet, conquering north-western Eritrea.
January 1602: After 1601 the Principality of Transylvania for a short time was under the rule of Rudolf I.
January 1602: Bahrain is occupied by the Safavid Empire.
January 1602: The Principality of Moldavia comes under Polish suzerainty (1601-1618).
January 1609: The beys of Ramadanids held the administration of the Ottoman sanjak of Adana in a hereditary manner until 1608, with the last 92 years as a vassal of the Ottomans.
January 1609: In 1608, Imam al-Mansur, the leader of the Zaidi Imamate in Yemen, regained control over the highlands and signed a 10-year truce with the Ottomans, who had been attempting to expand their influence in the region.
January 1610: Mamia II Gurieli (1600-1625) managed to reconquer Adjara.
January 1611: The Maragheh Khanate was established in 1610 by the Qajar dynasty in Azerbaijan.
December 1614: End of Gurieli's reign and beginning of Ottoman rule in Adjara.
January 1618: In 1617, Kythnos (Citno) and Sifnos (Sifanto) were taken over by the Ottoman Empire.
January 1619: The Principality of Moldavia reverts to Ottoman suzerainty.
January 1622: The Khotyn area becomes part of Moldavia.
January 1624: The Ottomans occupy Cetinje.
February 1624: Montenegrin forces retake Cetinje from the Ottomans.
January 1625: In 1624, an unsuccessful uprising against the Ottoman Sultan was led by Khan Mehmed I Giray of the Crimean Khanate.
January 1628: In 1627, the Ottomans lost control of Aden and Lahej to the Zaidi Imamate.
January 1629: The Samtskhi statehood was finally liquidated by the Sultan in 1628.
January 1629: After a civil war, the Saadians lost Oujda to the Ottomans.
January 1629: In 1624, an unsuccessful uprising was led by Khan Mehmed IV Giray against the Ottoman Sultan Murad IV. However, in 1628, Khan Mehmed IV Giray submitted once again to the Ottoman Empire, solidifying the Crimean Khanate's allegiance to the Ottomans.
January 1669: Basra was captured by the Ottoman Empire in 1668.
January 1671: The Bani Khalid dominated the deserts surrounding the Al-Hasa and Al-Qatif during the 15th and 18th century. Under Barrak ibn Ghurayr of the Al Humaid, the Bani Khalid were able to expel Ottoman forces from the cities and towns in 1670 and proclaim their rule over the region.
January 1671: The Banu Khalid set up an independent state, the Bani Khalid Emirate, in 1670.
January 1674: Hotin conquered by Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
January 1676: In 1675, Yemen was conquered by the Zaidi Imamate, led by Imam Al-Mahdi Abbas. The territory extended from Asir in the north to Dhofar in the east, consolidating Zaidi control over the entire region.
November 1682: Oath of allegiance of Imre Thököly to the sultan.
January 1684: In 1683, during the Great Turkish War, the Ottoman Empire laid siege to Vienna. The city was successfully defended by the Holy Roman Empire led by King John III Sobieski of Poland. This victory marked a turning point in the Ottoman-Habsburg wars and led to the liberation of Hungary from Ottoman rule.
January 1688: The Ottomans occupy Cetinje.
February 1688: Montenegrin forces retake Cetinje from the Ottomans.
March 1697: From 1697 to 1701, Basra was once again under Safavid control.
January 1700: Hotin conquered by turkey.
March 1701: In 1701 Basra was captured by the Ottoman Empire.
January 1709: Spanish Oran was a Spanish territory located in present-day Algeria. It was captured by the Ottoman Empire in 1708, but later returned to Spanish control from 1732 to 1791. The city of Oran was an important port and trading hub during this time.
January 1712: Hotin conquered by Ottoman Empire.
January 1713: Khotyn area conquered by Ottoman Empire.
January 1713: The Ottomans occupy Cetinje.
February 1713: Montenegrin forces retake Cetinje from the Ottomans.
January 1718: Formed from the territories to the south of the rivers Sava and Danube, corresponding to the Sanjak of Smederevo, it was conquered by the Habsburgs from the Ottoman Empire in 1717.
January 1722: In 1721, Hadji Ahmed, pasha of Ioannina, received orders from the Sultan to subdue the Souliotes.
January 1722: In 1721, the Dalmatian border was definitively stabilized with the definition of the so-called Mocenigo line, named after Alvise Mocenigo, the Venetian governor of Dalmatia at the time. This agreement was reached between the Venetian Republic and the Ottoman Empire.
January 1723: The Al Qasimi emerged as a maritime power based both in Ras Al Khaimah on the Southern shore of the Persian Gulf and Qishm, Bandar Abbas and Lingeh on the Persian shore in the 18th-century.
January 1728: In 1727, Laghouat fell under the domination of the Ottoman Empire. This marked a significant shift in power in the region, as the Ottomans were expanding their influence in North Africa under the leadership of Sultan Ahmed III. Laghouat, a strategic oasis town in present-day Algeria, became an important outpost for the Ottomans in their efforts to control trade routes and secure their territorial holdings.
July 1732: Spain's first Bourbon ruler Philip V wished to re-establish Spanish supremacy on the Algerian coast, and in 1732 sent an expedition which retook Oran and Mers El Kebir.
January 1743: In 1742, Tabarka was taken over by the Ottoman Empire from Genoa. Genoa had controlled Tabarka since 1540, along with Jijel in Algeria. This shift in power marked the end of Genoa's presence in Tabarka after over two centuries.
January 1745: It was stablished in the year 1744 (1157 AH) when Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and Prince Muhammad bin Saud formed an alliance to found a socio-religious reform movement to unify the many states of the Arabian Peninsula.
January 1753: Azad Khan Afghan rose to control all the territory between Ardabil and Urmia by 1752.
January 1754: In 1166/1753 Azad Khan Afghan annexed the central Zagros provinces.
January 1758: The Pashalik of Scutari was an autonomous and de facto independent pashalik created by the Albanian Bushati family from the previous Sanjak of Scutari.
January 1758: By June 1757, Azad Khan Afghan had lost Isfahan, Tabriz, and Urmia to the resurgent Qajars.
January 1775: The Pashalik of Berat was a pashalik created in modern-day central Albania by Ahmet Kurt Pasha in 1774.
January 1776: In 1775 Moldavia lost to the Habsburg Empire its northwestern part, which became known as Bukovina.
January 1787: Expansion of the Emirate of Diriyah by 1786.
January 1788: A subdivision of the Ottoman Empire centred on the region of Epirus and had a high degree of autonomy up to semi independence in the late 18th century and early 19th century.
September 1792: In the night after October 8, 1790, a violent earthquake in Oran and Mers El Kebir claimed more than 3,000 victims in less than seven minutes. Spanish king Charles IV saw no advantage in continuing the occupation of the cities, which had become increasingly expensive and perilous. He initiated discussions with the Bey of Algiers. They signed a treaty on September 12, 1792 by which the Spanish transferred the cities to the Ottoman Empire.
January 1793: In 1792, the Mzab was annexed to the Eastern Beylik.
January 1801: The Kingdom of Ait Abbas is annexed to the Ottoman Empire.
April 1802: In 1802, after gaining command of the Shi'a holy city of Karbala in 1801, Saud's forces were able to expand their territory to the Emirate of Diriyah. Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud was the ruler of Diriyah, while Karbala is a city in Iraq considered sacred by Shi'a Muslims.
May 1802: In 1801, Saud bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud, the ruler of the First Saudi State, led his forces to capture the Shia holy city of Karbala in present-day Iraq. This event marked a significant conflict between the Ottomans and the Saudis over control of the region.
January 1804: The rising power of the fervently Islamist Wahhabi movement on the Arabian Peninsula cost the Zaidi state its coastal possessions after 1803 CE.
April 1804: Solomon II of Imereti accepted Russian vassalage.
January 1806: Muhammad Ali Pasha, an Albanian military commander of the Ottoman army in Egypt, seized power in 1805 and established an independent state.
January 1809: Expansion of the Emirate of Diriyah by 1808.
January 1809: Hejaz conquered by Emirate of Diriyah.
January 1810: The Pashalik of Berat was dissolved after Ahmet's ally, Ibrahim Pasha of Berat was defeated by Ali Pasha in 1809, thus incorporating the pashalik into the Pashalik of Janina.
January 1813: Independence of Tuggurt from the Regency of Algiers.
January 1817: Revived by Emir Kor centered in Rawandiz from 1816.
January 1817: Expansion of the Emirate of Diriyah by 1816.
January 1819: The imam of Zaidi was able to regain his coastal possessions temporarily in 1818.
January 1820: Parga, a city in Greece, was sold by the British to Ali Pasha of Ioannina in 1819. Ali Pasha was a powerful Ottoman ruler known for his military prowess and political influence in the region. The city eventually came under full Ottoman rule after the sale.
March 1820: In 1820 Muhammad Ali of Egypt gave orders to commence the conquest of eastern Libya. He first sent an expedition westward (Feb. 1820) which conquered and annexed the Siwa oasis.
June 1821: In 1820, Ismail bin Muhammad Ali, the general and son of the nominally Ottoman vassal Muhammad Ali Pasha, started the conquest of Sudan. The Turks reached the Nile confluence in May 1821.
January 1822: Between 1821 and 1841, Muhammad Ali, Pasha of Egypt, came to control Yemen and the sahil, with Zeila included.
January 1822: In 1821, el-Fahl lost the province of Kordofan to the Egyptians under Mehemet Ali.
February 1822: In January 1822, however, Ottoman agents assassinated Ali Pasha and sent his head to the Sultan. After his death, the pashalik ceased to exist and was merged with Pashalik of Berat for creating again Ioannina Eyalet.
January 1825: In 1824, Turki ibn Abdullah ibn Muhammad, a grandson of the first Saudi imam Muhammad ibn Saud who had managed to evade capture by the Egyptians, was able to expel Egyptian forces and their local allies from Riyadh and its environs.
January 1828: In 1827, British explorer Captain William Grant Francis and Sultan of Raheita, Moussa Reyyan, signed a protection treaty in the northern coast of present-day Djibouti. This marked the beginning of British influence in the region, eventually leading to the establishment of British Somaliland.
January 1831: The White Nile region is conquered by Egypt.
January 1832: The Pashalik of Scutari is annexed by the Ottoman Empire.
December 1832: The London Protocol formalizes the erection of Samos into a non-hereditary autonomous principality.
January 1833: When the ruler of Tropolitania, Yusuf, abdicated in 1832 in favor of his son Ali II, a civil war erupted. Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II sent in troops ostensibly to restore order, but instead deposed and exiled Ali II, marking the end of both the Karamanli dynasty and an independent Tripolitania.
January 1834: An intervention by the Ottoman viceroy of Egypt in 1833 again wrested the coast from the ruler in Sana'a.
January 1837: Soran Emirate conquered by Ottoman Empire.
January 1839: Emir Faisal faced a re-invasion of Najd by the Egyptians. The local population was unwilling to resist, and Faisal was defeated and taken to Egypt as a prisoner.
January 1840: Since 1839 British emissaries stationed in the port cities of Zeila and Berbera.
January 1841: Zeila was more or less subject to Ottoman Turkey throughout the 19th century. She appoints "pasha", farmers responsible for taxes, like Ali Shermake or Abu Bekr in the 1840s.
January 1841: External conflicts forced the Egyptians to withdraw all their presence in the Arabian Peninsula.
February 1841: The Funj Sultanate was annexed to Egypt.
January 1842: The Egyptians withdrew from the Yemeni seaboard in 1841.
May 1858: Grand Voivode Mirko Petrović, elder brother of Danilo I, led a strong army of 7,500 and won a crucial battle against the Turks. This victory forced the Great Powers to officially demarcate the borders between Montenegro and Ottoman Turkey, de facto recognizing Montenegro's centuries-long independence. Montenegro gained Grahovo, Rudine, Nikšić, more than half of Drobnjaci, Tušina, Uskoci, Lipovo, Upper Vasojevići, and part of Kuči and Dodoši tribal regions.
February 1859: The United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia was the personal union of the Principality of Moldavia and the Principality of Wallachia, formed on 5 February 1859.
February 1862: Moldavia and Wallachia formally united to create the Romanian United Principalities, the core of the Romanian nation state.
January 1866: By 1865, the Shilluk Kingdom had lost part its political standing.
April 1867: The Ottoman government ordered the Ottoman garrison, which since 1826 had been the last representation of Ottoman suzerainty in Serbia, withdrawn from the Belgrade fortress. The only stipulation was that the Ottoman flag continue to fly over the fortress alongside the Serbian one. Serbia's de facto independence dates from this event.
June 1867: Constantinople granted Egypt the status of an autonomous vassal state or Khedivate in 1867.
January 1871: Leqa Qellam state founded.
January 1874: In 1873, the Emirate of Dhala was occupied by the Ottoman Empire.
January 1875: In 1874, the Upper Aulaqi Sultanate came under the protection of the Aden Protectorate, with the tacit acceptance of the Ottoman Empire, which held suzerainty over Yemen. This arrangement was significant as it marked a shift in power dynamics in the region during that time.
January 1879: The period of Ottoman occupation of Dhala lasted until 1878.
July 1881: With the Convention of Constantinople Thessaly (except Elassona) and the Arta Prefecture are annexed to Greece.
September 1885: Eastern Rumelia proclaims its reunion with Bulgaria.
March 1886: Under the Tophane Convention, the Republic of Tămrăš became part of the territory of the Ottoman Empire.
August 1903: The short-lived Republic of Kruševo was proclaimed in 1903 by rebels from the Secret Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) in Kruševo during the anti-Ottoman Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising.
August 1903: The Republic of Kruševo existed only for 10 days, it was occupied by Ottoman forces on August 13th.
August 1903: The Strandzha Republic was a short-lived anarchist commune proclaimed during the Preobrazhenie Uprising in 1903 by Internal Macedonian Adrianople Revolutionary Organization rebels in Strandzha.
September 1903: The Ottomans managed to destroy the Strandzha Republic.
January 1907: The Emirate of Asir was founded in 1906 by Sayyid Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Idrisi as a result of a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire.
October 1908: Bulgaria declared its independence as the Kingdom of Bulgaria.
December 1910: Throughout October and November, Idrisid troops occupied Abha.
November 1912: The parliament of Samos Island officially declared union with Greece.
November 1912: The territory of Albania was occupied by Serbia in the north and Greece in the south, leaving only a patch of land around the southern coastal city of Vlora. Attempts to incorporate the land into their respective countries, led to a proclamation of independence by Ismail Qemali in Vlorë on 28 November 1912.
April 1921: British protectorate in the Emirate of Transjordan (officially the Amirate of Trans-Jordan) established on 11 April 1921.
October 1923: The Republic of Turkey was formally declared.
October 1927: The Republic of Ararat, led by the central committee of Xoybûn party, declared independence on 28 October 1927 or 1928, during a wave of rebellion among Kurds in southeastern Turkey.
October 1930: The Turkish military defeated the Republic of Ararat in September 1930.
July 1939: The State of Hatay was transformed de jure into the Hatay Province of Turkey on July 7, 1939, de facto joining the country on July 23, 1939.
May 2022: The Republic of Turkey changes its official English name to the Republic of Türkiye.
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https://www.syriahr.com/%d8%ad%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%ab%d8%b1-%d9%85%d9%86-200-%d8%a3%d9%84%d9%81-%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d8%ac%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1/738649/
https://www.syriahr.com/en/350959/
Атлас 7 класс История России 16 - конец 17 века (Atlas, 7th grade, History of Russia, 16th - end of the 17th century.) , Дрофа Publisher (2015), Moscow (Russia), p. 2
turkey
