If you are looking for the page with the statistics about this polity you can find it here:All Statistics
Were the Spanish colonies in the Americas between the 15th and 19th centuries.
Establishment
October 1492: Christopher Columbus took possession of the Island of Hispaniola.
October 1492: Christopher Columbus took possession of the island of Hispaniola.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series of expeditions and military campaigns by Spanish conquistadores and discoverers to conquer territories in central and southern America.
1.1.Voyages of Christopher Columbus
Between 1492 and 1504, Italian explorer Christopher Columbus led four Spanish transatlantic maritime expeditions in the Americas. The first voyage marked the European discovery of the American Continent and is also widely considered the end of the Middle Ages.
January 1493: Christopher Columbus, an Italian explorer, was the first European to see the islands of the Bahamas, making his first landfall in the 'New World' in 1492. Columbus's arrival marked the beginning of Spanish colonization in the Americas.
November 1493: Marie-Galante was the second island encountered by Christopher Columbus during his second voyage in 1493, after Dominica. The territory was eventually claimed by Spanish America.
November 1493: During his second expedition for America, Christopher Columbus discovered the small archipelago Îles des Saintes in 1493. The territory went to Spanish America.
November 1493: Christopher Columbus discovers the Island of Saint Martin.
November 1493: In 1493, Christopher Columbus likely saw the island of Sint Estatius, which later became part of Spanish America. Columbus was an Italian explorer who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean, opening the way for widespread European exploration and the eventual colonization of the Americas.
November 1493: In 1493, Christopher Columbus sighted the island of Saba during his second voyage to the Americas. Saba is a small Caribbean island that was eventually claimed by the Spanish as part of their territories in the Americas.
November 1493: In 1493, Christopher Columbus landed on Saint-Croix (Santa Cruz) during his second voyage to the Americas. He claimed the territory for Spanish America, marking the beginning of European colonization in the Caribbean.
December 1493: Christopher Columbus, an Italian explorer sponsored by the Spanish monarchy, was the first European to see Guadeloupe in November 1493 during his second voyage to the Americas. He named the island after a Spanish monastery.
January 1494: Christopher Columbus arrives in Antigua (1493) and names the island in honour of the "Virgin of the Old Cathedral" found in Seville Cathedral in southern Spain.
January 1494: In 1493, Christopher Columbus arrived at St. Christoph (now St. Kitts) and claimed the island for Spain during his second voyage to the Americas.
January 1494: Vieques, a small island off the coast of Puerto Rico, was reportedly discovered by Christopher Columbus during his second voyage to the Americas in 1493. The territory was then claimed by Spanish America as part of their colonial holdings.
January 1494: Christopher Columbus sailed past St. John on his second voyage in 1493.
January 1495: The island of Jamaica came under Spanish rule in 1494 following the arrival of the famous explorer Christopher Columbus. Columbus claimed the territory for the Spanish crown during his second voyage to the Americas.
January 1499: In 1498, Christopher Columbus discovered and claimed Saint Barthélemy for Spain during his third voyage to the Americas. The island later became part of the Spanish America territory.
July 1502: Christopher Columbu discovered Las Guanajas Islands (Bay Islands, modern-day Honduras) on July 30, 1502. The Admiral named it 'Isle of Pines', and claimed it for Spain.
May 1503: The Cayman Islands were discovered by Christopher Columbus during his final voyage to the Americas in 1503. The territory was later claimed by Spanish America.
1.2.Spanish conquest of the Muisca
Was the conquest of the central Andean highlands of Colombia by the Spanish conquistadors.
May 1502: Santa Cruz was founded by the Spanish during the conquest of the Muisca Confederation.
January 1510: San Sebastián de Urabá, today Necoclí (Colombia), was founded by the Spanish during the conquest of the Muisca Confederation.
October 1510: Santa María la Antigua del Darién, today Unguía (Colombia) was founded by the Spanish during the conquest of the Muisca Confederation.
December 1510: Turbaco (Colombia) was founded by the Spanish during the conquest of the Muisca Confederation.
March 1536: Jamundí (Colombia) was founded by the Spanish during the conquest of the Muisca Confederation.
December 1536: Barrancabermeja (Colombia) was founded by the Spanish during the conquest of the Muisca Confederation.
January 1537: Urumita (Colombia) was founded by the Spanish during the conquest of the Muisca Confederation.
January 1537: Villanueva (Colombia) was founded by the Spanish during the conquest of the Muisca Confederation.
January 1537: San Juan del Cesar (Colombia) was founded by the Spanish during the conquest of the Muisca Confederation.
January 1537: Aguachica (Colombia) was founded by the Spanish during the conquest of the Muisca Confederation.
January 1537: La Gloria (Colombia) was founded by the Spanish during the conquest of the Muisca Confederation.
January 1537: Tamalameque (Colombia) was founded by the Spanish during the conquest of the Muisca Confederation.
January 1537: Chimichagua (Colombia) was founded by the Spanish during the conquest of the Muisca Confederation.
January 1537: Gamarra (Colombia) was founded by the Spanish during the conquest of the Muisca Confederation.
January 1537: La Paz (Colombia) was founded by the Spanish during the conquest of the Muisca Confederation.
January 1537: San Martín (Colombia) was founded by the Spanish during the conquest of the Muisca Confederation.
January 1537: Sabana de Torres (Colombia) was founded by the Spanish during the conquest of the Muisca Confederation.
January 1537: San Diego (Colombia) was founded by the Spanish during the conquest of the Muisca Confederation.
January 1537: Puerto Wilches (Colombia) was founded by the Spanish during the conquest of the Muisca Confederation.
January 1537: Chiriguaná (Colombia) was founded by the Spanish during the conquest of the Muisca Confederation.
January 1537: La Jagua del Pilar (Colombia) was founded by the Spanish during the conquest of the Muisca Confederation.
January 1537: Sompallón (Colombia) was founded by the Spanish during the conquest of the Muisca Confederation.
January 1537: Riohacha (Colombia) was founded by the Spanish during the conquest of the Muisca Confederation.
January 1537: Rionegro (Colombia) was founded by the Spanish during the conquest of the Muisca Confederation.
March 1537: Simacota (Colombia) was founded by the Spanish during the conquest of the Muisca Confederation.
April 1537: Chipatá (Colombia) was founded by the Spanish during the conquest of the Muisca Confederation.
April 1537: Vélez (Colombia) was founded by the Spanish during the conquest of the Muisca Confederation.
April 1537: Spanish conquest of Funza (Bacatá).
May 1537: Aguada (Colombia) was founded by the Spanish during the conquest of the Muisca Confederation.
August 1537: Hunza conquered by spain.
September 1537: An expedition in the Tenza valley (Colombia) results in the Spanish conquest of the area.
September 1537: Sogamoso conquered by spain.
August 1538: Foundation of Bogotá by the Spanish.
August 1538: An alliance of Spanish and indigenous forces defeated the Muisca at the Battle of Tocarema.
April 1540: Decapitation of the last zaque Aquiminzaque, Hernán Pérez de Quesada. Aquiminzaque was the ruler of the Muisca Confederation in present-day Colombia. Hernán Pérez de Quesada was a Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that conquered the Muisca territory in 1540.
1.3.Spanish-Taíno War of San Juan-Borikén
Was a war between Spain and the native Tainos of Puerto Rico.
March 1511: Ponce de León led nearly a hundred Spaniards in a battle against the Taíno in modern-day Descalabrado (17°59′52″N 66°25′24″W).
March 1511: Spanish commander Ponce de León led an incursion into the domain of Urayoán Chief at Yahuecas.
April 1511: End of the incursion by Spanish commander Ponce de León in the domain of Urayoán Chief at Yahuecas.
June 1512: The Spanish raided the territories of the Taino Orocobix (present day municipalities of Aibonito, Orocovis, Barranquitas, Morovis and Corozal in Puerto Rico).
June 1512: Spanish commander Álvaro de Saavedra entered into the lands of Guayama.
June 1512: The Spanish army entered the domains of chief Agüeybana II in modern-day Guayanilla, Puerto Rico.
July 1512: The Spanish raided the territories of the Taino Orocobix (present day municipalities of Aibonito, Orocovis, Barranquitas, Morovis and Corozal in Puerto Rico).
July 1512: The Spanish forces left the lands of Guayama.
July 1512: The Spanish Army leaves the domains of chief Agüeybana II.
August 1512: In July, Spanish conquistador Juan Gil attacked the domain of Agüeybana II.
August 1512: In 1512, Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León led another incursion into the terrains of Orocobix, a region inhabited by the Taíno people in present-day Puerto Rico. This expedition was part of the Spanish colonization efforts in the Caribbean.
September 1512: In 1512, Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León led another incursion into the terrains of Orocobix, a region inhabited by the Taíno people in present-day Puerto Rico. This expedition was part of the Spanish colonization efforts in the Caribbean.
February 1513: The Spanish led by Diego Guilarte de Salazar conquered Guánica, where they set camp.
June 1513: In 1513, the Taíno people launched a devastating attack on Caparra, the Spanish capital of the main island. Caparra was founded by Juan Ponce de León and served as an important settlement in Puerto Rico. The attack marked a significant event in the conflict between the Spanish colonizers and the indigenous Taíno population.
July 1513: The lands of chieftain Orocobix (present day municipalities of Aibonito, Orocovis, Barranquitas, Morovis and Corozal in Puerto Rico) were incursioned by Spanish forces.
August 1513: Spanish forces led by Diego Colón and Juan González entered the lands of Guayaney tribe (modern-day Luqullo and Humacao in Puerto Rico).
September 1513: Spanish commander Alonso de Mendoza led an incursion into the lands of Chief Hayuya.
October 1513: End of the incursion by Spanish forces in the lands of Hayuya Chief.
November 1513: In 1513, Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León led an incursion against the indigenous Taino settlement of Jayuya in present-day Puerto Rico. This was part of the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
January 1516: Between 1514 and 1515, the Spanish made advances into the Daguao, pushing the Taínos to seek refuge in the Lesser Antilles, with the presence of Agüeybana II being reported at Guadeloupe. Puerto Rico was completely submitted by the Spanish.
1.4.Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
Was a military campaign waged by Spanish conquistarod Hernán Cortés along with indigenous allies to conquer the Aztec Empire.
May 1519: Hernán Cortés, a Spanish conquistador, landed his expedition force on the coast of modern-day Veracruz in April 1519.
September 1519: On their arrival in Cempoala, the Spaniards were greeted by 20 dignitaries and cheering townsfolk. Spanish conquistado Cortés quickly persuaded the Totonac chiefs to rebel against the Aztecs, taking prisoner five of Moctezuma's tax collectors.
September 1519: On their arrival in Cempoala, the Spanish were greeted by 20 dignitaries and cheering townsfolk.
October 1519: The Tlaxcala entered a vassalage-alliance with the Spanish.
November 1519: By 14 November 1519 Tenochtitlan was in Spanish hands and Moctezuma was Cortés' prisoner as insurance against any further resistance.
December 1519: The Spanish led by Cortés entered Cholula. The city was taken without active resistance by the locals.
July 1520: After the massacre in the great temple, led by Hernán Cortés and his men, the Spanish forces retreated from Tenochtitlan in 1520. The Aztec Empire, under the leadership of Emperor Moctezuma II, faced a significant challenge as they regrouped and strategized with their allies in Tlaxcala.
January 1521: In 1520, Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés led the conquest of Cempoala, a city in present-day Mexico. Cempoala was an important Totonac settlement and played a key role in the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. The conquest of Cempoala marked a significant victory for the Spanish in their colonization of the Americas.
August 1521: The Fall of Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire, was a decisive event in the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire.
January 1522: In 1521, the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés led the conquest of Tlaxiaco, a town in present-day Mexico. This event marked the incorporation of Tlaxiaco into the Spanish America territory, as part of the larger Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire.
January 1522: By 1510 most of the Caribbean was already under Spanish control.
January 1522: In 1521, Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes led the conquest of Mitla, a Zapotec archaeological site in present-day Mexico. This marked the incorporation of Mitla into the Spanish America territory, as part of the larger colonization efforts in the region.
January 1522: In 1521, the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes led the conquest of Tilantongo, a powerful Mixtec city in present-day Mexico. The territory was then incorporated into the Spanish America colony, marking the beginning of Spanish rule in the region.
January 1522: In 1521, Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes led the conquest of Tututepec, a powerful Mixtec city in present-day Mexico. The territory was then incorporated into the Spanish America colony, marking the beginning of Spanish colonization in the region.
January 1522: In 1521, Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes led the conquest of Juxtlahuaca, a region in present-day Mexico.
January 1522: Conquest of central Mexico by Spanish conquistadores (1519-21).
January 1522: At the time of the Spanish conquest, Cuilapan was a large multi-ethnic population center of 43,000 people and one of the centers of the political, economic and cultural life of the central valleys of Oaxaca.
1.5.Spanish conquest of Guatemala
Was a protracted conflict where Spanish colonisers gradually incorporated the territory that became the modern country of Guatemala into the colonial Viceroyalty of New Spain.
January 1523: In 1522 Spanish conquistador Cortés sent Mexican allies to scout the Soconusco region of lowland Chiapas, where they met new delegations from Iximche and Qʼumarkaj at Tuxpán. Both of the powerful highland Maya kingdoms declared their loyalty to the king of Spain.
February 1524: On 8 February 1524 Alvarado's army fought a battle at Xetulul, called Zapotitlán by his Mexican allies. Although suffering many injuries inflicted by defending Kʼicheʼ archers, the Spanish and their allies stormed the town and set up camp in the marketplace.
February 1524: Battle of Zapotitlán (modern-day department of Suchitepéquez): Spanish victory over the K'iche '.
April 1524: Pedro de Alvarado was a Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that destroyed the K'iche' capital of Q'umarkaj in 1524. The K'iche' were a powerful indigenous group in the Quiche region of Spanish America.
April 1524: In 1524, the Spanish conquistador Pedro de Alvarado led the conquest of the K'iche' people in the territories of Retalhuleu, Suchitepéquez, Quetzaltenango, Totonicapán, and El Quiché in present-day Guatemala. This marked a significant victory for the Spanish in their colonization of Spanish America.
April 1524: Iximché, the main city of the Kaqchikel Maya people, was conquered by the Spanish conquistador Pedro de Alvarado in 1524. The Kaqchikels became Spanish vassals.
April 1524: In 1524, Spanish conquistador Pedro de Alvarado led the defeat of the Tzʼutujil Kingdom on the shores of Lake Atitlán in present-day Guatemala. This marked the incorporation of the territory into the Spanish America colonial empire.
May 1524: Spanish conquistador Pedro de Alvarado defeated the Panacal or Panacaltepeque pipiles near Izcuintepeque.
May 1524: Spanish conquistador Pedro de Alvarado defeats the Pipil of Panacal or Panacaltepeque near Izcuintepeque. On 8 May 1524, soon after his arrival in Iximche and immediately following his subsequent conquest of the Tzʼutujil around Lake Atitlán, Pedro de Alvarado continued southwards to the Pacific coastal plain with an army numbering approximately 6000, where he defeated the Pipil of Panacal or Panacaltepeque near Izcuintepeque on 9 May. According to Alvarado's letter to Cortés, the Pipil came back to the town and submitted to him, accepting the king of Spain as their overlord.
May 1524: In 1524, Spanish conquistador Pedro de Alvarado defeated the Xinca people of Atiquipaque in the Xinca Kingdom, located in the Taxisco area.
May 1524: Spanish conquistador Pedro de Alvarado defeated the Xincas of Atiquipaque.
January 1525: Santiago de Guatemala is occupied by Spanish forces (1524).
November 1525: Zaculeu, capital of the Mam, surrenders to the Spanish led by Gonzalo de Alvarado y Contreras after a lengthy siege.
November 1525: Zaculeu, the capital of the Mam people, surrended to Gonzalo de Alvarado y Contreras after a prolonged siege.
January 1526: Pedro de Alvarado was a Spanish conquistador who played a key role in the Spanish conquest of Central America. The Poqomam Kingdom was a Maya civilization located in present-day Guatemala. Alvarado's capture of the Poqomam capital in 1525 was a significant event in the Spanish colonization of the region.
January 1527: In 1526, Spanish captains sent by conquistador Pedro de Alvarado successfully conquered the Chiquimula region in present-day Guatemala. Alvarado was a prominent Spanish conquistador who played a key role in the conquest of Central America.
January 1527: In 1526, Spanish captains sent by Pedro de Alvarado, a Spanish conquistador, conquered Chiquimula, a region in present-day Guatemala.
May 1530: In 1530, the Kaqchikel Kingdom, led by their ruler Tecún Umán, surrendered to the Spanish conquistadors in what is now Spanish America. This marked the beginning of Spanish colonization in the region.
January 1696: In 1695, Spanish conquistadors led by Captain Martín de Ursúa, along with indigenous allies, launched a three-way invasion of the Lacandon region from San Mateo Ixtatán, Cobán, and Ocosingo. This marked the beginning of Spanish colonization in the area, which was part of Spanish America at the time.
March 1697: Nojpetén surrendered to the Spanish after a fierce battle.
1.6.Spanish Conquest of Nicaragua
Were a series of military campaigns waged by Spain to gradually conquer modern-day Nicaragua.
February 1523: On 27 February 1523, Niño put to shore at El Realejo, where Captain Antón Mayor formally took possession of the territory in the name of the Spanish crown, the first Spanish act in the territory of what is now Nicaragua.
March 1523: In 1523, Spanish explorer Gil González de Ávila, under the command of Hernán Cortés, sailed to the Gulf of Fonseca. He made landfall on an island on March 5, naming the Gulf in honor of Spanish bishop Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca.
March 1524: In 1524, Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés advanced to Tezoatega (now El Viejo, Chinandega - Nicaragua).
November 1524: In 1524, Spanish conquistador Francisco Hernández de Córdoba founded the colonial towns of León and Granada in present-day Nicaragua.
January 1544: Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Castañeda founded Nueva Segovia in north-central Nicaragua.
January 1604: In 1603, Spanish conquistador Diego de Ospina led the colonization of the region of Segovia, which is now part of modern-day Colombia. The indigenous settlements in the area were brought under Spanish control, marking the beginning of Spanish influence in the region.
1.7.Iguape War
Was a war between the Spanish Empire and Portuguese Empire that started when some Spaniards, led by Ruy Garcia de Moschera, established themselves around the city of Vicentina in Brazil.
November 1529: Due to the interpretation of the Treaty of Tordesilhas, some Spaniards, led by Ruy Garcia de Moschera, established themselves around Vicentina.
January 1537: In 1536, Spanish conquistadors Pedro de Mendoza and Juan de Ayolas founded a town in Vicentina, Brazil. They came into conflict with the Crown of Portugal over territorial claims, leading them to retreat back to the Río de la Plata region.
1.8.Spanish conquest of Yucatán
Was a protracted conflict where Spanish colonisers gradually incorporated the region of Yucatán.
January 1532: In 1531 the Spanish moved their base of operations to Campeche, where they repulsed a significant Maya attack.
April 1535: In 1535, the Spanish conquistadors, led by Francisco de Montejo, retreated from Campeche after facing fierce resistance from the Mayan people. This marked a significant setback in their efforts to conquer the Yucatan Peninsula.
January 1543: In 1541-42 the first permanent Spanish town councils in the entire Yucatán peninsula were founded at Campeche and Mérida.
November 1546: In late 1546 an alliance of eastern provinces launched an unsuccessful uprising against the Spanish. The eastern Maya were defeated in a single battle, which marked the final conquest of the northern portion of the Yucatán Peninsula.
1.9.Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
Were a series of Spanish military campaigns to conquer the Inca Empire, that controlled modern-day Peru.
January 1533: The Battle of Cajamarca on November 16, 1532, ended the Inca Empire and gave Spain control of Peru, then the wealthiest region of Latin America.
August 1533: The Spaniards executed Inca emperor Atahualpa in August 1533 and annexed the Inca Empire.
January 1537: Manco Inca retreated to the mountains of Vilcabamba and established the small Neo-Inca State, where he and his successors ruled for another 36 years, sometimes raiding the Spanish or inciting revolts against them.
January 1538: After being defeated by the Spanish conquistadores, Manco Inca, the leader of the Inca resistance, retreated the remote jungles of Vilcabamba.
June 1572: On June 23 the fort of Huayna Pucará surrendered to Spanish artillery fire. The Inca army now in retreat opted to abandon their last city and head for the jungle to regroup. On June 24 the Spanish entered Vilcabamba.
September 1572: Túpac Amaru, having taken refuge in the jungle to continue the fight, was finally captured and executed by the Spaniards.
1.10.Mixtón War
Was a rebellion by the Caxcan people of northwestern Mexico against the Spanish conquerors. The war was named after Mixtón, a hill in Zacatecas which served as an Indigenous stronghold.
November 1541: The Spanish authorities assembled a force of 450 Spaniards and 30 to 60 thousand Aztec, Tlaxcalan and other Indians and under Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza invaded the land of the Caxcanes. With his overwhelming force, Mendoza reduced the Indian strongholds one-by-one in a war of no quarter. On November 9, 1541, he captured the city of Nochistlan and Tenamaztle.
April 1542: In early 1542 the stronghold of Mixtón fell to the Spaniards and the rebellion was over. Victory in the Mixtón War enabled the Spanish to control all the territories of the Caxcanes.
Were a series of military campaigns of the Aztec Empire that led to the expansion of the empire.
January 1521: Conquests of Moctezuma II, ruler of the Aztec Empire.
Were a series of wars in Europe (and the overseas possessions of European countries) the 16th, 17th and early 18th that started after the Protestant Reformation. Although the immediate causes of the wars were religious, the motives were complex and also included territorial ambitions.
3.1.Thirty Years' War
Was a war that took place mainly in central Europe between 1618 and 1648. The war began as a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestant in the Holy Roman Empire but then escalated into a conflict for the hegemony in Europe between Habsburg Spain and Austria, Sweden and France.
3.1.1.Franco-Swedish Period
Was the fourth main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of France.
October 1648: In 1648, a French expedition led by Sir du Mé annexed Îles des Saintes.
3.2.Nine Years' War
Was a conflict between France and the Grand Alliance, a coalition including the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch Republic, England, Spain, and Savoy. It is considered the first war that saw fighting globally because battles occured in Europe, America, Africa and India.
3.2.1.South American theatre (Nine Years' War)
Was the South American Theatre of the the Nine Years' War.
May 1697: Raid on Cartagena was a successful attack by the French on the fortified city of Cartagena de Indias, as part of the War of the Grand Alliance.
May 1697: During the War of the Grand Alliance, French privateer Baron de Pointis, along with French Admiral Jean du Casse, led an attack on the Spanish city of Cartagena de Indias in 1697. They plundered the city, looting valuables worth ten to twenty million livres.
3.2.2.Peace of Ryswick
Were a series of treaties that ended the Nine Years' War.
October 1697: In 1697 France and Spain settled their hostilities on the island by way of the Treaty of Ryswick, which divided Hispaniola between them. France received the western third and subsequently named it Saint-Domingue, the French equivalent of Santo Domingo, the Spanish colony on Hispaniola.
Was a war between the Kingdom of Spains and the Commonwealth of England caused by commercial rivalry.
4.1.Caribbean Theatre of the Anglo-Spanish War (1654-1660)
Was the Caribbean Theatre of the Anglo-Spanish War (1654-1660).
April 1655: Siege of Santo Domingo.
June 1655: Weakened by fever, the English force sailed west for the Colony of Santiago, the only Spanish West Indies island that did not have new defensive works. They landed in May 1655 at a place called Santiago de la Vega, now Spanish Town.
The death of childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700 led to a struggle for control of the Spanish Empire between his heirs, Philip of Anjou and Charles of Austria, and their respective supporters. It was a global war, with fighting taking place in Europe, Asia, and America. At the end of the war, Philip II, who was the successor chosen by Charles II as a descendant of Charles' paternal half-sister Maria Theresa, became King of Spain and of its overseas empire. The Spanish possessions in Europe were partitioned between various European Monarchies.
March 1705: As a consequence of the War of the Spanish Succession, the governor of Buenos Aires, Valdes Incian, initiated the Siege of Colonia del Sacramento. The forces of the Spanish governor were commanded by Baltazar García Ros from 18 October 1704 until 14 March 1705, when the colonists were evacuated by Portuguese ships.
Was an Argentine military campaign directed mainly by General Julio Argentino Roca in the 1870s with the intention of establishing dominance over the Patagonian Desert, inhabited primarily by indigenous peoples.
January 1715: Expansion of Spanish Governorate of the Río de la Plata by 1714.
January 1772: Expansion of Spanish Governorate of the Río de la Plata by 1771.
Was a war initiated by Spain to recover territories lost after the War of the Spanish Succession.
June 1719: The French, led by General Antoine Le Moyne de Bienville, captured the Spanish settlement of Pensacola in Florida in May 1719 during the War of the Quadruple Alliance. This military occupation marked a significant shift in power in the region.
September 1719: Spanish forces retook the town of Pensacola in August 1719.
November 1719: The territory of Pensacola fell to the French again towards the end of 1719 under the leadership of French military officer, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville. This marked a period of French military occupation in the region.
Was a European conflict caused by the succession to the Habsburg Domains. Maria Theresa succeeded her father Charles VI, and the opposition to female inheritance of the throne was a pretext for starting a war. It was a global conflict that saw fight in Europe, Asia, America and Africa.
8.1.War of Jenkins' Ear
Was a war between the British Empire and the Spanish Empire that took place in the Americas.
November 1739: In 1739, Admiral Edward Vernon led the British attack on Porto Bello, a strategic port in Panama. The successful siege resulted in the town falling to British military occupation within a day. Vernon was a prominent British naval officer known for his aggressive tactics during the War of Jenkins' Ear.
December 1739: In 1739, during the War of Jenkins' Ear, British Admiral Edward Vernon led an unsuccessful siege on Porto Bello in present-day Panama. The British occupied the town for three weeks before withdrawing, having first destroyed its fortifications, port, and warehouses. This event marked a significant defeat for the British in their attempts to gain control of Spanish America.
March 1740: Captain Cevallos was a Spanish military officer who defended the fort of San Lorenzo el Real Chagres against a British military occupation in 1740. Despite his resistance for two days, he eventually surrendered the fort to the British forces.
March 1740: In 1740, during the War of Jenkins' Ear, the British forces, led by Admiral Edward Vernon, attacked and destroyed the fort at San Lorenzo el Real Chagres in Spanish America. They seized the guns and two Spanish patrol boats in the process.
June 1740: In 1740, the British colony of Georgia, led by General James Oglethorpe, launched an overland attack on the fortified city of St. Augustine in Florida, which was then under Spanish control. The attack was part of the larger conflict known as the War of Jenkins' Ear between Britain and Spain.
July 1740: The siege of St. Augustine in 1740 was led by British General James Oglethorpe against Spanish Governor Manuel de Montiano. The failure of the Royal Navy blockade allowed supplies to reach the Spanish settlement, leading to the collapse of the siege.
Were fought by European governments and colonists in North America, and later by the United States and Canadian governments and American and Canadian settlers, against various American Indian and First Nation tribes.
9.1.Yaqui Wars
Were a series of armed conflicts between New Spain, and its successor state, the Mexican Republic, against the Yaqui Natives.
January 1743: In 1740, the Yaqui tribe, along with the Mayo, Opata, and Pima tribes, united to resist Spanish colonization in the Rio Yaqui Valley. By 1742, they successfully drove the colonists out of the territory.
9.2.Cherokee-American wars
Were a series of skirmishes between the Cherokee and the American settlers on the frontier.
October 1794: Georgia officials signed a new treaty with a few compliant Lower Muscogee micos (headmen) in which the latter ceded the land between the Altamaha and St. Mary's Rivers, and from the head of the latter to the Oconee River. They called this wide stretch of land the Tallassee Country,
9.3.Seminole Wars
Were a series of three military conflicts between the United States and the Seminoles that took place in Florida between about 1816 and 1858.
9.3.1.First Seminole War
Was the first of a series of three conflicts between the Seminoles and the United States that took place in Florida.
9.3.1.1.Jackson invades Florida
Was a U.S. military campaign during the First Seminole War.
March 1818: US General Andrew Jackson's army entered Florida, marching down the banks of the Apalachicola River. When they reached the site of the Negro Fort, Jackson had his men construct a new fort, Fort Gadsden.
March 1818: The Indian town of Anhaica (today's Tallahassee) was burned by U.S. troops.
April 1818: The town of Miccosukee was taken by the U.S. Army.
April 1818: U.S. forces take Fort St. Marks (San Marcos).
May 1818: American forces under General Andrew Jackson seize the Spanishheld town of Pensacola, effectively ending the First Seminole War.
Was a global conflict that involved most of the European great powers, and was fought primarily in Europe, the Americas, and Asia-Pacific. At the end of the war the main winner was Great Britain, that obtained territories in North America, the Caribbean and India, becoming the most powerful maritime and colonial of the European powers.
10.1.Fantastic War
Was a war between Spain and Portugal during the Seven Years' War that took place in the Iberian Peninsula and in South America.
10.1.1.South America Theatre of War (Fantastic War)
Was the theatre of war in South America of the Fantastic war between Spain and Portugal.
April 1763: Santa Teresa conquered by spain.
January 1764: In 1763, during the Spanish-Portuguese War, the Portuguese settlements of São José do Norte and S. Pedro do Sul were abandoned without resistance to Spanish forces led by Pedro Antonio de Cevallos. This event marked the transfer of the territory to Spanish America.
10.2.Anglo-Spanish War (1762-63)
Was a military conflict fought between Britain and Spain as part of the Seven Years' War.
August 1762: British forces captured Havana.
10.3.Treaty of Paris (1763)
Was a treaty signed on 10 February 1763 by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement, after Great Britain and Prussia's victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years' War.
February 1763: Treaty of Paris (1763): the forts of Santa Teresa and San Miguel, Santa Tecla, San Miguel, Santa Teresa and Rio Grande de São Pedro remained in Spanish hands.
February 1763: Treaty of Paris (1763): Britain restored Manila and Havana to Spain.
February 1763: East Florida was founded as a colony by the British colonial government in 1763, with its capital at St. Augustine, which had been the capital of Spanish La Florida.
February 1763: Great Britain established West and East Florida in 1763 out of land acquired from France and Spain after the French and Indian War.
February 1763: Colonia do Sacramento was given back to Portugal.
10.4.Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)
Was a secret agreement of 1762 in which the Kingdom of France ceded Louisiana to Spain, which did not take possession of it until 1769.
January 1770: The Treaty of Fontainebleau was signed by King Louis XV of France and King Charles III of Spain. The transfer of Louisiana to Spain was part of a secret agreement to compensate Spain for its loss of Florida to Britain. Spain officially took possession of Western Louisiana in 1769.
Was a war between Spain and Portugal fought over the border of their overseas territories in South America.
March 1776: In 1776, Portuguese land forces led by the Marquis of Pombal pushed forward in the Rio Grande area, forcing the Spanish commander Juan José de Vértiz y Salcedo to withdraw. This resulted in the territory being ceded to Portuguese Brazil.
11.1.First Treaty of San Ildefonso
Was a treaty between Spain and Portugal that settled long-running territorial disputes between the two kingdoms' possessions in South America, primarily in the Río de la Plata region.
October 1777: Misiones Orientales conquered by spain.
October 1777: In 1777, Portugal ceded Colonia del Sacramento to Spain as part of the Treaty of San Ildefonso.
Was a war between the Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal over the border between Spanish and Portuguese South America.
February 1777: The territory of São José do Norte and S. Pedro do Sul was retaken by the Portuguese from the Spanish during the "deaf war" (1763-1777). This conflict was part of the larger struggle between Portugal and Spain over control of territories in South America.
Was the war of independence of the United States of America (at the time the Thirteen Colonies) against Great Britain.
13.1.Anglo-French War (1778-1783)
Was a war between France, allied to the United States, and Great Britain during the American Revolutionary War.
March 1783: The French captured the Turks and Caicos islands 1783.
13.2.Anglo-Spanish War (1779-1783)
Was a war between Spain and Great Britain during the American Revolutionary War.
13.2.1.North American Theatre (Anglo-Spanish War of 1779-1783)
North American theatre of the Anglo-Spanish War (1779-1783).
October 1779: In September 1779 the Spanish captured Fort Bute.
13.2.2.Central America (Anglo-Spanish War of 1779-1783)
Central American theatre of the Anglo-Spanish War (1779-1783).
May 1780: The siege of the Fortress of the Immaculate Conception in April ended in success for the British, who, however, as well as short of supplies, were decimated by the diseases brought by the abundant tropical rains that fell on the region.
December 1780: The British forces, led by General John Campbell, attempted to capture Fortezza dell'Immacolata Concezione in 1780 during the Spanish American War. However, they were unsuccessful and ultimately withdrew in November without achieving their objective.
13.2.3.Treaty of Paris (1783)
Was the treaty that officially ended the American Revolutionary War between the United States and Great Britain as well as various other related wars. The treaty set the boundaries between British North America and the United States.
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
14.1.Haitian Revolution
Was the succesful insurrection by self-liberated slaves of the colony of Saint-Domingue (modern-day Haiti) against French rule leading to the creation of the independent country of Haiti, the first independent nation of Latin America and the Caribbean.
October 1793: In 1793, Captain-General Joaquin Garcia y Moreno led a Spanish force into the Northern Province, which was under military occupation by Spain. This marked a significant event in the history of the region, as it changed the political landscape and control of the territory.
14.2.War of the First Coalition
Were a series of wars between the Kingdom of France (later the French Republic) and several European Monarchies. The French Revolution had deteriorated the relations of France with the other European countries, that tried several times to invade France in order to crash the revolutionary government.
14.2.1.War of the Pyrenees
Was the Pyrenean front of the First Coalition's war against the First French Republic.
July 1795: The Peace of Basel ends the War of the Pyrenees on July 22, 1795 In the treaty, it was established that France returned the occupied territories to Spain. Spain, in compensation for the recovery of the territories of the Pyrenees, ceded to revolutionary France the eastern part of Santo Domingo. The French already controlled the western part of the island, Santo Domingo, since the signing of the Treaty of Rijswijk in 1697.
14.3.French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars - Theatre of war in the overseas colonies
The theatre of war in the overseas colonies during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
April 1797: Sir Ralph Abercromby was a British Army officer who led the invasion of Puerto Rico in 1797. The military occupation by Great Britain lasted only a few months before the island was returned to Spanish control as part of the Treaty of Amiens in 1802.
January 1803: In 1802, Puerto Rico was reconquered by the Spanish, led by Governor Toribio Montes. This marked the return of the territory to Spanish America after a brief period of British occupation.
14.4.Anglo-Spanish War (1796-1808)
Was a war between Spain and Great Britain fought intermittently during the Coalition Wars.
14.4.1.Invasion of Trinidad (1797)
Was the British invasion of Trinidad during the Anglo-Spanish War (1796-1808).
February 1797: In 1797, a fleet of 18 warships led by Sir Ralph Abercromby invaded and captured the Island of Trinidad. This marked the beginning of British colonial rule in Trinidad, which was previously under Spanish control. Abercromby was a British Army officer known for his successful military campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars.
14.4.2.British invasions of the River Plate
Was the British invasion of modern-day Argentina during the Anglo-Spanish War (1796-1808).
June 1806: The British took Quilmes, near Buenos Aires.
June 1806: In 1806, British forces led by Sir Home Popham occupied Buenos Aires during the British invasions of the River Plate.
August 1806: Beresford surrendered to Spanish forces on 14 August.
February 1807: British forces captured the city of Montevideo.
October 1807: The occupation of Montevideo by the British army lasted until September 1807, when troops were withdrawn in compliance with the agreement signed following the surrender of British forces in Buenos Aires in July 1807.
14.5.Treaty of San Ildefonso (1800)
Was a secret agreement signed on 1 October 1800 between the Spanish Empire and the French Republic by which Spain agreed to exchange its North American colony of Louisiana for territories in Tuscany.
October 1800: In the secretly negotiated Third Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1800, Spain returned the colonial territory of Louisiana to France. This was done under the rule of King Charles IV of Spain and First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte of France.
14.6.Spanish Restoration in Santo Domingo
Was an Anglo-Spanish military expedition that restored Santo Domingo to Spain.
November 1808: Battle of Palo Hincado.
July 1809: The Siege of Santo Domingo of 1808 was a military conflict between French forces led by General Marie-Louis Ferrand and Spanish forces led by Juan Sánchez Ramírez. The siege resulted in the surrender of Santo Domingo to the French, who then controlled the territory until 1809 when it was transferred to Spanish America.
Were two border disputes that involved Spain and the United States in relation to the region known as West Florida.
15.1.First West Florida Controversy
The dispute over West Florida between Spain and the United States was finally resolved with Pinckney's Treaty in 1795, in which both parties agreed on the 31st parallel as the boundary between the United States and West Florida.
October 1795: With Pinckney's Treaty in 1795, Spain and the United States agreed on the 31st parallel as the boundary between the United States and West Florida.
15.2.Second West Florida Controversy
The United States occupied West Florida, a disputed territory, taking advantage of the Peninsular War that Spain was fighting against Napoleonic forces.
February 1821: The Adams-Onís Treaty was negotiated between Secretary of State John Quincy Adams and Spanish minister Luis de Onís. The treaty resulted in the transfer of East and West Florida to the United States in 1821 in exchange for the US dropping claims of spoliation against Spain.
Was a treaty between Spain and Portugal where the latter regained the Misiones Orientales region.
June 1801: In 1801, Portugal regained control of the Misiones Orientales in the Treaty of Badajoz, signed between Portugal and Spain. The treaty was negotiated by Spanish Prime Minister Manuel de Godoy and Portuguese diplomat Domingos de Sousa Coutinho.
Were a series of independence wars by the Spanish colonies in America that started after the French occupation of mainland Spain during the Napoleonic Wars.
17.1.Bolivian War of Independence
Was the War for indipendence from Spain by Bolivia.
May 1809: In 1809, in Sucre, the oidores (delegates of the Spanish Crown) deposed President García León and established a junta to govern in the name of Ferdinand VII, who was the King of Spain at the time. This marked a significant shift in power dynamics in the region during the period of Spanish colonial rule.
July 1809: In 1809, Pedro Domingo Murillo, a Criollo leader, led a revolt in La Paz alongside Mestizos. They established an independent junta of Upper Peru to govern in the name of Ferdinand VII, the captive king of Spain.
December 1809: By November 1809, Cochabamba, Oruro, and Potosí had joined the La Paz junta.
January 1810: The revolts in Upper Peru and Sucre were put down by Spanish forces sent to La Paz by the viceroys of Peru and the Río de La Plata.
August 1825: In 1825, the territory of Upper Peru declared its independence from Spain and became the Republic of Bolivia under the leadership of Simón Bolívar and Antonio José de Sucre.
August 1825: Situation of the borders of Republic of Bolivia at the end of Southamerican indipendency wars.
August 1825: Situation of the borders of Republic of Chile at the end of Southamerican indipendency wars.
17.2.Venezuelan War of Independence
Was the independence war of the Captaincy General of Venezuela against Spanish rule.
17.2.1.Establishment of the First republic of Venezuela
Was the establishment of the First Republic of Venezuela, which was reconquered by Spain in 1812.
April 1810: The municipal council of Caracas headed a successful movement to depose the Spanish Governor and Captain General, Vicente Emparán. A junta was established in Caracas.
January 1811: Several Venezuelan provinces declared independence from Spanish rule and formed Semi-Independent Juntas.
July 1812: After the Battle of San Mateo in 1812, the First Republic of Venezuela collapsed. General Francisco de Miranda, a Venezuelan revolutionary leader, capitulated to Spanish General Domingo de Monteverde and signed an armistice, leading to the territory reverting back to Spanish America.
17.2.2.Establishment of the Second Republic of Venezuela
Was the establishment of the Second Eepublic of Venezuela, which was reconquered by Spain in 1814.
17.2.2.1.Eastern Campaign
Was a military campaign by revolutionaries in eastern Venezuela during the Venezuelan War of Indipendence.
January 1813: In 1813, during the Venezuelan War of Independence, General Santiago Mariño led a successful commando-style attack on Güiria, a town in present-day Venezuela. Mariño was a prominent leader in the Venezuelan revolutionary forces fighting against Spanish colonial rule.
August 1813: The Venezuelan revolutionary leader Santiago Mariño entered Cumaná on August 3.
August 1813: Barcelona conquered by Second Republic of Venezuela.
17.2.2.2.Admirable Campaign
Was a military campaign by revolutionaries led by Simón Bolívar where the provinces of Mérida, Barinas, Trujillo and Caracas were conquered during the Venezuelan War of Indipendence.
June 1813: Simón Bolívar and his Venezuelan revolutionaries arrived in the city of Trujillo in 1813 during the Venezuelan War of Independence.
July 1813: Battle of Niquitao.
July 1813: Battle of Taguanes.
August 1813: The fall of Valencia on August 2, 1813, was a significant event during the Venezuelan War of Independence. It marked the victory of Venezuelan revolutionaries led by Simón Bolívar and Santiago Mariño over Spanish royalist forces, further weakening Spanish control in the region.
August 1813: Simón Bolívar, a Venezuelan revolutionary leader, marched along the San Cristóbal - La Grita - Mérida - Trujillo road in 1813. His triumphal entry into Caracas on August 6 led to the surrender of the royalist government on August 4.
August 1813: La Victoria conquered by Venezuelan Revolutionaries.
August 1813: Losing on two fronts, the royalist government surrendered on August 4. Bolívar's forces had a triumphal entrance into the city of Caracas on August 6, bringing an end to the campaign and reestablishing the Venezuelan republic.
17.2.2.3.Boves campaign
Was a Spanish military campaign against revolutionaries during the Venezuelan War of Independence.
May 1814: Battle of Carabobo.
December 1814: Battle of Urica.
17.2.3.Proclamation of Gran Colombia
In 1819 Bolívar proclaimed the Republic Gran Colombia, which he planned to include Venezuela and New Granada.
January 1818: Venezuelan leaders Piar and Mariño occupied defenceless Angostura (a city at the narrowest and deepest part of the Orinoco River).
December 1819: In 1819, Simón Bolívar proclaimed the Republic of Gran Colombia, which aimed to unite Venezuela and New Granada (present-day Colombia). Bolívar was a Venezuelan military and political leader who played a key role in Latin America's struggle for independence from Spanish rule.
17.2.3.1.Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada
Was a military campaign led by Simon Bolívar, part of the Colombian and Venezuelan wars of independence.
July 1819: The Spanish doubted Bolívar's army could make the trip through the Colombian corner of the cordillera oriental, and therefore, they were taken by surprise when Bolívar's small army emerged from the mountains on 5 July.
July 1819: Vargas Swamp Battle.
August 1819: Simón Bolívar, a Venezuelan military and political leader, redirected his forces towards Tunja during the Venezuelan and Colombian Wars of Independence. He successfully took the city by mid-day in 1819, further advancing the revolutionaries' cause.
August 1819: Battle of Boyacá: the bulk of the royalist army surrendered to Bolívar.
August 1819: Bolívar's army entered Bogotá without any royalist resistance.
June 1821: Battle of Carabobo.
January 1822: Cumaná conquered by Republic of Gran Colombia.
November 1823: Puerto Cabello managed to resist a siege before finally capitulating to Colombian forces. The city was the last Spanish stronghold in the region.
17.3.Argentine War of Indipendence
Was the independence war of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (later Argentina) against Spanish rule.
May 1810: The May Revolution led on May 25, 1810 to the formation of the First Government Junta, presided over by a Creole, Cornelio Saavedra, who claimed to impose his authority over the entire Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata as the legitimate successor of the viceroy.
June 1810: The city of Mendoza rebelled gainst Spain and joined the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata.
July 1810: The city of San Luis, located in present-day Argentina, recognized the Junta, a revolutionary government established in Buenos Aires, as soon as news of its constitution arrived in 1810. This marked the city's support for the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata's independence movement.
July 1810: The circular of May 27 was addressed to all the cities and municipalities of the viceroyalty. The cities of the interior located on the territory of the future Argentina recognized the new junta, including the cities of Mendoza and Salta.
July 1810: The cities of Upper Peru did not have occasion to pronounce themselves before their own governments did so in a negative sense. The only case in the city region that joined the Revolution was that of Tarija, which also elected its own deputy.
July 1810: In 1810, San Juan recognized the junta (government) of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata.
August 1810: In 1810, the cities of San José de Jáchal and San Agustín de Valle Fértil in Argentina decided to join the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata.
August 1810: Royalist troops deserted en masse, forcing their leaders to continue their flight with a meager escort, until they were captured one by one between 6 and 7 August and taken back to Córdoba. On August 10, the bulk of the army arrived in the city and the cabildo recognized the junta and the new governor de Pueyrredón.
September 1810: The cabildo of La Rioja, led by Governor Brizuela, hesitated to support the Junta until 1 September 1810. This delay was due to conflicting loyalties and uncertainty about the political situation in the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata.
September 1810: In August 1810, the chaplain José Andrés de Salvatierra led a revolt in the Fort of Membiray against Spanish colonial rule. On September 24, he successfully took control of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, a significant event in the struggle for independence in the region.
October 1810: The royalists abandoned Tupiza and fell back to Cotagaita.
November 1810: The vanguard of the Army of the North, led by General Manuel Belgrano, began its march towards Upper Peru through the Quebrada de Humahuaca in October 1810. This marked the beginning of the campaign to liberate the region from Spanish colonial rule.
November 1810: Battle of Suipacha.
November 1810: The outcome of the Battle of Suipacha, where the revolutionary forces led by Juan José Castelli defeated the royalist army, boosted the morale of the revolutionaries in Potosí. This led to the deposition of the governor Francisco de Paula Sanz on November 10, 1810.
November 1810: General José Manuel de Goyeneche, leading the Spanish royalist forces, was defeated by General Pedro Antonio Olañeta in the Battle of Aroma. Goyeneche's forces, including Piérola and Ramírez Orozco, retreated to the Desaguadero River in 1810 during the Bolivian War of Independence.
November 1810: A division of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, led by General José Rondeau, entered La Paz on November 19, 1810.
July 1816: The United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata emerged from the May Revolution in 1810 and the Argentine War of Independence of 1810-1818.
17.3.1.Banda Oriental Campaign
Was an argentine military campaign in the Banda Oriental region (the South American territories east of the Uruguay River) during the Argentine War of Indipendence.
October 1810: On October 9, General Gaspar de Vigodet gave the naval officer Juan Ángel Michelena the task of occupying the banks of the Uruguay River, forcing the authorities of the villages located on them, including the city of Concepción del Uruguay (occupied on November 6) ,.
December 1810: Gualeguaychú and Gualeguay conquered by spain.
February 1811: On February 28, near the Asencio stream, the commander Ramón Fernández launched his opposition, the so-called Grito de Asencio (in Italian Grido di Asencio), signaling an armed uprising against Elío's authority. Local farmers and gauchos joined him, forming irregular troops, which began a series of clashes against troops loyal to Spain.
April 1811: After a series of skirmishes, the royalists evacuated their positions on the western bank of Uruguay, leaving the region in revolutionary hands by March 1811.
May 1811: Battle of Las Piedras.
May 1811: The royalists, led by Spanish Governor Francisco Javier de Elío, were besieged by the patriots, led by José Gervasio Artigas and Carlos María de Alvear. The patriots eventually captured Colonia del Sacramento on May 26, 1811, marking a significant victory in the struggle for independence in the region.
May 1811: The area held by the royalists, led by Spanish General José Posadas, was limited to the cities of Montevideo and Colonia del Sacramento. The patriots, led by José Gervasio Artigas, put the two strongholds under siege on 21 and 26 May 1811 respectively.
June 1811: At the beginning of June, the royalists evacuated Colonia del Sacramento, which was occupied by the revolutionaries.
October 1811: After a failed attempt to capture Montevideo from Spanish forces, General José Rondeau led the retreat of his army towards Entre Ríos in 1811 during the Spanish American wars of independence. The siege of Montevideo was officially lifted on October 12.
December 1811: On July 20, 1811 an armistice was signed between the First Argentine Triumvirate and the Spanish viceroy Elío. Withdrawal of the revolutionary and Portuguese troops from the Banda Oriental and from the cities of Concepción del Uruguay, Gualeguay and Gualeguaychú, in the territory of Entre Ríos.
January 1812: Declaring the armistice broken, Vigodet reopened hostilities on January 31, 1812. Artigas moved towards Misiones Fernando Otorgués and Fructuoso Rivera, who reconquered the towns of Santo Tomé, Yapeyú and La Cruz.
17.3.1.1.Portuguese Invasion of Banda Oriental
Was a Portuguese invasion of the Banda Oriental region during the Argentine War of Independence.
July 1811: Portuguese forces crossed the border with Spanish America and reached Melo the same day.
August 1811: In 1811, Portuguese Sergeant major Manuel dos Santos Pedroso led a force to occupy Belén in the Banda Oriental, which is now Uruguay. This military occupation was part of Portugal's efforts to expand its territory in South America.
September 1811: On 1 September Paysandú was occupied by Portuguese forces.
October 1811: The Portuguese captured several Orientais and hundreds of horses in the town of Rocha, in Castillos Lagoon and in Castillo Grande.
November 1811: From Mandisoví the Portuguese forces occupied Curuzú Cuatiá.
17.3.2.Paraguayan campaign of Belgrano
Was a military campaign in Paraguay by Argentine leader Manuel Belgrano during the Argentine War of Independence.
November 1810: At the end October, having organized its forces into 4 divisions, and counting the Paraguayan José Machain as sergeant major in its ranks, the Argentinian army advanced northwards through the center of the province of Entre Ríos, avoiding crossing waterways.
November 1810: Juan Ángel Michelena was a Spanish military officer who led the royalist forces in the region during the Argentine War of Independence. Concepción del Uruguay was a strategic town in the Entre Ríos Province of modern-day Argentina, which was part of Spanish America at the time.
December 1810: On December 19, Belgrano crossed the Paraná River with the bulk of the revolutionary army and attacked the fortified position of Campichuelo, from where the royalists withdrew after a brief exchange of blows.
December 1810: The patriots occupied the evacuated village of Itapúa without a fight.
January 1811: In 1811, General Manuel Belgrano led his troops from the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata in a challenging march. They achieved a minor triumph at Maracaná, close to the Tebicuary River, during the Paraguayan War of Independence.
January 1811: Belgrano showed up in Paraguay on January 15, 1811.
January 1811: On January 19, the advance of Belgrano's army began the battle of Paraguarí. Despite the numerical disadvantage, 460 men against 6,000, the independentists managed to seize the enemy position. They skidded when the Paraguayans managed to regroup and counterattack, Belgrano was forced to retreat along the route by which he had come, but was not pursued.
March 1811: A few days after the battle of Tacuarí the Argentine army left Paraguay.
17.3.3.Royalist reaction in Upper Peru
Was a counterattack by Royalist troops against Argentina in the region of Upper Peru (Bolivia) during the Argentine War of Independence.
April 1811: A royalist counter-revolution broke out in Potosí.
June 1811: Battle of Huaqui: fought as part of the Spanish-American wars of independence, it was an armed confrontation fought between an army set up by the junta installed in Buenos Aires following the May Revolution and the forces loyal to the Crown of Spain who remained loyal to the Viceroy of Peru . Following it, the patriot army was forced to hastily abandon the entire territory of Upper Peru.
June 1811: In 1811, the natives of Omasuyos, Pacajes, and Larecaja in Bolivia were incited to revolt by Pedro Domingo Murillo and other revolutionary leaders. They rejected the royalist restoration and joined the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata in their fight for independence.
August 1811: In early August 1811, the indigenous forces of Juan Manuel Cáceres, a former lieutenant of Túpac Catari in the 1780 rebellion, occupied and burned the city of La Paz in present-day Bolivia.
August 1811: Rivero, beaten by Ramírez Orozco on August 13 in the battle of Sipe Sipe, realizing the futility of all his resistance and listening to the request for peace from the inhabitants of Cochabamba, urged an end to hostilities, handed over his troops and was incorporated into the royalist army. Cochabamba was peacefully occupied by Goyeneche.
17.3.4.Upper Peru Front
Was the theatre of war in Upper Peru (corresponding to modern-day Bolivia) during the Argentine War of Indipendence.
October 1811: The troops of the city of La Paz, led by General Pedro Domingo Murillo, defeated the 1,200 men of Colonel Jerónimo Marrón de Lombera on 6 October 1811 at Sica Sica, during the Bolivian War of Independence.
October 1811: Oruro, a city in present-day Bolivia, declared its support for the revolutionaries.
November 1811: In 1811, during the Bolivian War of Independence, Colonels Benavente and Lombera led Spanish forces to take control of La Paz, despite a small victory by the independentists at Tiquina. This event marked a setback for the independence movement in Spanish America.
January 1812: The forces of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata managed to take the village of Chayanta.
January 1812: Lieutenant Colonel Martín Miguel de Güemes, a prominent military leader in the Argentine War of Independence, was sent by General Manuel Belgrano to recover Tarija from Spanish forces. He successfully achieved this on 18 January 1812.
May 1812: In 1812, General Eustaquio Méndez led the royalist army to victory in the battle of Pocona against General Manuel Ascencio Padilla, who was fighting for the independence of Spanish America. The defeat of Padilla's forces allowed the royalists to advance towards the city.
May 1812: Cochabamba again fell into royalist hands.
August 1812: On August 23, the civilian population and the Argentine army left San Salvador de Jujuy, which was shortly after occupied by the royalists.
September 1812: Salta fell into the hands of a royalist battalion.
February 1813: The battle of Salta in 1813 was a key victory for the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, led by General Manuel Belgrano. The surrender of Spanish royalist forces, commanded by General Pio Tristán, marked a significant turning point in the Argentine War of Independence.
March 1813: Spanish royalist General Goyeneche evacuated Potosí, a city in present-day Bolivia, and retreated to Oruro.
March 1813: Spanish general Ramírez Orozco, abandoned Chuquisaca.
March 1813: The Argentinian Northern Army occupied Tupiza during its advance.
April 1813: In 1813, during the Latin American Wars of Independence, both Santa Cruz de la Sierra and Cochabamba declared their support for the independence movement led by General Manuel Belgrano of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata. This marked a significant step towards breaking away from Spanish colonial rule in the region.
November 1813: Battle of Ayohuma: Royalist victory. Northern Army retreat to Jujuy.
17.3.4.1.Third Upper Peru Campaign
Was an Argentine military campaign in Upper Peru (corresponding to modern-day Bolivia) during the Argentine War of Indipendence.
December 1815: In 1815, Chuquisaca was occupied by the leaders of the two republics of La Laguna and Vallegrande, José Miguel Lanza (Padilla) and Juan Antonio Álvarez de Arenales. The territory then went to the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata.
December 1815: General Juan Antonio Álvarez de Arenales, a prominent military leader in the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, seized Cochabamba in 1815 during the War of Independence in South America. Cochabamba was a strategic location in the fight against Spanish colonial rule.
January 1816: After the Battle of Sipe on November 29, the Spanish occupied all the cities of Upper Peru during the month of December, except Santa Cruz de la Sierra.
April 1816: Tarija fell into the hands of the royalists.
May 1816: In 1816, in Cinti, Vicente Camargo, a leader of the Repubblichetta di Cinti, was killed after suffering three defeats in March and April. This marked the end of the short-lived independent republic in the region, which was part of Spanish America at the time.
17.3.5.Revolt in Patagonia (1814)
Was a revolt in Patagonia during the Argentine War of Independence.
May 1812: In April 1812, a rebellion that broke out in the isolated fort of Carmen de Patagones, in Patagonia, led by Faustino Ansay, a prisoner in the locality after he had been deposed from his duties in Mendoza, allowed the royalists to take possession of the port.
December 1814: In 1814, the city of Carmen de Patagones was officially incorporated into the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata.
17.3.6.Uruguay Front
Was an Argentine military campaign in Uruguay during the Argentine War of Indipendence.
October 1812: The Patriot army again laid siege to Montevideo.
March 1814: In rapid succession, the territories of Corrientes and Misiones, with the villages of the interior of the Banda Oriental, declared themselves in favor of the federalism advocated by Artigas.
May 1814: Alvear, a military leader and politician from the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, occupied Montevideo on May 23, 1814.
17.3.7.Guerra Gaucha
Was a series of battles and guerrila actions between Spanish Royalist troops and Argentine troops in the Salta del Tucumán area of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata during the Argentine War of Independence. .
May 1814: Antonio José de Sucre and Simón Bolívar, achieved a great victory in the battle of La Florida against Spanish forces. Following their success, they were able to take control of Cochabamba.
May 1814: In 1814, General Juan Ramírez de Orozco, a Spanish royalist military leader, occupied the city of Salta in present-day Argentina during the Argentine War of Independence. Salta was part of the Spanish America territory at the time.
May 1814: On May 27, 1814, Spanish General Joaquín de la Pezuela entered Jujuy, a province in present-day Argentina. This event marked the beginning of the Spanish reconquest of the region during the Argentine War of Independence.
August 1814: General José de San Martín, leader of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, ordered Martín Miguel de Güemes to organize guerilla actions against the Spanish forces in the region. Güemes' gauchos successfully disrupted the Spanish advance, leading to the withdrawal of General Joaquín de la Pezuela's army from Jujuy in 1814.
January 1817: General Manuel Belgrano entered Jujuy on 6 January 1817 during the Argentine War of Independence. Belgrano was a key military leader in the struggle for independence from Spanish rule in South America.
April 1817: After failing to consolidate his positions and after receiving increasingly certain news of the triumph of General José de San Martín in Chile, Viceroy José de la Serna abandoned Salta and Jujuy in March 1817, retreating to Tupiza.
January 1818: On January 14, 1818, Spanish forces occupied Jujuy.
January 1818: After the Battle of Suipacha in 1818, General Manuel Belgrano evacuated the city of Jujuy and retreated to Yavi, in present-day Argentina. Belgrano was a key military leader in the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata during the Argentine War of Independence.
March 1819: On March 26, the Spanish occupied San Salvador de Jujuy.
March 1819: The Spanish evacuated the city of Jujuy, retreating to Yavi.
May 1820: Ramírez Orozco was a Spanish military leader who took command of the Spanish forces in Upper Peru. Jujuy was a province in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, located in present-day Argentina. The occupation of Jujuy was part of the Spanish efforts to maintain control over their territories in South America during the wars of independence.
May 1820: In 1820, General José de San Martín led the Argentine forces in the successful taking of Salta, a key city in the fight for independence from Spanish rule. This victory allowed them to advance further into Spanish America, reaching the Pasaje river.
July 1820: Compelled by the forces of the patriots, on July 14 Spanish royalist general Pedro Antonio Olañeta signed an armistice and withdrew to Upper Peru.
July 1822: The last royalist incursion into Argentine territory was made in June 1822 by General Pedro Antonio Olañeta, a loyalist to the Spanish crown. He arrived at Volcán, a few kilometers north of Jujuy, during the ongoing Argentine War of Independence.
December 1822: Volcán conquered by Argentina.
17.4.Chilean War of Independence
Was the independence war of the Captaincy General of Chile against Spanish rule.
March 1818: The Battle of Cancha Rayada, was fought in Chile between South American patriots and Spanish royalists, during the Osorio's campaign in the South American wars of independence. The result was a defeat for the patriot forces.
April 1818: In 1818, José de San Martín led the independence forces of Spanish America to a decisive victory over the Spanish royalists led by Mariano Osorio at the Battle of Maipú. This victory marked a turning point in the Chilean War of Independence, as the royalists were forced to retreat to Concepcion and never posed a significant threat to Santiago again.
April 1818: In 1818, José de San Martín defeated the Spanish royalists led by Mariano Osorio at the Battle of Maipú in Chile. This victory marked the retreat of the Spanish forces to Concepcion, solidifying Chile's independence from Spain.
17.4.1.Chilean independence declaration (1810)
Was the first independence declaration of Chile from Spain.
September 1810: The Government Junta of the Kingdom of Chile, also known as the First Junta, was organized with the same powers as a Royal Governor.
17.4.2.Spanish reconquista of Chile
Was a Spanish military campaign against Chilean revolutionaries. Chile was reconquered by Spain.
October 1814: The Battle of Rancagua also known in Chile as the Disaster of Rancagua occurred on October 1, 1814, to October 2, 1814, when the Spanish Army under the command of Mariano Osorio defeated the rebel Chilean forces led by Bernardo O’Higgins. A little while later, Osorio entered Santiago and put the rebellion of the Patria Vieja to an end.
17.4.3.Chilean independence declaration (1818)
Was the second and final independence declaration of Chile from Spain.
February 1818: In 1818, the Captaincy General of Chile declared itself independent from Spanish rule, becoming the Republic of Chile.
17.5.Colombian War of Independence
A series of related conflicts that resulted in the independence of the Spanish colonial Viceroyalty of New Granada.
17.5.1.Secession of New Grenada
Was the secession of the Viceroyalty of New Granada from Spain.
17.5.1.1.Colombian Secessionist States
Was the creation of several revolutionary polities that wanted to be independent from Spain in the Viceroyalty of New Granada.
April 1811: Under the guidance of Jorge Tadeo Lozano, the province of Santafé transformed itself into a state called the Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca.
November 1811: The "Congress of the United Provinces," meanwhile, started meeting again. Despite Cundinamarca's opposition, the Congress finally achieved an agreement and delivered the Act of Federation of the United Provinces of New Granada on November 27, 1811, which was written by Camilo Torres and signed by the deputies of five provinces.
January 1813: In 1813, Simón Bolívar captured Ocaña, a strategic city in present-day Colombia, during the Venezuelan War of Independence. This victory helped secure the route to Venezuela and furthered Bolívar's campaign against Spanish colonial rule.
February 1813: In 1813, Simón Bolívar led the United Provinces of New Granada to victory in the Battle of Cúcuta against royalist forces. This marked a significant turning point in the independence movement in South America.
17.5.1.2.Colombian Juntas
Was the creation of several revolutionary juntas that wanted to be independent from Spain in the Viceroyalty of New Granada.
June 1811: With Villavicencio's support, the open council forced Cartagena's governor to acquiesce to a co-government with two people chosen by the council, and then ousted the governor on June 14, establishing a government junta instead.
July 1811: Cali conquered by New Grenada Semi-Independent Juntas.
July 1811: Pamplona conquered by New Grenada Semi-Independent Juntas.
July 1811: Socorro conquered by New Grenada Semi-Independent Juntas.
August 1811: Independent juntas were established in Honda in July.
October 1811: Antioquia, Popayán, Neiva, Quibdó and Nóvita conquered by New Grenada Semi-Independent Juntas.
November 1811: Tunja conquered by New Grenada Semi-Independent Juntas.
17.5.1.3.Spanish reconquest of New Granada
Was the Spanish reconquest of modern-day Colombia, that had revolted against Spain.
May 1815: In 1815, Spain sent to its most seditious colonies the strongest expeditionary force that it had ever sent to the Americas. the force initially landed at Carupano and the island of Margarita in April, where no resistance was encountered.
June 1815: Morillo's troops reinforced existing royalist forces in the Venezuelan mainland, entering Cumaná and Caracas in May.
June 1815: In 1815, Spanish General Pablo Morillo led troops to reinforce royalist forces in Cumaná and Caracas, territories in Spanish America. This marked a significant event in the Venezuelan War of Independence, as Morillo's arrival strengthened Spanish control in the region.
December 1815: In 1815, Spanish forces led by General Pablo Morillo besieged Cartagena, a key city in Spanish America. The siege lasted five months before the fortified city fell in December.
May 1816: In 1816, Spanish forces led by Pablo Morillo and colonial forces led by Antonio Nariño completed the reconquest of New Granada, taking Bogotá on May 6, 1816. This marked a significant victory for the Spanish America territory.
June 1816: Battle of La Cumbo de El Tambo: In this battle the republican troops were totally defeated at the hands of the royalist army. With this triumph of the royalist forces, the Republic of Grenada ended and the Spanish reconquest of the territory of New Granada was terminated.
July 1816: Battle of La Plata: was the last military confrontation between royalists and patriots waged within the framework of the so-called Patria Boba.
17.6.Peruvian War of Independence
Was the independence war of the Viceroyalty of Peru against Spanish rule.
July 1821: Independence of the Protectorate of Peru from the Kingdom of Spain.
February 1824: Spanish loyalists recaptured of the fort on February 5, 1824.
February 1824: In 1824, Spanish troops commanded by General Juan Antonio Monet entered Lima, the capital of Peru.
17.6.1.First revolt of Tacna
Was a revolt against Spanish rule in Tacana, Viceroyalty of Peru.
July 1811: The Tacna insurrection of 1811 was an autonomist movement that took place in Tacna and proclaimed the independence of Peru.
July 1811: On July 25, 1811, the Peruvian separatists of Tacna learned of the defeat of the Argentine patriots in the battle of Guaqui. This event was the cause of total bewilderment between them, despite the fact that they were organizing themselves.
17.6.2.Huánuco Revolt
Was an indigenous revolt in Huánuco during the Peruvian War of Independence.
February 1812: Indigenous rebellion of Huánuco.
March 1812: In 1812, Huánuco was conquered by the Spanish forces.
March 1812: Huánuco was reconquered by the Spanish forces.
17.6.3.Second revolt of Tacna
Was a revolt against Spanish rule in Tacana, Viceroyalty of Peru.
October 1813: Under Enrique Pallardelli, the patriots of Tacna took possession of the city's barracks, capturing the royalist governor of the province.
November 1813: The Peruvian Rebels took refuge towards Upper Peru while Tacna fell once again to the royalists.
17.6.4.Cusco Revolt
Was a revolt against Spanish rule in Cusco, Viceroyalty of Peru.
August 1814: In 1814, the Agulo brothers, prominent Creoles, led a rebellion in Cusco against Spanish colonial rule. They formed the Junta of Cusco, establishing control over the territory and supporting the Peruvian Rebels in their fight for independence.
September 1814: The second patriot section was installed in Huamanga, under the command of Manual Hurtado de Mendoza and had for lieutenants José Gabriel Béjar and Mariano Angulo. Therefore Mendoza ordered to march on Huancayo, cities which they conquered peacefully.
September 1814: The Agulo and Pumacahua brothers organized an army divided into three sections: the first was sent to Upper Peru, under the command of León Pinelo and the Argentine priest Ildefonso Muñecas, and entered La Paz with 500 rifles and 20,000 armed Indians, with stones and slingshots, on September 14, 1814. On September 24, 1814 of the same year they took La Paz.
September 1814: Battle of Huanta: the actions lasted three days, during which the Peruvian patriots retreated, abandoning Huamanga.
November 1814: To recapture La Paz, the Spanish royalists marched from Oruto with a royalist regiment equipped with 1,500 rifles, and many Indians, commanded by the Spanish general Juan Ramírez. They met outside La Paz on November 1, 1814, with the defeat of the patriots.
November 1814: Mateo Pumacahua was a Peruvian rebel leader who led the patriots to victory against the royalists in Apacheta, Arequipa on November 9, 1814. Following their success, the patriots entered Arequipa and placed it under the Government Junta of Cusco on November 24, 1814.
November 1814: Upon being informed of the war measures ordered by the viceroy and knowing of the proximity of royalist troops, Pumacahua and Angulo decided to withdraw around Cuzco, leaving all the municipalities and occupied provinces free. An open town hall in Arequipa reconvened and hastened to accord allegiance to the king on November 30 , 1814 .
March 1815: Angulo, Béjar, Paz, and González, were leaders of a rebellion against Spanish colonial rule in Cusco, Peru. They were captured and executed on March 29, 1815, as part of the Crown's strategy to suppress dissent through public displays of punishment.
17.6.5.José de San Martín's liberation of Peru
Was a military campaign by Argentine general José de San Martín against Spanish rule in Peru.
September 1820: In 1820, Chilean rebels under the command of José de San Martín landed in Chincha, Peru, as part of their campaign to liberate South America from Spanish colonial rule. The rebels aimed to gain control of strategic territories like Chincha and Paracas to weaken Spanish control in the region.
November 1820: The Liberating Expedition was led by the Chilean General Jose de San Martin and the Peruvian rebel leader Simon Bolivar. They arrived in Huacho as part of their campaign to liberate Peru from Spanish colonial rule in 1820.
November 1820: In 1820, General José de San Martín, a leader in the South American struggle for independence, advanced to Huaura, Peru, where he set up his headquarters. The town was a strategic location for the Peruvian and Chilean rebels in their fight against Spanish colonial rule.
December 1820: Lambayeque fell to Peruvian and Chilean Rebels.
December 1820: In 1820, the Intendance of Trujillo, located in Peru, declared its independence from Spanish rule. The city of Trujillo, led by Mayor José Bernardo de Tagle, Marquis of Torre Tagle, played a key role in this rebellion.
January 1821: Piura and Cajamarca were taken from Spanish control by Peruvian and Chilean rebels on January 6, 1821.
June 1821: Hachapoyas and Jaén conquered by Peruvian and Chilean Rebels.
July 1821: The forces of the Liberation Army entered Lima.
August 1821: Maynas conquered by forces of chile and argentina.
September 1821: The Peruvian patriots achieved the surrender of the Callao fortresses.
17.6.5.1.Arenales campaign in central Peru
Was a military campaign by Argentine general Juan Antonio Álvarez de Arenales against Spanish rule in central Peru.
October 1820: In 1820, General Juan Antonio Álvarez de Arenales, a Peruvian military leader, occupied the city of Ica.
October 1820: In 1820, in Palpa, Peru, Quimper militants were defeated by pro-independence forces led by Col. Rufino Guido. He commanded 80 horseback hunters and mounted infantry in the battle against the rebels.
October 1820: On 14 October 1820 in Nasca, the Peruvian rebels under the leadership of José de la Riva-Agüero declared independence from Spanish rule. This event marked a significant moment in the struggle for independence in South America.
November 1820: Battle of Cuesta de Jauja.
November 1820: Battle of Tarma.
17.6.6.First Intermediate Campaign
Was a military campaign by Peruvian and Argentine patriots against Spanish rule in Peru.
November 1822: Simón Bolívar, a Venezuelan military and political leader, arrived in Arica, a port city in present-day Chile.
November 1822: In 1822, General Juan Antonio Álvarez de Arenales arrived in Iquique, where he landed a detachment to initiate action on Upper Peru.
December 1822: Valdés met him, fighting the battle of Torata.
January 1823: Peruvian forces advance towards Tacna.
January 1823: Spanish General José de la Serna's forces, led by José Carratalá, pursued and defeated the troops of rebel leader Antonio José de Sucre at the Battle of Moquegua. This victory marked a turning point in the conflict, leading to Peru relinquishing territories occupied during the first intermediate campaign.
17.6.7.Second Intermediate Campaign
Was a military campaign by Peruvian and Argentine patriots against Spanish rule in Peru.
June 1823: In 1823, Rear Admiral Guise led the assault and capture of Arica, a port city in present-day Chile. This military campaign was part of the Chilean War of Independence against Spanish colonial rule.
June 1823: General Santa Cruz arrived at the port and continued to Iquique to direct the landing operations of the patriot forces.
July 1823: The patriots occupied Tacna and Moquegua.
August 1823: In 1823, General Andrés de Santa Cruz, a prominent military leader in the Republic of Peru, led a group of patriots to occupy La Paz in Upper Peru as part of the ongoing struggle for independence from Spanish colonial rule.
August 1823: The city of Oruro was taken by the Peruvian forces led by General Agustín Gamarra.
August 1823: The realistic general Gerónimo Valdes attacked Santa Cruz, causing the battle of Zepita, on the shores of Lake Titicaca. The patriots were masters of the field, but without obtaining a decisive victory. But instead of consolidating his victory, Santa Cruz ordered the withdrawal towards the coast.
17.6.8.Royalist counterattack in Lima
Was a Spanish military campaign against Peruvian and Argentine patriots during the Peruvian War of Independence.
June 1823: Lima fell to the royalist troops led by General José de Canterac due to the weak military defense of the city.
July 1823: General Canterac, a Spanish military leader, withdrew from Lima, the capital of Peru. The city was then occupied by the independent forces.
17.6.9.Simon Bolivar's Campaign
Was a military campaign led by Simon Bolivar against Spanish rule in Peru.
July 1824: In June 1824, General Simón Bolívar's liberating army, supported by Peruvian montoneras, advanced towards the central highlands and arrived in Huánuco, Peru. This marked a significant moment in the South American wars of independence.
August 1824: In 1824, the liberating army led by Simón Bolívar and Antonio José de Sucre continued its advance towards the South, bordering Lake Junín. This strategic movement ultimately led to the decisive Battle of Junín, securing the territory for the Republic of Peru.
December 1824: After the victory of Junín, Simón Bolívar, the leader of the independence movement in South America, returned to Lima, which had been taken by the independentist troops led by José de la Riva-Agüero. This event marked a significant step towards the liberation of Peru from Spanish colonial rule in 1824.
January 1826: Callao, the last Spanish stronghold in Peru, fell to the rebels.
17.6.10.Sucre's campaign in Upper Peru
Was a military campaign led by Antonio José de Sucre against Spanish rule in Peru.
December 1824: After defeating the Spanish at the Battle of Ayacucho, General Antonio José de Sucre led the liberating army of Peru towards Cuzco. On December 30, 1824, the Peruvian division, under the command of General Andrés de Santa Cruz, arrived in Cuzco.
January 1825: In the third week of January 1825, the army led by General Antonio José de Sucre continued towards Puno, a city located in present-day Peru. Sucre was a prominent military leader in the South American wars of independence and played a key role in the liberation of Peru from Spanish colonial rule.
February 1825: In 1825, Marshal Antonio José de Sucre led the Liberation Army across the Desaguadero River to occupy La Paz, Bolivia. Sucre was a trusted general of Simón Bolívar and played a key role in the independence movements in South America.
March 1825: A Peruvian Division arrived in Oruro.
March 1825: In 1825 the Peruvian army occupied Potosí.
April 1825: On 7 April, Spanish general José María Valdez surrendered in Chequelte to Peruvian general Urdininea, putting an end to the war in Upper Peru.
17.7.Ecuadorian War of Independence
Was fought from 1820 to 1822 between Spain and several South American armies over control of the Royal Audience of Quito, a Spanish colonial jurisdiction which later became the modern Republic of Ecuador.
October 1820: The port city of Guayaquil proclaimed its independence in 1820 after a brief and almost bloodless revolt against the Spanish colonial garrison.
October 1820: The village of Samborondón in Ecuador declared its independence from Spanish colonial rule.
October 1820: Daule conquered by Guayaquil Rebels.
October 1820: Naranjal conquered by Guayaquil Rebels.
November 1820: The city of Cuenca declared its independence from Spanish rule in 1820.
November 1820: The División Protectora de Quito launches a campaign with the goal of liberating the entire Free Province of Guayaquil, achieving victory in the Battle of Camino Real.
December 1820: The city of Cuenca, located in present-day Ecuador, was taken over by the Royalists, loyal to the Spanish crown, after defeating the Patriots, who were fighting for independence, in the Battle of Verdeloma on December 20, 1820.
August 1821: The Battle of Yaguachi in 1821 was a decisive victory for the forces led by General Jose de Villamil and General Juan Illingworth, securing the independence of the Province of Guayaquil from Spanish colonial rule. This victory ultimately led to the establishment of the Free Province of Guayaquil.
January 1822: On January 15, 1822, a military contingent of the Peruvian Army was sent by José de San Martín to help the troops of Antonio José de Sucre. On the 20th, they entered Ecuadorian territory by crossing the Río Macará, then entered the town of Loja without fighting.
February 1822: In 1822, General Antonio José de Sucre, a prominent military leader in the South American wars of independence, joined forces with General Andrés de Santa Cruz in the indigenous village of Saraguro. This strategic alliance played a crucial role in the liberation of Ecuador from Spanish colonial rule, leading to the incorporation of Saraguro into the Free Province of Guayaquil.
April 1822: Battle of Riobamba.
May 1822: Antonio José de Sucre, a Venezuelan independence leader and close ally of Simón Bolívar, led his army to Quito in 1822. The Spanish forces in the city surrendered to Sucre, leading to the territory being incorporated into the Free Province of Guayaquil.
Was the independence war of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (a predecessor of modern-day Mexico) against Spanish rule.
September 1810: The beginning stage of the Mexican War of Independence corresponds to the popular uprising led by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla . Discovered by the Spanish, the conspirators in Querétaro had no alternative but to go to arms at an earlier date than originally planned. The members of the conspiracy were without a support base at that time, so Hidalgo had to summon the people of Dolores to revolt against the Spanish authorities on September 16.
September 1810: New Spain rebels reached the vicinity of Celaya.
September 1810: Battle of Guanajuato: after several hours of combat, the royalists entered Guanajuato and executed the insurgents. Finally, the insurgent forces escaped to Guadalajara.
September 1810: In 1810, during the Mexican War of Independence, Miguel Hidalgo led a group of rebels in storming the Alhóndiga de Granaditas in Guanajuato, New Spain. This event marked a significant victory for the rebels in their fight against Spanish colonial rule.
September 1810: From Celaya, the insurgents left in a northwesterly direction and on their way seized Salamanca , Irapuato and Silao . When they reached the vicinity of Guanajuato on September 28 , the number of the rebels had increased considerably.
September 1810: In 1810, the 'Taking of Valladolid' occurred in present-day Mexico. The territory was under the control of New Spain rebels led by Miguel Hidalgo and Ignacio Allende. This event marked a significant moment in the Mexican War of Independence against Spanish colonial rule.
October 1810: José María Morelos, a Mexican revolutionary leader, began his campaign in Carácuaro.
October 1810: Battle of Monte de las Cruces.
November 1810: At this point, the sympathizers of the insurgents occupied other cities throughout the territory of New Spain. Rafael Iriarte controlled León, Aguascalientes and Zacatecas. Luis de Herrera and Juan Villerías occupied San Luis Potosí. In Toluca and Zitácuaro was Benedicto López. José María Morelos had already joined the people of Michoacán and Mexico to the war while Miguel Sánchez and Juli an Villagrán controlled the Mezquital Valley to the north of Mexico's administration.
November 1810: Battle of Zacoalco.
November 1810: José Antonio Torres was a Mexican rebel leader who fought against the Spanish colonial forces during the Mexican War of Independence. La Barca was a town in New Spain (present-day Mexico) where Torres achieved a significant victory in November 1810. This event marked a turning point in the rebellion against Spanish rule.
November 1810: The insurgents led by Miguel Hidalgo and Ignacio Allende were attacked by the Spanish army on November 7, 1810, in Aculco, during the Mexican War of Independence. This event marked a significant moment in the struggle for independence from Spanish rule in Spanish America.
November 1810: Guadalajara was taken byJ ose Antonio Torres, a leader of the rebel forces fighting against Spanish colonial rule in New Spain.
November 1810: In 1810, during the Mexican War of Independence, José María Mercado, a rebel leader, successfully took control of the Tepic and San Blas squares in New Spain without any violence on November 28 and December 1, respectively.
December 1810: Northern provinces such as Texas, Coahuila, and Nuevo León joined the insurgent cause.
December 1810: In 1810, during the Mexican War of Independence, José María Mercado, a rebel leader, successfully took control of the Tepic and San Blas squares in New Spain without any violence on November 28 and December 1, respectively.
December 1810: José María Mercado was a Mexican rebel leader who fought against Spanish colonial rule in the early 19th century. Tepic and San Blas were important cities in the region of Nueva Galicia, which was part of New Spain. Mercado's occupation of these cities in 1810 was a significant victory for the rebel forces.
December 1810: José María González Hermosillo was a Mexican revolutionary leader who initiated the rebellion in Real del Rosario, Sinaloa in 1810. The Battle of Real of the Rosary marked the beginning of the uprising against Spanish colonial rule in New Spain.
January 1811: After the rebel defeat Zacatecas didn't support the rebels anymore. Allende led the troop towards Zacatecas, without finding help in that city they decided to head towards Saltillo.
January 1811: Spanish forces defeated the Mexican rebels in Tepic.
March 1811: The rebels fled to the north to Saltillo. Only the northern regions of Mexico remained under rebel control.
March 1811: The New Spain rebel army is destroyed. Only the Saltillo region remains under rebel control.
March 1811: Ignacio Rayón, a prominent leader in the Mexican War of Independence, moved out from Saltillo to Zacatecas.
April 1811: Battle of Zacatecas.
May 1811: Rayón left for Aguascalientes and was chased by General Miguel Emparán, who gave him a defeat in the Battle of Maguey. However, Rayón was able to escape to La Piedad and Zamora. When Calleja arrived in the city of Zacatecas, where Víctor Rosales had remained in command of a thousand men. This accepted the offered pardon. In any case, Calleja ordered thirteen insurgents to be shot and a year later Rosales rejoined the rebellion.
May 1811: In 1811, during the Mexican War of Independence, Spanish General Joaquín Arredondo captured Plaza de Tula from the insurgents.
June 1811: On June 21, the Spanish forces took Matehuala.
July 1811: Colima conquered by New Spain Rebels.
July 1811: From late July to mid-August, the insurgent revolution flared up again in Aguascalientes and Zacatecas.
July 1811: Spanish Viceroyal forces under the command of Rosendo Porlier recovered the squares de Sayula, Zacoalco and Zapotlán el Grande.
August 1811: From late July to mid-August, the insurgent revolution flared up again in Aguascalientes and Zacatecas.
18.1.Morelos' Campaigns
Was a military campaign by the rebels of New Spain (Mexico) led by José María Morelos against Spanish rule during the Mexican War of Independence.
January 1811: In 1810, rebels Juan José, Pablo, and Hermenegildo Galeana joined forces in Técpan to campaign against New Spain. Juan José Galeana was a Mexican revolutionary leader, while Pablo and Hermenegildo were his brothers who also fought for independence.
January 1811: In 1810, Mexican rebels led by Vicente Guerrero and José María Morelos advanced through Petatlán in their fight against Spanish colonial rule in New Spain.
January 1811: New Spain rebels reached the port of Acapulco.
January 1811: New Spain Rebels marched through Atoyac and Coyuca.
May 1811: In 1811, during the Mexican War of Independence, rebel forces led by José María Morelos defeated the viceregal forces in the squares of Chichihualco, Chilpancingo, and Tixtla.
December 1811: In 1811, José María Morelos entered Izúcar, currently Izúcar de Matamoros, during the Mexican War of Independence. Morelos was a prominent leader of the rebellion against Spanish colonial rule in New Spain.
December 1811: In 1811, in Chiautla, Mexico, the insurgent group led by Jose Maria Morelos defeated the Spanish royalist forces led by Mateo Musitu. Morelos was a key leader in the Mexican War of Independence against Spanish colonial rule.
January 1812: In 1811, rebel leader Nicolás Bravo took control of the territories of Acatlán and Huajuapan from the Spanish colonial authorities in New Spain.
January 1812: Hermenegildo Galeana was a Mexican revolutionary leader who fought against Spanish colonial rule in the early 19th century. Taxco was a town in New Spain (present-day Mexico) where rebels led by Galeana were active in the fight for independence in 1811.
January 1812: The priest of Carácuaro, José María Morelos, led the rebel army during the Mexican War of Independence. Miguel Bravo was a military leader who fought alongside Morelos. Huitzuco was a town in New Spain (now Mexico) where the rebels passed through on their way to Oaxaca in 1811.
January 1812: In 1811, the Spanish royalist forces, led by General Felix Maria Calleja, were defeated in Chilapa by the insurgent forces of Jose Maria Morelos. This victory added Chilapa to the territories controlled by the rebels during the Mexican War of Independence.
October 1812: Morelos successfully achieved the Taking of Orizaba.
November 1812: Morelos and his army occupied the city of Oaxaca.
January 1813: In 1812, during the Mexican War of Independence, Albino Garcia, a leader of the rebel forces, successfully took the city of Irapuato in the territory of New Spain.
January 1813: New insurgent rebellions led by Juan Nepomuceno Rosáins, Máximo Machorro, Camilo Suárez and Vicente Gómez began in Chalchicomula, Huamantla, Atlixco, Tepeaca and Tehuacán.
January 1813: The forts of Córdoba, Orizaba and Xalapa were freed by the rebels.
January 1813: In 1812, the Mexican revolutionary leader José María Morelos led the rebels to conquer the town of Cuautla in New Spain. This victory was a significant moment in the fight for Mexican independence from Spanish colonial rule.
April 1813: Morelos Oaxaca left towards the port of Acapulco , arriving at the Veladero the 29 of March . The place was defended by the realist Pedro Antonio Vélez, who succumbed to the attacks, losing the city on April 12.
March 1814: In 1814, the city of Oaxaca was retaken by the Royalists.
June 1814: In 1814, Lieutenant Colonel Fernández de Avilés, a Spanish military leader, defeated Hermenegildo Galeana, a Mexican insurgent, near Coyuca. This event took place during the Mexican War of Independence, as part of the struggle between Spanish forces and Mexican revolutionaries.
December 1815: Morelos was captured 5 November 1815, interrogated, was tried and executed by firing squad. With his death, conventional warfare ended and guerrilla warfare continued uninterrupted.. After Morelos' death , insurgent groups fought in isolation; approximately twenty thousand rebels continued to fight. .
18.2.Treaty of Cordova
Was a treaty signed on August 24, 1821 where Spain recognized the independence of Mexico. .
August 1821: Russian viceroy Juan O'Donojú and Mexican emperor Agustín de Iturbide signed the Treaty of Cordoba which recognized Mexico as an independent nation.
Paraguay declared independence from Spain in 1811 after the creation of a local ruling Junta.
May 1811: Paraguay declared independence after overthrowing local Spanish rule on May 14, 1811.
Was a war between the United States of America and Great Britain. Tensions originated in long-standing differences over territorial expansion in North America and British support for Native American tribes who opposed U.S. colonial settlement in the Northwest Territory.
20.1.Southern theatre (War of 1812)
Was the southern theatre of the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom.
April 1813: The Mississippi Territory annexed the Mobile area, formerly part of West Florida, from the Spanish in March 1813.
November 1814: General Andrew Jackson attacks and captures Pensacola, Florida, from Spanish forces.
20.2.Treaty of Ghent
Was the treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom.
December 1814: Treaty of Ghent: The treaty ended the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain (and Spain). All captured territories were restored.
Was an independence war in Santo Domingo against Spain, that had reconquered the region a few years before. The war resulted in the restoration of Dominican sovereignty.
September 1863: Town after town in the region of Cibao joined the rebellion against Spain.
July 1865: In 1865, Queen Isabella II of Spain signed the annulment of the annexation of the Dominican Republic. By July 15 of the same year, all Spanish troops had left the island, marking the end of Spanish colonial rule in the Dominican Republic.
Was revolt against the Spanish domain in Cuba.
October 1868: Cuban rebels captured the city of Bayamo after three days of intense fighting.
November 1868: The territory of Camagüey joined the rebellion, further escalating the Cuban revolt in Oriente province.
January 1869: The city of Bayamo was retaken by the Spanish forces led by General Manuel Salcedo after being burned to the ground.
February 1869: In early February 1869, Las Villas, a province in Cuba, joined the Cuban Rebels in their fight for independence from Spanish colonial rule.
January 1876: Gómez began an invasion of Western Cuba in 1875, but the vast majority of slaves and wealthy sugar producers in the region did not join the revolt.
February 1878: General Arsenio Martínez Campos was a Spanish military officer who arrived in Cuba in 1878 to implement a new policy. The Pact of Zanjón was signed on February 10, 1878, by a negotiating committee, effectively ending the Ten Years' War between Cuban rebels and Spain.
May 1878: Except for the resistance of a small group in Oriente led by General Garcia and Antonio Maceo Grajales, who protested in Los Mangos de Baraguá on March 15. The provisional government convinced Maceo to give up, and with his surrender, the war ended on May 28, 1878.
Was revolt against the Spanish domain in Cuba.
August 1879: Cuban revolutionaries initiated a rebellion in La Rioja, near Holguín, declaring independence from Spanish colonial rule.
October 1880: The Cuban rebels were defeated by Spanish forces in Roja, in proximity of Holguín.
Was the last liberation war fought on Cuba against Spain. Due to the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, Cuba was occupied by the United States.
February 1895: An insurrection began in Cuba with uprisings all across the island (particularly Santiago, Guantánamo, Jiguaní, San Luis, El Cobre, El Caney, Alto Songo, Bayate, and Baire).
April 1895: In 1895, Cuban Rebels led by Major General Antonio Maceo landed on the coast near Baracoa in two expeditions on April 1 and 11. Maceo was a prominent leader in the Cuban War of Independence against Spanish colonial rule.
April 1895: On April 11, 1895, the rebel leader José Martí and 4 other members of the revolt landed in Playitas.
July 1895: By the end of June 1895, all of Camagüey was under the control of Cuban Rebels.
February 1896: As of january 1896 spain controlled basically only the western side of the island and had built a broiad belt "from Jucaro in the south to Morón in the north".
Was a war between Spain and the United States of America. The immediate cause of the war was the American support to Cuban independence.
25.1.Caribbean theatre of the Spanish-American War
Was the Caribbean theatre of the Spanish-American War. The United States of America eventually occupied Cuba.
25.1.1.Puerto Rico Campaign
Was a U.S. military campaign to occupy the island of Puerto Rico during the Spanish-American War.
July 1898: American forces of Major General Miles capture Guánica.
July 1898: U.S. general Garretson troops entered Yauco in the afternoon.
July 1898: The troops of Lt. Col. Francisco Puig leave the towns of Adjuntas and Utuado to advancing American forces.
July 1898: U.S. forces arrived at the town of Arecibo on the northern coast of the island.
August 1898: Arroyo (Puerto Rico) was taken by American forces.
August 1898: When the 4th August U.S. troops entered the town of Guayama, they discovered that the Spaniards had fled north and abandoned the city, ending the Battle of Guayama.
August 1898: On the evening of August 6, Captain Charles J. Barclay of Amphitrite ordered 28 sailors and 7 officers commanded by Lt. Charles N. Atwater and Assistant Engineer David J. Jenkins ashore to relight and occupy the Fajardo Light.
August 1898: General James H. Wilson defeats Spanish forces in a smart action at Coamo, Puerto Rico.
August 1898: The 4th Ohio requested reinforcements and on August 9, attacked the Spaniards and a short firefight erupted. The numerical superiority of the Americans forced the Spanish to retreat from Guamaní Heights.
August 1898: American forces set up camp on Silva Heights for the night and the following day they continued their drive to Mayagüez. They arrived the following morning to find that the Spanish forces had abandoned the city to retreat to the east towards Lares.
August 1898: All military actions in Puerto Rico were suspended August 13, after President William McKinley and French Ambassador Jules Cambon, acting on behalf of the Spanish government, signed an armistice whereby Spain relinquished its sovereignty over the territory of Puerto Rico.
25.2.Treaty of Paris (1898)
Was the treaty that ended the Spanish-American War. Spain ceded most of its colonies (the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Guam) to the United States.
December 1898: The United States and Spain conclude the Treaty of Paris, whereby the Philippines are ceded to the Americans for a sum of $20 million, along with Puerto Rico and Guam. Cuba is also declared free and the Spanish pledge to pay $400 million for all Cuban debts. This concludes nearly four centuries of Spanish rule in the Western Hemisphere.
April 1899: Cuba became a U.S. protectorate at the end of the Spanish-American War.
January 1500: Alonso de Ojeda was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who arrived in Curaçao and Bonaire in 1499. Bonaire was a part of the Spanish America territory at that time.
January 1500: The first Europeans to visit Aruba were Amerigo Vespucci and Alonso de Ojeda in 1499, who claimed the island for Spain.
January 1500: Alonso de Ojeda was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who led an expedition to the island of Curaçao in 1499. This marked the first recorded European contact with the island, which eventually became part of Spanish America.
January 1501: Barbados was visited by Spanish navigators like Alonso de Ojeda and Juan de la Cosa in the late 15th century. It was claimed for the Spanish Crown, but later abandoned due to lack of resources and interest in colonization.
January 1501: Foundation of Santa Cruz by Alonso de Ojeda in present-day Guajira peninsula.
January 1501: The Spanish Empire claimed the British Virgin Islands in 1500 by discovery, but never settled them.
January 1501: In 1500, the city of Nueva Cádiz was founded on the island of Cubagua, Venezuela, by Spanish conquistador Pedro Alonso Niño and German adventurer Ambrosius Ehinger. Nueva Cádiz became a major center for pearl fishing in the region.
January 1502: Cumaná in Venezuela was the first permanent settlement founded by Europeans in the mainland Americas in 1501.
January 1506: Bermuda was discovered in 1505 by Spanish explorer Juan de Bermúdez. The territory had no indigenous population at the time. The Spanish America claimed Bermuda as part of its colonial holdings.
August 1508: Juan Ponce de León, a Spanish explorer and lieutenant under Columbus, founded the first Spanish settlement, Caparra, in Puerto Rico on 8 August 1508. This marked the beginning of Spanish colonization in the region.
January 1509: In 1502, on the coast of present-day Colombia, near the Gulf of Urabá, Spanish explorers led by Vasco Núñez de Balboa explored and conquered the area near the Atrato River. There they founded Santa María la Antigua del Darién (c. 1509).
January 1510: San Sebastian de Urabá was founded by Spanish conquistador Alonso de Ojeda in 1508.
January 1511: San Sebastián de Uraba was founded by Spanish conquistador Vasco Núñez de Balboa in 1510. However, due to attacks by indigenous tribes and lack of resources, the settlement was abandoned within the year.
January 1511: By 1510 most of the Caribbean was already under Spanish control.
January 1512: Cuba conquered by Spain.
January 1514: Juan Ponce de León was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the first official European expedition to North America in 1513. He claimed peninsular Florida for Spain, establishing Spanish Florida as a territory of Spanish America.
January 1516: Spanish expansion in the New World by 1515.
January 1517: The Spaniards, led by Juan Díaz de Solís, arrived in the territories of today's Uruguay in 1516. They were exploring the region in search of a passage to the Pacific Ocean. This marked the beginning of Spanish presence in the area, eventually leading to the colonization of Uruguay as part of Spanish America.
January 1521: From around 1520 the Genoese controlled the port of Panama, the first port on the Pacific founded after the conquest of the Americas; the Genoese obtained the concession to exploit the port mainly for the slave trade.
January 1525: Santiago de Guatemala is occupied by Spanish forces (1524).
January 1525: The Kʼicheʼ capital, Qʼumarkaj, fell to Spanish conquistador Pedro de Alvarado.
January 1525: The Spanish conquistadores, led by Aleixo Garcia, arrived in Paraguay in 1524.
January 1525: Foundation of New Mexico.
January 1526: In the early 16th century, the Spanish Empire conquered Modern-day el Salvador, incorporating it into the Viceroyalty of New Spain ruled from Mexico City.
January 1526: Antequera (Mexico) conquered by spain.
January 1527: San Miguel de Gualdape, founded in 1526 by Spanish explorer Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón, was the first European settlement in what became the continental United States. Established on the coast of Georgia, near present-day Georgetown, South Carolina, the colony lasted less than four months before it was overwhelmed by disease, hunger, and a hostile Indian population.
May 1527: San Miguel de Gualdape, founded in 1526 by Spanish explorer Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón, was the first European settlement in what became the continental United States. Established on the coast of Georgia, near present-day Georgetown, South Carolina, the colony lasted less than four months before it was overwhelmed by disease, hunger, and a hostile Indian population.
January 1528: The first highland colonial town in Chiapas, San Cristóbal de los Llanos, was established by Pedro de Portocarrero in 1527. Within a year, Spanish dominion extended over the upper drainage basin of the Grijalva River, Comitán, and the Ocosingo valley.
January 1529: Klein-Venedig (Little Venice) was the most significant territory of the German colonization of the Americas, from 1528 to 1546, in which the Welser banking family of the Free Imperial City of Augsburg obtained colonial rights in the Province of Venezuela in return for debts owed by Emperor Charles V, who was also King of Spain.
January 1529: Spanish explorer Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and his cohort became the first Europeans to arrive in what is now Texas.
January 1529: The colonial province of Chiapa was established by Diego Mazariegos in 1528.
January 1530: Foundation of Valladolid (now Morelia).
January 1531: In 1530, the last Tarascan king, Tangáxuan II, was overthrown by Spanish conquistador Nuño de Guzmán in the Purépecha Kingdom. This event marked the beginning of the Spanish conquest of the region in what is now known as Spanish America.
January 1531: Spanish conquest of Guatemala.
January 1531: Trinidad conquered by spain.
January 1532: Spanish foundation of the colony. Queen Joanna —at the moment the acting regent of Spain—, named the area "Reino de Nueva Galicia.".
January 1533: Peur was conquered by Spanish conquistadores in 1532. The Viceroyalty of Perú was established in 1542.
January 1533: The Portuguese Empire, under the leadership of King John III, claimed the island of Barbados between 1532 and 1536. This marked the beginning of Portuguese presence in the region before eventually being taken over by the British in the 17th century.
January 1534: Exploration from Peru resulted in the foundation of Tucumán in what is now northwest Argentina.
January 1538: Cali (Colombia) conquered by spain.
January 1539: Bogotá (Colombia) conquered by spain.
January 1540: The Spanish conquest of Honduras in 1539 was led by conquistador Hernán Cortés, who defeated the indigenous peoples and claimed the territory for Spanish America. This conquest played a significant role in the colonization of Central America by the Spanish Empire.
January 1542: Campeche (Mexico) conquered by spain.
January 1543: The Mixtón War was fought from 1540 until 1542 between the Caxcanes, led by Tenamaxtli, and other Indigenous groups in northwestern Mexico against Spanish invaders.
January 1543: Spanish conquistador Francisco Vázquez de Coronado reaches northern Mexico (1540-42).
January 1544: A Spanish expeditions led by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada and Sebastián de Belalcázar resulted in the conquest of the Muisca Confederation, a group of indigenous peoples in present-day Colombia. The territory was then incorporated into the Spanish Empire as part of the New Kingdom of Granada in 1543.
January 1544: Bacalar was the first city in Yucatan which the Spanish Conquistadores succeeded in taking and holding in 1543.
January 1545: Tipu conquered by the Spanish in 1544.
January 1545: In 1544, King Charles I of Spain revoked the charter granted to the German banking family, the Welser family, for the territory of Klein Venedig (Little Venice) in present-day Venezuela. This decision marked the end of the Welser's control over the region in Spanish America.
January 1546: Charles V revoked the concession given to the German Welser banking family to colonize part of northern South America.
January 1547: Spanish conquest of Yucatán.
January 1547: Pedro de Valdivia was a Spanish conquistador and the first royal governor of Chile. In 1546, he reached Reloncaví Sound in his quest to conquer southern South America. This territory became part of Spanish America as a result of his efforts.
January 1547: The Juan Bautista Pastene expedition was led by the Spanish conquistador of the same name, who was tasked with exploring and claiming new territories in southern Chile for the Spanish Empire. The Bio-Bio River marked a significant geographical boundary in the region, separating Spanish America from the indigenous Mapuche territory.
January 1553: La Imperial, Valdivia, and Villarrica conquered by spain.
January 1555: In 1554, Spanish conquistador Francisco Hernández de Córdoba established the city of León in western Nicaragua. The Spanish colonization efforts in the region were focused on exploiting the area's resources and converting the indigenous population to Christianity. The Pacific littoral plain became a key area for Spanish economic and political control in the following decades.
January 1556: Charles V, who was King of Spain and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, left the Spanish Empire to his son Philip and the Austrian Lands to his brother Ferdinand I.
January 1558: Canete conquered by spain.
January 1559: Osorno conquered by Spain.
January 1563: The Spanish colony of New Biscay was established in 1562 by Spanish conquistador Francisco de Ibarra, in what is now northern Mexico. The territory was part of Spanish America and played a significant role in the colonization of the region.
June 1564: Fort Caroline was an attempted French colonial settlement in Florida, located on the banks of the St. Johns River in present-day Duval County. It was established under the leadership of René Goulaine de Laudonnière on June 22, 1564, as a new territorial claim in French Florida.
September 1565: In 1565, Spanish Admiral Menéndez de Avilés attacked Fort Caroline, a French Huguenot settlement in present-day Florida. He killed all the soldiers defending it, sparing only a few Catholics, and renamed the fort San Mateo.
January 1567: Arauco conquered by spain.
January 1567: Founded in 1566 on the site of Charlesfort, Santa Elena was the first capital of Spanish Florida.
January 1568: Castro conquered by spain.
January 1571: Fort Santa Elena was a Spanish settlement located in present-day South Carolina. It was occupied by Spanish conquistador Pedro Menéndez de Avilés until 1570, when it was destroyed by fire during conflicts with the local Native American tribes.
January 1572: The Spanish conquistador Juan de Salcedo built the second fort, Fort San Felipe, in 1571 in the Philippines, specifically in the town of Vigan. This fort was constructed to protect the Spanish settlers from pirate attacks and local uprisings.
June 1572: On June 23 the fort of Huayna Pucará surrendered to Spanish artillery fire. The Inca army now in retreat opted to abandon their last city and head for the jungle to regroup. On June 24 the Spanish entered Vilcabamba.
January 1577: The fort and town of San Felipe were abandoned in 1576 by Spanish explorer Pedro Menéndez de Avilés due to hostility from the local Native Americans, specifically the Timucua tribe. This marked the end of Spanish presence in the area.
January 1578: In 1577, Spanish explorer Pedro Menéndez de Avilés returned to the area and built Fort San Marcos in Spanish America. The fort was used until 1582 or 1583, when a second Fort San Marcos was constructed by the Spanish.
January 1588: Santa Elena was a Spanish settlement located in present-day San Marcos, which was part of the Spanish colony of La Florida. The fortifications were built to protect the town from attacks by indigenous tribes and other European powers. The abandonment of Santa Elena in 1587 marked the end of Spanish presence in the area.
January 1596: Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Tolomato (also called simply Mission Tolomato; in Spanish: Our Lady of Guadalupe - or Guadeloupe - of Tolomato) was a Spanish Catholic mission founded in 1595 in what is now the state of Georgia, located north of the lands of the southernmost Native American Guale chiefdom, Asao-Talaxe.
January 1599: In 1598, the Spanish Empire was at its peak under the rule of King Philip II. The empire included territories in Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
January 1601: In 1600, the Spanish city of La Imperial was destroyed by the Mapuche Chiefdoms during the Arauco War in Chile.
January 1601: In the late 16th century, the English, who had successfully settled the area contesting claims by the Dutch, established a permanent plantation colony on Tortola and the surrounding islands.
February 1603: In 1603, the Spanish city of Villarrica was captured by the Mapuche Chiefdoms. The last remaining inhabitants of Villarrica surrendered and were taken captive by the Mapuches.
January 1604: In 1603, the Spanish forces under the command of Governor Alonso de Ribera destroyed the territories of Arauco and Osorno, which were inhabited by the Mapuche Chiefdoms.
January 1610: In 1609, Costa Rica became the southernmost province of the Captaincy General of Guatemala, which was part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. This decision was made by the Spanish authorities in order to better administer and control the territory.
January 1610: A a flotilla of seven ships left England under the company's admiral, Sir George Somers to relieve the colony of Jamestown. However the flotilla was broken up by a storm and landed in Bermuda. They started a new settlement here, and Bermuda was claimed for the English Crown.
August 1620: James VI and I of Scotland and England granted a Royal Patent for colonisation of Nevis to the Earl of Carlisle in 1620. European settlement did not begin until 1628, establishing Nevis as a British territory.
January 1624: The first English colony was established in 1623 on the island of St. Christopher, now known as St. Kitts. The colony was founded by Sir Thomas Warner and was the first English settlement in the Caribbean.
January 1626: In 1625, French and English settlers arrived on the island of Tortuga after initially planning to settle on the island of Hispaniola.
January 1626: Dutch and English settlers landed at Saint Croix in 1625, joined by some French refugees from Saint Kitts. However, the English expelled the Dutch and French settlers.
January 1627: In 1626, the French, led by Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc, expelled Spanish settlers from Guadeloupe, establishing it as a French colony.
July 1628: An early European settlement on the island of Tobago, a Dutch colony named New Walcheren, formed in 1628.
January 1629: In 1628, the Spanish successfully conquered the colony of Tobago, which was previously under Dutch control.
September 1629: Spanish occupation of St. Christopher.
January 1630: Tortuga was a Caribbean island known for being a haven for pirates and privateers. The French and English settlers were attacked by the Spanish under the command of Don Fadrique de Toledo, who sought to assert Spanish control over the territory. The Spanish forces fortified the island and successfully expelled the French and English settlers in 1629.
January 1631: Anglo-French occupation of Tortuga.
January 1631: The Spanish leave two coastal tips of Saint Christopher island to the French.
January 1631: The Spanish leave the central part of Saint Christopher island to the British.
January 1632: The Dutch West India Company, under the leadership of Peter Stuyvesant, established a fort on the island of Anguilla in 1631. This marked the beginning of Dutch colonization in the region, with Anguilla becoming a territory of the Netherlands.
January 1632: In 1631, the Dutch West India Company, under the leadership of Peter Stuyvesant, built Fort Amsterdam on Saint Martin. This strategic fort was constructed to protect the Dutch interests in the Caribbean and secure their control over the island.
January 1633: Montserrat conquered by great britain.
January 1633: Antigua conquered by great britain.
July 1633: In 1633, the Spanish captured St. Martin, driving off the Dutch colonists.
January 1634: The territory of Anguilla fell under Spanish control in 1633.
August 1634: The Dutch West India Company under Admiral Johann van Walbeeck invaded the island of Curaçao and the Spaniards there surrendered in San Juan in August.
September 1635: In 1635, Martinique was colonized by the Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique, a French trading company.
January 1636: Spanish reconquest of Tortuga.
April 1636: Bonaire was conquered in March 1636 by the Dutch West India Company under the leadership of Admiral Johan van Walbeeck. The island was originally inhabited by the indigenous Arawak people before being colonized by the Dutch.
April 1636: In 1636, the chamber of Zeeland of the Dutch West India Company took possession of the island of Sint Estatius, reported to be uninhabited at the time.
May 1636: The Netherlands seized Aruba from Spain in 1636 in the course of the Thirty Years' War.
January 1638: In 1637, the Duchy of Courland colonized Tobago, making it the second smallest European nation to establish a presence in America. The colonization was led by Duke Jacob Kettler of Courland, who aimed to establish a profitable colony for his nation.
January 1638: Anglo-French occupation of Tortuga.
January 1639: British contact and recognition of the Mosquito Kingdom.
January 1639: British Honduras was a British Crown colony on the east coast of Central America, south of Mexico, from 1638 to 1964.
January 1639: Spanish reconquest of Tortuga.
January 1640: Anglo-French occupation of Tortuga.
January 1640: The first Couronian colony in Tobago, established by Duke Jacob Kettler of Courland, was blockaded by the Spanish in 1639. This prevented the colony from developing further and ultimately led to its demise.
May 1640: In 1640, the Dutch colony of Saba was established.
January 1641: Portugal declared its independence from Spanish rule. This led to the loss of Portuguese territories in South America, which were integrated into Spanish America.
January 1643: In 1642, Port Royal on Roatán was occupied by English logwood cutters and settlers from what became British Honduras and now is known as Belize.
March 1648: In 1648, the island of Saint Martin lost its value to Spain after the end of the Eighty Years' War. The Spanish abandoned it, allowing the Dutch to return. The French also began settling, leading to a division of the island between the two powers through the Treaty of Concordia.
November 1648: Governor Charles Houël du Petit Pré was a French colonial administrator who organized the first French colonization of the Americas in 1648 on Marie-Galante. The territory was granted to the Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique, and around fifty men settled near the site known as Vieux Fort "Old Fort."
January 1649: English colonists from Bermuda settled on the island of Eleuthera.
September 1650: Spanish invasion of Saint-Croix.
January 1651: In 1650, British colonization of Anguilla began, marking the territory's transition to becoming part of Great Britain.
January 1651: In 1650, the Spanish forces, led by Governor Francisco de Segura, successfully reclaimed the Bay Islands from the English after fierce battles at Port Royal.
January 1651: Following several unsuccessful attempts by Europeans to colonise Grenada, due to resistance from the Island Caribs, French settlement and colonisation began in 1650 and continued for the next century.
January 1652: A French force of 166 men attacked, and in the following year 1651 had established a colony of 300 on the island of Saint-Croix. From 1651 until 1664, the Knights of Malta (at the time a vassal state of the Kingdom of Sicily), ruled the island in the name of Louis XIV.
May 1654: On 20 May 1654, the ship The Arms of the Duchess of Courland arrived carrying 45 cannon, 25 officers, 124 Couronian soldiers and 80 families of colonists to occupy Tobago. Captain Willem Mollens declared the island New Courland.
January 1655: Spanish reconquest of Tortuga.
January 1656: In 1655 Tortuga was reoccupied by English and French interlopers under Elias Watts, who secured a commission from Col. William Brayne, acting as military Governor on Jamaica, to serve as "Governor" of Tortuga.
January 1658: The Dutch West India Company, a trading company established by the Dutch government, established a post on Saint Thomas in 1657.
March 1663: Borders established by the Charter of Carolina (1663).
July 1670: The Treaty of Madrid of 1670 was signed between England and Spain, formalizing England's control over the Cayman Islands and Jamaica.
January 1672: Destruction of Panama City following the incursion of the pirate Henry Morgan in 1671.
January 1673: The English privateer Sir Henry Morgan captured the British Virgin Islands in 1672, including the island of Jost Van Dyke. This marked the beginning of British control over the territory, which continues to this day.
January 1680: The New Colony of Sacramento (Nova Colónia do Sacramento) was founded by the Portuguese in 1680, led by Manuel Lobo. It was located in present-day Uruguay and later became part of Portuguese Brazil after a treaty with the Spanish.
August 1680: Garro, a Portuguese governor, sent a force of 3,400 men led by Antonio de Vera Mujica to capture Colonia del Sacramento from the Spanish on the night of 6-7 August 1680.
January 1681: The British annexed the Islands of Anegada and Virgin Gorda.
January 1681: The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 was led by Native American leaders such as Popé, who united various Pueblo tribes to drive out the Spanish colonizers from Nuevo México. The revolt resulted in the expulsion of the Spanish for 12 years, allowing the Pueblo people to reclaim their lost lands.
January 1681: The mission on St. Catherines Island was established by Spanish Franciscan friars in 1602. In 1680, the territory was transferred to the Province of Carolina as part of the changing colonial powers in the region.
January 1682: The 1681 Treaty of Lisbon, negotiated by Spanish King Charles II and Portuguese King Afonso VI, returned Colonia del Sacramento to Portugal .
January 1686: Fort Saint-Louis, Texas, was founded in 1685 by French explorer René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle on the banks of Garcitas Creek, a few kilometers inland from the mouth of the Lavaca River. La Salle had intended to establish the colony at the mouth of the Mississippi, but inaccurate charts and navigational errors led his ships more than six hundred kilometers to the west, to the coast of Texas.
January 1689: Most of the members of the French colony of Fort Saint Louis (Texas) were killed during a Karankawa raid in late 1688.
January 1690: In 1689, Vieques was controlled by Brandenburg-Prussia under the name "Isle of Crabs".
January 1691: In 1690 Alonso de León escorted several Catholic missionaries to east Texas, where they established the first mission in Texas.
January 1691: Expansion of the Spanish Empire by 1690.
January 1693: In 1692, the Spanish reconquest of Nuevo Mexico occurred, bringing the territory under the jurisdiction of the Real Audiencia of Guadalajara. The Viceroy of New Spain in Mexico City provided oversight during this period.
January 1694: During the period from 1689 to 1693, the island of Vieques was under the control of Brandenburg-Prussia, known as the "Isle of Crabs".
January 1695: The Danish West India Company, led by King Christian V of Denmark, settled on St. Thomas in 1672 and St. John in 1694. They later purchased St. Croix from France in 1733, establishing the Danish West Indies as a colonial territory.
January 1696: Lacandon Forest conquered by spain.
January 1697: The Scottish settlers were led by William Paterson, a Scottish trader and founder of the Bank of England. The expeditions were part of the ill-fated Darien scheme, a failed attempt to establish a Scottish colony in the New World for trade with Asia and the Americas.
January 1698: The Ko'woj and the Itzá were the last cultures to be conquered in Mesoamerica.
January 1698: In 1697, the Scottish fleet, led by Captain Robert Pinkerton, landed on Vieques island and claimed it for the Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and The Indies.
January 1700: In 1699, the Spanish launched an expedition led by Governor Don Diego de Vargas to eliminate the Scottish settlers in New Edinburgh, Scotland CO. By that time, many of the settlers had already died from disease or starvation, making the Spanish attack highly effective.
January 1701: When native tribes resisted the Spanish invasion of their homeland, the missionaries returned to Mexico, abandoning Texas for the next two decades.
January 1701: In 1700, the Spanish reconquest of the island of Vieques occurred.
January 1704: A joint Franco-Spanish expedition briefly occupied Nassau, Bahamas, during the War of the Spanish Succession.
February 1704: In 1704, the British successfully retook control of Nassau in the Bahamas from the Spanish, led by Captain John Leake and Captain John Hildesley. This marked a significant victory for the British in the ongoing struggle for control of the Caribbean.
January 1717: The Spanish returned to southeastern Texas in 1716, establishing several missions and a presidio to maintain a buffer between Spanish territory and the French colonial Louisiana district of New France.
February 1718: The colony of Colonia del Sacramento was originally founded by the Portuguese in 1680 but was later captured by the Spanish. In 1718, as part of the Treaty of Utrecht, the territory was officially returned to Portugal. Manuel Gomes Barbosa was the Portuguese official who took possession of the colony at that time.
January 1720: In 1719, the territory of St. Vincent and the Grenadines was transferred to Spanish America based on available maps. This decision was made by the Spanish authorities at the time, who were likely influenced by geopolitical considerations and territorial claims in the region.
January 1720: Various attempts by the English and Dutch to claim the island proved unsuccessful, and it was the French who were first able to colonise the island, settling in the town of Barrouallie on the Leeward side of St Vincent in 1719.
January 1720: In 1719, the French under the command of General Bienville captured Pensacola, a Spanish settlement in Florida. However, the Spanish forces led by Governor José de Zúñiga y la Cerda were able to retake the town. Unfortunately, they lost control of Pensacola again later that same year.
June 1732: The corporate charter of Georgia was granted to General James Oglethorpe by king George II, for whom the colony was named. The charter was finalized by the King's privy council on June 9, 1732.
January 1733: The Black River settlement was a British settlement on the Mosquito Coast of present-day Honduras. It was established in 1732 by a British colonist named William Pitt.
January 1743: The first records indicating permanent English settlements in the Bay Islands show that Port Royal, on the island of Roatán, was again occupied in the year 1742.
January 1750: The conflicts over the Southern colonial frontiers led to the signing of the Treaty of Madrid (1750), in which Spain and Portugal agreed to a considerable Southwestward expansion of colonial Brazil. According to the treaty, Colonia de Sacramento was to be given to Spain in exchange for the territories of São Miguel das Missões, a region occupied by Jesuit missions dedicated to evangelizing the Guaraní natives.
November 1762: With the Treaty of Fointainebleau, France ceded the west split of Lousiana to Spain.
January 1763: The British conquest of Cuba in 1762 was led by Admiral George Pocock and General George Keppel during the Seven Years' War. The military occupation lasted for a year before the territory was returned to Spain in exchange for Florida.
January 1763: Georgia expanded south of the Altamaha in 1762.
January 1767: In 1766, France surrendered its claim on the Falklands to Spain, under the Treaty of Paris. The Spanish renamed the French colony Puerto Soledad, and established a settlement on the islands.
January 1771: The problems at Saunders Island began when Spanish explorer Don Juan Ignacio de Madariaga discovered and captured Port Egmont in 1770, leading to tensions between Spain and Britain over control of the Falkland Islands.
January 1772: Restitution of Saunders Island to Britain in 1771.
January 1773: The Viceroy of Peru, Manuel de Amat y Juniet, following the instructions of the Spanish Crown, organised an expedition to settle and colonise the island in 1772, largely to prevent other powers from gaining a base in the Pacific from which to attack the coast of Peru, but also to evangelise.
December 1774: The Treaty of Tapihue was signed between the Spanish Crown and the Mapuche people of Araucanía. It recognized the autonomy of the Araucanía region and its people, led by Chief Curipan and Governor Francisco Marín Vicuña. This marked a significant moment in the history of indigenous resistance against Spanish colonization in Chile.
January 1775: Both the British and Spanish settlements coexisted in the archipelago until 1774, when Britain's new economic and strategic considerations led it to voluntarily withdraw from the islands, leaving a plaque claiming the Falklands for King George III.
November 1775: The Spanish mission on Tahiti was established by explorer Domingo de Bonechea in 1774. However, due to conflicts with the local Tahitians and lack of resources, the mission was abandoned on 12 November 1775.
October 1779: The settlement in Carmen de Patagones was led by Francisco de Viedma, a Spanish explorer and founder of the Patagonian settlements. The Galicians and Maragatos were groups of Spanish immigrants who played a significant role in the colonization of the region.
August 1780: La Cangayé was founded by Father Antonio Lapa on August 10, 1780, after the governor of Tucumán, Gerónimo Matorras, traveled to the place in 1774 to make peace with the chief Paykín in Gran Chaco, Spanish America.
January 1784: The Treaty of Lonquilmo was signed in 1784 between the Spanish Crown and the Mapuche people of Araucanía. This treaty recognized the sovereignty of the King of Spain over the territory.
July 1786: Britain agreed to evacuate all British settlements from the Mosquito Coast. In exchange, Spain agreed to expand the territory available to British loggers on the Yucatan Peninsula, and allowed them to cut mahogany and other hardwoods that were increasing in value.
January 1787: The British appointed Captain John Moss as the first superintendent of Belize in 1786. This marked the formal establishment of British control over the territory, which was then known as British Honduras.
August 1787: The Black River settlement was a British outpost in present-day Belize. The transfer of control to Spanish authorities was part of the Treaty of Versailles, which aimed to resolve territorial disputes between Britain and Spain in the region.
January 1791: By 1790, the Spanish Empire in America had expanded further inland in both South and North America, acquired the Galápagos Islands, and controlled California as well as parts of Oregon. Southern Argentina was only nominally under Spanish rule.
January 1791: By 1790, the British had expanded further inland in Canada, and their North American possessions came to border those of the Spanish Empire.
January 1794: In 1793, La Cangayé, a Spanish settlement in Gran Chaco, was definitively abandoned.
January 1800: The State of Muskogee was founded in 1799 and led by William Augustus Bowles, a Loyalist veteran of the American Revolutionary War who lived among the Muscogee, and envisioned uniting the American Indians of the Southeast into a single nation that could resist the expansion of the United States.
January 1802: From 1801 to 1867, the successive constitutions of Haiti claimed national sovereignty over adjacent islands, including Navassa Island.
October 1804: The Orleans Territory was organized from the Louisiana Purchase south of 33° north, with the remainder being designated the District of Louisiana and placed under the jurisdiction of Indiana Territory.
January 1807: The Neutral Ground (also known as the Neutral Strip, the Neutral Territory, and the No Man's Land of Louisiana; sometimes anachronistically referred to as the Sabine Free State) was a disputed area between Spanish Texas and the United States' newly acquired Louisiana Purchase. Local officers of Spain and the United States agreed to leave the Neutral Ground temporarily outside the jurisdiction of either country. The area, now in western Louisiana, had neutral status from 1806 to 1821.
January 1808: In February 1807, British reinforcements of about 8,000 men under Gen. Sir Samuel Auchmuty captured Montevideo after a fierce fight. In May Lt. Gen. John Whitelock arrived to take overall command and attacked Buenos Aires on 5 July 1807. After losing more than half his force, who were killed or captured, Whitelock signed a cease-fire and departed for Great Britain.
January 1809: Portuguese occupation of Cisplatina (Uruguay).
September 1810: The Republic of West Florida declares independence from Spain.
January 1811: The Rademaker-Herrera agreement, strongly desired by the British ambassador Lord Strangford, forced the invading Portuguese army to return to the Brazilian borders.
January 1812: Amid the British invasions of the Río de la Plata during the Napoleonic Wars in Europe, the Spanish governor of the Falkland Islands evacuated the archipelago in 1806; Spain's remaining colonial garrison followed suit in 1811, except for gauchos and fishermen who remained voluntarily.
January 1813: The Russians, led by Ivan Kuskov, established their outpost of Fort Ross in 1812 near Bodega Bay in Northern California. The territory was under the control of the Russian-American Company, a trading company chartered by Tsar Paul I.
January 1820: The Adams-Onís Treaty between the United States and Spain defined the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain.
January 1821: Captain James Cook discovered the southern eight islands of the Sandwich Islands Group in 1775, although he lumped the southernmost three together, and their status as separate islands was not established until 1820 by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen.
September 1821: The Captaincy General of Guatemala, an administrative region of the Spanish Empire consisting of Chiapas, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Honduras, officially proclaimed its independence from Spain. Independence from Spain was gained, and the Captaincy General of Guatemala joined the First Mexican Empire under Agustin de Itubide.
November 1821: The Isthmus of Panama declared its independence from Spain and decided to voluntarily join Gran Colombia.
December 1821: The independent state that resulted from the defeat of Spanish colonialists from Santo Domingo on November 9, 1821, led by General José Núñez de Cáceres. The republic lasted only from December 1, 1821.
January 1822: The area of Panama joined the Republic of Gran Colombia in November 1821.
July 1823: The Federal Republic of Central America declares its independence from the Mexican Empire.
March 1861: In 1861, the Dominican Republic was annexed to Spain.
Disestablishment
April 1899: Cuba became a U.S. protectorate at the end of the Spanish-American War.
Selected Sources
Exploración y conquista de Nueva Granada, August 24th, 2016 on https://laamericaespanyola.com/2016/08/24/exploracion-y-conquista-de-nueva-granada/
Fredriksen, J.C. (2010): Chronology of American Military History - Volume 1, Facts On File, p.1501
Fredriksen, J.C. (2010): Chronology of American Military History - Volume 1, Facts On File, p.1502
Fredriksen, J.C. (2010): Chronology of American Military History - Volume 1, Facts On File, p.1505
Fredriksen, J.C. (2010): Chronology of American Military History - Volume 1, Facts On File, p.166
Fredriksen, J.C. (2010): Chronology of American Military History - Volume 1, Facts On File, p.277
Fredriksen, J.C. (2010): Chronology of American Military History - Volume 1, Facts On File, p.278
Fredriksen, J.C. (2010): Chronology of American Military History - Volume 1, Facts On File, p.288
Fredriksen, J.C. (2010): Chronology of American Military History - Volume 1, Facts On File, p.289
Fundación de Santa María la Antigua del Darién. Retrieved on March 24th, 2024 on https://panamahistoria.tripod.com/Stamaria.htm
Guinot, D. L. (2014): From Al-Andalus to Monte Sacro, Bloomington (USA), p. 83
Henderson, J. D. / Delpar, H. / Brungardt, M. P. / Weldon, R. N. (2000): A Reference Guide to Latin American History, New York (USA), pp. 21-22
Historia. Retrieved on March 24th, 2024 on https://www.barrancabermeja.gov.co/publicaciones/11/historia/
Kitchin, T. (1778). The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe
Marley, D. (2008): Wars of the Americas: a chronology of armed conflict in the New World, 1492 to the present, vol. II, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2008, p. 449 and p. 450
Missall, John and Mary Lou Missall. 2004. The Seminole Wars: America's Longest Indian Conflict. University Press of Florida. pp. 39–40.
Santa Cruz: primer poblado Venezolano. Retrieved on March 24th, 2024 on https://venezuelaesplus.blogspot.com/2018/05/santa-cruz-primera-ciudad-construida-en.html
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.157
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.170
Zuñiga, J. P. (2023): Constellations d’empire: Territorialisation et construction impériale dans les Amériques hispaniques (XVIIe-XVIIIe siècle), Madrid (Spain), p. 21
PASADO, PRESENTE Y FUTURO. retrieved on March 24th, 2024 on https://www.jamundi.gov.co/MiMunicipio/Paginas/Pasado-Presente-y-Futuro.aspx
PASADO, PRESENTE Y FUTURO. retrieved on March 24th, 2024 on https://www.turbaco-bolivar.gov.co/MiMunicipio/Paginas/Pasado-Presente-y-Futuro.aspx
.svg.png.webp)
Spanish America
