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Polity that includes all territories militarly occupied by Great Britain that are not part of a specific military territory.
Establishment
April 1655: Siege of Santo Domingo.
June 1655: Weakened by fever, the English force sailed west for the Colony of Santiago, the only Spanish West Indies island that did not have new defensive works. They landed in May 1655 at a place called Santiago de la Vega, now Spanish Town.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Was a war between the Kingdom of Spains and the Commonwealth of England caused by commercial rivalry.
1.1.Caribbean Theatre of the Anglo-Spanish War (1654-1660)
Was the Caribbean Theatre of the Anglo-Spanish War (1654-1660).
1.2.Low Countries Theatre of the Anglo-Spanish War (1654-60)
Was the Low Countries Theatre of the Anglo-Spanish War (1654-1660).
September 1657: Mardyck was captured and garrisoned by Commonwealth troops.
1.3.Treaty of Madrid (1670)
Was the treaty that ended the Anglo-Spanish War (1654-1660).
August 1670: The 1670 treaty was signed by Spanish King Charles II and British King Charles II. The cession of Jamaica and the Cayman Islands marked the end of Spanish control in the region and solidified British dominance in the Caribbean.
Were a series of wars in Europe (and the overseas possessions of European countries) the 16th, 17th and early 18th that started after the Protestant Reformation. Although the immediate causes of the wars were religious, the motives were complex and also included territorial ambitions.
2.1.Thirty Years' War aftermath wars
Were a series of wars that were a continuation of the Thirty Years' War.
2.1.1.Franco-Spanish War (1648-1659)
Was a war between Spain and France that ended with the Treaty of the Pyrenees of 1659.
June 1658: Siege of Dunkirk.
November 1659: The English received Dunkirk.
2.2.Nine Years' War
Was a conflict between France and the Grand Alliance, a coalition including the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch Republic, England, Spain, and Savoy. It is considered the first war that saw fighting globally because battles occured in Europe, America, Africa and India.
2.2.1.King William's War
Was the North American theater of the Nine Years' War.
May 1690: The British captured Port Royal (in Nova Scotia), then the capital of Acadia.
July 1690: Joseph Robineau de Villebon, one of Meneval's assistants, returned to Port Royal from France in June, and reestablished French authority.
October 1690: The Battle of Québec in 1690 was led by French Governor Louis de Buade de Frontenac and English General Sir William Phips. It resulted in a victory for the French, defending the city against the English invasion during King William's War.
October 1690: The Battle of Québec in 1690 was a significant conflict during King William's War between New France, led by Governor Louis de Buade de Frontenac, and Massachusetts Bay, under the command of Sir William Phips. The outcome of the battle resulted in a victory for New France, solidifying their control over the territory of Quebec City.
Were a series of conflicts mainly fought between the Dutch Republic and England (later Great Britain) from mid-17th to late 18th century.
3.1.Second Anglo-Dutch War
Was a conflict between England and the Dutch Republic partly for control over the seas and trade routes.
November 1665: In late 1665, an English force from Jamaica and Barbados captured the Dutch possession of Tobago.
September 1666: French recapture of Tobago.
November 1666: 17 November 1666 - mid 1668: French occupation of Sint Estatius.
November 1667: The English fleet recaptured Fort Zeelandia in Suriname in October.
January 1668: British forces leave Suriname as decided in the treaty of Breda (1667).
3.1.1.English occupation of French Guyana
French Guyana was occupied by England during the Second Anglo-Dutch War.
September 1667: 23 Sep 1667 - 8 Oct 1667: English occupation of French Guyana.
3.2.Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
Was a conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Dutch Republic during the American Revolutionary War.
3.2.1.Treaty of Paris (1783)
Was the treaty that officially ended the American Revolutionary War between the United States and Great Britain as well as various other related wars. The treaty set the boundaries between British North America and the United States.
The death of childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700 led to a struggle for control of the Spanish Empire between his heirs, Philip of Anjou and Charles of Austria, and their respective supporters. It was a global war, with fighting taking place in Europe, Asia, and America. At the end of the war, Philip II, who was the successor chosen by Charles II as a descendant of Charles' paternal half-sister Maria Theresa, became King of Spain and of its overseas empire. The Spanish possessions in Europe were partitioned between various European Monarchies.
4.1.Spanish Theatre (War of the Spanish Succession)
Was the theatre of war in Spain during the War of the Spanish Succession.
August 1704: British forces captured Gibraltar.
September 1708: In 1708, an English expedition led by Admiral John Norris and General John Campbell landed in Sardinia as part of the War of the Spanish Succession. The island was occupied by Great Britain for strategic purposes, aiming to secure naval dominance in the Mediterranean.
September 1708: British forces captured Minorca.
4.2.Queen Anne's War
Was a war between the American territories of Great Britain against the the American territories of Spain and France. In Europe, it is generally viewed as the American theater of the War of the Spanish Succession; in the Americas, it is more commonly viewed as a standalone conflict.
4.2.1.Acadia and New England (Queen Anne’s War)
Was the theatre of War in Acadia and New England during Queen Anne’s War.
October 1710: In October 1710, 3,600 British and colonial forces led by Francis Nicholson finally captured Port Royal after a siege of one week. This ended official French control of the peninsular portion of Acadia.
4.3.Treaty of Utrecht
Were a series of treaties to end the War of the Spanish Succession.
April 1713: In 1713, as part of the Treaty of Utrecht, Spain ceded the rock of Gibraltar and the island of Menorca in the Balearic Islands to England. This agreement was signed by the Spanish King Philip V and the British diplomat John Methuen.
April 1713: In 1713, as part of the Treaty of Utrecht, Spain ceded the rock of Gibraltar and the island of Menorca in the Balearic Islands to England. This decision was made by the Spanish King Philip V and the British Queen Anne as a result of the War of Spanish Succession.
4.4.Treaty of Rastatt
Was a peace treaty between France and Austria that was concluded on 7 March 1714 in the Baden city of Rastatt to end the War of the Spanish Succession between both countries.
March 1714: At the end of the War of the Spanish Succession, Austria was awarded the Spanish territories in Italy, including Naples, Milan, Sardinia, as well as the Southern Netherlands.
Was a war initiated by Spain to recover territories lost after the War of the Spanish Succession.
November 1719: A British fleet captured Vigo and marched inland to Pontevedra in October 1719.
Was a European conflict caused by the succession to the Habsburg Domains. Maria Theresa succeeded her father Charles VI, and the opposition to female inheritance of the throne was a pretext for starting a war. It was a global conflict that saw fight in Europe, Asia, America and Africa.
6.1.War of Jenkins' Ear
Was a war between the British Empire and the Spanish Empire that took place in the Americas.
November 1739: In 1739, Admiral Edward Vernon led the British attack on Porto Bello, a strategic port in Panama. The successful siege resulted in the town falling to British military occupation within a day. Vernon was a prominent British naval officer known for his aggressive tactics during the War of Jenkins' Ear.
December 1739: In 1739, during the War of Jenkins' Ear, British Admiral Edward Vernon led an unsuccessful siege on Porto Bello in present-day Panama. The British occupied the town for three weeks before withdrawing, having first destroyed its fortifications, port, and warehouses. This event marked a significant defeat for the British in their attempts to gain control of Spanish America.
March 1740: Captain Cevallos was a Spanish military officer who defended the fort of San Lorenzo el Real Chagres against a British military occupation in 1740. Despite his resistance for two days, he eventually surrendered the fort to the British forces.
March 1740: In 1740, during the War of Jenkins' Ear, the British forces, led by Admiral Edward Vernon, attacked and destroyed the fort at San Lorenzo el Real Chagres in Spanish America. They seized the guns and two Spanish patrol boats in the process.
June 1740: In 1740, the British colony of Georgia, led by General James Oglethorpe, launched an overland attack on the fortified city of St. Augustine in Florida, which was then under Spanish control. The attack was part of the larger conflict known as the War of Jenkins' Ear between Britain and Spain.
July 1740: The siege of St. Augustine in 1740 was led by British General James Oglethorpe against Spanish Governor Manuel de Montiano. The failure of the Royal Navy blockade allowed supplies to reach the Spanish settlement, leading to the collapse of the siege.
6.2.King George's War
Was a war between the British Empire and the French Empire that took place in the Americas. The conflict was part of the War of the Austrian Succession.
June 1745: In 1745, British colonial forces led by William Pepperrell and Peter Warren captured Fortress Louisbourg, a strategic French stronghold in Nova Scotia, after a six-week siege during the War of the Austrian Succession.
August 1745: The New Englanders also assumed control of Port-La-Joye on present-day Prince Edward Island.
January 1747: The New Englanders also assumed control of Port-La-Joye on present-day Prince Edward Island.
6.3.Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Austrian Succession, following a congress assembled on 24 April 1748 at the Free Imperial City of Aachen.
October 1748: In 1748, the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle restored Louisbourg to France. Louisbourg was a French fortress located on Cape Breton Island in present-day Nova Scotia, Canada. The treaty was signed by representatives of France, Great Britain, and other European powers to end the War of the Austrian Succession.
Was a global conflict that involved most of the European great powers, and was fought primarily in Europe, the Americas, and Asia-Pacific. At the end of the war the main winner was Great Britain, that obtained territories in North America, the Caribbean and India, becoming the most powerful maritime and colonial of the European powers.
7.1.French and Indian War
Was a theater of war of the Seven Years' War, which pitted the North American colonies of the British Empire against those of the French, each side being supported by various Native American tribes.
April 1754: In 1754, Governor Dinwiddie sent William Trent with 40 men to construct a fort at Fort Duquesne. This action sparked the beginning of the French and Indian War between Great Britain and France for control of the Ohio River Valley.
April 1754: In 1754, George Washington led forces to Fort Duquesne, where they were allowed to withdraw by Contrecœur. The fort was later completed and became a strategic stronghold in the French and Indian War.
May 1754: Following the battle, George Washington, a young Virginia militia officer, pulled back several miles and established Fort Necessity. The fort was attacked by French forces, leading to Washington's surrender and the territory falling under Great Britain's military occupation in 1754.
July 1754: The Canadians attacked Fort Necessity under the command of Louis Coulon de Villiers, brother of Joseph Coulon de Jumonville. George Washington, a young British officer, surrendered after a brief battle on July 3, 1754, and negotiated a withdrawal under arms with the Iroquois Confederation.
June 1755: Colonel Robert Monckton, a British military officer, captured Fort Beauséjour in June 1755 during the Seven Years' War. This victory cut off the French Fortress Louisbourg from land-based reinforcements, marking a significant strategic success for Great Britain in the conflict.
7.1.1.Conquest of New France (1758-1760)
Was a British military campaign in New France during the Seven Years' War.
July 1758: Louisbourg was a strategic French fortress located in present-day Nova Scotia, Canada. Major-General James Wolfe was a British Army officer known for his role in the capture of Quebec City during the Seven Years' War. The capture of Louisbourg was a significant victory for the British in their efforts to gain control of North America.
September 1759: Quebec city capitulated to Britain after the Battle of the Plains Abraham, securing British predominance in North America.
7.2.Indian Theatre (Seven Years' War)
Was the theatre of war of the Seven Years' War in the Indian Subcontinent.
7.3.African Theatre (Seven Years' War)
Was the African theatre of the Seven Years' War.
7.3.1.Capture of Senegal
Was a British naval expedition against the French island of Gorée off the coast of Senegal during the Seven Years' War.
May 1758: In 1758, during the Seven Years' War, British General Jeffrey Amherst led the military occupation of Saint-Louis, Senegal. The French garrison, under Governor Jean-Baptiste du Casse, was caught off guard and the fort surrendered to the British forces led by Colonel William Marsh on May 1, 1758. Local traders in the area then pledged their loyalty to the British.
November 1758: In 1758, during the Seven Years' War, the French trading station on the Gambia was captured by British forces led by Admiral Augustus Keppel and Lieutenant Colonel Robert Boyd. This military occupation of the whole French Senegalese coast was part of Britain's strategy to gain control of key trading posts in West Africa.
7.4.British expedition against Guadeloupe
Was the British invasion of French Guadeloupe during the Seven Years' War.
May 1759: The French forces on the island of Guadeloupe surrendered to the British after months of fighting, leading to a military occupation by Great Britain.
7.5.Invasion of Dominica (1761)
Was a British military expedition to capture the Caribbean island of Dominica in June 1761, as part of the Seven Years' War.
June 1761: In 1761, during the Seven Years' War, British forces led by Admiral George Rodney and General Robert Monckton arrived in Dominica. The French settlers in Dominica surrendered to the British on June 7, leading to the territory coming under British military occupation.
7.6.British expedition against Martinique
Was the British invasion of French Martinique during the Seven Years' War.
February 1762: On 3 February 1762, Fort Royal in Martinique surrendered to British forces.
February 1762: The rest of the island of Martinique is conquered by British forces.
March 1762: Between 26 February and 3 March, British detachments arrived at the islands Saint Lucia, Grenada and Saint Vincent, all of which fell without resistance.
7.7.Anglo-Spanish War (1762-63)
Was a military conflict fought between Britain and Spain as part of the Seven Years' War.
August 1762: British forces captured Havana.
October 1762: The British forces, led by Admiral Samuel Cornish and Brigadier General William Draper, successfully captured Manila from the Spanish in 1762 during the Seven Years' War. The Battle of Manila resulted in significant plunder being taken from the city.
7.8.Treaty of Paris (1763)
Was a treaty signed on 10 February 1763 by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement, after Great Britain and Prussia's victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years' War.
February 1763: The French formally ceded Prince Edward island, and most of New France to the British in the Treaty of Paris.
February 1763: France recognized the sovereignty of Britain over Canada, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Tobago. France lost all of its territory in mainland North America but had retained fishing rights off Newfoundland and the two small islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon.
February 1763: Treaty of Paris (1763): Britain restored Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Lucia, Gorée, and the Indian factories to France.
February 1763: Treaty of Paris (1763): Britain restored Manila and Havana to Spain.
February 1763: With the Treaty of Paris (1763) the Anglo-Portuguese army left the territories it had occupied in Spain.
February 1763: Grenada was ceded to the British under the Treaty of Paris.
Were two wars between the Carib inhabitants of Saint Vincent, in the Caribbean, and colonial invaders.
8.1.First Carib War
Was a military conflict between the Carib inhabitants of Saint Vincent and British military forces supporting British efforts at colonial expansion on the island.
January 1773: The British commissioners involved in the military assault on the Caribs in 1772 were Governor William Young and General Robert Melville. The Caribs were the indigenous people of the Southern portion of Saint Vincent Island, and the British sought to remove them from the territory through force.
January 1774: British unfamiliarity with the windward lands of the island and effective Carib defence of the island's difficult mountain terrain blunted the British advance, and political opposition to the expedition in London prompted an enquiry and calls for it to be ended. With military matters at a stalemate, a peace agreement was signed in 1773 that delineated boundaries between British and Carib areas of the island.
Was the war of independence of the United States of America (at the time the Thirteen Colonies) against Great Britain.
9.1.Anglo-French War (1778-1783)
Was a war between France, allied to the United States, and Great Britain during the American Revolutionary War.
March 1779: In March 1779, during the Anglo-French War, British forces led by Admiral Edward Hughes and General James Stuart captured Mahé from the French, marking a significant victory for Great Britain in the Indian Ocean region.
January 1780: British occupation of Martinique.
January 1781: French reconquest of Martinique.
March 1781: 17 March 1781 - 26 November 1781: British occupation of Saint Bartholomew (Saint Barthélemy).
November 1781: 25 Nov 1781 - 7 Feb 1784: French occupation of Sint Estatius.
November 1781: 3 Feb 1781 - 26 Nov 1781: British occupation of Saba.
November 1781: 17 March 1781 - 26 November 1781: British occupation of Saint Bartholomew (Saint Barthélemy).
November 1781: In 1781, French forces led by Admiral de Grasse occupied the Dutch part of Saint Martin during the Anglo-French War. The French control would last until 1784 when the Treaty of Paris returned the territory to the Dutch.
April 1782: The French fleet of Comte de Grasse, which aimed to annex British Jamaica, left Martinique and headed towards the archipelago of les Saintes. Caught in the Dominica Passage by the British and inferior in number, it was crushed by the vessels of the vices-admirals of Great Britain, Baron George Brydges Rodney and Viscount Samuel Hood. The defeat put les Saintes under British control.
January 1785: During the Anglo-French War, the British forces led by Admiral George Rodney captured St. Lucia from the French in 1778. However, the Treaty of Paris in 1783 returned the island to French control, officially transferring it back to Martinique in 1784.
February 1785: In 1785, Pondichéry was restored to France as part of the Treaty of Paris. This territory had been under British control since 1761. The return of Pondichéry was negotiated by French diplomat Charles Maurice de Talleyrand and marked a significant victory for France in the region.
February 1785: Karikal was a French colonial territory in India. The territory was restored to French control on 26 Feb 1785 as part of a treaty between the French and the British East India Company. This event was significant for the French colonial presence in India during the late 18th century.
March 1785: British conquest of Yanaon.
June 1785: Chandernagore was a French colony in India. On 27 June 1785, the territory was transferred to British control following a treaty signed between Governor-General of India Warren Hastings and French Governor-General Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau.
9.1.1.Capture of St. Lucia
Was the French capture of St. Lucia, in the Caribbean, during the American Revolutionary War.
December 1778: Upon the British ships' arrival on December 13, Major General James Grant ordered Brigadier General William Medows to land with a force of 1,400 at Grand Cul-de-Sac.
December 1778: In 1778, during the American Revolutionary War, General James Grant led the British forces to capture the fort at Morne Fortune and the capital, Castries, in Saint Lucia. This military occupation was part of Britain's strategy to secure the Caribbean islands during the conflict.
December 1778: Battle of St. Lucia.
December 1778: In 1778, during the Anglo-French War, a force of 9,000 French troops led by Admiral d'Estaing was landed near Castries, St. Lucia to attack General Medows' smaller force of 1,400 British troops. The territory ultimately went to Martinique, a French colony.
December 1778: The French garrison, led by Governor Francois Claude Amour, surrendered to British Admiral Samuel Barrington on 28 December 1778. The remaining French troops, including Governor Amour, embarked on their ships that same night, marking the British military occupation of the coast near Castries.
9.2.Anglo-Spanish War (1779-1783)
Was a war between Spain and Great Britain during the American Revolutionary War.
9.2.1.Central America (Anglo-Spanish War of 1779-1783)
Central American theatre of the Anglo-Spanish War (1779-1783).
May 1780: The siege of the Fortress of the Immaculate Conception in April ended in success for the British, who, however, as well as short of supplies, were decimated by the diseases brought by the abundant tropical rains that fell on the region.
December 1780: The British forces, led by General John Campbell, attempted to capture Fortezza dell'Immacolata Concezione in 1780 during the Spanish American War. However, they were unsuccessful and ultimately withdrew in November without achieving their objective.
Were a series of wars fought by the British East India Company in the Indian Subcontinent that resulted in the British conquest and colonial rule of the region.
10.1.Third Carnatic War
The outbreak of the Seven Years' War in Europe in 1756 resulted in renewed conflict between French and British forces in India.
10.1.Anglo-Mysore Wars
Were a series of four wars fought during the last three decades of the 18th century between the Sultanate of Mysore on the one hand, and the British East India Company, Maratha Empire, Kingdom of Travancore, and the Kingdom of Hyderabad on the other. The fourth war resulted in the dismantlement of Mysore to the benefit of the East India Company, which took control of much of the Indian subcontinent.
10.1.1.Second Anglo-Mysore War
Was a conflict between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company from 1780 to 1784.
January 1780: By 1779, Mysore ruler Haider Ali had captured parts of modern Tamil Nadu and Kerala in the south, extending the Kingdom's area to about 80,000 mi2 .
10.2.Anglo-Nepalese War
Was a war between the Kingdom of Nepal and the British East India Company. .
10.2.1.First Campaign (Anglo-Nepalese War)
Was a British military campaign in Nepal during the Anglo-Nepalese War.
February 1814: The British advance to Jit Gadh in 1814 was led by General Amar Singh Thapa, a prominent military leader in the Gorkha Kingdom. The territory was eventually occupied by Great Britain as part of their expansion in the region.
November 1814: Battle of Nalapani.
December 1814: British Major General Martindale occupied the town of Nahan.
April 1815: Nepalese provincial governor Bam Shah surrendered Almora to the British on 27 April 1815.
May 1815: The Nepalese forces under the command of Amar Singh Thapa lost control of Malaon and Jaithak to the British forces led by General David Ochterlony in 1815.
10.2.2.Second Campaign (Anglo-Nepalese War)
Was a British military campaign in Nepal during the Anglo-Nepalese War.
February 1816: The Nepalese troops, led by General Amar Singh Thapa, were driven back from Hariharpur Gadhi by the British forces, led by Major General David Ochterlony, during the Anglo-Nepalese War in 1816. This marked a significant victory for the British in their military occupation of the territory.
March 1816: During the Anglo-Nepalese War, British troops led by General Rollo Gillespie retreated from Sindhuli Gadhi and regrouped in Makawanpur in March 1816. The war ended with the signing of the Sugauli Treaty later that year.
10.2.3.Treaty of Sugauli
Was the treaty that ended the Anglo-Nepali War. Nepal lost one-third of its territory.
March 1816: The Anglo-Nepalese War ended with the Treaty of Sugauli, which has been considered as an unequal treaty vecause it led to Nepal losing one-third of its territory. The river Mechi became the new Eastern border and the Mahakali the Western boundary of Nepal.
March 1816: The Treaty of Sugauli, signed following the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814-16, established the boundary line of Nepal.
10.3.Anglo-Burmese Wars
Were a series of wars between the British Empire and the Konbaung dynasty of Burma. After the third and last war, Burma was annexed to British India.
10.3.1.Second Anglo-Burmese War
Was the first of a series of wars between the British Empire and the Konbaung dynasty of Burma. Burma lost the Pegu province (renamed Lower Burma by the British).
April 1852: In 1852, during the Second Anglo-Burmese War, the port of Martaban was taken by British forces led by General Godwin.
April 1852: Rangoon was occupied on the 12th by British forces led by General Godwin. This marked the beginning of British military occupation in the region, following the Second Anglo-Burmese War.
April 1852: Shwedagon Pagoda conquered by great britain.
May 1852: Bassein was seized by the British on 19 May.
June 1852: Pegu, a city in Burma, was taken by British forces on 3 June 1852 during the Second Anglo-Burmese War. The British military occupation of Pegu marked a significant turning point in the conflict between the British Empire and the Burmese Kingdom.
October 1852: British Major-General Godwin occupied Prome on 9 October.
January 1853: Lord Dalhousie was the Governor-General of India at the time, and King Pagan was the ruler of the province of Pegu. The British East India Company annexed Pegu in 1853 as part of their expanding colonial territories in India.
10.3.2.Third Anglo-Burmese War
Was the last of a series of wars between the British Empire and the Konbaung dynasty of Burma. Burma was annexed to British India.
November 1885: British General Harry Prendergast was ordered to conquer Upper Burma with 11,000 men, light boats and elephants. Also due to disagreements within the Burmese troops, Prendergast's troops reached the capital Mandalay on November 26 with little resistance and forced the king to abdicate.
10.3.2.1.British annexion of Burma
Annexion of the Konbaung Dynasty of Burma by British India after the Third Anglo-Burmese War.
November 1885: The British, led by General Sir Harry Prendergast, annexed the remaining territories of the Konbaung dynasty in Burma during the Third Anglo-Burmese War in 1885. This was in response to the growing influence of French Indochina in the region.
10.4.Anglo-Afghan Wars
Were three wars in which the British Empire tried to extend its influence in modern-day Afghanistan.
10.4.1.First Anglo-Afghan War
Was a war between the British Empire and the Emirate of Afghanistan. As the British wanted to extend their influence to Afghanistan, they invaded and occupied the country. An uprising in Kabul led the British to the decision of leaving the country. The whole British army but one man was slaughtered during its retreat.
10.4.1.1.British Invasion (First Anglo-Afghan War)
Was the British invasion of Afghanistan during the First Anglo-Afghan War.
April 1839: In 1839, British forces led by Sir John Keane crossed the Bolan Pass and captured Quetta, a strategic city in southern Afghanistan. This marked the beginning of British military occupation in the region.
April 1839: British forces camped at Kandahar on 25 April 1839.
July 1839: In 1839, during the First Anglo-Afghan War, British-led forces under the command of General Sir John Keane launched a surprise attack and captured the fortress of Ghazni. This strategic victory allowed for the military occupation of Ghazni by Great Britain.
August 1839: In 1838 British viceroy Lord Auckland, restored Shah Shojāʿ to the Afghan throne in Kabul on August 1839 and made Afghanistan a British protectorate.
10.4.1.2.Punitive Expedition to Kabul
The Battle of Kabul was part of a punitive campaign undertaken by the British against the Afghans following the disastrous retreat from Kabul of 1842.
September 1842: The Battle of Kabul in 1842 was led by British General William Elphinstone against Afghan forces, seeking retribution for the massacre of British troops during the retreat from Kabul. The British occupation of Kabul was a response to the Afghan uprising against British rule.
November 1842: After the Kabul Expedition, the British demolished parts of Kabul before withdrawing to India, concluding the First Anglo-Afghan War.
10.4.2.Second Anglo-Afghan War
Was a war between Afghanistan and the British Empire. At the end of the war, Afghanistan became a British protectorate.
10.4.2.1.First British Invasion
Was the British invasion of Afghanistan at the beginning of the Second Anglo-Afghan War.
November 1878: Battle of Peiwar Kotal.
10.4.2.1.1.Treaty of Gandamak
Was signed on 26 May 1879 to officially end the first phase of the Second Anglo-Afghan War. Under the treaty, the Afghan Emir, Mohammad Yaqub Khan, ceded various frontier areas to the British Raj and the country became a British protectorate.
May 1879: With British forces occupying Kabul, Afghan Amir Yaqub Khan, signed the Treaty of Gandamak on 26 May 1879. According to this agreement and in return for an annual subsidy and vague assurances of assistance in case of foreign aggression, Yaqub relinquished control of Afghan foreign affairs to Britain.
May 1879: A peace treaty was signed on 26 May 1879 to officially end the first phase of the Second Anglo-Afghan War. Under its terms, the Afghan Emir, Mohammad Yaqub Khan, ceded various frontier areas to the British Raj, including Quetta, Pishin, Harnai, Sibi, Kurram, and Khyber, while retaining sovereignty over the rest of Afghanistan.
10.4.2.2.Second British Invasion (Second Anglo-Afghan War)
Was the second invasion of Afghanistan during the Second Anglo-Afghan War, after a revolt in Kabul had forced the British to leave the country.
October 1879: British forces defeated the Afghan Army at Charasiab.
October 1879: In 1879, during the Second Anglo-Afghan War, Kabul was occupied for two days by British forces led by General Frederick Roberts and Sir Donald Stewart. This military occupation marked a significant moment in the conflict between Afghanistan and Great Britain.
July 1880: Battle of Maiwand.
August 1880: Siege of Kandahar.
September 1880: The Battle of Kandahar brought a close to the Second Anglo-Afghan War. Emir Ayub Khan had been decisively beaten. The British appointed Abdur Rahman as emir of Afghanistan, under a protected state which gave Britain control of Afghanistan's foreign policy.
October 1880: After the British victory against Afghan forces in the Battle of Kandahar (1880), the British appointed Abdur Rahman as the ruler and left the occupied territories in Afghanistan. Afghanistan became a protectorate with British control over the country's foreign policy.
10.4.3.Third Anglo-Afghan War
Was a conflict that began in 1919 when the Emirate of Afghanistan invaded British India.
May 1919: The British commander in Quetta decided to attack the Afghan fortress at Spin Baldak, capturing it.
June 1919: The Afghan camp at Yusef Khel was seized by British force.
August 1919: The Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919 brought the Third Anglo-Afghan War to an end. It was signed on 8 August 1919 in Rawalpindi by Great Britain and Afghanistan. Britain recognised Afghanistan's independence (as per Article 5 of the treaty), agreed that British India would not extend past the Khyber Pass and stopped British subsidies to Afghanistan. Afghanistan also accepted all previously agreed border arrangements with British India.
Were fought by European governments and colonists in North America, and later by the United States and Canadian governments and American and Canadian settlers, against various American Indian and First Nation tribes.
11.1.Northwest Indian War
Was an armed conflict for control of the Northwest Territory fought between the United States and a united group of Native American nations known today as the Northwestern Confederacy.
11.1.1.Jay Treaty
Was a 1794 treaty between the United States and Great Britain that averted war and resolved issues remaining since the Treaty of Paris of 1783. Among other things, the British agreed to peacefully vacate the forts it still controlled in the United States.
September 1783: Fort au Fer was a fort that remained under British control even after the American Revolutionary War ended with the Paris Peace Treaty. Britain continued to occupy several forts in the Northwest Territory despite the treaty’s provisions.
September 1783: Fort Oswegatchie was a fort that remained under British control even after the American Revolutionary War ended with the Paris Peace Treaty. Britain continued to occupy several forts in the Northwest Territory despite the treaty’s provisions.
September 1783: Fort Miami was a fort that remained under British control even after the American Revolutionary War ended with the Paris Peace Treaty. Britain continued to occupy several forts in the Northwest Territory despite the treaty’s provisions.
September 1783: Fort Ontario was a fort that remained under British control even after the American Revolutionary War ended with the Paris Peace Treaty. Britain continued to occupy several forts in the Northwest Territory despite the treaty’s provisions.
September 1783: Fort Niagara was a fort that remained under British control even after the American Revolutionary War ended with the Paris Peace Treaty. Britain continued to occupy several forts in the Northwest Territory despite the treaty’s provisions.
September 1783: Fort Mackinac was a fort that remained under British control even after the American Revolutionary War ended with the Paris Peace Treaty. Britain continued to occupy several forts in the Northwest Territory despite the treaty’s provisions.
September 1783: Fort Dutchman's Point was a fort that remained under British control even after the American Revolutionary War ended with the Paris Peace Treaty. Britain continued to occupy several forts in the Northwest Territory despite the treaty’s provisions.
September 1783: Fort Lernoult and Fort Detroit were forts that remained under British control even after the American Revolutionary War ended with the Paris Peace Treaty. Britain continued to occupy several forts in the Northwest Territory despite the treaty’s provisions.
July 1796: Evacuation of Fort au Fer. With the Jay Treaty the British agreed and succeeded to vacate its forts in United States territory - six in the Great Lakes region and two at the north end of Lake Champlain - by June 1796.
July 1796: Evacuation of Fort Niagara. With the Jay Treaty the British agreed and succeeded to vacate its forts in United States territory - six in the Great Lakes region and two at the north end of Lake Champlain - by June 1796.
July 1796: Evacuation of Fort Oswegatchie. With the Jay Treaty the British agreed and succeeded to vacate its forts in United States territory - six in the Great Lakes region and two at the north end of Lake Champlain - by June 1796.
July 1796: Evacuation of Fort Mackinac. With the Jay Treaty the British agreed and succeeded to vacate its forts in United States territory - six in the Great Lakes region and two at the north end of Lake Champlain - by June 1796.
July 1796: Evacuation of Fort Ontario. With the Jay Treaty the British agreed and succeeded to vacate its forts in United States territory - six in the Great Lakes region and two at the north end of Lake Champlain - by June 1796.
July 1796: Evacuation of Fort Miami. With the Jay Treaty the British agreed and succeeded to vacate its forts in United States territory - six in the Great Lakes region and two at the north end of Lake Champlain - by June 1796.
July 1796: Evacuation of Fort Dutchman's Point. With the Jay Treaty the British agreed and succeeded to vacate its forts in United States territory - six in the Great Lakes region and two at the north end of Lake Champlain - by June 1796.
July 1796: Evacuation of Fort Lernoult (including Fort Detroit). With the Jay Treaty the British agreed and succeeded to vacate its forts in United States territory - six in the Great Lakes region and two at the north end of Lake Champlain - by June 1796.
Was the graudal French conquest of modern-day Senegal that started in 1659 when France established the trading post of Saint-Louis.
January 1784: In 1783, French Senegal was returned to France after the American Revolutionary War, where France emerged victorious. This decision was made as part of the Treaty of Paris, which ended the war and resulted in territorial exchanges between European powers.
January 1810: Saint-Louis (Senegal) conquered by great britain.
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
January 1798: The citizens of Parga, a town in western Greece, revolted against French rule in 1815. They sought protection from the British, who had military occupation of the territory since 1797.
January 1808: In 1807, Heligoland was seized by the United Kingdom during the Napoleonic Wars. It was strategically important for controlling access to the North Sea. The territory was eventually returned to Germany in 1890 in exchange for Zanzibar.
13.1.Haitian Revolution
Was the succesful insurrection by self-liberated slaves of the colony of Saint-Domingue (modern-day Haiti) against French rule leading to the creation of the independent country of Haiti, the first independent nation of Latin America and the Caribbean.
September 1793: About 600 British soldiers from Jamaica landed at Jérémie.
September 1793: On 22 September 1793, Mole St. Nicolas, the main French naval base in Saint-Domingue, surrendered to the Royal Navy peacefully. Everywhere the British went, they restored slavery, which made them hated by the mass of common people.
June 1794: In 1794, General Whyte, a British military leader, captured Port-au-Prince during the military occupation of Great Britain in Haiti. This event was part of the larger conflict between Britain and France during the French Revolutionary Wars.
January 1795: The French stormed and retook Tiburon in a surprise attack.
May 1798: In 1798, British General Maitland met with Toussaint Louverture, the leader of the slave rebellion in Haiti, to negotiate an armistice. As a result, the British forces left Port-au-Prince on May 18th, marking a significant moment in the Haitian Revolution.
13.1.1.War of Knives
Was a civil war from June 1799 to July 1800 between the Haitian revolutionary Toussaint Louverture, a black ex-slave who controlled the north of Saint-Domingue (modern-day Haiti), and his adversary André Rigaud, a mixed-race free person of color who controlled the south.
September 1800: By August, 1800, Toussaint Louverture was ruler of all Saint-Domingue.
13.2.War of the First Coalition
Were a series of wars between the Kingdom of France (later the French Republic) and several European Monarchies. The French Revolution had deteriorated the relations of France with the other European countries, that tried several times to invade France in order to crash the revolutionary government.
March 1794: In the Caribbean, the British fleet landed in Martinique in February, taking the whole island by 24 March.
May 1794: Guadeloupe conquered by great britain.
June 1794: In 1794, the British were driven out of Guadeloupe by Victor Hugues, a French politician and revolutionary.
April 1796: The colony was on 22 April 1796 again captured by Britain, however who now remained in possession of the colony until 27 March 1802, when Berbice was restored to the Batavian Republic under the terms of the Treaty of Amiens.
March 1802: Great Britain held Martinique until the Peace of Amiens.
13.2.1.British Invasion of Corsica
British forces invaded and succesfully occupied Corsica during the War of the First Coalition.
February 1793: The French forces, led by General Napoleon Bonaparte, withdrew from San Fiorenzo in 1793 after facing military occupation by Great Britain. This event marked a strategic victory for the British forces in the Mediterranean region during the French Revolutionary Wars.
May 1794: In 1794, during the French Revolutionary Wars, the city of Bastia in Corsica surrendered to British Admiral Samuel Hood offshore. This marked the beginning of Great Britain's military occupation of the territory, which lasted until 1796.
August 1794: In 1794, during the Anglo-Corsican Kingdom, negotiations between British commander Stuart and French commander Raphaël de Casabianca in Calvi, Corsica, resulted in a truce and eventual capitulation on August 10th.
13.3.French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars - Theatre of war in the overseas colonies
The theatre of war in the overseas colonies during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
June 1793: Chandernagore was a French colony in India. In 1793, during the French Revolutionary Wars, the British East India Company captured the territory.
June 1793: Karikal conquered by great britain.
July 1793: Yanaon (Yanam) conquered by great britain.
July 1793: Mahé, a French colony, was occupied by British forces on 16 July 1793.
August 1793: In 1793, Pondichéry was occupied by the British military. This event was part of the larger conflict between Great Britain and France during the French Revolutionary Wars. Pondichéry was a French colonial territory in India, and its capture by the British was a significant blow to French influence in the region.
January 1796: British occupation of Malacca during the Napoleonic Wars (1795-1818).
January 1797: Eseequibo annexed by the British.
January 1797: British forces captured the Maluku Islands in 1796.
January 1797: The British forces, led by Sir Ralph Abercromby and Lieutenant Colonel Alured Clarke, recaptured the territories of Demerara, Essequibo, and Berbice from the Dutch in 1796 during the French Revolutionary Wars. This military occupation solidified British control over the region.
April 1797: Sir Ralph Abercromby was a British Army officer who led the invasion of Puerto Rico in 1797. The military occupation by Great Britain lasted only a few months before the island was returned to Spanish control as part of the Treaty of Amiens in 1802.
September 1800: Curaçao was occupied by the British from 13 September 1800 to 13 January 1803.
March 1801: 20 March 1801 - 10 July 1802: British occupation of Saint Barthélemy.
March 1801: In 1801, the island of Saint Martin in France was occupied by the British from March 24.
April 1801: 16 April 1801 - January 1803: British occupation of Saba.
April 1801: 21 April 1801 - 21 November 1802: British occupation of Sint Estatius.
January 1802: British forces left the Maluku Islands in 1801.
January 1802: Britain occupied the Danish West Indies in 1801-02.
July 1802: 20 March 1801 - 10 July 1802: British occupation of Saint Barthélemy.
November 1802: 21 April 1801 - 21 November 1802: British occupation of Sint Estatius.
December 1802: Great Britain leaves the Island of Saint Martin where the French (northern part of the Island) and the Dutch (southern part of the Island) resume control.
January 1803: Britain occupied the Danish West Indies in 1801-02.
January 1803: In 1802, Puerto Rico was reconquered by the Spanish, led by Governor Toribio Montes. This marked the return of the territory to Spanish America after a brief period of British occupation.
January 1803: Curaçao was occupied by the British from 13 September 1800 to 13 January 1803.
February 1803: 16 April 1801 - January 1803: British occupation of Saba.
February 1805: Aruba was occupied by the British from 12 February 1805 to 20 November 1805.
November 1805: Aruba was occupied by the British from 12 February 1805 to 20 November 1805.
January 1807: Curaçao was occupied by the British from 1 January 1807 to 4 March 1816.
January 1808: 1807-1815: British occupation of the Danish West Indies during the Napoleonic Wars.
February 1809: 24 Feb 1809 - 9 Dec 1814: British occupation of Martinique.
April 1809: During the Napoleonic Wars, Admiral Sir Alexander Forrester Inglis Cochrane led the British armada to reconquer the Iles des Saintes from French control on 14 April 1809. This strategic victory helped secure British dominance in the Caribbean region.
February 1810: In 1810, the British captured the island of Guadeloupe again.
February 1810: The British occupy the entire island of Saint Martin.
February 1810: 21 February 1810 - 1 February 1816: British occupation of Sint Estatius.
February 1810: 22 Feb 1810 - 22 Feb 1816: British occupation of Saba.
August 1810: In 1810, British forces led by Admiral Robert Stopford occupied the Maluku Islands, also known as the Spice Islands, as part of the Napoleonic Wars. This military occupation was part of the British strategy to control key trading ports in the Dutch East Indies.
September 1811: 18 September 1811 - 19 August 1816: the Dutch Dejima Factory was occupied by the British.
March 1813: In 1810, the British captured Guadeloupe from France during the Napoleonic Wars. In 1813, the island was handed over to Sweden under the Treaty of Stockholm, marking a shift in colonial control in the Caribbean.
December 1814: 24 Feb 1809 - 9 Dec 1814: British occupation of Martinique.
January 1815: The British leave northern Saint Martin.
May 1815: End of British occupation of Bonaire.
June 1815: 5 Jun 1815 - 28 Apr 1816: British occupation of Martinique.
July 1815: After Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, the French-controlled Les Saintes islands were annexed by Great Britain on 6 July 1815.
August 1815: The British re-occupied the French part of Saint Martin in the Caribbean.
January 1816: 1807-1815: British occupation of the Danish West Indies during the Napoleonic Wars.
January 1816: In 1816, the southern part of Saint Martin was returned to the Dutch.
February 1816: 21 February 1810 - 1 February 1816: British occupation of Sint Estatius.
February 1816: 22 Feb 1810 - 22 Feb 1816: British occupation of Saba.
March 1816: Curaçao was occupied by the British from 1 January 1807 to 4 March 1816.
March 1816: End of British occupation of Aruba.
April 1816: 5 Jun 1815 - 28 Apr 1816: British occupation of Martinique.
July 1816: After being occupied by the British during the Napoleonic Wars, the Iles des Saintes were returned to French control on 22 July 1816.
August 1816: 18 September 1811 - 19 August 1816: the Dutch Dejima Factory was occupied by the British.
November 1816: After the British occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, the French Saint-Martin administration resumed control of the territory in 1816.
December 1816: Pondichéry and Chandernagore restored to France.
January 1817: Karikal was a French colonial territory in India. The territory was restored to French control on January 14, 1817, after being temporarily occupied by the British during the Napoleonic Wars.
April 1817: Yanaon was given back to the French on 12 Apr 1817.
13.3.1.French India (Treaty of Amiens)
Restoration of French rule in French India according to the Treaty of Amiens.
13.4.War of the Second Coalition
Was the second war that saw revolutionary France against most of the European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria, and Russia, and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Naples, and various German monarchies. Prussia did not join this coalition, and Spain supported France.
March 1802: In 1802, Britain and France signed the Treaty of Amiens, ending the war of the War of the Second Coalition. Britain returned most of occupied Dutch Guiana to the Batavian Republic.
13.4.1.War of the Oranges
Was a brief conflict in 1801 in which Spanish forces, instigated by the government of France, and ultimately supported by the French military, invaded Portugal.
August 1801: To minimise the impact of the ban on using Portuguese ports, in July a British force occupied the island of Madeira.
13.4.2.Treaty of Amiens
Was a treaty between France and Great Britain that ended the War of the Second Coalition.
March 1802: In 1802, Britain and France signed the Treaty of Amiens, ending the war of the War of the Second Coalition. Britain returned the Island of Menorca to Spain.
March 1802: At the Peace of Amiens (1802), the Netherlands received the Essequibo colony for a short time.
13.5.Anglo-Spanish War (1796-1808)
Was a war between Spain and Great Britain fought intermittently during the Coalition Wars.
November 1798: A British expedition captured the island of Menorca (historically called "Minorca" by the British) from Spain.
November 1798: In 1798, during the French Revolutionary Wars, a British expedition led by Admiral John Duckworth captured the island of Menorca from Spain. The British occupation of Minorca lasted until 1802 when it was returned to Spain under the Treaty of Amiens.
13.5.1.British invasions of the River Plate
Was the British invasion of modern-day Argentina during the Anglo-Spanish War (1796-1808).
June 1806: The British took Quilmes, near Buenos Aires.
June 1806: In 1806, British forces led by Sir Home Popham occupied Buenos Aires during the British invasions of the River Plate.
August 1806: Beresford surrendered to Spanish forces on 14 August.
February 1807: British forces captured the city of Montevideo.
October 1807: The occupation of Montevideo by the British army lasted until September 1807, when troops were withdrawn in compliance with the agreement signed following the surrender of British forces in Buenos Aires in July 1807.
13.6.War of the Fourth Coalition
Was a war between the French Empire and a coalition of European monarchies, mainly Prussia and Russia.
February 1807: In 1807, Aruba, a Dutch colony, was occupied by Great Britain.
February 1807: In 1807, Bonaire, a Dutch colony, was occupied by Great Britain.
13.7.Anglo-Turkish War (1807-1809)
Was a war between Great Britain and the Ottoman Empire caused by the agreement of the Ottomans to open the Dardanelles exclusively to French warships. .
March 1807: The Alexandria expedition of 1807 was led by General Alexander Mackenzie Fraser and Admiral John Thomas Duckworth. The British troops occupied Alexandria in response to the French occupation of Egypt and to secure British interests in the region.
September 1807: End of the British occupation of Alexandria.
13.8.Gunboat War
Was a naval conflict between Denmark-Norway and the British during the Napoleonic Wars. The war's name is derived from the Danish tactic of employing small gunboats against the materially superior Royal Navy.
September 1807: The British were instead more successful on 11 September when HMS Carrier brought to the British Admiralty the despatches from Admiral Thomas McNamara Russell announcing the capitulation of the small island of Heligoland to the British.
May 1809: The island of Anholt was captured by British forces.
January 1814: The Treaty of Kiel was signed in 1814, ending the Napoleonic Wars. Denmark-Norway ceded Heligoland to Britain and Norway to Sweden. Denmark regained control of Anholt island as part of the agreement.
13.9.Peninsular War
Was the military conflict fought in the Iberian Peninsula by Spain, Portugal, and the United Kingdom against the invading and occupying forces of the First French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars.
May 1814: The British left Madeira after the End of the Peninsular War.
13.10.Adriatic campaign of 1807-1814
Was the theatre of war in the Adriatic Sea during the Napoleonic Wars.
January 1808: In 1807, the Royal Navy, under the command of Admiral William Hoste, seized the Dalmatian Island of Lissa from the French forces. This strategic move was part of the Napoleonic Wars, with Lissa serving as a key naval base in the Mediterranean.
October 1809: In 1809, during the Napoleonic Wars, HMS Warrior, commanded by Captain William Hoste, successfully landed on the island of Cephalonia and forced the Neapolitan garrison to surrender. This marked the beginning of Great Britain's military occupation of the territory.
October 1809: The islands of Zante and Ithaca surrendered to the British forces led by Sir James St. Clair-Erskine.
October 1809: In 1809, the detached frigate HMS Spartan, commanded by Jahleel Brenton, successfully invaded Cerigo, which was under Ottoman control at the time. This military occupation was part of the British efforts during the Napoleonic Wars to control strategic locations in the Mediterranean.
April 1810: The island of Santa Maura, also known as Lefkada, surrendered to the British forces on 16 April 1810.
December 1813: Surrender of the strategic port of Zara to the British.
February 1814: By 16 February 1814 every French harbour in the Illyrian provinces had been captured by British or Austrian troops. Over 700 French merchant ships had been seized and the only remaining French outpost in the region was Corfu.
May 1814: The abdication of Napoleon in early April 1814 brought the War of the Sixth Coalition to a close. Corfu, the longest-held French territory in the Adriatic surrendered and was added to the United States of the Ionian Islands under British protection.
13.11.War of the Fifth Coalition
Was a conflict between a colition of European monarchies and Napoleon's French Empire.
13.11.1.Walcheren Campaign
Was an unsuccessful British expedition to the Netherlands in 1809, during the War of the Fifth Coalition.
July 1809: The British seized the swampy island of Walcheren at the mouth of river Scheldt, as well as South Beveland island, both in the present-day Netherlands.
September 1809: The British expedition in the Netherlands ("Walcheren Campaign") was called off in early September.
13.11.2.Treaty of Schönbrunn
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Fifth Coalition.
October 1809: The Illyrian Provinces (in French: Gouvernement des Provinces Illyriennes) were a French governorate of the Napoleonic era, a sort of exclave of metropolitan France, created with the union of the territories ceded by the Austrian Empire and the Italian Kingdom Napoleonic empire to the French Empire as a result of the Treaty of Schönbrunn (October 14, 1809).
13.12.Invasion of Java (1811)
Was a successful British amphibious operation against the Dutch East Indian island of Java that took place between August and September 1811 during the Napoleonic Wars.
January 1811: The Dutch-held islands of Amboyna, Harouka, Saparua, Nasso-Laut, Buru, Manipa, Manado, Copang, Amenang, Kemar, Twangwoo and Ternate had surrendered to a force led by Captain Edward Tucker in 1810.
January 1811: Captain Christopher Cole was a British naval officer who led the capture of the Banda Islands in 1810. This marked the final conquest of Dutch territories in the Maluku Islands by Great Britain during the Napoleonic Wars.
August 1811: British naval forces landed at 14:00 at Cilincing.
August 1811: In 1811, during the Napoleonic Wars, the British forces led by Sir Samuel Auchmuty and Sir Robert Gillespie advanced on Batavia, the capital of the Dutch East Indies. The city was left undefended by the Dutch colonial authorities, leading to its occupation by the British.
August 1811: The British forces, led by Lieutenant Colonel Gillespie, attacked Fort Cornelis in Java, which was held by the Dutch. The fort was captured after a fierce battle in 1811, marking the beginning of British military occupation in the region.
September 1811: In 1811, British forces led by Captain Robert Maunsell suspected the presence of French General Jan Janssen in Cirebon, Indonesia. They landed a force from several ships, including HMS Lion and HMS President, prompting the defenders to surrender quickly. This marked the British military occupation of Cirebon.
September 1811: On 16 September Salatiga fell to the British.
September 1811: With his effective force reduced to a handful of men, Janssens surrendered two days later, on 18 September.
August 1814: The British returned Java to the Dutch East Indies in 1814 under the Convention of London.
13.13.Congress of Vienna
Was a series of international diplomatic meetings after the end of the Napoleonic wars whose aim was a long-term peace plan for Europe. It redraw the borders of Europe and partially restored the Monarchies of the pre-revolutionary period.
November 1815: The British gradually took control of the islands, and following the Treaty of Paris, the islands were formally organised into the United States of the Ionian Islands under British protection.
Were a series of wars betweent the British Empire and the native Sinhalese Kingdom of Kandy on the island of Sri Lanka. The Kingdom of Kandy was eventually inglobated into British Ceylon.
14.1.First Kandyan War
Was the first of the Kandyan Wars between the British Empire and the Sinhalese Kingdom of Kandy.
March 1803: After fierce fighting the British found Kandyan capital Senkadagala deserted and occupied it in February 1803.
April 1803: The Kandyans counter-attacked in March and seized Senkadagala.
January 1805: In 1804, the British dispatched a force under Captain Arthur Johnston towards Senkadagala, which was the capital of the Kingdom of Kandy in Sri Lanka. This military occupation marked the beginning of British control over the region, ultimately leading to the annexation of the kingdom in 1815.
January 1805: In 1804, the Kingdom of Kandy successfully defended its territory against the British, continuing a pattern of resistance that had been ongoing for centuries. The Kandyans, led by King Sri Vikrama Rajasinha, were able to maintain their independence in the mountainous region.
14.2.Second Kandyan War
Was the second of the Kandyan Wars between the British Empire and the Sinhalese Kingdom of Kandy, which was annexed by the British Empire.
February 1815: The British forces entered Kandy.
March 1815: The Kandyan Convention was signed in 1815 between the British Empire and the Kingdom of Kandy, marking the end of Kandyan rule in Sri Lanka. The treaty was signed by British Governor Robert Brownrigg and the Kandyan chiefs, leading to the annexation of the Kingdom of Kandy by the British Empire.
Was a war between the United States of America and Great Britain. Tensions originated in long-standing differences over territorial expansion in North America and British support for Native American tribes who opposed U.S. colonial settlement in the Northwest Territory.
15.1.Great Lakes and Western Territories Theatre
Was the theatre od war in the Great Lakes and Western territories of the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom.
July 1812: The British conquered the strategically important border fortress of Fort Mackinac in a coup on July 17, 1812.
August 1812: The American garrison in Detroit surrenders to British forces.
August 1812: force of 400 Potawatomie massacre the small American garrison of Captain Nathan Heald at Fort Dearborn (Chicago), Illinois Territory, after the Americans were ordered to evacuate that post by General William Hull.
October 1813: American attempts to regain Detroit were continually thwarted by poor communications and the difficulties of maintaining militia contingents in the field, until the Americans won a naval victory at the Battle of Lake Erie on 10 September 1813. This isolated the British at Amherstburg and Detroit from their supplies and forced them to retreat. Hull's successor Major General William Henry Harrison pursued the retreating British and their Indian allies and defeated them at the Battle of the Thames, where Tecumseh was killed.
December 1813: British Capture of Fort Niagara.
July 1814: During the War of 1812, British Admiral Sir Thomas Hardy led the invasion of the northern part of Massachusetts (Maine) on July 11, 1814. As a result, Fort Sullivan at Eastport fell under British control, marking a significant military occupation by Great Britain in the region.
July 1814: The Siege of Prairie du Chien ended in a British victory on July 20, 1814.
August 1814: During the War of 1812, British forces under the command of Sir John Coape Sherbrooke captured Castine, Hampden, Bangor, and Machias in Maine as part of a military occupation in 1814.
August 1814: British occupation of Washington D.C.
August 1814: The British occupation of Washington lasted only about one day.
September 1814: The "Battle for Baltimore" began with the British landing at North Point.
September 1814: Battle of Baltimore.
15.2.Southern theatre (War of 1812)
Was the southern theatre of the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom.
January 1815: British conquest of Fort Point Peter.
February 1815: British capture of St. Simons Island.
February 1815: The British took Cumberland Island, located off the coast of Georgia.
February 1815: In January 1815, British Admiral Cockburn succeeded in blockading the southeastern U.S. coast by occupying Camden County, Georgia.
February 1815: Second Battle of Fort Bawyer.
February 1815: HMS Brazen brought news of the Treaty of Ghent, and the British abandoned the Gulf Coast.
March 1815: In March, after being informed of the Treaty of Ghent that had ended the War of 1812, British ships finally left the southern United States.
15.3.Treaty of Ghent
Was the treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom.
December 1814: Treaty of Ghent: The treaty ended the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain (and Spain). All captured territories were restored.
Were a series of independence wars by the Spanish colonies in America that started after the French occupation of mainland Spain during the Napoleonic Wars.
16.1.Venezuelan War of Independence
Was the independence war of the Captaincy General of Venezuela against Spanish rule.
16.1.1.Proclamation of Gran Colombia
In 1819 Bolívar proclaimed the Republic Gran Colombia, which he planned to include Venezuela and New Granada.
January 1818: Venezuelan leaders Piar and Mariño occupied defenceless Angostura (a city at the narrowest and deepest part of the Orinoco River).
16.1.1.1.Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada
Was a military campaign led by Simon Bolívar, part of the Colombian and Venezuelan wars of independence.
November 1823: Puerto Cabello managed to resist a siege before finally capitulating to Colombian forces. The city was the last Spanish stronghold in the region.
A period (1839-1949) of foregin interventions in China resulting in the occupation, conquest or lease of large territories by foregin countries.
17.1.Opium Wars
Were two wars between Qing China and the Western powers. The first war was caused by the Chinese prohibition against opium trafficking by British merchants, and the conflicts took their name from this fact.
17.1.1.First Opium War
Was a war between Qing China and the British Empire whose immediate cause was the Chinese prohibition against opium trafficking by British merchants. At the end of the war Hong Kong Island (part of modern-day Hong Kong) was ceded to Britain.
July 1840: British forces captured Chusan.
January 1841: In 1841, during the First Opium War, British forces led by Admiral Sir Hugh Gough and Captain Charles Elliot achieved a significant victory in the Second Battle of Chuenpi. The British fleet destroyed 11 Chinese junks and captured the Humen forts, solidifying their military occupation of the territory.
February 1841: Battle of First Bar.
March 1841: Battle of Whampoa.
March 1841: British attacked Canton, taking the Thirteen Factories (the sole warehouses of Western trade in China at the time).
May 1841: On 25 May, and the British counter-attacked, taking the last four Qing forts above Canton and bombarding the city. The Qing army fled in panic when the city heights were taken, and the British pursued them into the countryside.
May 1841: In 1841, during the First Opium War, British forces led by Captain Charles Elliot occupied Canton after the fighting subsided. This marked a significant moment in the conflict between Britain and China over trade and opium.
May 1841: Following the capture of Canton, the British command and the governor-general of Canton agreed to a cease-fire in the region. Under the terms of the limited peace (later widely referred to as "The Ransom of Canton"), the British were paid to withdraw beyond the Bogue forts, an action they completed by 31 May.
August 1841: Battle of Amoy.
September 1841: The Qing army retook the city of Xiamen and restored order.
October 1841: Chusan had been exchanged for Hong Kong on the authority of Qishan in January 1841, after which the island had been re-garrisoned by the Qing. Fearing that the Chinese would improve the island's defences, the British began a military invasion. The British attacked the Qing on 1 October. The battle of the Second Capture of Chusan ensued. The British forces killed 1500 Qing soldiers and captured Chusan.
October 1841: A British naval force bombarded and captured a fort on the outskirts of Ningbo.
October 1841: During the First Opium War, British forces led by Captain Charles Elliot captured Zhenhai in 1841, enabling them to take control of Ningpo without facing resistance. This military occupation was part of Britain's efforts to secure trading rights and expand their influence in China.
March 1842: When pursuing the retreating Chinese army after the Battle of Ningpo, the British captured the nearby city of Cixi on 15 March.
May 1842: During the First Opium War, British forces led by Captain Charles Elliot captured the strategic port of Zhapu in 1842. This victory allowed Great Britain to establish military occupation in the area.
June 1842: The mouth of the Huangpu River was captured by the British fleet.
June 1842: After the Battle of Woosung, the British captured the towns of Wusong and Baoshan.
June 1842: During the First Opium War, British forces led by Captain Charles Elliot occupied the outskirts of Shanghai in 1842. This military occupation was part of the Treaty of Nanking, which ceded the territory to Great Britain.
July 1842: Battle of Chinkiang.
17.1.1.1.Convention of Chuenpi
Was an agreement between the British Empire and the Qing Dynasty during the First Opium War.
January 1841: In 1841, during the First Opium War, the forts in Chusan were restored to the Qing Dynasty on 21 January. The ceremony was conducted by Captain James Scott, who was serving as the temporary governor of the fort at Chuenpi.
17.1.1.2.Treaty of Nanking
Was the peace treaty which ended the First Opium War.
June 1843: The Treaty of Nanking was a peace treaty which ended the First Opium War (Great Britain left the territories occupied in Qing China).
17.1.2.Second Opium War
Was a war that saw the Qing Dynasty fighting against the French and British Empires.
October 1856: In 1856, during the Second Opium War, British forces led by Admiral Sir Michael Seymour bombarded Canton (now Guangzhou) in China. The city walls were breached, allowing British troops to enter and occupy the territory.
November 1856: British forces captured the French Folly Fort.
November 1856: Humen conquered by great britain.
January 1857: Battle of Macao Fort.
January 1857: In 1857, during the Second Opium War, the British forces returned to Hong Kong after the territory of Canton was ceded to the Qing Dynasty. This marked a significant event in the ongoing conflict between the British Empire and the Qing Dynasty over trade and territorial control in China.
17.1.2.1.Four Treaties of Tientsin
In June 1858, the first part of the Second Opium War was ended with the four Treaties of Tientsin, which opened several Chinese ports to foreign trade.
July 1858: In June 1858, the first part of the Second Opium War ended with the four Treaties of Tientsin. The European powers and the U.S. evacuated most of the territories they had occupied in China.
17.2.British expedition to Tibet
Was a British military invasion of Tibet, at the time part of Qing China.
March 1904: Start of the British expedition to Tibet. The British army that departed Gnathong in Sikkim on 11 December 1903 and reached the pass of Guru, near Lake Bhan Tso, on 31 March.
May 1904: The battle at Karo La, which occurred on May 5-6 between British and Tibetan forces, is possibly the highest altitude action in history.
June 1904: On 28 June British Colonial forces cleared the Tsechen monastery.
July 1904: British storming of Gyantse Dzong.
July 1904: British troops reached the walls of another fortress, Peté Jong.
July 1904: On 25 July, British Colonial forces began to cross the Tsangpo river.
August 1904: The British force arrived in Lhasa to discover that the thirteenth Dalai Lama had fled to Urga.
17.2.1.Treaty of Lhasa
Was the treaty that ended the British invasion of Tibiet.
September 1904: The Treaty of Lhasa ended the British expedition to Tibet, ceding the Chumbi Valley to Great Britain. Following the treaty, British forces evacuated the remaining occupied territories of Tibet.
Wars that saw the partecipation of Muhammad Ali Pasha, the Wali of Egypt.
18.1.Egyptian-Ottoman Wars
Were two major wars between Muhammad Ali Pasha's Egypt (nominally an Ottoman vassal but factually independent) and the Ottoman Empire over the control of territories in the Levant.
18.1.1.Egyptian-Ottoman War (1839-1841)
Was a military conflict between the Ottoman Empire and Egypt initiated by the Ottomans to reoccupy lands lost to Muhammad Ali in the First Turko-Egyptian War.
September 1840: Open war broke out on September 11, when Napier bombarded Beirut and effected a landing at Jounieh with 1,500 Turks and Marines to operate against Ibrahim, who was prevented by the revolt from doing more than trying to hold the coastal cities.
September 1840: With a mixed squadron of British, Turkish and Austrian ships, bombarded Sidon on September 26 and landed with the storming column. Sidon capitulated in two days.
October 1840: The Egyptians had abandoned Beirut on October 3.
November 1840: In 1840, the city of Acre and several nearby coastal cities were occupied by the British military.
November 1840: On 27 November 1840, the Convention of Alexandria took place. British Admiral Charles Napier reached an agreement with the Egyptian government, where the latter abandoned its claims to Syria and returned the Ottoman fleet.
Was a British punitive expedition that captured the forts along the Pearl River, Guangdong province, China, on 2-3 April 1847.
April 1847: A British punitive expedition captured the forts along the Pearl River, Guangdong province, China.
January 1848: At the end of the expedition in Canton, the British evacuated the regions occpied in China.
Was a war between Great Britain and Qajar Iran caused by disputes over territories in western Afghanistan.
December 1856: British forces under the command of Major General Sir John Cheape landed on the island of Kharag, located in the Bay of Bengal.
December 1856: Battle of Bushire.
March 1857: The British withdraw from southern Iran.
March 1857: British forces entered the Shatt al Arab.
April 1857: The town of Ahvaz fell to the British on 1 April 1857.
April 1857: Territorial change based on available maps.
Was a punitive expedition by the armed forces of the British Empire against the Ethiopian Empire whose emperor had imprisoned several missionaries and two representatives of the British government.
October 1867: The British troops occupied the area from the dry bed of the Kumayli River to the Suru Pass. At the pass the engineers were busy at work building a road to Senafe 101 km long, rising to 2,300 m for the elephants, gun-carriages, and carts.
October 1867: In 1867, the advance guard of engineers, led by British military officer General Robert Napier, landed at Zula on the Red Sea. This marked the beginning of Great Britain's military occupation of the territory, as part of their efforts to expand their influence in the region.
February 1868: Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia accepts the submission of the inhabitants of Delanta. The area was quickly overran by the British.
March 1868: In 1868, British forces, led by General Robert Napier, undertook a grueling three-month trek over 640 km of mountainous terrain to reach Emperor Tewodros II's fortress at Magdala in Antalo, Ethiopia. This military campaign resulted in the British occupation of the territory.
March 1868: On 17 March, the British army reached Lake Ashangi.
April 1868: British force reached the Bashilo.
April 1868: Battle of Magdala.
April 1868: Having first blown up the fortress and burned Amba Mariam (then known as Magdala), Brtish officer Robert Napier commenced the return march.
June 1868: By June 2, the British base camp in Abyssinia had been dismantled. The British forces evacuated Ethiopia and set sail for England on June 10.
Punitive expedition from October 1871 until February 1872, in response to the murder of missionary John Coleridge Patteson by natives of Nukapu, one of the easternmost islands of the Solomon Islands in the South Pacific Ocean.
November 1871: Punitive expedition from October 1871 until February 1872, in response to the murder of missionary John Coleridge Patteson by natives of Nukapu, one of the easternmost islands of the Solomon Islands in the South Pacific Ocean. A Royal Navy warship was sent to the island, sinking a group of hostile war-canoes and landing men to attack a fortified village.
March 1872: Punitive expedition from October 1871 until February 1872, in response to the murder of missionary John Coleridge Patteson by natives of Nukapu, one of the easternmost islands of the Solomon Islands in the South Pacific Ocean. A Royal Navy warship was sent to the island, sinking a group of hostile war-canoes and landing men to attack a fortified village.
Was a war between the Zulu Kingdom and the British Empire. At the end of the war the Zulu Kingdom became a British protectorate.
23.1.First Invasion (Anglo-Zulu War)
Was a British military campaign against the Zulu Kingdom during the Anglo-Zulu War.
January 1879: In January 1879 a British force under Lieutenant General Frederick Augustus Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford invaded Zululand, without authorization by the British Government. The exact date of the invasion was 11 January 1879. Chelmsford crossed the Buffalo River at Rorke's Drift.
January 1879: The centre column was led by Lieutenant Colonel Henry Pulleine and Lieutenant Colonel Anthony Durnford. Isandlwana was the site of a major battle during the Anglo-Zulu War, where British forces suffered a devastating defeat at the hands of the Zulu army in January 1879.
January 1879: Meanwhile, the left flank column at Utrecht, under Colonel Evelyn Wood, had originally been charged with occupying the Zulu tribes of north-west Zululand and preventing them from interfering with the British central column's advance on Ulundi. To this end Wood set up camp at Tinta's Kraal, just 10 miles south of Hlobane Mountain.
January 1879: The Battle of Isandlwana was the greatest victory that the Zulu kingdom would enjoy during the war. The British centre column was wrecked and its camp annihilated with heavy casualties as well as the loss of all its supplies, ammunition and transport. The defeat left the British forces no choice but to hastily retreat out of Zululand.
March 1879: The British constructed an entrenched camp in Eshowe in an effort to defend the territory against the Zulu forces.
April 1879: The Zulu burned down Eshowe.
23.2.Second invasion (Anglo-Zulu War)
Was a British military campaign against the Zulu Kingdom during the Anglo-Zulu War.
June 1879: Chelmsford reorganised his forces and again advanced into Zululand in June, this time with extreme caution building fortified camps all along the way to prevent any repeat of Isandlwana.
July 1879: After the Anglo-Zulu War, the Zulu Kingdom, led by King Cetshwayo, became a de facto protectorate of the British Empire.
Was a British military expedition against the princely states of Hunza and Nagar in the Gilgit Agency.
January 1892: At the end of the 19th century the troops of the British Empire tried to consolidate their control over the tribal areas of the north-east of the Raj, encountering some resistance especially in the principalities of Hunza and Nagar. In 1891, Colonel Algernon George Arnold Durand was therefore sent to Nagar and Hunza which, following the battle of Nilt Nagar, were occupied.
Was a war by Mahdist Sudan against Egyptian rule. The Mahdista were finally defeated by Egyptian and British forces, and Sudan became an Anglo-Egyptian condominium.
25.1.Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan
Was the joint Anglo-Egyptian military invasion of Mahdist Sudan that ended the Mahdist War.
March 1896: British forces enter the city of Akasha, which they found deserted.
September 1896: In 1896, during the reconquest of Sudan, British General Horatio Kitchener led his forces to Dongola. Wad Bishara, a Sudanese leader, retreated as the British gunboats engaged the town's defenders. Kitchener's main force arrived on September 23, leading to the British military occupation of Dongola.
September 1896: The towns of Merow and Korti were occupied by British forces.
December 1897: In 1897, the Kingdom of Italy, led by Prime Minister Francesco Crispi, returned Kassala to the Kingdom of Egypt under British leadership. This was done in order to gain international recognition of Italy's colony of Eritrea, which was established in the late 19th century.
April 1898: After the defeat of the Mahdist forces led by Khalifa Abdullahi at the Battle of Atbara, the Mahdists retreated to Omdurman, allowing the Egyptian army under British command to occupy Metemma and the Sixth Cataract in 1898 during the Sudan Campaign of the Mahdist War.
September 1898: Battle of Omdurman.
September 1898: In 1898, Al Qadarif was retaken from Mahdist forces by British General Herbert Kitchener and his Anglo-Egyptian forces during the Sudan Campaign.
September 1898: Egyptian and British flags planted at Er Roseires.
December 1898: Gallabat, a town in present-day Sudan, was reoccupied by British forces on 7 December 1898.
25.1.1.Fashoda Incident
Was a French expedition to Fashoda whose aim was to conquer territories in Sudan.
November 1898: The Fashoda Incident in 1898 involved French Captain Jean-Baptiste Marchand and British Major-General Herbert Kitchener. The French troops were ordered to withdraw by the French government, avoiding a potential conflict with Great Britain.
Expansion during the rule of Menelik II in the Ethiopian Empire.
January 1899: Ethiopia's expansion under Menlik II until 1898.
Were two wars between the British Empire and the independent Boer republics of South Africa. The British wanted to extend their control over the interior of South Africa and its resources. At the end of the two wars the Boer Republics became British colonies.
27.1.Second Boer War
Was a war that saw the British Empire fight against two Boer republics, the South African Republic and the Orange Free State. At the end of the war the Boer republics became part of the British Empire.
27.1.1.British offensive (Second Boer War)
Was a British military campaign in the South African Republic and the Orange Free State. Both were occupied by the British.
March 1900: British general Roberts advanced into the Orange Free State from the west, putting the Boers to flight at the Battle of Poplar Grove and capturing Bloemfontein, the capital, unopposed.
May 1900: At the end of the Second Boer War the military occupation of the Orange Free State ended. The State was annexed by Great Britain and renamed the Orange River Colony.
May 1900: British troops captured Johannesburg on 31 May.
June 1900: The capital of the Transvaal, Pretoria, was taken by British forces.
September 1900: The British declared the Second Boer War over on 3 September 1900. The occupied territories ceased to be under military occupation, and the South African Republic was annexed, becoming the Transvaal Colony. Minor parts of the territories of the Republic were integrated into the Cape and Natal Colonies.
Was a global conflict between two coalitions, the Allies (primarily France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). It was mainly caused by the competition of the western countries over domain in Europe and in the rest of the world with their colonial empires. The war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. The war also caused the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War.
28.1.World War I African Theatre
Was the African Theatre of World War I.
January 1917: The British incorporated Darfur into the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in 1916.
November 1918: The German leader in the African Great Lakes, Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck, did not surrender until notified about the Armistice of 11 November 1918 that ended the war.
28.1.1.Togoland Campaign
Was a French and British invasion of the German colony of Togoland in West Africa, which began the West African campaign of the First World War.
August 1914: Allied troops led by French General Joseph Gaudérique Aymerich occupied the capital Lomé in Togoland, a German colony.
August 1914: The heaviest battle in Togo took place on August 22, 1914 near the Chra River. Due to the demoralized mercenaries and porters, and lack of ammunition, the position had to be evacuated by the Germans the following day.
August 1914: German Togo was occupied by France and Great Britain at the beginning of WWI.
December 1916: Militarly occupied Togoland was divided into French and British administrative zones.
28.1.2.East African campaign
Was a series of battles and guerrilla actions during World War I, which started in German East Africa (GEA) and spread to portions of Mozambique, Rhodesia, British East Africa, Uganda, and Belgian Congo.
28.1.2.1.British Offensive (East African campaign)
Was the British offensive against German forces in the East Africa Campaign of World War I.
March 1916: British conquest of Moshi.
April 1916: British conquest of Arusha.
April 1916: British conquest of Kondoa-Irangi.
June 1916: British conquest of Handeni.
July 1916: British conquest of Bukoba.
July 1916: British conquest of Mwanza.
August 1916: British conquest of Malangali.
August 1916: British conquest of Dodoma, Kilosa.
August 1916: British conquest of Morogoro.
August 1916: British conquest of Iringa.
September 1916: British conquest of Kilwa and Lindi.
September 1916: British conquest of Dar-Es-Salaam.
28.1.2.2.Belgian Offensive (East Africa Campaign)
Was the Belgian offensive against German forces in the East Africa Campaign of World War I.
September 1917: To prevent Belgian claims on German territory in a post-war settlement, South African military leader Jan Smuts ordered their forces to return to the Congo, leaving them as occupiers only in Rwanda and Burundi.
October 1917: British conquest of Mahenge.
28.1.2.3.British intervention in Portuguese East Africa
Was the British intervention in Portuguese Mozambique against German forces during World War I.
January 1918: British conquest of Port Amelia.
April 1918: British conquest of Medo.
May 1918: British conquest of Korewa.
July 1918: British conquest of Quelimane.
July 1918: British conquest of Mozambique.
28.1.2.4.Surrender of German East Africa
After the surrender of Germany in Europe, the troops of General Lettow-Vorbeck in German East Africa surrendered.
November 1918: When German general Lettow-Vorbeck received a telegram announcing the signing of the armistice by Germany, he agreed to a cease-fire. He marched his force to Abercorn and formally surrendered to the Entente on 25 November 1918. All the territories occupied by German forces in eastern Africa were freed, and the German colonies occupied.
28.1.3.Kamerun Campaign
Took place in the German colony of Kamerun in the African theatre of the First World War when the British, French and Belgians invaded the German colony.
August 1914: On August 25, 1914, after a brief skirmish, a British-Nigerian unit occupied the border town of Tepe in northern Cameroon.
October 1914: Battle of Jabassi.
December 1914: The northern runway in Nkongsamba was conquered by British units.
March 1916: After the conquest of German Cameroon by French and British forces, part of the occupied territories was integrated into French Equatorial Africa.
28.1.3.1.Naval Operations
Naval operations during the Kamerun campaign of World War I.
September 1914: Around 1,000 British and French soldiers landed at Douala (Cameroon), occupying the port without resistance.
October 1914: Allied forces landed at Bonaberi. After some fighting the town was surrendered and the German force retreated into the interior of the colony.
28.1.4.Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition
Was a military operation by the British Empire and the Sultanate of Egypt, launched as a preemptive invasion of the Sultanate of Darfur.
March 1916: Um Shanga, a village in Sudan, was occupied by British forces.
April 1916: In 1916, during World War I, the Anglo-Egyptian force led by British General Reginald Wingate and Egyptian General Ahmed Sharif captured the territory of Burush from the Ottoman Empire. The force included two mounted infantry companies, artillery pieces, Maxim machine guns, and the 13th Sudanese Battalion companies.
April 1916: British forces continued their advance towards Um Kedada.
April 1916: On 8 April, the Anglo-Egyptian reconnaissance continued, reaching Abiad early the next day only to find that the Fur troops had left the previous evening.
April 1916: 200 men belonging to the Kababish tribe (loyal to the British) occupied Jebel Meidob.
May 1916: The British army led by Lieutenant Colonel Philip Kelly reached the village of Meliat.
May 1916: British mounted troops entered the capital of Darfur, finding it deserted except for some women. Sultan Ali Dinar had left El Fasher accompanied by 2,000 troops.
August 1916: British troops led by officer Kelly occupied Kebkebia, 130 km west of El Fasher.
October 1916: British forces reached Dibbis on 13 October.
November 1916: In 1916, Reverend Trevor Huddleston led the military occupation of Kulme in present-day Namibia. The village was taken over by Great Britain as part of their military campaign in the region during World War I.
November 1916: Dinar (the sultan of Darfur), avoiding battle, fled to Jebel Juba. British Major Huddleston reached Dinar's camp on 6 November and opened fire at a range of 460 m. The Fur troops fled, followed by Huddleston's force, around 1.6 km from the Fur camp. Huddleston's troops discovered the body of Dinar shot through the head. This was the end of the Sultanate of Darfur.
28.2.World War I Middle East Theatre
Was the theatre of war in the Middle East during World War I.
28.2.1.Capture of Cheikh Saïd
Capture of Cheikh Saïd by British forces during World War I.
November 1914: British forces captured Cheikh Saïd.
28.2.2.Mesopotamian campaign
Was a military operation by the British Empire to conquer Ottoman-held Mesopotamia.
November 1914: The British occupied the city of Basra .
December 1914: At the Battle of Qurna they succeeded in capturing Subhi Bey.
December 1914: The British forces defeated the Ottomans at the Battle of Qurna and occupied the city.
July 1915: In July 1915, a force led by General George Frederick Gorringe, a British Army officer, captured the city of Nasiriyah in present-day Iraq.
March 1916: By early March 1916, the British were at the outskirts of Baghdad.
March 1916: On 11 March 1917, the British entered Baghdad.
November 1916: The British Indian Expeditionary led by Charles Townshend arrived at Ctesiphon where an inconclusive battle took place.
November 1916: The British ended up retreating from the battlefield of Ctesiphon.
January 1917: The British occupied Kut.
April 1917: British forces captured Hīt and Khan al Baghdadi in March.
May 1917: Kifri conquered by great britain.
May 1918: Najaf is besieged by Great Britain.
November 1918: British troops led by general Cobbe marched unopposed into the city of Mosul on the 14 November 1918.
28.2.3.Persian Campaign
Was a series of military conflicts between the Ottoman Empire, British Empire and Russian Empire in Iran during World War I.
September 1915: In August 1915, following the occupation of Bushehr by the British, the gendarmes under Akhgar's control retreated to Borazjan.
June 1916: On June 12, British soldiers advanced into southern Persia, which was conquered with the capture of Kerman by Percy Sykes' troops.
August 1918: During July 1918, the British army occupied a large portion of Mesopotamia, as well as a large part of Persian Azerbaijan.
28.2.4.Sinai and Palestine campaign
Was a campaign fought by the Arab Revolt and the British Empire, against the Ottoman Empire and its Imperial German allies.
October 1918: The Armistice of Mudros, concluded on 30 October 1918, ended the hostilities, at noon the next day, in the Middle Eastern theatre between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies of World War I. As part of several conditions to the armistice, in the Caucasus, the Ottomans had to retreat to within the pre-war borders between the Ottoman and the Russian Empires.
28.2.4.1.Ottoman Invasion of Sinai
Was the Ottoman invasion of Sinai during World War I.
January 1917: Battle of Rafa - The Allied troops captured the town.
28.2.4.2.British Campaign in Palestine
Was the British Campaign in Ottoman-held Palestine during Wolrd War I.
March 1917: From April to October 1917 the Ottoman and British Empire forces held their lines of defence from Gaza to Beersheba. Both sides constructed extensive entrenchments.
October 1917: Karm conquered by great britain.
October 1917: Battle of Beersheba.
November 1917: Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe.
November 1917: Third Battle of Gaza. Ottoman garrison abandons Gaza.
November 1917: Battle of Mughar Ridge: a Junction Station known as Wadi es Sara was captured by the British, and the Ottoman railway link with Jerusalem was cut. As a result of this victory the Ottoman Eighth Army withdrew behind the Nahr el Auja and their Seventh Army withdrew toward Jerusalem.
November 1917: The Battle of Nebi Samwil was the first attempt by the forces of the British Empire to capture Jerusalem. The village of Nebi Samwil, also known as the "Tomb of Samuel", was part of the Ottoman defences in front of Jerusalem. The village was captured by the 234th Brigade, part of the 75th Division, on 21 November 1917.
December 1917: Jerusalem surrendered to the British on 30 December 1917.
February 1918: The British capture of Jericho occurred between 19 and 21 February 1918.
March 1918: British occupation of Es Salt in the hills of Moab between 24 and 25 March.
April 1918: The city of Berukin was captured by the British.
September 1918: Tulkarm and Tabsor conquered by great britain.
September 1918: Units of the British 4th and 5th Cavalry Divisions converged to capture Afulah with the 4th Cavalry Division capturing Beisan in the afternoon. The Australian Mounted Division captured Jenin.
September 1918: The British 5th Cavalry Division captured the town of Nazareth.
September 1918: British divisions also captured Haifa and Acre following the Battle of Haifa.
September 1918: Second Battle of Amman.
September 1918: British forces captured Tiberias.
September 1918: Battle of Nablus.
September 1918: Daraa was captured by the British on 27 September 1918.
October 1918: Damascus conquered by great britain.
October 1918: Battle of Aleppo.
28.2.5.Gallipoli Campaign
Was an unsuccesful military operation by the Entente that wanted to take control of the Ottoman straits.
April 1915: The ANZAC, the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, landed at Gallipoli, north of Ari Burnu.
April 1915: The invasion of Gallipoli began on April 25, 1915. After heavy bombardment by Allied naval artillery, the 29th Division was dropped off at Helles at the tip of the peninsula.
April 1915: British forces advanced on Cape Hellas in Gallipoli, Turkey. This strategic move was part of the Gallipoli Campaign led by British General Sir Ian Hamilton.
May 1915: The Second Battle of Krithia took place during World War I in 1915 in Cape Helles, Gallipoli.
August 1915: By decision of the British Dardanelles Committee, two new infantry divisions (10th (Irish) and 11th (Northern) Division) landed in Suvla Bay on the night of August 6th.
August 1915: Battle of Hill 60 and Battle of Scimitar Hill.
January 1916: After eight months' fighting, with approximately 250,000 casualties on each side, the Gallipoli campaign was abandoned and the invasion force withdrawn. It was a costly defeat for the Allies. The last units left Gallipoli on 9 January 1916.
28.3.Aftermath of World War I
Were a series of treaties and military events that can be considered a direct consequence of World War I.
June 1919: The Treaty of Versailles transferred the Kionga Triangle, a 1,000 km2 territory south of the Rovuma River from German East Africa to Mozambique.
28.3.1.Treaty of Versailles
Was the treaty that ended the state of war between Germany and most of the Allied Powers.
28.3.1.1.Occupation of the Rhineland
The German armistice after World War I included the military occupation of the Rhineland by the victorious powers.
28.3.1.2.Territorial cessions of Germany in Africa
Were territorial cessions of Germany in Africa after World War I.
January 1920: After World War I, the Treaty of Versailles transferred German East Africa to British control. The territory was renamed Tanganyika.
Was a series of military campaigns waged by the Turkish National Movement after parts of the Ottoman Empire were occupied and partitioned following its defeat in World War I. The war led to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey.
November 1918: British troops occupy Musul.
November 1918: British troops occupy İskenderun and the two sides of the Dardanelles.
November 1918: Ottoman troops withdraw from Baku, which was occupied by British troops in the followind days.
December 1918: British troops based in Syria occupy Kilis,.
December 1918: British troops occupy Batum.
January 1919: British troops based in Syria occupy Jerablus.
January 1919: British troops based in Syria occupy Antep.
February 1919: British troops based in Syria occupy Maraş.
February 1919: British troops based in Syria occupy Birecik.
March 1919: British troops based in Syria occupy Urfa.
December 1921: The British troops evacuate Kilis that had been under British administration since three years.
29.1.Franco-Turkish War
Was a war between France and the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I. France started a military campaign in the southern territories of the Ottoman Empire because in the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement with the United Kingdom it had agreed to take control of the region.
December 1918: French troops occupy Antakya.
October 1919: French troops occupy Maraş and replace the British troops stationed in the city.
29.1.1.French Occupation of strategic places in Turkey after WWI
Were a series of French military actions to occupy territories in the southern part of the Ottoman Empire.
November 1918: A French brigade entered Constantinople on 12 November 1918. On 8 February 1919, French general Franchet d'Espèrey - commander-in-chief of allied occupation forces in the Ottoman Empire - arrived in Constantinople to coordinate the occupation government.
Was a Civil War in Russia that involved varios factions but mainly the Bolsheviks and the conservative White Army in the core Russian territories, as well as a multitude of local secessionist states. At the end of war the Bolsheviks were victorious and established the Soviet Union.
30.1.Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War
Local independence movement caused several secessions and revolts during the Russian Civil War.
30.1.1.Pro-independence and White movements in the Caucasus during the Russian Civil War
Were a series of revolts and secessions in the Caucasus during the Russian Civil War.
April 1920: The Bolshevik army started its mobilization and was occupying the government buildings and started imposing Martial laws on Baku.
August 1920: On 14 April 1919, the governor disbanded the council and left the city of Batumi in July 1920, ceding the entire region to Georgia.
30.2.Malleson mission
Was a British military offensive against the Bolheviks in Turkmenistan, during the Russian Civil War.
November 1918: By 1 November 1918, British forces had successfully re-occupied Merv, a strategic city in present-day Turkmenistan.
January 1919: The British Government decided on 21 January to withdraw from Merv and Annenkovo, and the last troops left for Persia on 5 April.
Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.
31.1.World War II (Asia & Pacific)
Was the East Asian, South Asian and Pacific theatre of World War II.
31.1.1.Dutch East Indies campaign
Was the conquest of the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) by forces from the Empire of Japan in the early days of the Pacific campaign of World War II.
31.1.1.1.Battle of Java
Was the Japanese invasion of the island of Java, at the time part of the Dutch East Indies.
March 1942: The Japanese complete the conquest of Java and thereby gain control of the entire Durch East Indies.
31.1.2.Madagascar Campaign (World War II)
Was a British campaign to capture the Vichy French-controlled island of Madagascar during World War II.
May 1942: British forces land at Courier Bay in Madagascar, against little opposition from Vichy France forces.
September 1942: Amphibious landings at Majunga (Madagascar) by British and East African forces.
September 1942: A British East African Command lands without opposition on the coast of Tamatave (Madagascar).
September 1942: Tannanarive fell to British forces on 23 September.
November 1942: Ambalavao conquered by great britain.
November 1942: An armistice was signed in Ambalavao on 6 November 1942, and Madagascar colonial governor Armand Annet surrendered two days later to the Allies.
31.1.3.Allied operations in Malysia
Were a series of events and battles that took place in modern-day Malaysia after its occupation ba the Japanese Empire.
September 1945: Formal surrender by Japan in the Straits Settlements to British Military Administration.
September 1945: The British recaptured Singapore, with the Japanese garrison on the island surrendering on 12 September.
September 1945: Following the end of the war, Johor was placed under Great Britain's military occupation.
September 1945: After the Singapore surrender, British forces reached Kuala Lumpur, where the Commander of the Japanese 29th Army surrendered.
31.1.4.Japanese Surrender (World War II)
Were the evacuation of the Japanese forces from occupied territories after the formal surrender of the Empire of Japan.
September 1945: Thailand returns annexed territories to the United Kingdom.
31.2.World War II (Western Front)
Was the Western European theatre of World War II.
31.2.1.Administrative changes of occupied Denmark and its possessions during World War II
Were the administrative territorial changes of Denmark (occupied by Germany) and its overseas territories (free from German occupation) during World War II.
May 1940: The United Kingdom occupied Iceland to pre-empt a German occupation.
May 1940: After the occupation of Denmark, British forces from 12 April 1940 made a pre-emptive bloodless invasion of the Faroe Islands to prevent their occupation by German troops.
July 1941: The defence of Iceland was transferred from Britain to the United States.
May 1945: Following the liberation of Denmark and the end of World War II in Europe, the occupation of the Faroe Islands was terminated in May 1945 and the last British soldiers left in September.
31.3.World War II (East African Theatre)
Was the East African theatre of World War II.
31.3.1.British invasion of Italian East Africa
Was the British invasion and occupation of Italian East Africa during World War II.
January 1941: The brigade retreated on the night of 22/23 January, leaving Italian General Ugo Fongoli, his staff and 800 men behind as prisoners.
January 1941: Battle of Agordat.
February 1941: On the night of 31 January/1 February, the Italians retreated along a track towards Tole and Arresa and on 8 February, abandoned vehicles were found by the pursuers.
February 1941: On 2 February, the British took Hobok.
February 1941: Banno was captured by British forces.
February 1941: Afmadu was captured on 11 February by British forces.
February 1941: The port of Kismayu, located in present-day Somalia, was captured by British forces.
February 1941: Mega conquered by great britain.
February 1941: An advance force of the South African Division captured Jumbo.
February 1941: Moyale, 110 km south-east of Mega on the border with Kenya, was occupied.
February 1941: Jelib was attacked on both flanks and from the rear. The Italians were routed and 30,000 were killed, captured or dispersed in the bush.
February 1941: British forces occupied Italian Somaliland and militarily administered the territory.
March 1941: The 5th Indian Division captured Fort Dologorodoc.
March 1941: By 17 March, the 11th (African) Division completed a 17-day dash along the Italian Strada Imperiale (Imperial Road) from Mogadishu to Jijiga in the Somali region of Ethiopia.
March 1941: On 26 March, Harar was captured by the British.
March 1941: Keren was captured by British forces after a battle lasting 53 days.
March 1941: On 29 March 1941, Dire Dawa was occupied by British forces.
April 1941: Asmara was declared an open town and the British entered unopposed.
April 1941: The British came to control Ogaden, and later Haud, in the aftermath of the East African Campaign in 1941.
April 1941: On 6 April 1941, Addis Ababa was occupied by British forces led by officer Harry Wetherall.
April 1941: Bonetti surrendered and the Allied force took 9,590 prisoners and 127 guns. Aosta ordered the governor, Agenore Frangipani, to surrender the city to forestall a massacre of Italian civilians, as had occurred in Dire Dawa. Ashamed of not being allowed by his superior to fight to the death in the old style, the Italian governor, General Agenore Frangipani, killed himself with poison the next day.
April 1941: The South Africans captured Dessie on the main road north from Addis Ababa to Asmara.
May 1941: British occupation of Eritrea.
May 1941: The Duke of Aosta and his garrison surrendered in Amba Alagi to the British commander, Lieutenant-General Sir Alan Cunningham.
June 1941: Italian general Gazzera abandoned Jimma and about 15,000 men surrendered to the British.
September 1941: On 28 September 1941, after losing 950 casualties and running out of provisions, Gonella surrendered with 1,629 Italian and 1,450 Ethiopian soldiers to the 25th East African Brigade (Brigadier W. A. L. James).
November 1941: The Occupied Enemy Territory Administration in Ethiopia was a British military occupation administration in Ethiopia during East African Campaign of World War II. It expanded from early 1941 until the final Italian defeat in November.
November 1941: British forces captured Gondar.
31.4.World War II (All other Vichy France Colonies)
Refers to the events that happened in French Colonies that decided to be loyal to the German puppet state of Vichy France.
July 1942: British and British East African troops land on the island of Mayotte, in the Mozambique Channel, and secure it for seaplane base.
October 1944: During World War II, Mayotte was occupied by British forces from July 1942 to September 1944. Despite the occupation, French administration continued to govern the territory.
31.5.World War II (North African Theatre)
Was the North African theatre of World War II.
April 1943: The Military Territory of Fezzan-Ghadames was a territory in the southern part of the former Italian colony of Libya occupied and administered by the French from 1943.
May 1943: The British Military Administration of Libya was the control of the regions of Cyrenaica and Tripolitania of the former Italian Libya by the British from 1943.
31.5.1.Operation Compass
Was a British military operation against Italian forces in Western Egypt and Cyrenaica.
January 1941: Battle of Bardia.
January 1941: British conquest of Tobruk.
February 1941: British conquest of Derna.
February 1941: British conquest of Beda Fomm.
March 1941: British forces captured Kufra.
March 1941: Siege of Giarabub by British forces.
31.5.2.Operation Sonnenblume
Was a joint German and Italian military Campaign against British forces in Cyrenaica, during World War II.
March 1941: The Axis force raided and quickly defeated the British at El Agheila.
March 1941: Mersa Brega conquered by italy.
April 1941: German Group Schwerin was out of fuel and stranded near Ben Gania.
April 1941: The German units of Group Schwerin arrived in Mechili.
April 1941: Ponath reached the coast road and advanced on the airfield south of Derna.
April 1941: Siege of Tobruk.
April 1941: By 15 April, Italian troops pushed the British back to the border at Sollum and besieged Tobruk.
31.5.3.Operation Crusader
Was a military operation of the Western Desert Campaign during the Second World War by the British Eighth Army against the Axis forces.
November 1941: British conquest in Lybia and Egypt during the offensive of general Auchinleck.
December 1941: British conquest in Lybia and Egypt during the offensive of general Auchinleck.
31.5.4.Battle of Gazala
Was a battle between the Axis and British forces west of the port of Tobruk in Libya, during World War II.
May 1942: Advancement of Axis forces in North Africa by c. 27 may.
June 1942: German General Klopper's forces occupy Tobruk.
June 1942: Allied forces retreat and withdraw from Gazala. It will be totally occupied on June 21, 1942 by the Axis forces.
June 1942: British withdrawal to Bardia.
31.5.5.British Invasion of Libya
Was a British military campaign in Italian Libya during World War II that resulted in the occupation of the region.
31.5.5.1.Second Battle of El Alamein
Was a battle of the Second World War that took place near the Egyptian railway halt of El Alamein.
November 1942: British offensive in Lybia and Egypt.
31.5.5.2.Battle of El-Agheila
Was a battle of the Second World War that took place in Libya.
December 1942: British offensive in Lybia and Egypt.
December 1942: British offensive in Lybia and Egypt. Sirte falls to the British Eighth Army.
January 1943: British offensive in Lybia and Egypt.
February 1943: British offensive in Lybia and Egypt.
31.6.World War II (Balkan Theatre)
Was the theatre of conflict of World War II that took place in the Balkans.
31.6.1.Dodecanese campaign
Was the battle between Germany and Great Britain for the control of the Italian Dodecanese after Italy's surrender on 8 September 1943.
May 1945: The Dodecanese Islands were occupied by the British and Peter Bevil Edward Acland was appointed governor.
31.7.World War II (Middle Eastern Theatre)
Was the Middle Eastern theatre of World War II.
31.7.1.Anglo-Iraqi War
Was a British-led Allied military campaign during the Second World War against the Kingdom of Iraq.
April 1941: In response to the initial Iraqi moves, the 10th Indian Infantry Division, under Major-General Fraser, occupied Basra airport, the city's docks, and the power station. Elements of the 20th Indian Infantry Brigade, under Brigadier Powell, were used to occupy these sites. Between 18 and 29 April, two convoys had landed this brigade in the Basra area.
May 1941: Late on 6 May, the Iraqis besieging Habbaniya pulled out. By dawn on Wednesday 7 May, RAF armoured cars reconnoitred the top of the escarpment and reported it to be deserted.
May 1941: Starting on 7 May and ending 8 May, elements of the 20th Indian Infantry Brigade and the 21st Indian Infantry Brigade captured Ashar, near Basra.
May 1941: Having secured Fallujah, Roberts returned to Shaibah and to his duties with the 10th Indian Infantry Division.
May 1941: On the morning of 31 May, the Mayor of Baghdad and a delegation approached British forces at the Washash Bridge. With the Mayor was Sir Kinahan Cornwallis, the British Ambassador, who had been confined to the British Embassy in Baghdad for the past four weeks. Terms were quickly reached and an armistice was signed. Iraq fell under British occupation.
October 1947: End of British occupation of Iraq.
31.7.2.Syria-Lebanon campaign
Was the invasion of Syria and Lebanon (then controlled by Vichy France) in June and July 1941 by British Empire forces, during the Second World War.
June 1941: Battle of the Litani River.
June 1941: Battle of Jezzine.
June 1941: Battle of Sidon.
June 1941: Following a strong Vichy French counterattack, the British garrison was forced to withdraw from Marjayoun.
June 1941: Battle of Kissoué.
June 1941: Battle of Damascus.
June 1941: Battle of Merdjayoun.
July 1941: Battle of Palmyra.
July 1941: Battle of Deir ez-Zor.
July 1941: Battle of Damour.
July 1941: On 10 July, as the Australian 21st Brigade was on the verge of entering Beirut, Dentz sought an armistice. At one minute past midnight on 12 July, a ceasefire came into effect and ended the campaign.
July 1941: Battle of Beirut.
January 1946: In 1945, the British evacuated Syria and Lebanon, which were under French mandate at the time.
31.7.3.Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
Was the joint invasion of the neutral Imperial State of Iran by the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union in August 1941.
August 1941: The British and Soviet forces met at Sanandaj.
August 1941: Qazvin conquered by russia.
31.7.3.1.British invasion of Central Iran
British operations in Central Iran during the Anglo-Sovieto invasion of Iran.
August 1941: The British force broke through the border with Iran at the town of Qasr-e Shirin.
August 1941: British forces moved into the Naft-e Shah oilfield with little opposition.
August 1941: The British captured Gilan-e-Gharb.
August 1941: With overwhelming firepower and decreasing Iranian morale, the British captured that town of Sarpol-e-Zahab.
August 1941: The British reached the outskirts of Shahabad in the early morning hours after delays.
August 1941: The British had reached the town of Kerend.
September 1941: The defenders declared Kermanshah an open city and the British entered on 1 September. They also entered Sanandaj peacefully.
31.7.3.2.British invasion of Khuzestan
British operations in Khuzestan during the Anglo-Sovieto invasion of Iran.
August 1941: Khorramshahr conquered by great britain.
August 1941: By the early morning of 27 August, the British forces had reached Ahvaz.
31.7.3.3.Partition of Iran
Iran was partitioned between Britain and the Soviet Union after the the Anglo-Soviet invasion, with the Soviets stationed in northern Iran and the British south of Hamadan and Qazvin.
October 1941: The Allies withdrew from Tehran on 17 October and Iran was partitioned between Britain and the Soviet Union, with the Soviets stationed in northern Iran and the British south of Hamadan and Qazvin.
31.7.3.4.Allied withdrawal from Iran after World War II
Was the withdrawal from Iran by Great Britain and the USSR, that had occupied the country during World War II.
March 1946: Full Withdrawal of the British troops from Iran. British troops were present in Iran since 1941.
31.8.Free France
Refers to events that happened in French colonies that either remained loyal or soon became loyal to Free France very soon during World War II.
December 1942: Transfer of Madagascar to Free France by the British.
31.9.End of World War II in Europe
Refers to the surrender of Axis forces and the end of World War II and to the territorial changes that were a direct consequence of World War II but happened after the traditional end of the War.
May 1945: After the end of World War II, the Dodecanese Islands came under provisional British administration.
April 1949: On 1 April 1949 (prior to the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany), the border areas in the territories of North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate were temporarily divested to Belgium.
April 1949: An area of Germany of a total size of 69 km2 was allocated to the Netherlands.
May 1949: The Federal Republic of Germany was established on the territory of the Western occupied zones, with Bonn as its "provisional" capital.
31.9.1.Austrian State Treaty
The Austrian State Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state after World War II.
May 1945: In the immediate aftermath of World War II, Austria was divided into four occupation zones and jointly occupied by the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and France.
July 1955: The Austrian State Treaty was signed on May 15, 1955, in Vienna, Austria. The treaty was signed by the foreign ministers of the United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, and France, officially ending the Allied occupation of Austria and re-establishing the country as a sovereign state.
31.9.2.Allied occupation of Germany
The Allies occupied Germany, but the Western allies and Soviet Union formed separate governments covering specific parts of Germany (West Germany, as well as West Berlin, and East Germany).
August 1945: The Allies divided Germany into four occupation zones.
31.9.3.The Surrender of Japanese forces
Surrender of Japanese forces at the end of World War II.
September 1945: The Japanese garrison in Penang surrenders.
Was the partition of British India in two independent entities: India (with a Hindu majority) and Pakistan (with a Muslim majority). This included the several princely states that were dependent on the British Colony.
August 1947: The Dominion of Pakistan was an independent federal dominion in South Asia that was established in August 1947 as a result of the Pakistan Movement, which led to the Partition of British India along religious lines in order to create a separate country for British Indian Muslims. The country encompassed actual Pakistan and Bangladesh.
August 1664: On August 27, 1664, four English frigates led by Richard Nicolls sailed into New Amsterdam's harbor and demanded New Netherland's surrender.
January 1665: In 1664, the Province of New York was established as a proprietary colony after the English successfully captured the territory from the Dutch. The Duke of York, who later became King James II, was granted the land by his brother King Charles II.
January 1665: Territorial change based on available maps.
January 1665: In 1664, the Province of New Jersey was established as a proprietary colony. This decision was made after King Charles II of England granted the territory to his brother James, the Duke of York. The Duke then granted the land to Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley, who became the proprietors of the new colony.
January 1665: The first European settlers in Delaware were the Swedes and the Dutch, with the land eventually coming under English control in 1664. This transfer of power was a result of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, during which the English successfully captured the Dutch colony of New Netherland, which included present-day Delaware.
July 1665: During the Anglo-Dutch War, the English forces under Admiral Sir Robert Holmes captured Sint Eustatius from the Dutch in 1665. The island remained under British military occupation until the end of the war in 1666.
September 1665: Aug 1665 - Oct 1667: English occupation of Saba.
January 1666: Essequibo was occupied by the British in 1665.
October 1667: 23 Sep 1667 - 8 Oct 1667: English occupation of French Guyana.
November 1667: Aug 1665 - Oct 1667: English occupation of Saba.
January 1671: In 1670, the Chamber of the West India Company (WIC) in Zeeland, Netherlands, regained control of the Essequibo colony in South America.
July 1672: In 1672, the island of Sint Eustatius in the Dutch Caribbean was occupied by the English military. This occurred during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, a conflict between the Dutch Republic and England. The occupation lasted until the end of 1679.
July 1672: 4 Jul 1672 - 1679: English occupation of Saba.
November 1679: 4 Jul 1672 - 1679: English occupation of Saba.
November 1679: In June 1672, the English occupied the island of Sint Eustatius, a Dutch colony in the Caribbean. The occupation lasted until the end of 1679, when the territory was returned to Dutch control.
January 1690: 4 Jan 1690 - 26 Jan 1690: English occupation of Saint Barthélemy.
January 1690: 4 Jan 1690 - 26 Jan 1690: English occupation of Saint Barthélemy.
July 1690: 28 Jul 1690 - Apr 1696: English occupationof Sint Estatius.
January 1694: British occupation of Martinique.
January 1695: French reconquest of Martinique.
May 1696: 28 Jul 1690 - Apr 1696: English occupationof Sint Estatius.
January 1711: Acadia was conquered by the British during Queen Anne's War.
April 1713: Île-Royale, consisting of Île Royale (now Cape Breton Island) and Île Saint-Jean (now Prince Edward Island), was a French colony in North America from 1713 to 1763. The territory was part of New France and was ceded to France in the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713.
April 1713: With the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713, which ended the War of the Spanish Succession, France ceded to the British its claims to Newfoundland (including its claims to the shores of Hudson Bay) and to the French possessions in Acadia.
January 1745: In 1744, British privateers led by Captain Thomas South attack and expel French settlers from Saint Martin, a small island in the Caribbean.
October 1748: French settlers, led by Governor Jean-Baptiste Durand, returned to northern Saint Martin in 1748 following the Treaty of Aix La Chapelle, which ended the War of the Austrian Succession. The territory was under the control of the Saint Martin Colony at that time.
June 1750: British forces occupied Mazulipatam in May-Jul 1750.
August 1750: British forces occupied Mazulipatam in May-Jul 1750.
January 1760: British occupation of Martinique.
January 1760: British forces captured the French-controlled island of Marie-Galante in the Caribbean.
April 1760: Karikal is occupied by British forces on 15 Apr 1760.
January 1761: French reconquest of Martinique.
January 1763: The British conquest of Cuba in 1762 was led by Admiral George Pocock and General George Keppel during the Seven Years' War. The military occupation lasted for a year before the territory was returned to Spain in exchange for Florida.
January 1773: British invasion and occupation of Bhutan (1772).
February 1773: The British forces left Bhutan.
July 1778: Chandernagore was a French colony in India. The military occupation by Great Britain in 1778 was part of the Anglo-French War. The British forces were led by Admiral Sir Edward Hughes and General Sir Hector Munro. The occupation lasted until 1783.
August 1778: Karikal conquered by great britain.
October 1778: British occupation of Pondichéry.
February 1779: In 1779, British settlers from Tortola occupied the French part of Saint Martin, which was under the military occupation of Great Britain. This event was part of the ongoing conflict between Britain and France during the American Revolutionary War.
February 1779: During the Anglo-French War, British Admiral Sir George Rodney led the raids on Saint Barthélemy, destroying French defenses in early 1779. The attacks were part of Britain's military occupation of the island during this time.
February 1779: In 1779, British settlers from Tortola occupied the French part of northern Saint Martin. This event occurred during the Anglo-French War, with the British forces led by Governor George Leonard. The occupation lasted until the Treaty of Paris in 1783, when the territory officially went to Saint Martin Colony.
March 1779: The British leave Saint Barthélemy after a raid.
January 1785: During the Anglo-French War, the British forces led by Admiral George Rodney captured St. Lucia from the French in 1778. However, the Treaty of Paris in 1783 returned the island to French control, officially transferring it back to Martinique in 1784.
January 1785: U.S. treaty concluded at Fort McIntosh with the Wyandot, Delaware, Chippewa, and Ottawa.
August 1794: Territories conquered by the United States around the time of the Battle of Fallen Timbers, and later formally ceded by the Wyandots, Delawares, Shawanees, Ottawas, Chippewas, Pattawatimas, Miamis, Eel Rivers, Weas, Kickapoos,Piankeshaws, and Kaskaskias with the Treaty of Greenville (1795). Due to the situation regarding forts and borders with the British Empire, a small part of the territories practically became part of Great Britain.
January 1808: In February 1807, British reinforcements of about 8,000 men under Gen. Sir Samuel Auchmuty captured Montevideo after a fierce fight. In May Lt. Gen. John Whitelock arrived to take overall command and attacked Buenos Aires on 5 July 1807. After losing more than half his force, who were killed or captured, Whitelock signed a cease-fire and departed for Great Britain.
January 1810: Saint-Louis (Senegal) is reconquered by the French.
January 1811: 1811 - 18 February 1811: British occupation of Tamatave.
February 1811: 1811 - 18 February 1811: British occupation of Tamatave.
January 1812: In 1811, during the Napoleonic wars, the British took over Sungei Maluka and established a presence there. Alexander Hare, a British colonial administrator, then established the independent state of Maluka in the region.
January 1813: The state of Maluka is established on the island of Borneo, in a land concession acquired by English adventurer Alexander Hare from the sultan of Banjarmassin.
April 1815: The Treaty of Sugauli was signed between the British East India Company and the Kingdom of Nepal. The British annexed Pauri Garhwal and made Tehri Garhwal a princely state under their control in 1815.
September 1815: On 21 September 1815, Bhajji State became a British protectorate under the leadership of Raja Fateh Singh. This marked the beginning of British influence in the region, leading to significant changes in governance and administration.
January 1816: The Kuthar State was freed by the British in 1815 after the Anglo-Nepalese War.
January 1816: 1807-1815: British occupation of the Danish West Indies during the Napoleonic Wars.
January 1816: Bilaspur State came under British protection in 1815.
January 1820: Parga, a city in Greece, was sold by the British to Ali Pasha of Ioannina in 1819. Ali Pasha was a powerful Ottoman ruler known for his military prowess and political influence in the region. The city eventually came under full Ottoman rule after the sale.
January 1835: British demands for payment led to several military incursions into Bhutan between 1834 and 1835, resulting in defeat for Bhutan's forces and a temporary loss of territory.
February 1835: British demands for payment led to several military incursions into Bhutan between 1834 and 1835, resulting in defeat for Bhutan's forces and a temporary loss of territory.
January 1836: British demands for payment led to several military incursions into Bhutan between 1834 and 1835, resulting in defeat for Bhutan's forces and a temporary loss of territory.
February 1836: British demands for payment led to several military incursions into Bhutan between 1834 and 1835, resulting in defeat for Bhutan's forces and a temporary loss of territory.
February 1843: In 1843, British Admiral Richard Thomas oversaw the military occupation of the Hawaiian Kingdom in response to the British consul's request for protection. This occupation was short-lived, lasting only five months before the Hawaiian Kingdom was restored under pressure from the United States.
July 1843: In 1843, the British ended their occupation of Hawaii, returning the territory to the Kingdom of Hawaii. The Anglo-Franco Proclamation on 28 November of the same year officially recognized Hawaiian independence.
January 1893: The Mir, Safdar Khan, fled to China and his younger brother Mir Mohammad Nazim Khan was installed by the British as Mir in September 1892. Hunza became a princely state in a subsidiary alliance with British India, a status it retained until 1947.
January 1894: Nagar, founded by Shins in the fourteenth century, was ruled by the Maqpons. The British gained control after the Hunza-Nagar Campaign, led by British officers like Sir John Biddulph and Colonel Durand.
January 1899: In 1898, with the decline of the Mahdists, sultan Ali Dinar managed to establish Darfurs independence.
June 1899: Abbas II of Egypt and the British decided to re-establish control over Sudan. Leading a joint Egyptian-British force, Lord Kitchener led military campaigns from 1896 to 1898. In 1899, Britain and Egypt formally agreed to establish a joint protectorate: Egypt on the basis of its previous claims and Britain by right of conquest. At this point the protectorate encompassed modern-day Sudan and South Sudan as well as the Sarra triangle.
October 1918: Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Imam Yahya Muhammad of the al-Qasimi dynasty declared northern Yemen an independent sovereign state.
April 1946: Malaysia joins Malay Union.
April 1946: In 1946, the Straits Settlements were dissolved and together with Cocos-Keeling and Christmas Island, Singapore became a separate Crown colony.
June 1961: In June 1961, Kuwait gained independence from British control, with Sheikh Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah becoming the Emir of Kuwait. This marked the end of British protectorate status in the Sheikhdom of Kuwait.
Disestablishment
June 1961: In June 1961, Kuwait gained independence from British control, with Sheikh Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah becoming the Emir of Kuwait. This marked the end of British protectorate status in the Sheikhdom of Kuwait.
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Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.56
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Great Britain (Military Occupation)
