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Polity that includes all territories military occupied by France that are not part of a specific military territory.
Establishment
October 1338: Guernsey likewise capitulated after some skirmishes.
October 1338: The island of Sark, which had been plundered as early as 1337, is taken without a fight.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series of conflicts between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France that spanned more than a century (with interruptions) from 1337 to 1453. The immediate causes of the conflicts were the English possessions in France which were at the same time vassals of the French Kingdom, as well as disputed claims to the French throne between the English House of Plantagenet and the French royal House of Valois. At the end of the war Englans lost all its possessions in France with the exception of the city of Calais.
1.1.Edwardian War
Was the first phase of the Hundred Years' War between France and England, lasting from 1337 to 1360.
January 1360: Edward III of England led his army into Burgundy, and took Tonnerre.
February 1360: After remaining in Tonnerre some days, Edward III of England left the city.
1.1.1.English Channel naval campaig
Were a protracted series of raids conducted by the nascent French navy and numerous private raiders and pirates against English towns, shipping and islands in the English Channel.
1.1.2.French Invasion of Hainaut
French invasion of Hainaut during the Edwardian War.
June 1340: French forces invaded Hennegau (Hainaut) in May.
July 1340: When news reached reached the French about the disaster at Sluys, they left Hainaut.
1.1.3.Treaty of Brétigny
The Treaty of Brétigny was a treaty that marked the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453). By virtue of this treaty, Edward III of England obtained large territorial gains in southwestern France.
October 1360: In 1360, the Treaty of Brétigny was signed between King Edward III of England and King John II of France. The treaty transferred the Channel Islands, including Guernsey, from French suzerainty to English control. This marked a significant shift in the territorial ownership of the islands.
1.2.Caroline War
Was the second phase of the Hundred Years' War between France and England. .
June 1372: Siege of La Rochelle.
August 1372: Siege of Soubise.
August 1372: Siege of La Rochelle.
January 1373: The alliance with the Kingdom of Castile led to the annihilation of the English fleet by the Castilian fleet at the Battle of La Rochelle on June 22, 1372161. Deprived of logistical support, the strongholds ceded by the Treaty of Brétigny fell one after the other. the others: Poitiers in 1372.
March 1373: Battle of Chizé.
January 1378: Bergerac conquered by france.
January 1380: The Siege of Châteauneuf-de-Randon in 1380 involved French forces led by Bertrand du Guesclin and English forces led by Robert Knolles. The French successfully captured the town, leading to its territory being placed under French military occupation.
July 1380: The Siege of Châteauneuf-de-Randon in 1380 involved French forces led by Bertrand du Guesclin and English forces led by Robert Knolles. The French successfully captured the town, leading to its territory being placed under French military occupation.
January 1381: Siege of Nantes.
August 1385: Siège of Wark.
October 1385: Jean de Vienne re-embarks with his men for France, leaving Wark.
1.3.Lancastrian War
Was the third and final phase of the Hundred Years' War between France and England. At the end of the war England lost all its continental possessions in France with the exception of the city of Calais.
1.3.1.Second English Campaign (Lancastrian War)
Was an English military campaign in France during the Lancastrian War, the last phase of the Hundred Years' War.
October 1428: English and Burgundian forces started the Siege of Orléans.
Was a late medieval conflict between a coalition of feudal lords and the French monarchy.
May 1487: At the end of May 1487, the French troops, nearly 15,000 men entered Brittany and quickly seized Ancenis, Châteaubriant, La Guerche and Redon.
June 1487: In 1487, during the Breton War of Succession, Plöermel, a town in Brittany, tried to resist the French military occupation led by King Charles VIII. Despite a valiant effort, the town fell after three days of relentless cannon fire and was ultimately taken by the French forces.
September 1487: Without a fight, on September 1, 1487, the gates of his castle of Vitré and Vitré, to the royal troops.
September 1487: The French army takes Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier.
October 1487: Dol-de-Bretagne conquered by france.
March 1488: The Duke of Orléans took over for his ally Vannes, Auray and Ploërmel. The Viscount of Rohan is forced to capitulate.
March 1488: The war resumed at the end of March 1488. Gathered at Pouancé, La Trémoille and the royal army, 15,000 strong, easily took Marcillé-Robert on 28 March.
April 1488: At the beginning of 1488, most of Brittany was reconquered by the ducal army. Only Clisson, La Guerche, Dol, Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier and Vitré remained in French hands.
April 1488: On April 15, the royal army laid siege to Châteaubriant, which fell 8 days later.
May 1488: La Trémoille then moved towards Ancenis where it laid siege on the night of the 12th to the 13th. The city fell on May 19 to the French artillery.
June 1488: As negotiations begin with the Duke of Brittany seeking a truce, La Trémoille goes to Loroux-Bottereau, which falls easily.
July 1488: Fougère is occupied by French forces.
August 1488: French conquest of Dinan.
August 1488: Saint-Malo preferred to capitulate to French forces on August 14.
August 1488: The Treaty of Sablé, known as the "Treaty of the Orchard", was signed by Charles VIII, King of France, and François II, Duke of Brittany on August 19, 1488.
Were a series of conflicts covering the period between 1494 to 1559, fought mostly in the Italian peninsula, but later expanding into Flanders, the Rhineland and the Mediterranean Sea. The primary belligerents were the Valois kings of France, and their Habsburg opponents in the Holy Roman Empire and Spain.
3.1.Italian War of 1499-1504
Was the second of the so-called Italian Wars. The first phase of the war was fought for control of the Duchy of Milan by an alliance of Louis XII of France and the Republic of Venice against Ludovico Sforza, the second between Louis of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon for possession of the Kingdom of Naples.
3.1.1.French conquest of Naples
Was a military campaign by French king Charles VIII against the Kingdom of Naples.
September 1494: Charles VIII of France laid siege to the fortress of Sarzanello.
November 1494: Charles VIII of France laid siege to the fortress of Sarzanello, asking that he be allowed way for Florence. Piero, lord of Florence, went to meet the king to negotiate, but had to grant him the fortresses of Sarzanello, Sarzana and Pietrasanta, the cities of Pisa and Livorno as support ports for French ships, and the free passage on the territory of Florence.
January 1495: Charles VIII of France took Civitavecchia.
February 1495: Kingdom of Naples conquered by france.
3.1.2.French conquest of Milan
Was a military campaign by French king Charles VIII against the Duchy of Milan.
September 1499: Milan was conquered by King Louis XII of France, leading to the downfall of Ludovico il Moro, the Duke of Milan. Ludovico fled to Germany to seek refuge after losing control of the Duchy of Milan in 1499.
March 1500: In 1500, Ludovico Sforza regained control of Milan with the help of mercenaries.
April 1500: On 10 April 1500, Ludovico Sforza, also known as Ludovico il Moro, who was the Duke of Milan, was besieged in Novara, and then handed over to the French by his own Swiss mercenaries. The Duchy of Milan fell under French control.
3.1.3.Borgia's War in Romagna
Were a series of military campaigns by Cesare Borgia, the son of the Pope, in central Italy.
January 1501: Pesaro is conquered by Cesare Borgia.
3.2.Italian War of 1494-1498
Was the first of the so-called Italian Wars. The war pitted Charles VIII of France, initially aided by Milan, against the Holy Roman Empire, Spain and an alliance of Italian powers led by Pope Alexander VI, known as the League of Venice.
3.2.1.Expulsion of the French from Italy (1495)
Was the expulsion of the invading French army from the italian peninsula during the Italian War of 1494-1495.
May 1495: On May 2, 1495, the French fleet (seven galleys, two fustas and two galleons), commanded by the Sire de Molans, collided with the Genoese squadron of Francesco Spinola and Fabrizio Giustiniani (eight galleys, two arrows and a carrack). The clash took place at dawn, and it was a total defeat for the French: all the ships were captured, and, simultaneously, a contingent of troops landed by the Genoese fleet under the command of Gian Ludovico Fieschi and Giovanni Adorno, aided by the Rapallini , they routed the transalpines who had remained on the ground, taking control of the town.
May 1495: Crowned king of Naples, Charles VIII of France stayed there until May when the people and the Neapolitan armies, to the cry of iron! iron!, reinvigorated again under the Aragonese insignia of the young king Ferrandino, managed to drive the French out of the Kingdom.
July 1495: Charles VIII left Naples on 20 May and marched north to reach Lombardy, but met the League army at the Battle of Fornovo on 6 July 1495. Strategically it was a partial victory for the League, since that, although it had failed to annihilate the king of France, it had achieved the aim of having him withdraw from the peninsula.
3.3.War of the League of Cambrai
Was one of the so-called Italian wars.
3.3.1.Second Phase - Alliance between Venice and the Papal States
Was the second phase of the War of the League of Cambrai, one of the so-called Italian Wars.
October 1510: In 1510, Charles II of Amboise, a French military leader, led an invasion of Bologna, which was under papal control. By early October, he had successfully divided the papal forces and advanced to within a few kilometers of the city.
November 1510: Pope Julius II excommunicated the French commander d'Amboise in 1510 after the French forces withdrew from Bologna. The French were persuaded by the English ambassador to avoid attacking the Pope, leading them to retreat to Ferrara.
May 1511: Cardinal Francesco Alidosi, left in command of the defense of Bologna by the Pope, was not appreciated by the Bolognese and when, on May 23, 1511, a French army commanded arrived at the gates of the city, it quickly surrendered .
3.3.2.Third Phase - The Holy League
Was the third phase of the War of the League of Cambrai, one of the so-called Italian Wars.
June 1511: In 1511, Pope Julius II successfully recaptured the territories of Rimini, Ravenna, Cesena, and Romagna from the French forces. Meanwhile, the French commander de La Palice sought refuge in the city of Pavia.
3.3.3.Fourth Phase - Alliance between Venice and France
Was the fourth phase of the War of the League of Cambrai, one of the so-called Italian Wars.
May 1513: At the end of May 1513, a French army commanded by Louis de la Trémoille crossed the Alps and advanced towards Milan, conquering it.
June 1513: The Swiss army, led by General Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, was defending Novara against the French forces commanded by Louis XII. The Swiss were outnumbered and lacked artillery, leading to a fierce siege as the French sought to reclaim the territory.
June 1513: On 6 June, the Swiss defeated the French army in the battle of Novara, forcing French general Trémoille to abandon Milan.
3.4.Italian War of 1521-1526
Was one of the so-called Italian wars. The war pitted Francis I of France and the Republic of Venice against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Henry VIII of England, and the Papal States.
November 1521: Franco-Navarrese troops led by Bonnivet and Claudius I of Guise captured the key city of Fuenterrabia, at the mouth of the Bidasoa river on the Franco-Spanish border.
November 1523: In October 1523, a French army of 18,000 men, under the command of Bonnivet, advanced through Piedmont towards Novara, where they were joined by a similar force of Swiss mercenaries. The French forces occupied the area of Romagnano Sesia.
March 1524: Charles V of Spain was able to retake Fuenterrabia from the French in February 1524.
April 1524: The French, defeated at the battle of the Sesia, where Bayard fell while commanding the French rearguard, once again demonstrated the power of arquebusiers against traditional troops; the French army withdrew beyond the Alps in disarray.
3.4.1.French invasion of Navarre
Was a French military campaign in Navarre during the Italian War of 1521-1526.
May 1521: In 1521, during the Spanish conquest of Navarre, General André de Foix led the French forces to conquer Pamplona.
June 1521: The french left Navarre after the battle of Noáin on June 30.
3.4.2.Pavia Campaign
Was a French military campaign by Francis I in Lombardy.
October 1524: French king Francis I crossed the Alps and advanced on Milan at the head of an army of over 40,000 men.
October 1524: Charles of Lannoy, who had concentrated around 16,000 men to resist the 33,000 French troops in Milan, decided that the city could not be defended and withdrew to Lodi on 26 October. Milan was subsequently occupied by the French army.
October 1524: The French troops, led by King Francis I, arrived in Pavia in October 1524 during the Italian War of 1521-1526. The city was a strategic location in the conflict between France and the Holy Roman Empire, ultimately leading to the Battle of Pavia in 1525.
April 1525: After the battle of Pavia, the disbanded remnants of the French forces, retreated across the Alps.
3.5.War of the League of Cognac
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars. It was fought between the Habsburg dominions of Charles V —primarily the Holy Roman Empire and Spain— and the League of Cognac, an alliance including the Kingdom of France, Pope Clement VII, the Republic of Venice, the Kingdom of England, the Duchy of Milan, and the Republic of Florence.
3.5.1.French invasion of Lombardy
Was the French invasion of Lombardy during the War of the League of Cognac.
September 1527: The French army led by Lautrec takes Genoa in August 1527.
October 1527: French forces occupy Alessandria.
October 1527: Pavia is sacked by French forces led by general Odet de Foix.
June 1529: In 1529, France suffered a defeat at the hands of the Imperial troops at Landriano, resulting in the loss of control over the Duchy of Milan, along with Lombardy and Liguria.
3.5.2.French Invasion of Naples (War of the League of Cognac)
Was the French invasion of Naples during the War of the League of Cognac.
May 1528: Siege of Naples.
August 1528: An epidemic in Naples in 1528 led to the retreat of the French army from the region.
3.6.Italian War of 1536-1538
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars. It was a conflict between King Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain. The objective was to achieve control over territories in Northern Italy, in particular the Duchy of Milan.
April 1536: Philippe de Chabot, a French general, led his army into Piedmont in March 1536, and proceeded to capture Turin the following month.
September 1536: In 1536, the French troops, led by King Francis I, marched onto Southern Piedmont, capturing towns such as Turin and Pinerolo. This military occupation was part of the Italian War of 1536-1538, a conflict between France and the Holy Roman Empire for control over Italian territories.
3.6.1.Peace of Nice
Was the treaty that ended the Italian War of 1536-1538.
June 1538: The treaty of 1538, negotiated with the strong involvement of Pope Paul III, allowed France to keep its conquests of Bresse, Bugey, and a significant portion of Piedmont. This territory was ceded to the Duchy of Savoy as part of the agreement.
3.7.Italian War of 1542-1546
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars.
3.7.1.Low Countries Theatre (Italian War of 1542-1546)
Was the war theatre of the Low Countries in the Italian War of 1542-1546.
May 1543: Antoine de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme, led the French forces to capture Lillers in April 1543 during the Italian War of 1542–1546. This military occupation was part of France's efforts to expand its territory and influence in the region.
July 1543: By June 1543, French Marshal Claude d'Annebault had taken Landrecies.
September 1543: The Dukes of Orléans and d'Annebault attacked Luxembourg, which they took on 10 September.
November 1543: French king Francis I withdrew to Saint-Quentin on 4 November, leaving Holy Roman Emperor Charles V free to march north and seize Cambrai.
3.7.2.Italian Theatre (Italian War of 1542-1546)
Was the war theatre of northwestern Italy in the Italian War of 1542-1546.
August 1543: Nice fell on 22 August 1543 during the Italian War of 1542–1546. The French forces, led by King Francis I, captured the city from the allied forces of the Holy Roman Empire and the Republic of Genoa. This military occupation marked the beginning of French control over Nice.
3.7.3.French Theatre (Italian War of 1542-1546)
Was the war theatre on French territory in the Italian War of 1542-1546.
May 1544: On 25 May 1544, the city of Luxembourg was captured by the Spanish forces led by Fernando Gonzaga.
September 1544: With the Peace of Crépy France abandoned its claims to the territories of the Duchy of Savoy, including Piedmont and Savoy itself.
3.8.Italian War of 1551-1559
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars.
3.8.1.Land Campaigns (Italian War of 1551-1559)
Were the Land campaigns of the Italian War of 1551-1559.
January 1554: The Duchy of Savoy was occupied by the troops of Henry II, king of France.
3.8.2.Mediterranean campaigns
Was a French and Ottoman naval campaign during the Italian War of 1551-1559.
3.8.2.1.Invasion of Corsica (Italian War of 1551-1559)
Was the French invasion of Corsica during the Italian War of 1551-1559.
August 1553: Bastia was captured by the French on 24 August 1553.
August 1553: With the help of the Ottomans, the French had managed to take strong positions on Corsica and finally occupied it almost completely by the end of the summer.
August 1553: French military commander Paulin de la Garde arrived in front of Saint-Florent.
October 1553: In 1553, the French military captured Bonifacio, a town in Corsica. This event was part of the ongoing conflict between France and the Republic of Genoa, which controlled the island at the time.
January 1556: In 1555, the French were expelled from the coastal area of Corsica by the forces of the Republic of Genoa, led by their admiral, Andrea Doria. This marked the end of French control in the region and the territory was subsequently claimed by Genoa.
3.8.3.Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis
Was the treaty that ended the Italian War of 1551-1559, the last of the Italian Wars (1494-1559).
January 1556: In 1555, during the Italian Wars, the March of Montferrat was occupied by French troops. However, the Cateau-Cambrésis treaty returned the territory to Guglielmo Gonzaga, the Duke of Mantua.
April 1559: France gave the Duchy of Savoy-Piedmont (allied with Spain and fief of the Holy Roman Empire) back to Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy.
April 1559: In 1559, the March of Montferrat was returned to Guglielmo Gonzaga, who was the Duke of Mantua at the time. This decision was part of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, which ended the Italian War of 1551–1559.
April 1559: France ceded the island of Corsica to the Republic of Genoa.
Was a war between the Kingdom of France and the Duchy of Savoy.
August 1600: In 1600, Marshal Charles of Gontaut-Biron, a French military leader, captured the city of Bourg-en-Bresse during the French Wars of Religion.
August 1600: In 1600, Marshal Charles of Gontaut-Biron, a French military leader, captured the city of Bourg-en-Bresse during the French Wars of Religion.
August 1600: In 1600, Marshal Lesdiguières, a French military leader, captured Montmélian from the Savoyards.
August 1600: The city of Chambéry opened its doors to King Henry IV of France in 1600.
August 1600: In 1600, Marshal Lesdiguières, a French military leader, reached Albertville during the military occupation of the territory by France.
August 1600: In 1600, Marshal Lesdiguières, a French military leader, reached Albertville during the military occupation of the territory by France.
August 1600: The siege of the castle of Conflans began in 1600, led by French military leader Charles Emmanuel I of Savoy. The garrison, commanded by Spanish military officer Don Juan de Velasco, surrendered two days later, resulting in the territory going under French military occupation.
August 1600: The defenders of the Castle of Miolans, led by the Duke of Nemours, surrendered to the French forces in 1600.
September 1600: The Bresse, the Bugey and the county of Gex fell into French hands, again by Biron; Biron subsequently occupied Poncin, Pont-d'Ain, Ambronay, Saint Denis-le-Chosson, Saint-Rambert, Belley, the Charterhouse of de Pierre-Châtel, the fort l'Écluse and Gex.
September 1600: The castle of Charbonnières fell during the French military occupation in 1600. This event marked the end of the resistance led by the local lord, François de la Châtre, against the French forces commanded by King Henry IV.
September 1600: Lesdiguières was a French military leader who led the conquest of Val Moriana in 1600. The Moriana valley was a strategic location in the French Alps.
October 1600: Henry IV of France triumphantly entered Annecy.
January 1601: The fort of Acceglio was conquered after a bloody battle led by the French military commander, Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, in 1600.
January 1601: In 1600, the territories of San Damiano Macra, Cartignano, and Dronero were occupied by France.
January 1601: In 1600, during the War of the Mantuan Succession, the French forces under the command of Marshal Lesdiguières retreated to Porte in the Savoy region.
January 1601: In 1600, French general Charles Emmanuel I of Savoy recalled his troops from the Maira valley and retreated back across the Alps. The territory was then taken over by the Duchy of Savoy.
4.1.Treaty of Lyon (1601)
Was the treaty that ended the Franco-Savoyard War of 1600-1601.
January 1601: At the end of the Franco-Savoyard War (1600-1601) France left all the territories it had occupied militarly.
January 1601: The Treaty of Lyon in 1601 ended the war between France and Spain. As a result, Centallo, Demonte, Gresin, and Roccasparviera were ceded to the Duchy of Savoy, allowing them to regain control of the territories lost during the conflict.
Were a series of wars in Europe (and the overseas possessions of European countries) the 16th, 17th and early 18th that started after the Protestant Reformation. Although the immediate causes of the wars were religious, the motives were complex and also included territorial ambitions.
5.1.Thirty Years' War
Was a war that took place mainly in central Europe between 1618 and 1648. The war began as a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestant in the Holy Roman Empire but then escalated into a conflict for the hegemony in Europe between Habsburg Spain and Austria, Sweden and France.
January 1634: In 1633, the Duchy of Lorraine was occupied by France due to the hostile stance of its duke, Charles IV.
February 1661: The Peace of Vincennes in 1661 marked the end of the conflict between the Duchy of Lorraine and the Duchy of Upper Lotharingia. The French, under King Louis XIV, withdrew their forces from the territory as part of the peace agreement.
5.1.1.Thirty Years' War Minor Scenarios
A series of conflicts related to the Thirty Years' War.
5.1.1.1.War of Valtellina
Was a war over the control of Valtellina (today in northern Italy) mainly between Spain and France.
January 1636: In 1631 the French organized a new military campaign, aimed at driving the Spaniards out of Valtellina, which was to be returned to the Three Leagues. In 1635 the Catholic Spaniards were finally driven out.
January 1638: In 1637, Jürg Jenatsch, a Protestant leader in the Grisons region, converted to Catholicism and led a revolt against the Duke of Rohan and the French, resulting in their expulsion from Valtellina and other Grisons lands.
5.1.1.2.War of the Mantuan Succession
Was a war over the succession of the Duchies of Mantua and Montferrat after the death of the last male heir of the House of Gonzaga.
March 1629: Pinerolo conquered by france.
April 1631: Savoy had to leave the fortress of Pinerolo to France in exchange for the withdrawal of the troops.
5.1.1.3.Invasion of Franche Comté (Ten Years War)
Was French invasion of modern-day Franche-Comté, at the time a possession of the Habsburg, during the Thirty Years' War.
May 1636: The French army besiege Dole.
August 1636: As troops from the Holy Roman Empire, commanded by Charles IV of Lorraine, were approaching Dole, the Prince of Condé ordered the French army to end the siege of Dole and retreat.
March 1637: On March 29, 1637, the town of Saint-Amour in the bailiwick of Aval was besieged by the Duke of Longueville, despite a week's resistance from its inhabitants. The town falls into the hands of the French, along with several other surrounding villages.
February 1639: The Château de Joux was a fortress located in the Jura mountains of France. The lieutenant who commanded it was François de Joux, who was bribed by the Swedes to surrender the fortress in 1639.
April 1639: In 1639, during the Franco-Spanish War, the Count of Guébriant, a French military commander, seized Château-Vilain from the Spanish forces.
April 1639: La Chaux conquered by france.
September 1639: After the death of the Duke of Saxe-Weimar in 1639, the Marquis de Saint-Martin, a French military leader, took over the territories of Nozeroy, Château-Vilain, and the Château de La Chaux.
January 1645: Following a treaty concluded with Cardinal Mazarin in 1644, France committed to cease hostilities in Franche-Comté, in exchange for the considerable sum of 40,000 écus, thus guaranteeing the region's neutrality once again. The year 1644 thus marked the end of the Ten Years' War in Franche-Comté.
5.1.2.Bündner Wirren
Was a war in in what is now the Swiss canton of Graubünden that started as a revolt by local Catholics against their Protestant overlords.
March 1626: The peace treaty of Monzon (5 March 1626) between France and Spain, confirmed the political and religious independence of the Valtellina.
January 1628: In 1627, the French forces, led by Cardinal Richelieu, withdrew from Valtellina, a valley in northern Italy. The Papal troops, under the command of Pope Urban VIII, then occupied the territory as part of the ongoing power struggle in the region.
5.1.3.First Genoese-Savoyard War
Was the theatre of war in Liguria during the Thirty Years' War.
March 1625: The French captured Voltaggio.
March 1625: The French formed a 30,000-strong army that began operations against Genoa in February 1625. The attack caught the Genoese Republic unprepared. Most of the Republic was overrun.
March 1625: French forces led by the Duke of Lesdiguières stormed the towns of Capriata, Novi, and Rossiglione in Italy.
September 1625: In 1625, the Republic of Genoa, led by the Doge Giovanni Giacomo Imperiale, marched against Casale, reclaiming the territories of Gavi and Novi from the Duchy of Savoy.
November 1625: By October the Republic of genoa recuperated all the territories lost to the French (with the exception of the castle of La Penna) and additionally conquered Oneglia, Ormea, and a number of localities in Piedmont.
5.1.4.Swedish Period
Was the third main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of Sweden.
April 1632: The French military under the command of Marshal Urbain de Maillé-Brézé occupied the fortress of Ehrenbreitstein in 1632 as part of their campaign in the Rhineland.
August 1632: Occupation of Trier by the French.
March 1635: The Spaniards recapture Trier from the French.
5.1.5.Franco-Swedish Period
Was the fourth main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of France.
5.1.5.1.North German Front (Sweden)
Was the north German front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
June 1648: In May 1648, there was the last major field battle of the Thirty Years' War between French-Swedish and Imperial-Bavarian armies near Augsburg.
November 1648: When in November Gustaf of Sweden received a report about the signed peace, he ordered his troops to leave. Also the French troops started leaving the occupied territories in the Holy Roman Empire.
5.1.5.2.Low Countries Front (France)
Was the Low Countries front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
May 1635: Battle of Les Avins.
January 1636: Spanish occupation of Philippsbourg, Speyer, Landau and Treviri.
August 1636: In July 1647, Archduke Leopold, brother of the Emperor and Governor General of the Spanish Netherlands, recaptured Landrecies from the Kingdom of France. The stronghold had been conquered by the French eleven years earlier.
June 1639: In 1639, during the Franco-Spanish War, the French army led by Marshal Chatillon successfully captured the town of Hesdin in northern France after a failed attempt at Saint-Omer.
August 1640: Arras conquered by france.
October 1641: During the spring of 1641 and until September 1641, other Spanish strongholds, such as Aire-sur-la-Lys, Lens, Bapaume and La Bassée, fell to the French military occupation led by King Louis XIII and his chief minister Cardinal Richelieu.
August 1643: The siege of Thionville in 1643 was led by French military leader Louis II de Bourbon, Prince of Condé, against the Spanish-held city.
October 1646: Siege of Dunkirk.
5.1.5.3.Rhineland Front (France)
Was the Rhineland front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
July 1636: On July 14, Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, who was in the service of France, occupied the Alsatian town of Saverne.
July 1636: French conquest of Landrecies.
August 1636: Maubeuge conquered by france.
September 1636: French forces occupy La Capelle.
January 1637: Bohain conquered by france.
January 1637: Franche Comté conquered by france.
June 1637: The Imperial general John of Werth successfully forced the French troops to evacuate the fortress of Ehrenbreitstein near Koblenz.
January 1638: France occupies Laufenberg.
March 1638: France occupies Neuenburg.
April 1638: Freiburg conquered by france.
December 1638: France occupies Breisach.
November 1643: Battle of Tuttlingen: a surprise attack by Imperial forces caused the French army to retreat across the Rhine.
May 1645: French General Thurenne advanced up to Bad Mergentheim, where a battle with German field Marshal Franz von Mercy would take place on May, 5 1645.
August 1645: French general Mercy and the Duc d'Enghien defeated the Imperial army at the Second Battle of Nördlingen on August 3.
November 1645: The French evacuate their ephemeral conquests in Germany, systematically devastating them.
May 1648: The French returned to Swabia and then to Bavaria. They defeated the Imperial forces at Zusmarshausen (May 17, 1648) and drove Maximilian of Bavaria out of Munich.
October 1648: Battle of Dachau.
5.1.5.4.Spanish Front (France)
Was the Spanish front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
January 1641: Catalonia recognizes Louis XIII of France as Count of Barcelona and Roussillon. France sends an army, commanded by Lamothe to take possession of the new province. Several places are taken and the siege is put in front of Tarragona which is also blocked by the French fleet commanded by the Archbishop of Sourdis.
May 1641: The unsuccessful siege of Lérida in 1641 was led by Louis II de Bourbon, also known as Condé, a French military leader. The city was under Spanish occupation at the time, and the siege lasted from May 12 to June 17.
September 1642: Siege of Perpignan.
October 1642: Marshal de Lamothe was forced to evacuate Catalonia despite his success on October 7 against the Spaniards of Leganez at the Battle of Lérida.
May 1646: The French army besieged the city of Lérida from May 12, 1646.
November 1646: The Siege of Lérida ended on November 22, 1646. The French army left Catalonia.
May 1647: The Siege of Lérida in 1647 was a military campaign led by the French under the command of Grand Condé against the Spanish defenders. Despite the initial attack on May 12, the French were unable to capture the territory, resulting in a failed siege.
June 1647: The French siege of Barcelona, led by French military leader Philippe de La Mothe-Houdancourt, was lifted on June 17, 1647. This marked a significant victory for the Catalan forces and their allies in the ongoing conflict between France and the Personal Union of Aragon and Castile.
5.1.5.5.Italian Front (Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War)
Was the north Italian front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
September 1640: The French military leader Turenne captured the city of Turin, located in the Duchy of Savoy.
January 1641: In 1640, Savoy, ruled by Duke Charles Emmanuel II, fell under French military occupation.
5.1.6.Peace of Westphalia
Were a series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War. Catholics and Protestants were redefined as equal in the territories of the Holy Roman Empire. There were major territorial adjustments. In particular, France, Sweden and Brandenburg had major territorial gains, and several religious territories of the Holy Roman Empire were secularized.
October 1648: In 1648, the territory of Hagenau was ceded to the Kingdom of France as part of the Treaty of Westphalia.
October 1648: France retained the Bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun near Lorraine, received the cities of the Décapole in Alsace (except for Strasbourg, the Bishopric of Strasbourg, and Mulhouse) and the city of Pignerol near the Spanish Duchy of Milan.
October 1648: The Murbach Abbey is acquired by the Kingdom of France.
October 1648: At the end of the Thirty Years' War, several territories in Alsace were annexed by France.
October 1648: Schlettstadt is acquired by the Kingdom of France.
October 1648: In 1648, the imperial city of Weissenburg was made part of France as a result of the Treaty of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War.
October 1648: The Imperial City of Münster is acquired by the Kingdom of France.
January 1649: The region of Saarwerden returned to the Nassau-Saarbrücken line except Bockenheim.
January 1649: Borders of the Duchy of Savoy at the end of the Thirty Years' War.
5.2.Thirty Years' War aftermath wars
Were a series of wars that were a continuation of the Thirty Years' War.
5.2.1.Franco-Spanish War (1648-1659)
Was a war between Spain and France that ended with the Treaty of the Pyrenees of 1659.
November 1651: Barcelona fell to Catalan rebels supported by France.
November 1652: Spain recaptured Barcelona in October 1652.
January 1654: After fighting in Rousillon, the French retreated to the Pyrenees.
November 1659: With the Treaty of the Pyrenees that ended the Franco-Spanish War (1635-1659), France gained French Flanders (Artois) and minor territories on the rhineland (f.e. thionville). The northern part of the Principality of Catalonia, including Roussillon, Conflent, Vallespir, Capcir, and French Cerdagne, was also transferred to France, i.e. what later came to be known as "Northern Catalonia".
5.3.Second Anglo-Dutch War
Was a conflict between England and the Dutch Republic partly for control over the seas and trade routes.
5.4.Nine Years' War
Was a conflict between France and the Grand Alliance, a coalition including the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch Republic, England, Spain, and Savoy. It is considered the first war that saw fighting globally because battles occured in Europe, America, Africa and India.
5.4.1.Rhineland Theatre (Nine Years' War)
Was the Rhineland Theatre of the the Nine Years' War.
October 1688: The French besiege Philippsburg.
November 1688: Louis XIV's army proceeded to take Mannheim, which capitulated.
December 1688: The French army occupies Frankenthal.
January 1689: Several towns fell to the French without resistance, including Oppenheim, Worms, Bingen, Kaiserslautern, Heidelberg, Speyer and, above all, the key fortress of Mainz.
March 1689: The French left the Rhineland region.
May 1689: The French left the Rhineland region.
June 1689: The French left the Rhineland region.
September 1689: In 1689, during the Nine Years' War, Charles V, Duke of Lorraine, cleared away the French threat on Frankfurt and besieged Mainz, which was under the control of the Mainz Archbishopric. The Marquis of Huxelles surrendered the town on September 8 after a two-month siege.
May 1693: Heidelberg fell on 22 May 1693 during the Nine Years' War, also known as the War of the Grand Alliance. The city was occupied by French forces led by Marshal Claude Louis Hector de Villars. The occupation lasted until the end of the war in 1697.
5.4.2.King William's War
Was the North American theater of the Nine Years' War.
August 1696: The Siege of Pemaquid occurred during King William's War when French and Native forces from New France attacked the English settlement at Pemaquid (present-day Bristol, Maine).
August 1696: The siege of the English settlement of Pemaquid (present-day Bristol, Maine) by French and Native forces from New France ended on August 14-15, 1696.
5.4.3.Pyrenean Theatre
Was the Pyrenean Theatre of the the Nine Years' War.
May 1690: The French forces, led by Marshal Noailles, successfully took control of the town of Camprodon in Catalonia, Spain.
September 1690: In 1690, a large Spanish army led by the Duke of Villahermosa forced the French to retreat back to Roussillon in August.
June 1693: The French led by Noailles secured the valuable seaport of Rosas in Catalonia.
June 1694: Hostalric conquered by france.
June 1694: The French proceeded to take Palamós on 10 June.
June 1694: Gerona conquered by france.
August 1697: In 1697, during the War of the Grand Alliance, French forces led by Vendôme, with troops from Italy, captured Barcelona in Catalonia. The garrison, commanded by Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt, surrendered on 10 August.
5.4.4.Italian Theatre (Nine Years' War)
Was the Italian Theatre of the the Nine Years' War.
September 1690: While to the south in Piedmont, Nicolas Catinat led 12,000 men and soundly defeated Victor Amadeus at the Battle of Staffarda on 18 August. Catinat immediately took Saluzzo, followed by Savigliano, Fossano, and Susa.
January 1691: In 1690 Saint-Ruth took most of the Victor Amadeus II's exposed Duchy of Savoy, routing the Savoyard army in the process until only the great fortress of Montmélian remained in ducal hands.
January 1691: Lacking sufficient troops, and with sickness rife within his army, Catinat was obliged to withdraw back across the Alps for the winter.
April 1691: Villefranche and Niche conquered by france.
July 1691: Carmagnola fell to French forces in June 1691.
January 1692: In 1691, during the Nine Years' War, the Allies led by Victor Amadeus II of Savoy and Prince Eugene of Savoy recaptured Carmagnola from the French forces. This victory was a significant turning point in the war in northern Italy.
5.4.4.1.Treaty of Turin
Was a treaty that ended the involvement of the Duchy of Savoy in the Nine Years' War.
August 1696: With the Treaty of Turin signed on 29 August 1696, Louis XIV returned Montmélian, Nice, Villefranche, Susa, and other small towns to Savoy. The French, concluding that the defence of Pinerolo was not possible, also agreed to hand back the stronghold on condition that its fortifications were demolished.
5.4.5.Low Countries Theatre (Nine Years' War)
Was the Low Countries Theatre of the the Nine Years' War.
April 1691: The French army captured Mons in the Spanish Netherlands.
May 1691: Luxembourg, a French military commander, captured the city of Halle in present-day Belgium at the end of May.
June 1692: In 1692, during the Nine Years' War, the French military under the command of Vauban invested the stronghold of Namur on 29 May. The town fell quickly, but the citadel, defended by the Dutch military engineer Menno van Coehoorn, held out until 30 June.
July 1693: The French took Huy.
October 1693: In 1693, during the Nine Years' War, the French military leaders Luxembourg and Vauban captured Charleroi on 10 October. This victory, along with earlier conquests of Mons, Namur, and Huy, strengthened France's defensive position in the region.
September 1694: In 1694, during the Nine Years' War, the French Marshal Luxembourg was unable to prevent the Allies from garrisoning Dixmude and recapturing Huy in the Liege Prince-Bishopric.
September 1695: Loss of Namur.
June 1697: French forces besieged the city of Ath in present-day Belgium. The siege ended with the city falling under French military occupation.
5.4.6.South American theatre (Nine Years' War)
Was the South American Theatre of the the Nine Years' War.
May 1697: Raid on Cartagena was a successful attack by the French on the fortified city of Cartagena de Indias, as part of the War of the Grand Alliance.
May 1697: During the War of the Grand Alliance, French privateer Baron de Pointis, along with French Admiral Jean du Casse, led an attack on the Spanish city of Cartagena de Indias in 1697. They plundered the city, looting valuables worth ten to twenty million livres.
5.4.7.Peace of Ryswick
Were a series of treaties that ended the Nine Years' War.
September 1697: Peace of Ryswick (1697): France kept Strasbourg but returned Freiburg, Breisach, Philippsburg and the Duchy of Lorraine to the Holy Roman Empire.
September 1697: The French evacuated Catalonia.
Was a 1664 military expedition by Louis XIV to seize the port of Djidjelli and establish a naval base against the Barbary corsairs.
July 1664: Djidjelli Expedition.
October 1664: Louis XIV's expeditionary force abandoned Djidjelli and re-embarked for France.
Was a war between France and Spain. The French armies of Louis XIV occupied the Franche-Comté and large parts of the Spanish Netherlands.
7.1.Front of Flanders (War of Devolution)
Was the theatre of war in the Flanders of the War of Devolution.
July 1667: During the War of Devolution, French military leader Marquis de Rochebaron captured the cities of Tournai, Kortrijk, and Oudenaarde in 1667 as part of France's military occupation of the territory.
September 1667: On 12 September, Turenne captured Aalst.
7.2.France Comté Front (War of Devolution)
Was the theatre of war in the Franche-Comté of the War of Devolution.
February 1668: Besançon and Salins-les-Bains surrendered to French forces.
February 1668: Gray conquered by france.
May 1668: The first Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen) in 1668 ended the War of Devolution. Louis XIV took the towns of Lille, Douai and Armentières from the Spanish, thereby allowing France a foothold back in Flanders.
7.3.Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)
Was the treaty that ended the War of Devolution. France returned much of his gains.
May 1669: By the terms of theTreaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668), Louis XIV returned three cities (Cambrai, Aire, and Saint-Omer) to Spain.
May 1669: With the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668), France returned the province of Franche-Comté to Spain.
May 1669: At the end of the War of Devolution France kept Armentières, Bergues, Charleroi, Courtrai, Douai, Furnes, Lille, Oudenarde, and Tournai.
Was a war between the Kingdom of France and the Dutch Republic.
August 1674: In Northern Europe, the French under the command of King Louis XIV recaptured the Franche-Comté by July 1674. This territory was previously under Spanish control and was strategically important for France's military expansion in the region.
March 1676: The French captured Ypres and Ghent in early March.
November 1676: The French captured the city of Kehl.
8.1.French invasion of the Dutch Republic
Was the French invasion of the Dutch Republic during the Franco-Dutch War.
June 1672: French forces conquer Burick.
June 1672: In 1672, during the Franco-Dutch War, French forces under the command of King Louis XIV occupied the forts of Tongeren, Maaseik, and Valkenburg.
June 1672: Grol conquered by france.
June 1672: Battle of Tolhuis.
June 1672: In 1672, during the Franco-Dutch War, King Louis XIV of France delayed the capture of Zutphen to allow his brother, Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, to take control of the territory. This military occupation was part of France's larger campaign against the Dutch Republic.
June 1672: The council of Utrecht, led by Mayor Hendrick Moreelse, surrendered to Henri Louis d'Aloigny, Marquis de Rochefort, to prevent the city from being plundered during the Franco-Dutch War. William of Orange retreated his forces on 18 June 1672.
June 1672: The French army, led by King Louis XIV, captured the fortress of Naarden in 1672 during the Franco-Dutch War. This military occupation was part of France's larger campaign to expand its territory and influence in Europe.
June 1672: King Louis XIV of France besieged Doesburg.
June 1672: The province of Overijssel surrendered as a whole to the bishop of Münster, Bernard von Galen. Von Galen's troops plundered towns on the west side of the IJssel, such as Hattem, Elburg and Harderwijk, on 21 June.
July 1672: The French intimidated the garrison of Coevorden into a quick surrender.
July 1672: Nijmegen had been taken on 9 July by the French under the command of King Louis XIV and his military general, Marshal Turenne, during the Franco-Dutch War. The city remained under French military occupation until the Treaty of Nijmegen was signed in 1678.
July 1672: During the Franco-Dutch War, French military leader Turenne was captured near 's-Hertogenbosch while attacking Fort Crèvecœur in 1672. This event marked a significant victory for the French forces in their campaign against the Dutch Republic.
July 1672: The Siege of Groningen in 1672 was part of the Franco-Dutch War. The French forces, led by Marshal Luxembourg, besieged the city of Groningen in the Netherlands. The city eventually surrendered after a month-long siege, leading to its occupation by France.
November 1672: In 1672, during the Franco-Dutch War, the Dutch forces led by Stadtholder William III retook Coevorden and liberated the province of Drenthe from the French occupation.
June 1673: The primary French objective in 1673 was the capture of Maastricht, a strategic city controlled by the Dutch Republic. The French forces, led by King Louis XIV and Marshal Vauban, successfully besieged the city, which surrendered on 30 June, leading to its annexation by the Kingdom of France.
October 1673: In September 1673, William of Orange recaptured Naarden from the French forces during the Franco-Dutch War. Naarden was a strategic fortress town in the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands.
December 1673: Münster and Cologne left the war in November. With the war expanding into the Rhineland and Spain, French troops withdrew from the Dutch Republic, retaining only Grave and Maastricht.
8.2.Peace of Nijmegen
Were a series of treaties that ended various interconnected wars, notably the Franco-Dutch War.
August 1678: France returned Charleroi, Ghent and other towns to the Spanish Netherlands.
August 1678: With the Peace of Nijmegen France gained further territories of the Spanish Netherlands, adding to those it had annexed under the 1659 Peace of the Pyrenees and 1668 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. These included the town of Saint-Omer with the remaining northwestern part of the former Imperial County of Artois, the lands of Cassel, Aire and Ypres in southwestern Flanders, the Bishopric of Cambrai and the towns of Valenciennes and Maubeuge in the southern County of Hainaut.
August 1678: Spain ceded Franche-Comté to France with the Treaty of Nijmegen of 1678.
September 1678: Peace of Nijmegen
Was a conflict between France, Spain and the Holy Roman Empire caused by Louis XIV's determination to establish defensible boundaries along France's northern and eastern borders.
November 1683: A French army under the Duke of Humières surrounded the town of Courtrai on the night of 3-4 November 1683.
November 1683: The fortress at Courtrai fell to French forces on 6 November 1683.
November 1683: In 1683, during the War of the Reunions, French Marshal François de Créquy led the military occupation of Dixmude. The city surrendered to French forces under the command of Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme, without resistance.
April 1684: Siege of Luxembourg by the French army.
June 1684: Siege of Luxembourg by the French army.
The death of childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700 led to a struggle for control of the Spanish Empire between his heirs, Philip of Anjou and Charles of Austria, and their respective supporters. It was a global war, with fighting taking place in Europe, Asia, and America. At the end of the war, Philip II, who was the successor chosen by Charles II as a descendant of Charles' paternal half-sister Maria Theresa, became King of Spain and of its overseas empire. The Spanish possessions in Europe were partitioned between various European Monarchies.
10.1.French campaign in Spanish possessions
Were a seris of French military actions to occupy Spanish possession in order to support the Spanish king (who was a grandchild of the French King Louis XIV).
March 1701: In February 1701, the Duchy of Milan, under Spanish control, declared support for Philip, the grandson of Louis XIV, who was declared King of Spain in the will of Charles II. French troops were accepted into the territory as a result.
March 1701: In February 1701, the Duchy of Mantua, along with the Duchy of Milan, declared their support for Philip, the grandson of Louis XIV, who was declared king of Spain in the will of Charles II of Spain. As a result, French troops were accepted into the territory, leading to a military occupation by France.
January 1702: Helped by the Viceroy, Max Emanuel of Bavaria, French troops replaced Dutch garrisons in the 'Barrier' fortresses in the Spanish Netherlands, granted at Ryswick.
10.2.Italian Theatre (War of Spanish Succession)
Was the theatre of war of the War of the Spanish Succession in Italy.
September 1701: Victory on 1 September against Catinat's successor, Marshal François de Neufville de Villeroy, in the battle of Chiari.
November 1701: Austrian troops besiege Mantua.
September 1702: End of the siege of Mantua (1701-1702).
April 1704: From the beginning of 1704, French Marshal René de Froulay de Tessé had taken Savoy (with the exception of Montmélian).
July 1704: French military commander Louis d'Aubusson de la Feuillade occupied Susa in June.
August 1704: The Duke of Vendôme, Louis Joseph de Bourbon, was a French military commander who led the capture of Vercelli in July 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession. This military occupation by France was part of their campaign in northern Italy against the Habsburg forces.
October 1704: Ivrea conquered by france.
May 1705: In April 1705 French officer La Feuillade occupied the County of Nice, including Nice itself (although the citadel was not captured until January 1706).
May 1705: Fall of Verrua in April 1705.
April 1706: The French defeated Count Christian Detlev Reventlow in the battle of Calcinato, and drove the Austrians back towards the mountains near Lake Garda.
September 1706: Prince Eugene of Savoy's victories gave the imperials effective control of the entire Po valley.
March 1707: The Convention of Milan of March 13, 1707, ensured the uncontested Austrian possession of the Duchies of Milan and of Mantua.
10.3.Dutch and German Theatre (War of the Spanish Succession)
Was the theatre of war of the War of the Spanish Succession in Germany and the Low Countries.
November 1702: Venlo, Stevensweert, Roermond, and Liege conquered by joint Dutch and British forces.
October 1703: Marshal Tallard, a French military leader, captured Breisach am Rhein in September 1703.
November 1703: In 1703, Landau was conquered back by the French military under the command of Marshal Villars during the War of the Spanish Succession. The city had previously been captured by the Holy Roman Empire in 1702.
November 1704: While Ludwig von Baden besieged the Landau Fortress, which capitulated on November 26th.
August 1708: The cities of Ghent and Bruges in the Spanish Netherlands were occupied by France after popular discontent with the Allied administration.
December 1708: In 1708, during the War of the Spanish Succession, Ghent and Bruges were retaken by the Anglo-Dutch forces led by the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy. This restored the authority of the Anglo-Dutch condominium over the territory, which had been under military occupation by the Dutch Republic and Great Britain.
November 1709: Mons, a city in modern-day Belgium, fell in October 1709 during the War of the Spanish Succession. The territory was then occupied by the Dutch Republic and Great Britain, led by military commanders such as the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy.
August 1712: In 1712, during the War of the Spanish Succession, the Duke of Marlborough led the reconquest of Douai and Le Quesnoy from French military occupation. This victory was a significant turning point in the conflict between France and the Grand Alliance.
September 1713: Landau, a fortified town in the Holy Roman Empire, was captured by the French under Marshal Villars in August 1713.
December 1713: Freiburg conquered by france.
10.3.1.Ramillies Campaign
Was a military campaign by England-Scotland and the Dutch Republic against French occupation in the Low Countries, during the War of the Spanish Succession.
May 1706: Anglo-Dutch conquest of Louvain.
May 1706: Anglo-Dutch conquest of Brussels.
May 1706: Anglo-Dutch conquest of Ghent.
June 1706: Anglo-Dutch conquest of Bruges.
June 1706: Anglo-Dutch conquest of Oudenarde.
July 1706: Anglo-Dutch conquest of Ostend.
August 1706: Anglo-Dutch conquest of Menin.
October 1706: Anglo-Dutch conquest of Ath.
10.4.Queen Anne's War
Was a war between the American territories of Great Britain against the the American territories of Spain and France. In Europe, it is generally viewed as the American theater of the War of the Spanish Succession; in the Americas, it is more commonly viewed as a standalone conflict.
10.4.1.Newfoundland (Queen Anne’s War)
Was the theatre of War in Newfoundland during Queen Anne’s War.
January 1709: Newfoundland's coast was dotted with small French and English communities, with some fishing stations occupied seasonally by fishermen from Europe. Both sides had fortified their principal towns, the French at Plaisance on the western side of the Avalon Peninsula, the English at St. John's on Conception Bay. In December 1708, a combined force of French, Canadian, and Mi'kmaq volunteers captured St. John's.
January 1710: In 1709, the French under the command of Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville abandoned St. John's due to lack of resources. The English then reoccupied and refortified the territory, solidifying their control over the region.
10.5.Treaty of Utrecht
Were a series of treaties to end the War of the Spanish Succession.
April 1713: In the Treaty of Utrecht Duke Vittorio Amedeo II of Savoy was assigned Sicily with the relative royal title, as well as Casale and all of Monferrato, part of Lomellina and Valsesia.
April 1713: As a result of the Treaty of Utrecht that ended the War of Spanish Succession, the Spanish part of Guelders was partitioned. The Austrians received the areas of Roermond, Niederkrüchten and Weert.
10.6.Treaty of Baden
Was a treaty between France and the Holy Roman Empire, to end the War of the Spanish Succession.
September 1714: In the Treaty of Baden the French and their allies returned the east bank of the Rhine River (the Breisgau) to Austria.
September 1714: The treaty of Rastatt in 1714 allowed France, under the rule of King Louis XIV, to retain control of Alsace and Landau, solidifying French territorial gains in the region following the War of the Spanish Succession.
Was a war initiated by Spain to recover territories lost after the War of the Spanish Succession.
June 1719: The French, led by General Antoine Le Moyne de Bienville, captured the Spanish settlement of Pensacola in Florida in May 1719 during the War of the Quadruple Alliance. This military occupation marked a significant shift in power in the region.
September 1719: Spanish forces retook the town of Pensacola in August 1719.
November 1719: The territory of Pensacola fell to the French again towards the end of 1719 under the leadership of French military officer, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville. This marked a period of French military occupation in the region.
Was a major European conflict sparked by a Polish civil war over the succession to Augustus II of Poland.
12.1.French Invasion of northern Italy
Was the French invasion of northern Italy during the War of the Polish Succession.
October 1733: The French and Savoyard troops, led by Charles Emmanuel III of Savoy, invaded the territory of Pavia in 1733. The military occupation by France lasted until the end of the War of the Polish Succession in 1738.
November 1733: By November 3 1733, the city of Milan surrendered to the French, although the Austrian governor, Count Wirich Philipp von Daun, still held the fortress.
June 1734: The Battle of Colorno was a battle fought between May 25 and June 5 1734, between Franco-Sardinian and Austrian (Habsburg) troops.
July 1734: In 1734, during the War of the Polish Succession, the French forces under the command of Marshal Mercy attempted to cross the Parma River to besiege the city of Parma. After several failed attempts, they finally succeeded in late June, leading to the military occupation of Parma by France.
September 1734: Following their defeat at Guastalla at the hands of the French, which resulted in heavy casualties, the Austrians retreated to the Oglio River. They maintained this position for the remainder of the year.
January 1735: The French army entered winter quarters in December 1734, leaving the North Bank of the Po River.
September 1735: The Austrian main army withdrew through Mantua, leaving the region to the French.
12.2.French invasion of the Rhineland
Was the French invasion of the Rhineland during the War of the Polish Succession.
October 1733: A large French army under the command of the Duke of Berwick besieged and captured the fortress of Kehl, which was lightly garrisoned and in poor condition.
November 1733: The Duchy of Lorraine was invaded by France.
July 1734: The French army, led by the Duke of Berwick, besieged the imperial fort at Philippsburg in 1734. The fort fell after a two-month siege in July, marking a significant victory for France during the War of the Polish Succession.
October 1735: The battle of Clausen in 1735 was won by the Austrian forces led by Prince Eugene of Savoy, marking the furthest point of the French invasion during the War of the Polish Succession. The territory of Clausen was later occupied by France.
12.3.Treaty of Vienna (1738)
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Polish Succession. Augustus III was officially confirmed as King of Poland.
November 1738: After the Treaty of Vienna in 1738, which concluded the War of the Polish Succession, the French evacuated the territories they had occupied.
November 1738: Stanisław Leszczyński, a Polish nobleman who was briefly King of Poland was compensated with the Duchy of Lorraine in 1738 after losing the Polish throne.
Was a European conflict caused by the succession to the Habsburg Domains. Maria Theresa succeeded her father Charles VI, and the opposition to female inheritance of the throne was a pretext for starting a war. It was a global conflict that saw fight in Europe, Asia, America and Africa.
13.1.Italian Theatre (War of the Austrian Succession)
Was the Italian theatre of the War of the Austrian Succession.
13.1.1.Invasion of Savoy
Was a French invasion of Savoy during the War of the Austrian Succession.
April 1743: The French entered Savoy and conquered it entirely.
September 1743: Sardinian king Carlo Emanuele managed to drive the invading Spaniards out of Savoy.
December 1743: King Charles Emmanuel III of Savoy was forced to retreat to Piedmont due to the rainy season and disease affecting his army. The Spanish forces took advantage of this situation to reoccupy the region of Savoy.
13.1.2.Franco-Spanish invasion of Northern Italy
Was a joint French and Spanish invasion of northern Italy during the War of the Austrian Succession.
September 1746: The French army commanded by Maillebois engaged the Austrians in Rottofreddo on August 12, 1746. After the battle, Maillebois retreated from Piedmont-Savoy.
13.2.Rhineland Theatre (Austrian Succession)
Was the theatre of war in the Rhineland during the War of the Austrian Succession.
November 1744: During the War of the Austrian Succession, Louis XV of France besieged and captured Freiburg in 1744. This military occupation was part of France's efforts to expand its territory and influence in the region.
13.3.Low Countries Theatre (War of the Austrian Succession)
Was the theatre of war in the Low Countries during the War of the Austrian Succession.
July 1744: During the War of the Austrian Succession, King Louis XV of France led a military invasion of the Austrian Netherlands in July 1744. With a force of 90,000 men, he successfully captured the cities of Menin and Ypres, marking a significant victory for the French forces.
June 1745: After the Battle on Fontenoy, the fortress of Tournay surrendered to the French.
January 1746: The British and Dutch withdrew from Fontenoy in good order but the French-backed Jacobite rising of August, 1745 forced the British to transfer troops from Flanders to deal with it. By the end of 1745, the French held the strategic towns of Ghent, Oudenarde, Bruges, and Dendermonde, as well as the ports of Ostend and Nieuwpoort, threatening Britain's links to the Low Countries.
January 1747: During 1746, the French continued their advance into the Austrian Netherlands, taking Antwerp and then clearing Dutch and Austrian forces from the area between Brussels and the Meuse.
May 1747: Maastricht surrendered on 7 May 1747 during the War of the Austrian Succession. The city was occupied by French forces led by Marshal Maurice de Saxe, marking a significant victory for France over the Dutch Republic.
October 1747: In 1747, during the War of the Austrian Succession, the French forces led by Marshal Maurice de Saxe besieged and captured Bergen op Zoom in September. This victory was part of France's military occupation of the region during the conflict.
13.4.Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Austrian Succession, following a congress assembled on 24 April 1748 at the Free Imperial City of Aachen.
October 1748: France returned the Southern Netherlands (i.e. today's Belgium) to Austria.
Was a global conflict that involved most of the European great powers, and was fought primarily in Europe, the Americas, and Asia-Pacific. At the end of the war the main winner was Great Britain, that obtained territories in North America, the Caribbean and India, becoming the most powerful maritime and colonial of the European powers.
14.1.French and Indian War
Was a theater of war of the Seven Years' War, which pitted the North American colonies of the British Empire against those of the French, each side being supported by various Native American tribes.
August 1756: During the week of August 10, 1756, a force of French regulars and Canadian militia under General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm captured and occupied the British fortifications at Fort Oswego, leading to France gaining military control of the territory.
August 1757: In early August 1757, French General Montcalm and his 7,000 troops besieged Fort William Henry, leading to its capitulation. The British forces agreed to withdraw under parole, handing over the territory to France.
August 1757: The French forces, led by General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm and his subordinate Louis Antoine de Bougainville, remained at Fort William Henry for several days after its surrender by the British in 1757. They destroyed the remaining British fortifications before departing on August 18th to return to Fort Carillon.
January 1759: In 1758, during the French and Indian War, British forces under General John Bradstreet reoccupied Fort Oswego, which had been abandoned since 1756. The territory was previously controlled by the French but was now under British control.
14.1.1.Conquest of New France (1758-1760)
Was a British military campaign in New France during the Seven Years' War.
June 1762: The French forces, led by the Comte d'Haussonville, successfully captured St. John's in 1762, forcing the British to surrender. This event was part of the wider conflict between France and Britain known as the Seven Years' War.
September 1762: In 1762, during the Seven Years' War, French forces captured St. John's in Newfoundland. General Amherst, a British military leader, sent his nephew William Amherst to recapture the territory. The Battle of Signal Hill in September 1762 resulted in the British regaining control of Newfoundland.
14.2.Indian Theatre (Seven Years' War)
Was the theatre of war of the Seven Years' War in the Indian Subcontinent.
January 1760: The French, led by General Thomas Arthur de Lally, captured Cuddalore from the British East India Company during the Seven Years' War in 1759. This military occupation was part of the larger conflict between France and Britain for control over colonial territories in India.
14.3.French Capture of Minorca
Was the French invasion of British-held Minorca during the Seven Years' War.
June 1756: The French opened the campaign against the British with an attack on Menorca in the Mediterranean. A British attempt at relief was foiled at the Battle of Minorca, and the island was captured on 28 June.
14.4.Third Silesian War
Was the last of three wars between Austria and Prussia for the control of Silesia. It was also part of the Seven Years' War.
14.4.1.Russia switches sided
On 5 January 1762 the ailing Russian Empress Elizabeth died. Her nephew and successor, Tsar Peter III, was an ardent admirer of Frederick the Great of Prussia, and he reversed Russia's foreign policy and ordered a ceasefire with Prussia. Peter agreed to an armistice with Prussia in March and lifted the Russian occupation of East Prussia and Pomerania.
July 1762: Since France had never formally declared war on Prussia, he agreed to a ceasefire with Frederick and evacuated Prussia's territories in the Rhineland, ending France's involvement in the war in Germany.
14.5.Central German Theatre
Was the theatre of war in central Germany of the Seven Years' War.
14.5.1.French Invasion (German Theatre of the Seven Years' War)
Was a French large-scale invasion of Germany during the Seven Years' War.
July 1757: The Prussian port of Emden fell to the French.
August 1757: In 1757, during the Seven Years' War, the French under Marshal Louis Charles d'Estrées seized Kassel, securing their right flank. This military occupation was part of the larger conflict between France and Britain for control over Europe and overseas territories.
August 1757: Under Richelieu the French continued their drive, taking Minden.
August 1757: During the Seven Years' War, French Marshal Louis Charles César Le Tellier led the siege of Geldern, which was defended by Prussian General von Spörcken. The prolonged siege resulted in the French army being delayed in their campaign.
August 1757: The French army captured the city of Hanover on 11 August.
September 1757: On 10 September at Klosterzeven the British and French signed the Convention of Klosterzeven which secured the immediate end of hostilities. The terms called for several conditions. The national contingents from Brunswick and Hesse would return to their homelands. Half the Hanoverian force would be interned at Stade, while the remainder were to withdraw across the River Elbe. Most of Hanover would be under French occupation, except for a demilitarised zone. The French would evacuate the Duchy of Bremen, provided the British withdrew their ships from the River Weser.
November 1757: French marshal Louis François Armand de Richelieu moved his forces to take up winter quarters around Halberstadt.
14.5.2.Counteroffensive against the French invasion of Germany
Was the Prussian and British counteroffensive against the French invasion of Germany during the Seven Years' War.
April 1758: The British and Hanoverian forces drove the French back across the River Rhine so that by the spring Hanover had been liberated.
April 1758: During the Seven Years' War, Ferdinand of Brunswick led the Allied forces, including British and Hanoverian troops, to re-capture the port of Emden from the French in 1758. This victory was a significant turning point in the war.
14.5.3.Rhineland Theatre (Seven Years' War)
Was the theatre of War in the Rhineland during the Seven Years' War.
April 1759: The French under General Victor-François de Broglie obtained a victory against British, Hanoverian, Hessian, and Brunswick forces in the Battle of Bergen.
August 1759: On 1 August 1759, the Anglo-German army of Ferdinand Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg, routed the French during the Battle of Minden.
July 1760: French general de Broglie launched an offensive in the direction of Hesse, defeating Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel's forces on July 10 at the Battle of Korbach.
July 1760: The Battle of Warburg was fought on 31 July 1760 during the Seven Years' War. The battle was a victory for the Hanoverians and the British against the French army.
14.6.Treaty of Paris (1763)
Was a treaty signed on 10 February 1763 by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement, after Great Britain and Prussia's victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years' War.
February 1763: Treaty of Paris (1763): France and Spain restored all their conquests to Britain and Portugal.
September 1783: The territories of Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo were restored to the Dutch with the Treaty of Paris in 1783.
Was a military expedition by the Kingdom of France under Comte de Vaux, against Corsican forces under Pasquale Paoli of the Corsican Republic that led to the annexion of the island by France.
August 1768: Landing of French troops at Saint-Florent.
October 1768: In 1768, French military forces, led by General Marbeuf, swiftly occupied Cap Corse as part of their conquest of the island of Corsica. This strategic move was a key step in France's campaign to assert control over the region.
October 1768: Battle of Borgo.
November 1768: Battle of Borgo.
May 1769: Battle of Ponte Novu.
Was the war of independence of the United States of America (at the time the Thirteen Colonies) against Great Britain.
16.1.Anglo-French War (1778-1783)
Was a war between France, allied to the United States, and Great Britain during the American Revolutionary War.
June 1779: In 1779, French military leaders D'Estaing and de Bouille launched operations against British possessions in the Caribbean. They successfully captured the isle of Saint Vincent on June 18th, as part of their strategic campaign in the region.
July 1779: The French army captured Grenada.
November 1781: 25 Nov 1781 - 7 Feb 1784: French occupation of Sint Estatius.
November 1781: 3 Feb 1781 - 26 Nov 1781: British occupation of Saba.
January 1783: During the American Revolutionary War, French Admiral Comte de Grasse captured Montserrat in 1782 as part of France's support for the American colonies against British rule. This military occupation lasted until the end of the war.
March 1783: The French captured the Turks and Caicos islands 1783.
September 1783: St Kitts was recognised as British territory in the Treaty of Paris.
September 1783: The Treaty of Versailles in 1783 ended the Anglo-French War and resulted in the British regaining control of St. Vincent and the Grenadines from France. This marked the beginning of British colonial rule in the territory.
September 1783: The Treaty of Paris (1783) confirmed the Turks and Caicos islands as a British colony. This treaty was signed by representatives of Great Britain, France, and Spain, officially ending the American Revolutionary War.
September 1783: Grenada and Saint Vincent were captured by the French during the American Revolutionary War. The 1783 Treaty of Paris, which ended the war, required France to return both territories to Britain.
September 1783: In 1783, the French agreed to return the island of Montserrat to Great Britain under the Treaty of Paris. This decision was made after the French had briefly occupied the territory but had no intention of fully colonizing it.
February 1784: 25 Nov 1781 - 7 Feb 1784: French occupation of Sint Estatius.
16.1.1.French Invasion of St. Kitts
Was the French invasion of St. Kitts, in the Caribbean, during the American Revolutionary War.
January 1782: French forces land on Saint Kitts.
January 1782: After landing on Saint Kitts, the French troops of the Marquis de Bouillé stormed and besieged Brimstone Hill.
February 1782: After a month of siege the heavily outnumbered and cut-off British garrison of St. Christopher surrendered to the French.
16.2.Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
Was a conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Dutch Republic during the American Revolutionary War.
February 1782: During the period of 27 February 1782 to February 1783, the French military occupied the colonies of Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo after forcing Governor Robert Kinston to surrender. This was part of the larger conflict between France and Britain during the American Revolutionary War.
August 1782: In August, the French recaptured Trincomalee.
March 1784: During the French occupation of Saba from November 26, 1781, to February 1784, the island was under the control of the French government. This period ended when the territory was transferred to the Dutch West India Company in 1784.
May 1784: In 1784, the British crown returned Trincomalee to the States General of Dutch Ceylon, along with other Dutch territories captured during the war. The East India Company forces were involved in the conquest of these towns, forts, harbors, and settlements.
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
January 1798: The citizens of Parga, a town in western Greece, revolted against French rule in 1815. They sought protection from the British, who had military occupation of the territory since 1797.
January 1799: France annexes Geneva and creates the department of Léman.
January 1803: In 1802, the territory of Zwiefalten was secularized and suppressed, leading to its transfer to the Duchy of Württemberg. This decision was part of the secularization process in Germany, which aimed to transfer ecclesiastical territories to secular rulers.
January 1807: In 1806, during the Napoleonic Wars, the Kingdom of Prussia annexed the territory of Hannover. This decision was made as a result of the Treaty of Tilsit.
17.1.Haitian Revolution
Was the succesful insurrection by self-liberated slaves of the colony of Saint-Domingue (modern-day Haiti) against French rule leading to the creation of the independent country of Haiti, the first independent nation of Latin America and the Caribbean.
17.1.1.Saint-Domingue expedition
Was the unsuccesful invasion of Haiti, a rebellious French colony, ordered by Napoleon.
February 1802: The French arrived on 2 February 1802 at Le Cap with the Haitian commander Henri Christophe being ordered by Leclerc to turn over the city to the French. When Christophe refused, the French assaulted Le Cap and the Haitians set the city afire rather than surrender it.
February 1802: The Battle of Ravine-à-Couleuvres, also known as the Battle of Snake Gully, was a major battle of the Haitian Revolution on 23 February 1802. After the battle, France controllled a territory between Fort-Liberté and Lacroix (Artibonite)
March 1802: The Haitian rebeles abandoned the fort of Crête-à-Pierrot.
May 1802: Louverture, a former slave who led the Haitian Revolution, agreed to surrender to French forces. At this point France controlled the whole Island of Hispaniola.
17.2.War of the First Coalition
Were a series of wars between the Kingdom of France (later the French Republic) and several European Monarchies. The French Revolution had deteriorated the relations of France with the other European countries, that tried several times to invade France in order to crash the revolutionary government.
January 1793: In 1792, revolutionary France annexed several territories of the Holy Roman Empire, including Worms, Speyer, and territories of the Flanders region.
July 1794: The Battle of Trippstadt was a relatively minor French military action in 1794. This victory gave the French control of the mountain passes across the lower Vosges ( Kaiserslautern, Trippstadt, Schänzel, Neustadt and along the banks of the Speyerbach River).
September 1794: In mid-September 1794, the Prussians, led by Frederick William II, attacked the weakened French forces, commanded by General Lazare Hoche, in the north-eastern frontier and reoccupied Kaiserslautern, which was part of the territory of Bavaria-Palatinate at the time.
January 1795: The French armies drove the Austrians, British, and Dutch beyond the Rhine, occupying Belgium, the Rhineland, and the south of the Netherlands.
April 1795: In 1795, Sint Eustatius, a Dutch colony, was occupied by the French military.
May 1795: In 1795, Saba was occupied by the French military. This period of French occupation would last until April 1801.
March 1797: On 9 December 1797, Frédéric-César de La Harpe, a member of the Helvetian Club from Vaud, asked France to invade Bern to protect Vaud. Seeing a chance to remove a feudal neighbor and gain Bern's wealth, France agreed. By February 1798, French troops occupied Mulhouse and Biel/Bienne. Meanwhile, another army entered Vaud, and the Lemanic Republic was proclaimed.
October 1797: In 1797, the districts of Chiavenna, Valtellina, and Bormio, dependencies of the Three Leagues (an associate of the Confederation), revolted under the encouragement of France. They were quickly invaded and annexed to the Cisalpine Republic on 10 October 1797.
October 1797: The Duchy of Milan remained an Austrian possession until 1796, when a French army under Napoleon Bonaparte conquered it, and it ceased to exist a year later as a result of the Treaty of Campo Formio, when Austria ceded it to the new Cisalpine Republic.
October 1797: Following the Treaty of Campo Formio, where Napoleon Bonaparte decreed the final dissolution of the Venetian Republic, Preveza - like other Venetian possessions in Greece and Albania - was ceded to Revolutionary France.
October 1798: In 1798 small Venetian territories that were not ceded to the Austrian Empire were conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
October 1798: The Battle of Nicopolis in 1798 took place in the Venetian possession of Greece. The Ottoman troops, led by Ali Pasha and his son Mukhtar, decisively defeated the Venetian forces, leading to the territory being transferred to the Ottoman Empire.
17.2.1.Belgian front
Was the Belgian theatre of the War of the First Coalition.
June 1792: In 1792, during the French Revolutionary Wars, General Luckner led a 20,000 strong French force to invade the Austrian Netherlands. They successfully captured Menen and Kortrijk on 19 June.
June 1792: The French forces, led by General Charles François Dumouriez, withdrew back to Lille on 30 June 1792 after facing resistance from Austrian and Dutch troops in Menen and Kortrijk.
17.2.2.Piedmontese front
Was the Piedmontese theatre of the War of the First Coalition.
September 1792: In 1792, during the French Revolution, the County of Nice was attacked and forced to surrender by the French revolutionary forces under the command of General Jacques Bernard d'Anselme. This resulted in the territory of Savoy and Nice being occupied by France.
January 1794: In 1794, during the French Revolutionary Wars, a French invasion of Piedmont led by General Jean-Charles Pichegru failed in the border regions. The territory ultimately went to the Kingdom of Sardinia, ruled by King Victor Amadeus III.
17.2.3.Rhineland campaign of 1792
Was a French military campaign in the Rhineland.
September 1792: The French attacked Speyer on 29 September and conquered it the next day.
October 1792: French troops occupy Worms and Philippsburg without a fight.
October 1792: French general Custine captured Mainz on 21 October 1792.
October 1792: The French army penetrated as far as Frankfurt, which surrendered.
17.2.4.Battle of Jemappes
Was a battle between France and Austria in modern-day Belgium during the War of the First Coalition.
October 1792: Advancing French forces reach Mons.
17.2.5.Flanders Campaign
Was a French military campaign in the Flanders.
February 1793: The Republican French army stopped near Aldenhoven.
February 1793: The French Armée du Nord commanded by general Charles-François Dumouriez advanced from Antwerp and invaded Dutch Brabant.
February 1793: A French army under Francisco de Miranda laid siege to Maastricht.
July 1793: During the French Revolutionary Wars, the Prussians, led by Duke of Brunswick, besieged Mainz, held by French revolutionary forces under General Custine. The siege lasted from 14 April to 23 July 1793.
October 1793: In mid October French officer Vandamme laid siege to Nieuport. At the same time French marshal MacDonald took Werwicq.
October 1793: Dumonceau (France) drove the Hanoverians from Menen.
January 1794: In 1793, during the French Revolutionary Wars, General Charles François Dumouriez led French forces into Brabant, a territory that was part of the Austrian Netherlands. This military occupation was part of France's campaign to expand its territory and spread revolutionary ideals.
April 1794: French generals Jean-Charles Pichegru and Lazare Hoche defeated Austrian General Clerfayt at the Battle of Mouscron. As a result, they were able to retake the territories of Courtrai (Kortrijk) and Menen, which had been under Austrian control.
June 1794: Ypres surrendered to French General Charles Pichegru.
July 1794: After suffering defeats at the hands of French revolutionary forces, Austrian General Coburg retreated to Tienen in 1794.
July 1794: Brussels is conquered by French troops led by general Jean-Charles Pichegru on 11 July 1794.
August 1794: Mechelen, a city in present-day Belgium, fell to French forces on the 15th of January, 1794.
September 1794: Antwerp was evacuated by the Austrian forces on the 24th of November 1794. Three days later, General Pichegru, a prominent French military leader during the French Revolutionary Wars, occupied the city.
October 1794: General Jean-Baptiste Jourdan led the French forces to capture the city of Namur in present-day Belgium.
November 1794: After a brief siege, Nijmegen was found to be untenable and the city was abandoned to the French.
November 1794: The French army occupies Liège.
December 1794: By 28 December the French had occupied the Bommelwaard and the Lands of Altena.
January 1795: On 10 January French general Pichegru ordered a general advance across the frozen river between Zaltbommel and Nijmegen and the allies were forced to retreat behind the Lower Rhine.
January 1795: On 16 January, the city of Utrecht surrendered to the French.
January 1795: Dutch revolutionaries led by Cornelius Krayenhoff put pressure on the city council of Amsterdam to hand over the city to the invading French army.
January 1795: The Batavian Republic (Dutch Bataafse Republiek, Nine Dutch: Bataafsche Republiek) was a daughter republic established by the French Revolutionary Export, formed from the Republic of the Seven United Provinces. It was proclaimed on January 19, 1795.
June 1795: Territory evacuated by the French at the end of the Flanders Campaign. The surrender of Luxembourg on 7 June 1795 concluded the French conquest of the Low Countries, thus marking the end of the Flanders Campaign.
17.2.6.War of the Pyrenees
Was the Pyrenean front of the First Coalition's war against the First French Republic.
August 1793: In 1793, Luc Siméon Auguste Dagobert, a French military leader, defeated a Spanish force led by Manuel la Peña at Puigcerdà in the Cerdagne region. This victory led to the territory of Puigcerdà and Bellver being occupied by France.
February 1794: In 1794, during the War of the Pyrenees, Jacques Lefranc, a French general, led 2,000 Republican troops to capture the strategic Izpegi Ridge in the Basque Country, which was under Spanish control at the time. This victory marked a significant military occupation by France in the region.
August 1794: Moncey, a French general during the French Revolutionary Wars, captured San Sebastián in 1794 without facing any opposition. This marked the beginning of French military occupation in the region.
September 1794: The fortress of Bellegarde fell on 17 September 1794 after the Spanish garrison, led by Captain General Alejandro O'Reilly, was starved out by the French forces under General Dugommier during the War of the Pyrenees. This marked a significant victory for France in their military occupation of the region.
October 1794: From 15 to 17 October, French marsha Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey, launched a broad front offensive from the Baztan valley and the Roncevaux Pass to the south in the direction of Pamplona. The Battle of Orbaitzeta saw clashes at Mezkiritz (Mezquiriz), Orbaitzeta, Lekunberri, and Villanueva (Hiriberri).
November 1794: Figueres and its Sant Ferran Fortress fell to the French with 9,000 prisoners.
February 1795: Pierre François Sauret was a French general who led the successful Siege of Roses in 1795. The Siege of Roses was a military operation during the War of the Pyrenees, where French forces occupied the town of Roses in Catalonia, Spain.
July 1795: Vitoria, a city in northern Spain, fell to the French forces led by General Jean-Charles de Bailleul on 17 July 1795 during the War of the Pyrenees.
July 1795: Bilbao conquered by france.
July 1795: Spanish general Cuesta recaptured Puigcerdà and Bellver from the French on 26 and 27 July.
17.2.7.Peace of Basel
Were a series of Treaties between the French Republic and Prussia, Spain and Hesse-Kassel that ended the War of the First Coalition with these countries.
April 1795: The Peace of Basel of 1795 consisted of three peace treaties involving France during the French Revolution. The first was with Prussia (represented by Karl August von Hardenberg) on 5 April. France returned all of the lands east of the Rhine captured during the war.
April 1795: Peace of Basel of 1795 at the end of the War of the First Coalition between the Kingdom of Prussia and the French Republic. France gained the left bank of the Rhine.
17.2.8.Italian theatre (War of the first coalition)
Was the Italian theatre of the War of the First Coalition.
November 1795: In northern Italy the victory at the Battle of Loano in November gives France access to the Italian peninsula.
April 1796: Napoleon defeated an Austro-Sardinian force at the Battle of Millesimo.
April 1796: Napoleon won at the Second Battle of Dego, driving the Austrians northeast, away from their Piedmontese allies.
April 1796: Battle of Mondovì.
May 1796: French forces occupy Lodi and Milan.
May 1796: On 28 April, the Piedmontese signed an armistice at with the French at Cherasco. On 18 May they signed a peace treaty in Paris, ceding Savoy and Nice and allowing the French bases to be used against Austria.
May 1796: The Duchy of Milan was ruled by the Habsburgs and became the Transpadane Republic after being occupied by Napoleon's French forces in 1796. This marked the end of Habsburg rule in the region and the establishment of a new republic.
September 1796: In September, Napoleon Bonaparte marched north against Trento in Tyrol. Bonaparte overran the holding force at the Battle of Rovereto.
September 1796: French victory at the Battle of Bassano on 8 September 1796.
November 1796: The Austrians were victorious over the French at Bassano.
November 1796: The Austrians defeated the French at Calliano.
November 1796: Napoleon defeated the Venetians led by Alvinczi in the Battle of Arcole southeast of Verona.
January 1797: The Duchy of Milan remained an Austrian possession until 1796, when a French army under Napoleon Bonaparte conquered it, and it ceased to exist a year later as a result of the Treaty of Campo Formio, when Austria ceded it to the new Cisalpine Republic.
January 1797: In 1797, during the Napoleonic Wars, French troops under Napoleon Bonaparte occupied the Venetian state up to the Adige River. The Austrians controlled Vicenza, Cadore, and Friuli as part of the ongoing conflict in the region.
February 1797: Frecnh forces besiege Mantua.
February 1797: Carpi is annexed to the Cisalpine Republic.
February 1797: French troops advanced directly toward Austria over the Julian Alps. General Barthélemy Joubert invaded Tyrol.
March 1797: Archduke Charles of Austria was defeated at the Tagliamento on 16 March, and Napoleon proceeded into Austria, occupying Klagenfurt.
April 1797: The French advanced as far as Judenburg by the evening of April 7th.
June 1797: In 1797, Napoleon Bonaparte deposed Giacomo Maria Brignole, the last doge of the Republic of Genova. This marked the end of the Republic of Genova and the territory was incorporated into the Ligurian Republic.
June 1797: In June 1797, the territories of Bologna, Ferrara, and Romagna were annexed to the Cisalpine Republic through the Treaty of Tolentino. This agreement was signed between Napoleon Bonaparte, who was leading the French forces in Italy, and representatives of the Papal States.
17.2.9.Rhine campaign of 1796
Were a series of battles in the Rhineland during the War of the First Coalition.
June 1796: A division of French general Kléber's troops seized a bridge over the Sieg from Michael von Kienmayer's Austrians at Siegburg.
June 1796: French General Kléber defeated the Duke of Württemberg in the Battle of Altenkirchen.
June 1796: The French army occupies Renchen.
July 1796: On 5 July 1796, French general Desaix defeated Austrian general Latour at the Battle of Rastatt.
July 1796: French forces occupied the city of Giessen.
July 1796: Ettlingen conquered by france.
July 1796: French forces occupy the city of Friedberg.
July 1796: French conquest of Cannstadt.
July 1796: Neuwied conquered by france.
August 1796: French forces occupy Neresheim.
August 1796: On 17 August the French took Sulzbach.
September 1796: End of Mainz blockade.
17.2.10.Rhine campaign of 1797
Was one of a series of battles in the Rhineland during the War of the First Coalition.
September 1796: Wiesbaden conquered by france.
17.2.11.Rhine campaign of 1799
Was one of a series of battles in the Rhineland during the War of the First Coalition.
September 1796: The Austrians established a strong cordon that forced General Jean Victor Marie Moreau to shift his forces southward to the remaining bridgehead at Hüningen.
17.2.12.Rhine campaign of 1798
Was one of a series of battles in the Rhineland during the War of the First Coalition.
September 1796: On 16-18 September Charles of Brunswick defeated the French Army of Sambre & Meuse in the Battle of Limburg.
17.2.13.Rhine campaign of 1800
Was one of a series of battles in the Rhineland during the War of the First Coalition.
October 1796: The French retreated across the rivers Rhine and Elz, destroying all the bridges.
October 1796: French forces occupy Schliengen.
17.2.14.Rhine campaign of 1801
Was one of a series of battles in the Rhineland during the War of the First Coalition.
January 1797: The French besieged Kehl from 10 November 1797.
17.2.15.Rhine campaign of 1802
Was one of a series of battles in the Rhineland during the War of the First Coalition.
February 1797: The French handed over the east-bank bridgehead at Hüningen.
17.2.16.Treaty of Campo Formio
Was a treaty between France and Austria that ended the War of the First Coalition.
October 1797: The Treaty of Campo Formio was signed on 17 October 1797 (26 Vendémiaire VI). The treaty transferred the Austrian Netherlands to France. The territories of Venice were partitioned, most were acquired by Austria. Austria recognized the Cisalpine Republic and the newly created Ligurian Republic. Extension of the borders of France up to the Rhine, the Nette, and the Roer.
January 1798: The Treaty of Campo Formio was signed on 17 October 1797 (26 Vendémiaire VI). The treaty transferred the Austrian Netherlands to France. The territories of Venice were partitioned, most were acquired by Austria. Austria recognized the Cisalpine Republic and the newly created Ligurian Republic. Extension of the borders of France up to the Rhine, the Nette, and the Roer.
January 1798: In 1797, the territory of St. Hubert was ceded to the First French Republic. This decision was made as part of the Treaty of Campo Formio, signed by Napoleon Bonaparte and Austrian foreign minister Count Ludwig von Cobenzl.
17.3.French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars - Theatre of war in the overseas colonies
The theatre of war in the overseas colonies during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
January 1797: In 1796, the British colony of Saint Peter (located in present-day Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada) was sacked by French troops during the French Revolutionary Wars. This event was part of the military occupation of the territory by France.
February 1797: In 1796, French troops led by General Victor Hugues sacked the British colony of Saint Peter in present-day Guyana. This event marked a significant moment in the conflict between France and Great Britain during the late 18th century.
April 1801: 16 April 1801 - January 1803: British occupation of Saba.
April 1801: 21 April 1801 - 21 November 1802: British occupation of Sint Estatius.
17.4.War of the Second Coalition
Was the second war that saw revolutionary France against most of the European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria, and Russia, and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Naples, and various German monarchies. Prussia did not join this coalition, and Spain supported France.
June 1800: After the Battle of Mareng, the Austrians evacuated Northern Italy west of the Ticino, and suspended military operations in Italy.
June 1800: Battle of Marengo. Melas promptly entered into negotiations which led to the Austrians evacuating Northern Italy west of the Ticino, and suspending military operations in Italy.
January 1801: On June 20, 1799, Austro-Russian troops reconquer Turin and restore Charles-Emmanuel IV to his throne.
17.4.1.Malta during the War of the Second Coalition
During the War of the Second Coalition, Malta, at the time controlled by the Knights Hospitalier, was conquered by France but shortly after occupied by Great Britain.
June 1798: The Maltese troops refused to continue the fight without support from their government and negotiations followed in which Hompesch and the knights agreed to abandon Malta on condition of financial compensation amounting to 3 million Francs. Bonaparte gained the entire Maltese archipelago, including fortresses, military stores and cannon, the small Maltese Navy and Army and the entire property of the Roman Catholic Church in Malta.
October 1798: The island of Gozo, which is today a part of Malta, was independent for nearly three years between 1798 and 1801 during the French Revolutionary Wars. During the revolt on september 3 the French garrison held out in the Cittadella and Fort Chambray, until they capitulated on 28 October after negotiations which were made with the help of Sir Alexander Ball.
September 1800: Malta (proper - without Gozo island) conquered by great britain.
17.4.2.Mediterranean campaign of 1798
Was a French military campaign in Egypt led by Napoleone Bonaparte. The French Republic sought to capture Egypt as the first stage in an effort to threaten British India and force Great Britain to make peace.
July 1798: In 1798, Napoleon Bonaparte led the French army to victory in the Battle of Alexandria, securing the city during the French military occupation of Egypt. This was part of Napoleon's campaign to disrupt British trade routes and establish French dominance in the region.
July 1798: French general Louis Desaix marched across the desert with his division and two cannon, arriving at Demenhour, 24 kilometres from Alexandria, on 18 Messidor (6 of July).
July 1798: In 1798, French forces under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte marched to Rahmanié in Egypt during the French campaign in the country. The fleet was expected to arrive with much-needed provisions for the troops.
July 1798: The village of Chebreiss, located in modern-day Lebanon, was captured by French forces in 1798 after two hours of fierce fighting led by General Napoleon Bonaparte during the French campaign in Egypt and Syria.
July 1798: On 2 Thermidor (20 July) 1798, French General Napoleon Bonaparte's army arrived 800 meters from the village of Embabé in Egypt during his military campaign in the region.
July 1798: Battle of the Pyramids, also known as the Battle of Embabeh. It was a major engagement fought during the French Invasion of Egypt. The French army, under Napoleon Bonaparte, scored a decisive victory against the forces of the local Mamluk rulers, wiping out almost the entire Ottoman army located in Egypt. The victory effectively sealed the French conquest of Egypt as Murad Bey chaotically fled to Upper Egypt. Napoleon entered Cairo after the battle and created a new local administration under his supervision.
August 1798: In 1798, Napoleon Bonaparte led the French military occupation of Upper Egypt, defeating Ibrahim Bey at the Battle of Salahie and driving him out of the territory.
February 1799: Bonaparte's French forces left Egypt on 5 February 1799 and, seven days after leaving Cairo, Bonaparte arrived at Arish and bombarded one of the castle towers. The garrison surrendered two days later.
March 1799: French forces managed to capture Jaffa.
March 1799: The French captured Haifa and the munitions and provisions stored there, along with the castle at Jaffa, the castle at Nazareth and even the town of Tyre much farther up the coast. Also the siege of Acre began on 18 March but the French were unable to take it.
May 1799: Napoleon Bonaparte retreated from Acre on 21 May after a failed final assault on 10 May, and withdrew to Egypt.
April 1801: In April 1801, Fort Julien, Egypt, surrendered to the Ottoman Empire.
June 1801: Cairo conquered by Ottoman Empire.
September 1801: After Napoleon's failed campaign in Egypt, French General Menou was left in charge. He was eventually besieged in Alexandria by the British forces led by General Abercromby. Menou surrendered on September 2, 1801, marking the end of French rule in Egypt.
17.4.3.German Front (War of the Second Coalition)
Was the German theatre of the War of the Fifth Coalition.
March 1799: On 1 March 1799, the French Army of Observation, in an order of battle of approximately 30,000 men in four divisions, crossed the Rhine at Kehl and Basel.
March 1799: At the intensely fought Battle of Ostrach, 21-22 March 1799, French suffered significant losses and were forced to retreat from the region, taking up new positions to the west at Messkirch.
May 1800: After French general Claude Lecourbe had captured Stockach, the Austrians led by general Paul Kray retreated to Messkirch, where they enjoyed a more favourable defensive position.
May 1800: French forces movement to fight at nearby Biberach an der Ris.
May 1800: The French army forced the Austrians to retreat to Ulm.
June 1800: After being defeated by the French at the Battle of Höchstädt, Hungarian General Paul Kray retreated to Munich.
December 1800: The French victory in the Battle of Hohenlinden ended the War of the Second Coalition against France.
December 1800: French General of Division Claude Lecourbe's Right Wing brushed aside Riesch at Rosenheim.
December 1800: The French army occupied Salzburg.
December 1800: Austria was defeated by France in the Battle of Hohenlinden (3 December 1800). By december, 25th the French forces were 80 km from Vienna. The Austrians requested an armistice, which French general Moreau granted on 25 December.
17.4.4.Suvorov Swiss campaign
Was a military campaign led by Russian general Alexander Suvorov against France that took place in Switzlerand.
October 1799: The Russian troops were forced by the French to abandon their hold on the left bank of the Rhine.
17.4.5.Treaty of Lunéville
Was a treaty between the French Republic and the Holy Roman Empire that formally ended the partecipation of Austria and the Holy Roman Empire in the War of the Second Coalition.
February 1801: The Treaty of Lunéville was signed in the Treaty House of Lunéville between the French Republic and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II. Certain Austrian holdings within the borders of the Holy Roman Empire were relinquished, and French control was extended to the left bank of the Rhine, "in complete sovereignty" but France renounced any claim to territories east of the Rhine. Contested boundaries in Italy were set. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was awarded to the French.
17.5.French invasion of Switzerland
French invasion of the Old Swiss Confederacy.
January 1798: French troops under general Ménard invaded Vaud.
April 1798: On April 12, 1798, 121 cantonal deputies proclaimed the Helvetic Republic under the auspices of the French occupying forces. The Helvetic Republic was a centralized state based on the ideas of the French Revolution.
17.6.War of the Third Coalition
Was a European conflict spanning the years 1805 to 1806. During the war, France and its client states under Napoleon I opposed an alliance, the Third Coalition, made up of the United Kingdom, the Holy Roman Empire, the Russian Empire, Naples, Sicily, and Sweden. Prussia remained neutral during the war.
17.6.1.Ulm Campaign
Was a series of French and Bavarian military maneuvers and battles to outflank and capture an Austrian army in 1805 during the War of the Third Coalition. It took place in the vicinity of and inside the city of Ulm.
October 1805: The French army crossed the Danube at Donauwörth.
October 1805: Battle at Wertingen between the Austrians led by Auffenburg troops and the French of Murat and Lannes.
October 1805: By 10 October French officer Loison's division held Elchingen.
December 1805: French forces seized Vienna in November 1805.
17.6.2.Venetian front or Italian campaign of 1805
Was the Venetian theatre of the War of the Third Coalition.
October 1805: The French managed to gain a bridgehead over the Adige river at Verona.
October 1805: Between 29 and 31 October, the outnumbered French defeated the superior Austrian army in the battle of Caldiero.
November 1805: By November 14th, 1805 the French armies had reached the Isonzo but the army of Archduke Charles of Austria prevented them to cross the river.
17.6.3.Peace of Pressburg
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Third Coalition.
December 1805: On December 16, 1805, the area of Königsegg-Rothenfels went to the Kingdom of Bavaria through the Peace of Pressburg.
December 1805: French evacuation of occupied territories after the Peace of Pressburg.
17.7.Franco-Swedish War
Was a war between France and Sweden that took place in Swedish Pomerania.
17.7.1.Offensive in Swedish Pomerania
Were a series of French campaigns were Swedish Pomerania was occupied.
January 1807: On 28 January, French forces commanded by Marshal Mortier crossed the Peene River in an attempt to impose a blockade on Stralsund. To the east, General of Division Charles Louis Dieudonné Grandjean's division crossed the Peene at Anklam, driving back the Swedish outposts. To the west, General of Division Pierre Louis Dupas' division crossed the stream unopposed near Demmin. On the 29th, Mortier's two divisions appeared before the port and on 30 January began the blockade.
September 1807: Rügen conquered by france.
May 1809: The French occupation of Stralsund was interrupted when a Prussian freikorps under Ferdinand von Schill seized the city.
May 1809: The Prussian freikorps are defeated by the French who recaptured Stralsund.
17.8.War of the Fourth Coalition
Was a war between the French Empire and a coalition of European monarchies, mainly Prussia and Russia.
17.8.1.Prussian Campaign (War of the Fourth Coalition)
Was a French military campaign in Prussia during the War of the Fourth Coalition.
October 1806: Napoleon Bonaparte led the Grande Armée to victory in the Battle of Schleiz against the Prussian division on 9 October 1806.
October 1806: French Marshal Lannes crushed a Prussian division at Saalfeld.
October 1806: French Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte defeated Eugene Frederick Henry, Duke of Württemberg, at the Battle of Halle and chased his forces across the Elbe River.
October 1806: At the double Battle of Jena-Auerstedt on 14 October, Napoleon defeated a Prussian army led by Frederick Louis.
October 1806: Napoleon entered Berlin on 27 October 1806.
December 1806: The Albertines remained electors until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and then attained the Saxon royal dignity through an alliance with Napoleon.
17.8.2.Polish, Russian and Swedish campaigns (War of the Fourth Coalition)
Was the theatre of war in Poland, Russia and Sweden during the War of the Fourth Coalition.
January 1807: The Siege of Stralsund in 1807 was a military conflict between French forces under Marshal Brune and Swedish defenders led by Count von Schill. The city eventually fell to the French, leading to its occupation by Napoleon's troops.
February 1807: The Battle of Eylau was fought between Napoleon's Grande Armée and the Imperial Russian Army led by General Levin August von Bennigsen. It was one of the bloodiest battles of the Napoleonic Wars, with heavy casualties on both sides. The battle ended inconclusively, with neither side achieving a decisive victory.
April 1807: In 1807, during the Napoleonic Wars, France and Sweden agreed to a ceasefire in Stralsund. This led to the withdrawal of all French troops from Swedish Pomerania. The agreement was negotiated by French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte and Swedish King Gustav IV Adolf.
June 1807: In 1807, Napoleon Bonaparte defeated the Russian army at the Battle of Friedland. This victory led to the Treaty of Tilsit, where Russia ceded territory to France and solidified Napoleon's dominance in Europe.
August 1807: However, Swedish refusal to join the Continental System led to a second invasion of Swedish Pomerania led by Marshal Brune. Stralsund fell on 24 August after a second siege and the Swedish army surrendered at Rügen, completing the occupation of Swedish Pomerania.
January 1808: In 1807, Swedish Pomerania was occupied by France under Marshal Brune. The peace treaty negotiated by Brune and Swedish general Johan Christopher Toll allowed the Swedish army to withdraw with their weapons and ammunition.
17.8.3.Peace of Tilsit
Were a series of treaties that ended the War of the Fourth Coalition.
July 1807: The treaty signed between Prussia and France at Tilsit, following the War of the Fourth Coalition, was highly disadvantageous to Prussia. As a result of this agreement, the Kingdom lost most of its Polish territories to the newly created Duchy of Warsaw. Additionally, it ceded most of its territories in central Germany and the Rhineland to France, the Grand Duchy of Berg, and the Kingdom of Westphalia. The remnant territories occupied by France in Germany were evacuated.
July 1807: The second of the Treaties of Tilsit was signed by France with Prussia on 9 July 1807 and awarded the left bank of the Elbe to the newly created Kingdom of Westphalia.
17.9.Peninsular War
Was the military conflict fought in the Iberian Peninsula by Spain, Portugal, and the United Kingdom against the invading and occupying forces of the First French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars.
17.9.1.French Campaigns in Spain and Portugal (1807-1812)
Were a series of military campaigns by the French army in Spain and Portugal during the Peninsular War.
November 1807: In 1807, French General Junot invaded Portugal, leading to the occupation of Lisbon on November 30. The Portuguese Prince Regent John fled with his family, courtiers, and valuables aboard a fleet, seeking refuge in Brazil.
February 1808: Between 9 and 12 February, the French divisions of the eastern and western Pyrenees crossed the border and occupied Navarre and Catalonia, including the citadels of Pamplona and Barcelona.
March 1808: In early March 1808, Marshal Joachim Murat, a French military leader and brother-in-law of Napoleon Bonaparte, established his headquarters in Vitoria, Spain. This marked the beginning of the French military occupation of the territory during the Napoleonic Wars.
March 1808: On 23 March 1808, French Marshal Joachim Murat entered Madrid.
May 1808: In 1808, under French pressure, King Charles IV and his son, Ferdinand VII, both abdicated their claims to Napoleon. This led to the establishment of the Kingdom of Spain under Napoleonic rule.
17.9.2.Iberia in revolt
Were a series of uprisings against the French rule in the Iberian Peninsula.
July 1808: In 1808, Portugal erupted in revolt in June against French occupation led by Napoleon Bonaparte. The Portuguese royal family, including Queen Maria I and Prince Regent John, fled to Brazil, transferring the kingdom's capital to Rio de Janeiro.
17.9.3.Second Portuguese campaign
Was a French military campaign in Portugal during the Peninsular War.
March 1809: In 1809, during the Peninsular War, Marshal Soult's French troops attacked Braga, Portugal. The Portuguese forces, led by General Francisco Silveira, were unprepared and suffered heavy losses. Approximately 4,000 Portuguese soldiers were killed, while the French lost around 200 men in the battle.
March 1809: First Battle of Porto.
May 1809: After the Battle of Grijó (10-11 May) and the Second Battle of Porto (12 May), the French lost all their conquests in Portugal.
17.10.Finnish War
Was a war between the Kingdom of Sweden and the Russian Empire fought during the Napoleonic Wars. Sweden lost Finland, which became the Grand Duchy of Finland within the Russian Empire.
January 1810: The Treaty of Paris in 1810 ended the war between France and Sweden after Sweden's defeat by Russia in the Finnish War. As a result, Swedish Pomerania was ceded to France.
17.11.War of the Fifth Coalition
Was a conflict between a colition of European monarchies and Napoleon's French Empire.
17.11.1.Dalmatian Campaign (1809)
Was the Dalmatian theatre of the War of the Fifth Coalition.
May 1809: In 1809, Marshal Marmont, a French military commander, achieved a significant victory over the Austrians at Pribudić.
May 1809: French forces under general Marmont take the city of Gospić.
June 1809: Ljubljana conquered by france.
17.11.2.Danube Campaign (War of the Fifth Coalition)
Was a French military campaign in the Danube area during the War of the Fifth Coalition. The French forces defeated the Austrian army and occupied Vienna.
May 1809: After defeating the Austrian forces led by Archduke Charles, Napoleon Bonaparte occupied Vienna in May 1809.
July 1809: After the Battle of Wagram, Napoleon's forces, led by Marshal Davout, pursued the retreating Austrians under Archduke Charles. The exhausted French troops caught up with the Austrians at Znaim in mid-July 1809, leading to a military occupation of the territory by France.
17.11.3.Treaty of Schönbrunn
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Fifth Coalition.
October 1809: The Treaty of Schönbrunn was signed between France and Austria at Schönbrunn Palace near Vienna.
October 1809: The Treaty of Schönbrunn was signed between France and Austria at Schönbrunn Palace near Vienna. Austria lost its access to the Adriatic Sea by waiving the Littoral territories of Gorizia and Gradisca and the Imperial Free City of Trieste, together with Carniola, the March of Istria, western ("Upper") Carinthia with East Tyrol, and the Croatian lands southwest of the river Sava to the French Empire (Illyrian provinces).
17.12.French invasion of Russia
Was a French military campaign in Russia. It was launched by Napoleon to force the Russian Empire back into the continental blockade of the United Kingdom. The campaign proved unsuccesful, and the French Army suffered heavy losses.
June 1812: The 25th of June 1812 found Napoleon Bonaparte's group advancing past the bridge head with Marshal Ney's command approaching the existing crossings at Alexioten in Lithuania during the French military occupation.
June 1812: On June the 28th Napoleon entered Vilnius.
June 1812: Jerome Bonaparte, the younger brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, moved VII Corps to Białystok.
June 1812: Eugene de Beauharnais, the stepson of Napoleon Bonaparte and Viceroy of Italy, crossed at Prenn on June 30.
August 1812: Following a defeat at Smolensk on August 16-18, Napoleon Bonaparte continued his move east during the French invasion of Russia in 1812. The Battle of Smolensk was a key engagement between the French forces and the Russian army led by General Mikhail Kutuzov.
September 1812: The Battle of Borodino took place during Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812. It was fought between the French forces under Napoleon Bonaparte and the Russian army commanded by General Mikhail Kutuzov. The battle resulted in heavy casualties on both sides, with neither emerging as a clear victor.
September 1812: The Battle of Borodino, was the largest and bloodiest battle of the French Campaign in Russia.
September 1812: Napoleon Bonaparte, the French military leader and emperor, moved into Moscow in 1812 during the French invasion of Russia. This marked the beginning of the French military occupation of the city during the Napoleonic Wars.
October 1812: The Second Battle of Polotsk was fought between the French army and the Russian army.
November 1812: Battle of Vyazma.
November 1812: Battle of Krasnoi (Krasny) (November 15 to 18, 1812).
December 1812: The last French troops left Russian soil.
17.13.War of the Seventh Coalition (The Hundred Days)
Napoleon escaped the exile he had been forced after the War of the Sixth Coalition and reorganized the French army. He was defeated by a coalition that included Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia and sent into permanent exile on the island of Saint Helena.
June 1815: To secure a central position at the Battle of Waterloo Napoleon secured Charleroi.
June 1815: A French army hoccupies Genappe before the Battle of Quatre Bras.
June 1815: French retreat after being defeated in the Battle of Waterloo (18 June 1815).
Was a military expedition by the Bourbon King of France, Louis XVIII, to help the Spanish Royalists restore King Ferdinand VII of Spain to the absolute power of which he had been deprived during the Liberal Triennium.
July 1823: To the east and the southeast, Gabriel Jean Joseph Molitor pushed back General Francisco Ballesteros into Aragon, pursuing him as far as Murcia and Granada, winning an engagement at Campillo de Arenas on 28 July.
August 1823: The city of Coruna surrendered to French forces on 21 August.
August 1823: The city of Coruna surrendered on 21 August.
September 1823: Pamplona conquered by france.
September 1823: San Sebastián conquered by france.
September 1823: Cádiz surrendered to the French.
November 1823: After a 14-month siege, Barcelona surrendered to French forces, leaving Catalonia under French control.
November 1823: Alicante fell to the French forces.
January 1829: The gradual evacuation of French forces from Spain was not completed until 1828.
Was the French conquest of Algeria. It begun with the French sizing Algiers and other coastal territories of Algeria in 1830. Due to the Algerian resistance, France had slowly to conquer the interior of Algeria over the next 100 years.
June 1830: The troops of Africa, led by French General Bertrand Clauzel, landed on June 14, 1830 on the peninsula of Sidi Ferruch, 30 km west of Algiers, marking the beginning of the French military occupation of Algeria.
July 1830: Capitulation of Algiers to French forces.
July 1830: Creation of the colony of French Algeria.
Was the independence war of Belgium against the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
20.1.Ten Days Campaign
Was a failed military expedition by the United Kingdom of the Netherlands against the secessionist Kingdom of Belgium between 2 and 12 August 1831.
August 1831: The French army under Marshal Étienne Gérard crossed the border with Belgium.
August 1831: Fearing a war with France, the Dutch halted their advance in Belgium, and a ceasefire was signed on 12 August. The last Dutch troops returned to the Netherlands around 20 August, while only Antwerp remained occupied. The French troops that had been moved into Belgium to counter the Dutch invasion also left the country.
Were two French military interventions in Mexico.
21.1.Pastry War
Was a conflict between France and Mexico.
January 1839: The French forces, led by Admiral Charles Baudin and General Gabriel Valentin, captured Veracruz during the Pastry War, a conflict between France and Mexico over unpaid debts. Mexico's President at the time, Anastasio Bustamante, declared war on France in response to the occupation of Veracruz.
March 1839: The French forces withdrew from Veracruz in 1839 after a peace treaty was signed with the Centralist Republic of Mexico.
21.2.Second French intervention in Mexico
Was an invasion of Mexico by the Second French Empire. It led to the creation of the Second Mexican Empire, a French protectorate, which collapsed after the withdrawal of the French troops.
21.2.1.Tripartite Alliance Invasion
Was a joint French, Spanish and British invasion of Mexico that started the Second French intervention in Mexico.
February 1862: The city of Campeche surrendered to the French fleet.
21.2.2.French Invasion (Second French intervention in Mexico)
Was the French military campaign to occupy Mexico during the Second French intervention in Mexico.
October 1862: The French occupied the port of Tampico.
December 1862: Unopposed by Mexican forces, the French took control of Xalapa.
March 1863: General Forey was a French military leader who led the French Army in the siege of Puebla in 1863. The siege was part of the French intervention in Mexico, where French forces sought to establish a monarchy under Emperor Maximilian I.
May 1863: Puebla surrendered to the French during the Battle of Puebla in 1863. The French forces were led by General Charles de Lorencez, while the Mexican defenders were commanded by General Ignacio Zaragoza. This event marked a significant moment in the French intervention in Mexico.
June 1863: French troops under Bazaine entered Mexico City.
January 1864: The French under general Bazaine occupied Guadalajara.
February 1864: In 1864, during the French intervention in Mexico, General Douay led French troops to occupy Zacatecas.
April 1864: Archduke Maximilian of Austria was installed as Emperor of Mexico by Napoleon III of France with the Treaty of Miramar. In reality, Maximilian was a puppet monarch of the Second French Empire.
Was a war between France and Morocco which was indirectly caused by the French conquest of Algeria.
August 1844: In 1844, the French military, led by Duquesne and Bouet, took control of Mogador island, located in present-day Morocco. The occupation was part of France's efforts to expand its influence in North Africa during the 19th century.
August 1844: In 1844, French troops led by General Bugeaud successfully invaded Mogador, a city in present-day Morocco. The military occupation was part of France's efforts to expand its colonial empire in North Africa. The 600 troops were able to enter the harbour and city of Mogador, establishing French control over the territory.
September 1844: In 1844, the French forces, led by General Bugeaud, evacuated Mogador (now Essaouira) after signing the Treaty of Tangiers with Sultan Abd al-Rahman of the Sultanate of Morocco. This marked the end of French occupation in the region.
Was a revolutionary wave in Europe that started in France. The revolutions were essentially democratic and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states, as envisioned by romantic nationalism.
23.1.First Italian War of Independence
Was the first of the three traditional Italian Wars of Independence. It was fought by the Kingdom of Sardinia against the Austrian Empire but it did not led to any territorial modification.
23.1.1.French Invasion of the Papal States
Was a French military campaign against the insurgents that had created the Roman Republic in the Papal States.
April 1849: A French army corps led by General Nicolas Charles Victor Oudinot landed in Civitavecchia.
July 1849: The Siege of Rome in 1849 was a battle between the French forces and the Roman Republic. The French military occupation of Rome marked the end of the Roman Republic and the restoration of Papal rule.
April 1850: On April 12, 1850, Pius IX returned to Rome and abrogated the Constitution granted in March two years earlier.
Was an attack on Honolulu, capital of the Hawaiian Kingdom, by French admiral Louis Tromelin in 1849 in retribution for the local persecution of Catholics and repression of French trade.
August 1849: In 1849, French Admiral Louis Tromelin captured Honolulu Fort in Hawaii as part of a military occupation ordered by King Louis-Philippe of France. This action was in response to the mistreatment of French residents in the Hawaiian Islands.
September 1849: In 1849, the French forces withdrew from Honolulu, Kingdom of Hawaii, following a conflict known as the French Incident. This event was a result of tensions between the Hawaiian monarchy and French government, led by Admiral Louis Tromelin and King Kamehameha III.
Was an 1866 punitive expedition undertaken by the Second French Empire against Joseon Korea in retaliation for the execution of seven French Catholic missionaries.
October 1866: In 1866, a group of 170 French Naval Fusiliers, led by Admiral Roze, landed on Ganghwa Island in Korea. They seized the fortress controlling the Han River and occupied the city of Ganghwa.
November 1866: With winter approaching and the Korean forces growing stronger, the French evacuated Ganghwa Island.
Were a series of wars that resulted in the creation of the German Empire under Prussian leadership in 1871.
26.1.Franco-Prussian War
Was a war that saw the Second French Empire fight against an alliance of German states led by the Kingdom of Prussia. The war was caused by the struggle over dominance in continental Europe between Prussia and France. The German states were victorious and in 1871 merged to form the German Empire. France was occupied and forced to cede Alsace-Lorraine to Germany.
26.1.1.French Army incursion
Was a French military operation at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War.
August 1870: Battle of Saarbrücken.
26.1.2.German Invasion (Franco-Prussian War)
Was the invasion of the Second French Empire by an alliance of German states during the Franco-Prussian War. The French defeat at Sédan (1870) caused the fall of the French Empire.
August 1870: Upon learning from captured Prussian soldiers and a local area police chief that the Prussian Crown Prince's Third Army was just 48 km north from Saarbrücken near the Rhine river town Wissembourg, General Le Bœuf and Napoleon III decided to retreat to defensive positions. General Frossard, without instructions, hastily withdrew his elements of the Army of the Rhine in Saarbrücken back across the river to Spicheren and Forbach.
Was the French conquest of Tunisia that became a French protectorate.
27.1.Conquest of Tunisia
Was the French military invasion and occupation of Tunisia.
April 1881: General François Auguste Logerot was a French military leader who led 5,000 troops into Sakiet Sidi Youssef in 1881. This marked the beginning of France's military occupation of the territory.
April 1881: The bombardment of the fort on the island of Tabarka in 1881 was part of the French military occupation of Tunisia. La Surveillante, an armored frigate, attacked the fort, leading to its near destruction. Tunisian soldiers abandoned the fort, allowing 1,300 French soldiers to occupy it.
April 1881: In 1881, French General Charles Lallemand led the forces that laid siege to Le Kef, a strategic town in Tunisia. This marked the beginning of the French military occupation of Tunisia, which was completed later that year.
April 1881: General Logerot, a French military leader, left Le Kef and passed through Nebeur without any trouble.
April 1881: Souk El Arba is occupied by French forces.
May 1881: The Logerot column, led by French General Paul Flatters, returned to Fernana, which they reached on May 6.
May 1881: The Treaty of Bardo established a French protectorate over the Beylik of Tunis.
Was a French military campaign to conquer Tonkin and Annam, in Vietnam, that became French protectorates.
28.1.Rivière's Expedition
Was a military expedition of French officer Henri Rivière to conquer Tonkin and Annam during the Tonkin Campaign.
April 1882: The French army under Rivière captured the citadel of Hanoi, capital of Tonkin.
May 1882: In 1882, the Tonkin region was returned to the Nguyễn Dynasty in Vietnam. The Citadel, a fortified structure, was handed back to the Vietnamese control after being under French occupation during the Tonkin Campaign.
March 1883: General Alexandre-Eugène Bouët led the 520 infantry troops from France to occupy the citadel of Nam Dinh in 1883 during the French military occupation of the territory. Bouët was a prominent French military leader known for his role in the colonization of Vietnam.
July 1883: The French position in Tonkin on Bouët's arrival in early June 1883 was extremely precarious. The French had only small garrisons in Hanoi, Haiphong and Nam Định, isolated posts at Hon Gai and at Qui Nhơn in Annam.
28.2.War with the Black Army
Was the conflict between the French forces, that had invaded Vietnam, and the Black Flag Army, a Chinese paramilitary group that controlled territories in Vietnam.
August 1883: In 1883, during the period of French military occupation in Hải Dương, a successful attack was led by Lieutenant-Colonel Brionval. The French forces, including marine infantry and Cochinchinese riflemen, overcame Vietnamese defenses on August 13th.
28.3.Treaty of Huế
The 1883 and 1884 Treaties of Huế divided the remaining Vietnamese territory into the French protectorates of Annam and Tonkin under nominal Nguyen dynasty rule.
August 1883: The 1883 and 1884 Treaties of Huế divided the remaining Vietnamese territory into the protectorates of Annam and Tonkin under nominal Nguyen dynasty rule.
28.4.Sino-French War
Was a war between France and Qing China caused by the French military campaigns to conquer Vietnam.
October 1884: In 1884, during the Sino-French War, French forces occupied Keelung, a strategic port city in Taiwan. This military action was part of France's efforts to expand its influence in East Asia. The conflict was led by Admiral Amédée Courbet on the French side.
April 1885: Admiral Courbet, a French naval officer, was ordered by the French government to send a marine infantry battalion to occupy the Pescadores Islands in late March 1885.
28.4.1.Treaty of Tientsin (1885)
Was the treaty that ended the Sino-French War. Qing China recognized the French protectorate over Vietnam.
June 1885: French troops had to leave Formosa and the Pescadores.
Were two French military interventions in Madagascar between 1883 and 1896 that overthrew the ruling monarchy of the Merina Kingdom, and resulted in Madagascar becoming a French colony.
29.1.First Madagascar expedition
Was a French military expedition against the Merina Kingdom of Madagascar.
June 1885: In 1885, the French under Admiral Pierre bombarded the northwestern coast of Madagascar and occupied Majunga. This military action was part of France's efforts to establish control over the island, which eventually led to the colonization of Madagascar.
January 1886: A Treaty was signed in December 1885 by France and by the Kingdom of Madagascar. The French agreed to leave the occupied territories.
January 1886: When the ultimatum was refused, France bombarded the east coast, and occupied Toamasina.
29.2.Second Madagascar expedition
Was a French military expedition against the Merina Kingdom of Madagascar, which became a French protectorate.
January 1895: The French occupied the harbor of Toamasina on the east coast of Madagascar.
February 1895: In 1895, French military forces bombarded and occupied Mahajanga, a port city on the west coast of Madagascar.
June 1895: Tsarasaotra fell under French control.
August 1895: Andriba conquered by france.
September 1895: The French arrived at the end of September in Antananarivo, the capital of Madagscar, and placed an artillery battery in front of the royal palace. High-explosive shells were fired on the palace, killing many. The Queen promptly surrendered.
October 1895: The Merina Kingdom was ruled by Queen Ranavalona III at the time of signing the treaty with France. The treaty effectively placed Madagascar under French protection, leading to the establishment of the Malagasy Protectorate.
Was a war by Mahdist Sudan against Egyptian rule. The Mahdista were finally defeated by Egyptian and British forces, and Sudan became an Anglo-Egyptian condominium.
30.1.Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan
Was the joint Anglo-Egyptian military invasion of Mahdist Sudan that ended the Mahdist War.
30.1.1.Fashoda Incident
Was a French expedition to Fashoda whose aim was to conquer territories in Sudan.
July 1898: In 1898, French explorer Jean-Baptiste Marchand reached Fashoda and raised the French flag.
November 1898: The Fashoda Incident in 1898 involved French Captain Jean-Baptiste Marchand and British Major-General Herbert Kitchener. The French troops were ordered to withdraw by the French government, avoiding a potential conflict with Great Britain.
Was a British military expedition that led to the fall of the Sokoto Caliphate and its partition between Great Britain and Germany.
March 1903: At the grand market square of Sokoto, the last Vizier of the Sokoto Caliphate officially surrendered to British forces. The Caliphate was partitioned between great Britain, France and Germany in accordance with the borders decided at the Berlin Conference.
Was a global conflict between two coalitions, the Allies (primarily France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). It was mainly caused by the competition of the western countries over domain in Europe and in the rest of the world with their colonial empires. The war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. The war also caused the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War.
32.1.World War I African Theatre
Was the African Theatre of World War I.
32.1.1.Togoland Campaign
Was a French and British invasion of the German colony of Togoland in West Africa, which began the West African campaign of the First World War.
August 1914: A column under French Captain Marchand took Aneho.
August 1914: The French advanced to Porto Seguro and Togo.
August 1914: German Togo was occupied by France and Great Britain at the beginning of WWI.
December 1916: Militarly occupied Togoland was divided into French and British administrative zones.
32.1.2.Kamerun Campaign
Took place in the German colony of Kamerun in the African theatre of the First World War when the British, French and Belgians invaded the German colony.
November 1914: The French captured Edéa, Nola and Sanaga in October.
December 1914: Shortly before Christmas 1914, the French succeeded in taking the Molundu station (Cameroon).
April 1915: The French took over Lomié in 1915 when they defeated the German forces in southern Cameroon.
March 1916: Provisional division of militarly occupied German Kamerun between France and the United Kingdom.
March 1916: After the conquest of German Cameroon by French and British forces, part of the occupied territories was integrated into French Equatorial Africa.
32.1.2.1.Naval Operations
Naval operations during the Kamerun campaign of World War I.
September 1914: French infantry landed at Ukoko and took the town shortly after fighting the German garrison there. Germany had effectively no control over the portion of Kamerun to the south of the Spanish colony of Rio Muni.
32.2.World War I Balkan Theatre
Was the theatre of war in the Balkan Peninsula during World War I.
32.2.1.Albania during World War I
Albanian theatre of World War I.
32.2.1.1.Collapse of Albania
Invasion of Albania by the central powers during World War I.
November 1916: French general Sarrail detached a French cavalry column which occupied Korçë the following November 29 with little resistance.
December 1916: Descoins proclaimed the establishment of an Albanian Republic of Korçë under a protectorate of France.
April 1917: Between March and May 1917 a series of operations by the French army involved the area between Lake Ohrid and Lake Prespa, on the border between Albania and Macedonia.
June 1917: The ground recently gained by the French was largely lost in counter-attacks by the Bulgarian-German forces.
February 1918: On February 16, 1918, the new French commander of the Korçë sector, General Salle, formally abolished the previous autonomous statute of the republic proclaimed on December 10, 1916, bringing the area back under the strict control of the French military authorities.
32.3.World War I western Front
Was the theatre of war in western Europe during World War I.
32.3.1.German Offensive in Flanders (World War I)
Was the German offensive in the Flanders at the beginning of World War I.
August 1914: The French occupied Mulhouse on 8 August.
August 1914: French forces captured Mulhouse, a city in Alsace, from the German Empire. However, they were later forced out by German counter-attacks led by General August von Mackensen and Crown Prince Wilhelm.
August 1914: The First and Second Armies, led by French generals Joseph Joffre and Auguste Dubail, attacked towards Sarrebourg-Morhange in Lorraine, which was then under German control. The battle resulted in the territory being occupied by France.
October 1914: Changes of the Western front by 8 October 1914.
32.4.Aftermath of World War I
Were a series of treaties and military events that can be considered a direct consequence of World War I.
32.4.1.Treaty of Versailles
Was the treaty that ended the state of war between Germany and most of the Allied Powers.
32.4.1.1.Occupation of the Rhineland
The German armistice after World War I included the military occupation of the Rhineland by the victorious powers.
32.4.1.2.Territorial cessions of Germany in Europe
Were territorial cessions of Germany in Europe after World War I.
January 1920: The treaty of Versailles restored the provinces of Alsace-Lorraine to France by rescinding the treaties of Versailles and Frankfurt of 1871.
32.4.2.German Revolution
Was a civil conflict in the German Empire at the end of the First World War that resulted in the replacement of the German federal constitutional monarchy with a democratic parliamentary republic.
32.4.2.1.Revolutionary States
A series of short-lived states were proclaimed in various territories of the German Empire in the aftermath of World War I.
November 1918: French troops put the Alsace-Lorraine under military occupation and entered Strasbourg.
32.4.3.Territory of the Saar Basin
The Territory of the Saar Basin was a region of Germany occupied and governed by the United Kingdom and France from 1920 to 1935 under a League of Nations mandate.
January 1920: The Territory of the Saar Basin was a region of Germany occupied and governed by the United Kingdom and France from 1920 to 1935 under a League of Nations mandate.
Was a series of military campaigns waged by the Turkish National Movement after parts of the Ottoman Empire were occupied and partitioned following its defeat in World War I. The war led to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey.
33.1.Franco-Turkish War
Was a war between France and the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I. France started a military campaign in the southern territories of the Ottoman Empire because in the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement with the United Kingdom it had agreed to take control of the region.
December 1918: French troops occupy Antakya.
December 1918: French troops occupy Tarsus and Ceyhan and face the first exchanges of fire in Dörtyol in one of the opening acts of what will later be termed the Franco-Turkish War.
December 1918: French troops occupy Adana, Çukurova's largest city with central importance for southern Turkey.
December 1918: French troops occupy Osmaniye and Islahiye.
December 1918: The control over Çukurova was acquired by General Henri Gouraud, a French military commander, in a move that extended French military occupation to Pozantı in Gülek Pass (Cilicia Gates) on December 27, 1918.
October 1919: French troops occupy Maraş and replace the British troops stationed in the city.
April 1920: French occupation troops are forced to evacuate Urfa faced to the resistance and assaults of the Turkish Revolutionaries.
June 1920: French occupation troops are forced to evacuate the entire region of Urfa, east of Euphrates.
June 1920: The French retire their troops from Karadeniz Ereğli.
February 1921: Antep's Turkish forces surrendered to French forces after 384 days of fighting.
March 1921: French occupation troops were forced to evacuate Feke faced to the resistance and assaults of the Turkish Revolutionaries.
March 1921: French occupation troops are forced to evacuate Kadirli faced to the resistance and assaults of the Turkish Revolutionaries.
June 1921: The French troops depart from Zonguldak.
November 1921: French troops evacuate Islahiye.
January 1922: French troops evacuate Mersin.
January 1922: French troops evacuate Dörtyol.
33.1.1.French Occupation of strategic places in Turkey after WWI
Were a series of French military actions to occupy territories in the southern part of the Ottoman Empire.
January 1919: The city of Bursa (a former Ottoman capital of central importance in northwest Anatolia) was also held by French forces for a brief period before the great summer offensive of the Greek army in 1920.
March 1919: Two French gunboats brought troops to the Black Sea ports of Zonguldak and Karadeniz Ereğli to command the Ottoman coal mining region.
June 1920: Because of the resistance they faced during their one-year stay in the region, French troops begin to withdraw from Karadeniz Ereğli.
33.1.2.Cilicia Campaign
Was a French and British military campaign in southern Anatolia during the Franco-Turkish War.
November 1918: French forces land at Mersin.
November 1918: Tarsus, a city in modern-day Turkey, was occupied by French forces in 1918.
November 1919: The city of Mardin was occupied by the French for one day.
33.1.3.French Withdrawal (Franco-Turkish War)
Was the withdrawal of French forces from Southern Anatolia.
November 1919: The French abandoned the occupation attempt of Mardin.
February 1920: After 22 days of the Battle of Marash, the French occupation troops, followed by members of the local Armenian community, found themselves forced to evacuate Marash by the resistance and assaults of the Turkish revolutionaries.
January 1922: The French forces withdrew from the occupation zone in Turkey in the first days of 1922, about ten months before the Armistice of Mudanya. Beginning on 3 January, French troops evacuated Mersin and Dörtyol.
January 1922: On 5 January the French left Adana, Ceyhan and Tarsus to the Ottomans.
January 1922: The French evacuation of Anatolia was completed with the last troops leaving Osmaniye. France left all territories occupied in Cilicia and southern Turkey with the exception of the Republic of Hatay.
Was a war between the independent Arab Kingdom of Syria that was proclaimed in Damascus on March 8, 1920 and the French authorities.
July 1920: In spite of King Faisal's acceptance of France's ultimatum, Yusuf al-'Azma refused to give in. He raised a small body of disbanded troops and civilians, poorly armed relative to the modern, well-equipped professional French Army, and led them to Maysalun. The Battle of Maysalun resulted in a crushing Syrian defeat.
July 1920: The final stage of the Franco-Syrian War took place when the French forces entered Damascus without any resistance.
July 1920: The Arab Kingdom of Syria was abolished, and French rule officially reinstalled.
In 1933, France occupied Andorra as a result of social unrest before elections.
August 1933: From 18 August until 9 of October of 1933 , a detachment of French gendarmes occupied Andorra due to altercations produced to achieve male universal suffrage.
October 1933: French forces evacuated Andorra.
Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.
36.1.World War II (Western Front)
Was the Western European theatre of World War II.
36.1.1.Saar Offensive
Was the French invasion of Saarland, Germany, in the first stages of World War II.
September 1939: The French army advanced to as far as 8 kilometres in some areas of Germany, and captured about 12 towns and villages unopposed: Gersheim, Medelsheim, Ihn, Niedergailbach, Bliesmengen, Ludweiler, Brenschelbach, Lauterbach, Niedaltdorf, Kleinblittersdorf, Auersmacher, and Sitterswald.
September 1939: The French occupied most of the Warndt Forest.
September 1939: The French 32nd Infantry Regiment made further gains on 12 September, seizing the German town of Brenschelbach.
September 1939: The French held German territory along all of the Rhine-Moselle front, but after the collapse of Poland, General Maurice Gamelin on 21 September ordered French units to return to their starting positions on the Maginot Line. On 17 October the withdrawal was complete.
36.2.End of World War II in Europe
Refers to the surrender of Axis forces and the end of World War II and to the territorial changes that were a direct consequence of World War II but happened after the traditional end of the War.
February 1946: Starting on 16 February 1946 France disentangled the Saar area and established the separate Saar Protectorate.
April 1949: On 1 April 1949 (prior to the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany), the border areas in the territories of North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate were temporarily divested to Belgium.
May 1949: The Federal Republic of Germany was established on the territory of the Western occupied zones, with Bonn as its "provisional" capital.
36.2.1.Austrian State Treaty
The Austrian State Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state after World War II.
May 1945: In the immediate aftermath of World War II, Austria was divided into four occupation zones and jointly occupied by the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and France.
July 1955: The Austrian State Treaty was signed on May 15, 1955, in Vienna, Austria. The treaty was signed by the foreign ministers of the United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, and France, officially ending the Allied occupation of Austria and re-establishing the country as a sovereign state.
36.2.2.Allied occupation of Germany
The Allies occupied Germany, but the Western allies and Soviet Union formed separate governments covering specific parts of Germany (West Germany, as well as West Berlin, and East Germany).
August 1945: The Allies divided Germany into four occupation zones.
Was a civil war between the forces of the Rwandan government and the rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) from 1 October 1990 to 18 July 1994. The victorious RPF assumed control of the country and formed a new government.
37.1.Operation Turquoise
In late June 1994, during the Rwandan Civil War, France launched Opération Turquoise, a UN-mandated mission to create safe humanitarian areas.
June 1993: In late June 1994 France launched Opération Turquoise, a UN-mandated mission to create safe humanitarian areas for displaced persons, refugees, and civilians in danger. From bases in the Zairian cities of Goma and Bukavu, the French entered south-western Rwanda and established the Turquoise zone.
August 1993: The French forces left Rwanda at the end of the UN operation. The RPF immediately occupied the region.
January 1495: Genova conquers Sarzana.
January 1500: In 1499, Cremona came under the control of the Republic of Venice for a decade.
April 1500: Following the capture and execution of Ludovico Sforza in April 1500 and seeking protection from France, Bellinzona joined the Swiss Confederation on April 14, 1500. Bellinzona would remain under the joint administration of Uri, Schwyz and Nidwalden until the creation of the Helvetic Republic after the Napoleonic invasion of Switzerland in 1798.
January 1506: Brittany islands fully integrated into the French State.
January 1667: Montserrat occupied by France.
July 1668: 17 November 1666 - mid 1668: French occupation of Sint Estatius.
January 1672: Rajasinha attempted to negotiate an alliance with France, who seized Trincomalee.
July 1672: 25 Jul 1672 - 6 Sep 1674: Sainte Thomé (São Tomé de Meliapore) occupied by France.
January 1673: Dutch conquest of Trincomalee.
September 1674: 25 Jul 1672 - 6 Sep 1674: Sainte Thomé (São Tomé de Meliapore) occupied by France.
April 1689: In 1689, the island of Sint Eustatius was occupied by France. The French occupation was led by Admiral Jean Bart, a renowned French naval commander.
July 1690: 28 Jul 1690 - Apr 1696: English occupationof Sint Estatius.
January 1713: In November 1712, Berbice was briefly occupied by the French under Jacques Cassard, as part of the War of the Spanish Succession.
February 1713: In November 1712, Berbice was briefly occupied by the French privateer Jacques Cassard, as part of the War of the Spanish Succession. The Dutch regained control in 1713 when the territory was transferred to Dutch Guiana.
January 1720: In 1719, the French under the command of General Bienville captured Pensacola, a Spanish settlement in Florida. However, the Spanish forces led by Governor José de Zúñiga y la Cerda were able to retake the town. Unfortunately, they lost control of Pensacola again later that same year.
January 1901: The Gobir region of Nigeria was partitioned between France and Great Britain.
January 1914: At some point before WWI the borders of the Protectorates of Northern and Southern Nigeria with the French colonies in Africa were adjusted in accordance with the agreements made at the Berlin Conference.
June 1920: The French army, led by General Franchet d'Esperey, moved from Korçë in 1920, marking the end of the Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korçë, as the territory was handed over to the Principality of Albania.
Disestablishment
June 1993: In late June 1994 France launched Opération Turquoise, a UN-mandated mission to create safe humanitarian areas for displaced persons, refugees, and civilians in danger. From bases in the Zairian cities of Goma and Bukavu, the French entered south-western Rwanda and established the Turquoise zone.
August 1993: The French forces left Rwanda at the end of the UN operation. The RPF immediately occupied the region.
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France (Military Occupation)
