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The cluster includes the Eastern Roman Empire and its successor, the Byzantine Empire.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Eastern Roman Empire
Byzantine Empire
Establishment
January 395: Before Roman emperor Theodosius' death, he divided the Empire between his two sons: the eastern part went to Arcadius, the western part to Honorius. This division was, from a formal point of view, only administrative, since the Empire was still one, but it was also an important event in Roman history, as never again did an emperor reign over the West and the East at the same time.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
After the death of Theodosius I, the last Emperor of the whole Roman Empire, the empire was divided between his two sons in a Western and Eastern part.
Were a series of conflicts between the Roman Empire and the Goths.
January 403: The Kingdom of the Ostrogoths in Moesia ceased to exist when the Ostrogoths left for Pannonia.
2.1.Gothic War (401-403)
Was a war between the invading Visigoths and the Roman Empire.
January 396: The Visgoths led by Alaric devastated Greece.
February 396: The Roman Senate paid a large subsidy to the Visigoths to prevent further devastation of Greece by Alaric's forces in 396.
The Western Roman Empire briefly occupied Epirus, a territory which was part of the Eastern Roman Empire at the time.
January 406: In 406, Stilicho, a general of the Western Roman Empire, allied with Alaric, a Visigothic leader, to invade Epirus in the Eastern Roman Empire.
February 406: Stilicho's plans to conquer Epirus were thwarted by barbarian invasions, forcing him to leave the region.
Were a series of conflicts that saw the Huns, an invading tribe probably from Central Asia, fighting against the Romans as well as the Germanic tribes of Europe.
4.1.Hunnic Invasion of the Eastern Roman Empire
Invasion of the Eastern Roman Empire by the Huns under king Attila.
January 448: Theodosius was forced to evacuate a strip of territory south of the Danube five days' journey wide and to pay the Huns an annual tribute of 2,100 pounds of gold.
January 448: In 447, faced with Theodosius' refusal to pay him tribute, Attila invaded the Eastern Empire again, devastating a large part of the Illyrian territories between the Black and Mediterranean seas and inflicting two serious defeats on two Roman field armies - oriental.
February 448: In 447, faced with Theodosius' refusal to pay him tribute, Attila invaded the Eastern Empire again, devastating a large part of the Illyrian territories between the Black and Mediterranean seas and inflicting two serious defeats on two Roman field armies - oriental.
4.1.1.Battle of the Utus
The Battle of Utus was fought in 447 between the army of the Eastern Roman Empire and the Huns led by Attila. The Hunnic victory brought Attila to the gates of Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire.
January 448: The Battle of Utus was fought in 447 between the army of the Eastern Roman Empire and the Huns led by Attila. The Hunnic victory brought Attila to the gates of Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire.
February 448: The Battle of Utus was fought in 447 between the army of the Eastern Roman Empire and the Huns led by Attila. The Hunnic victory brought Attila to the gates of Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire.
4.2.Germanic-Hunnic Wars
Was the conflict between the Germanic Tribes of central and eastern Europe against the Huns.
4.2.1.Battle of Nedao
The Battle of Nedao was a battle fought in Pannonia in 454 CE between the Huns and their former Germanic vassals. It was decisive Germanic victory.
January 455: The Battle of Nedao in 454 CE marked the end of the Hunnic Empire as the Germanic vassals, led by Ardaric of the Gepids, decisively defeated the Huns under Attila's sons, Ellac and Dengizich. This led to the fragmentation of the Hunnic Empire and the territory of Pannonia falling under the control of the Eastern Roman Empire.
Was an military expedition of the Vandals in the Peloponnese.
January 470: After capturing the western fleet and destroying the eastern one, the Vandals attempted to invade the Peloponnese, but were driven back to sea near the Maina peninsula with very heavy losses. Taking 500 Roman hostages on Zakynthos, they hacked them to pieces on the way back to Carthage, throwing the remains overboard.
February 470: After capturing the western fleet and destroying the eastern one, the Vandals attempted to invade the Peloponnese, but were driven back to sea near the Maina peninsula with very heavy losses. Taking 500 Roman hostages on Zakynthos, they hacked them to pieces on the way back to Carthage, throwing the remains overboard.
After the Ostrogoths left Pannonia in 473, the Gepids captured Sirmium (now Sremska Mitrovica in Serbia), a strategically important town on the road between Italy and Constantinople.
January 474: After the Ostrogoths left Pannonia in 473, the Gepids captured Sirmium, a strategically important town on the road between Italy and Constantinople.
Several important cities in Dalmatia became factually independent after the end of the Western Roman Empire.
January 481: Cattaro was one of the localities where the local Romance population survived the Barbarian invasions after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 400s CE. Phersu Atlas Assumption: we assume that they become de facto indipendent after the conquest of Dalmatia by Odoacer in 480.
Were a series of Wars between Rome (first the Roman Republic then the Roman Empire and finally the Eastern Roman Empire) and Persia (the Parthian Empire, and then its successor, the Sasanian Empire). The wars were ended by the early Muslim conquests, which led to the fall of the Sasanian Empire and huge territorial losses for the Byzantine Empire.
January 523: In 521/522 Kavad lost control of Lazica, whose rulers switched their allegiance to the Romans.
January 542: Sasanian general Cosroe digged a tunnel that allowed his army to reach under a tower of the Petra and set it on fire. With part of its defenses destroyed, the city surrendered to the Sasanians who entered triumphantly (541).
January 542: Revolt in Lazica against the Byzantines, Gubazes II asks for help from the Persians. Persia successfully invades Lazica.
January 550: Persian protectorate over the region was established. However, the Shah of Persia's attempt to directly control the region and the missionary zeal of the Zoroastrian priests soon caused the discontent of the Christian population of Lazica. Gubazes revolted against Persian rule and asked Justinian for help, begging forgiveness for their previous quarrels which had caused Lazica to fall into Persian hands. The Lazi who crossed the river defeated the 1,000 Persian soldiers sent in advance and subsequently attacked their camp while they were still sleeping causing them to flee.
8.1.Anastasian War
Was a war between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Sasanian Empire.
September 502: In August 502, King Kavad I of the Sasanian Empire easily captured the unprepared city of Theodosiopolis, which was a key Byzantine stronghold located in modern-day Turkey. The conquest marked a significant victory for the Sasanians in their ongoing conflict with the Byzantine Empire.
July 503: Siege of the important Roman border fortress of Amida. The defenders, although receiving no reinforcements, repulsed the Persian assaults for three months, proving to be a far more difficult target than the Sasanian ruler anticipated, but they finally gave way and the city fell.
September 503: Between August and September the Romans were besieged in Edessa by Kavad I.
October 503: During the year 503, the city of Edessa was besieged by Kavad I, the Sassanid King of Persia. The siege took place between August and September, with the territory eventually falling under the control of the Eastern Roman Empire.
January 507: A peace treaty signed in November 506 by the Eastern Roman Empire and the Sasanian Empire ended the Anastasian War. With the treaty, the contenders agreed to restore the status quo ante bellum.
8.2.Iberian War
Was a war between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Sasanian Empire over the eastern Georgian kingdom of Iberia - a Sasanian client state that had defected to the Byzantines.
January 528: In 527, the Eastern Roman Empire, under the rule of Emperor Justinian I, occupied two forts in Persarmenia, Bolon and Farangion. This was part of Justinian's efforts to expand and strengthen the empire's borders in the region.
January 529: In 528 the Persians used the conquered bases in Iberia to penetrate eastern Lazica.
8.2.1.Ethernal Peace (Byzantine-Sasanian Treaty)
Was a peace treaty between the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire that ended the Iberian War.
January 533: The Sasanian Persians recognized Lazica as a dependent state of Byzantium in the Eternal Peace of 532.
January 533: Eternal peace was signed in 532 and the Romans had to return the fortresses of Bolon and Faragion to Persia.
8.3.Byzantine-Sasanian War of 572-591
Was a war fought between the Sasanian Empire of Persia and the Eastern Roman Empire. It was triggered by pro-Byzantine revolts in areas of the Caucasus under Persian hegemony.
January 574: The Romans laid siege to Nisibis.
February 574: The abrupt dismissal of the byzantine general Marcian led to a disorderly retreat from Nisibis.
January 578: The Byzantines defeated the Persians at near Melitene and exploited their disarray by raiding deep into Caucasian Albania and Azerbaijan.
February 578: The Byzantines leave Caucasian Albania and Azerbaijan after a raid.
January 579: In 578, the Sasanian Empire, led by Adarmahan, launched a destructive military campaign in Roman Mesopotamia, causing significant damage to the region. This event marked a period of conflict between the Sasanians and the Romans in the area.
January 579: Corduene was a mountainous region located in present-day eastern Turkey and western Iran. Maurice I was the Byzantine Emperor from 582 to 602, known for his military campaigns and administrative reforms. The incorporation of Corduene into the Byzantine Empire was part of Maurice's efforts to expand and strengthen Byzantine territories.
February 579: The Persians, led by Adarmahan, launched a destructive military campaign in Roman Mesopotamia in 579. This led to significant losses for the Eastern Roman Empire in the region.
January 581: The Principality of Iberia was established shortly after the suppression of the Cosroid dynasty of the Kingdom of Iberia by Sasanian Persia, around 580.
January 590: Martyropolis, a city in the Byzantine Empire, fell to the Sasanian Empire in 589 due to the betrayal of the Byzantine officer Sittas. This event was part of the ongoing conflict between the two empires during the reign of Emperor Maurice.
September 591: Khosrow II gives the Byzantine Empire most of Persian Armenia.
September 591: At the Battle of Blarathon, near Ganzak, they decisively defeated Bahram, restoring Khosrow II to power and bringing the war to an end. Khosrow not only returned Dara and Martyropolis in exchange for Maurice's assistance, but also agreed to a new partition of the Caucasus by which the Sassanids handed over to the Byzantines many cities, including Tigranokert, Manzikert, Baguana, Valarsakert, Bagaran, Vardkesavan, Yerevan, Ani, Kars, and Zarisat. The western part of the Kingdom of Iberia, including the cities of Ardahan, Lori, Dmanisi, Lomsia, Mtskheta, and Tontio became Byzantine dependencies. Also, the city of Cytaea was given to Lazica, also a Byzantine dependency.
8.4.Byzantine-Sasanian War of 602-628
Was the final and most devastating of the series of wars fought between the Roman Empire and the Sasanian Empire. The war was fought in Egypt, the Levant, Mesopotamia, the Caucasus, Anatolia, Armenia, the Aegean Sea and before the walls of Constantinople itself. After an initial phase of Sasanian conquest, the Byzantines were able to regain most of their territories. The war ended after a civil war broke out in Persia. After the war both Empires were so weakened that the Middle East and North Africa were soon conquered by the emerging Islamic Caliphate.
8.4.1.Persian dominance (Byzantine-Sasanian War of 602-628)
Were a series of Sasanian military campaigns that resulted in the conquest of large portions of the Byzantine Empire.
January 610: During the civil war in the Byzantine Empire, the Persians, led by King Khosrow II, seized the opportunity to expand their territory. In 609, they successfully conquered the frontier towns of Mardin and Amida in Upper Mesopotamia, further strengthening their control in the region.
November 610: By the time of Heraclius' accession the Persians had conquered all Roman cities east of the Euphrates and in Armenia before moving on to Cappadocia, where their general Shahin took Caesarea.
January 614: In 613, the Roman forces, led by Emperor Heraclius, suffered a defeat against the Sasanian Empire at the Cilician Gates. This strategic pass was crucial for controlling access to the region north of Antioch.
January 614: The cities of Damascus, Apamea, and Emesa fell quickly to the Sasanians in 613.
January 614: The Persians captured Tarsus and the Cilician plain.
January 614: The Battle of Antioch took place in 613 outside Antioch. The victorious Persians were able to maintain a hold on the recently taken Byzantine territory. The victory paved the way for further Sasanian advance into the Levant and Anatolia.
June 614: The Sasanian Empire, under the rule of King Khosrow II, conquered Jerusalem after a brief siege in 614. This conquest led to the fall of the Byzantine Empire's control over the region and marked a significant shift in power in the area.
January 623: In 622, the Sasanian Empire captured Ancyra, an important military base in central Anatolia, during the ongoing conflict with the Byzantine Empire. The Persians were led by King Khosrow II, while the Byzantines were under the rule of Emperor Heraclius.
January 624: Rhodes and several other islands in the eastern Aegean fell in 622/3, threatening a naval assault on Constantinople.
8.4.2.Avar Incursions
While the Byzantines were occupied with the Persians, the Avars and Slavs invaded the Balkans, capturing several Byzantine cities.
January 615: The Avars, a nomadic people from Central Asia, began raiding Thrace in 614.
January 615: While the Byzantines were occupied with the Persians, the Avars and Slavs poured into the Balkans, capturing several Byzantine cities, including Singidunum (Belgrade), Viminacium (Kostolac), Naissus (Niš), and Serdica (Sofia), while destroying Salona in 614. Other minor cities on the Adriatic coast like Jadar (Zadar), Tragurium (Trogir), Butua (Budva), Scodra (Shkodër), and Lissus (Lezhë) also survived the invasions.
February 615: End of Avar raid in Thrace.
8.4.3.Sasanian conquest of Egypt
Sasanian military campaign that resulted in the conquest of Byzantine Egypt.
January 618: Chalcedon fell in 617 to Shahin, bringing the Persians within sight of Constantinople.
July 619: According to the Khuzistan Chronicle, Alexandria was betrayed to the Persians by a certain Peter in June 619.
January 622: After the fall of Alexandria, the Persians gradually extended their rule southwards along the Nile. Sporadic resistance required some mopping-up operations, but by 621, the province was securely in Persian hands.
8.4.4.Byzantine Counterattack (Byzantine-Sasanian War of 602-628)
Were a series of military operations by the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius that resulted in the reconquest of most of the territories lost to the Sasanian Empire.
September 622: Heraclius threatened Persian communications from the Euphrates valley to Anatolia by marching to Cappadocia. This forced the Persian forces in Anatolia under Shahrbaraz to retreat from the front-lines of Bithynia and Galatia to eastern Anatolia in order to block his access to Iran.
December 622: What followed next is not entirely clear, but Heraclius certainly won a crushing victory over Shahrbaraz in the fall of 622. Thus he saved Anatolia from the Persians.
November 624: Byzantine emperor Heraclius and his army wintered in Caucasian Albania.
January 625: Byzantine Emperor Heraclius recovered Caesarea from the Sassanid Empire before continuing his campaign in the Caucasus region.
January 625: Heraclius left Constantinople to attack the Persian heartland. He advanced along the Araxes River, destroying Persian-held Dvin, the capital of Armenia, and Nakhchivan. At Ganzaka, Heraclius met Khosrow's army, then destroyed Adur Gushnasp. His raids went as far as the Gayshawan.
January 626: In 625, the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius bypassed Mount Ararat and traveled 200 miles along the Arsanias River to capture the cities of Amida and Martyropolis from the Sassanid Empire.
July 626: The siege of Constantinople by the Sassanid Persians and Avars, aided by large numbers of allied Slavs, ended in a strategic victory for the Byzantines.
August 626: The siege of Constantinople in 626 was led by the Sassanid Persian Empire and the Avars, with support from Slavic allies. The Byzantine Empire, under the leadership of Emperor Heraclius, successfully defended the city, securing a crucial victory.
September 627: In mid-September 627, Heraclius invaded the Iranian heartland.
December 627: With no Persian army left to oppose him, Heraclius' victorious army plundered Dastagird.
March 628: The Persian army rebelled and overthrew Khosrow II, installing his son Kavadh II as his successor. Immediately after ascending to the throne, Kavadh II initiated peace talks with Byzantine Emperor Heraclius. Under the terms of the resulting peace treaty, the Byzantines regained all their territories that had been lost, their captured soldiers, a war indemnity, and the religious relics that had been taken from Jerusalem.
November 628: Joint Byzantine and Göktürk operations were then focused on besieging Tiflis. Khosrow sent 1,000 cavalry under Shahraplakan to reinforce the city, but it nevertheless fell, probably in late 628.
Were a series of wars initiated by Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I to reconquer former territories of the Western Roman Empire. Although Justinian was not able to conquer back all these territories, he was succesful in conquering most of them.
9.1.Vandalic War
Was a war by Eastern Roman Emperor Juistinian I against the Vandalic Kingdom, which was conquered by the Romans.
September 533: Syllectum was captured by a Roman detachment under Boriades.
September 533: The Battle of Ad Decimum against the Vandals ended in a crushing Roman victory.
September 533: On the morning of September 15th, Belisarius drew up the army for battle before the city walls, but as no enemy appeared, he led his army into the city, after again exhorting his troops to show discipline. .
October 533: The Romans advanced through Thapsus, Leptis Parva and Hadrumetum to Grasse.
October 533: The Romans reached Cape Caputvada on the eastern shore of modern Tunisia.
December 533: Belisarius was a Byzantine general who led the Eastern Roman Empire's campaign to reconquer the Vandal Kingdom in North Africa. Hippo Regius was a city where the Vandals sought refuge but eventually surrendered to Belisarius in 533.
April 534: Gelimer surrendered to the Eastern Roman Empire, led by General Belisarius, in March 534 after negotiations that ensured his safety.
April 534: Belisarius was a Byzantine general under Emperor Justinian I. In 534, he sent armies to occupy various vandal regions outside Africa, including Sardinia, Corsica, Caesarea, Septem, Gadira, Balearic islands, and Tropolitania. This marked a significant expansion of the Eastern Roman Empire's territory.
9.1.1.Surrender of Gelimer
Was the surrender of the king of the Vandals Gelimer to the Eastern Roman invading troops.
January 535: Gelimer continued to resist on Mount Pappua, besieged by Fara, a Herulian general in the service of the Byzantines, to whom he surrendered in 534. With Gelimer's capture, the Kingdom of the Vandals dissolved.
9.2.Byzantine reconquest of Spania
Was a Byzantine military campaign against the Kingdom of the Visigoths to reconquer the Iberian Peninsula. The Byzantine were able to slowly occupy the southern coast of the Peninsula.
August 552: Who, and when, exactly began negotiations with the Byzantines for assistance is debated by historians, as the primary sources are divided. What is known is that Justinian was summoned by one of the two contenders for the throne and prepared an army. Liberio's forces arrived at the mouths of the Guadalete or possibly Malaga.
January 555: After two years of war the Romans were able to wrestle the extreme southern coast of Spain from the Visigoths.
November 555: The Byzantines occupied many coastal cities in Baetica.
9.3.Gothic War (535-554)
Was a war between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy. The war had its roots in the ambition of the Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I to recover the provinces of the former Western Roman Empire, which the Romans had lost to invading barbarian tribes.
9.3.1.First Intervention (Gothic War)
Was the first Eastern Roman campaign in Italy under General Belisarius during the Gothic War (535-554).
9.3.2.Second Intervention (Gothic War)
Was the second major Eastern Roman offensive during the Gothic War (535-554).
9.3.2.1.Battle of Taginae
Byzantine General defeated and killed Ostrogothic King Totila at the Battle of Taginae (552).
9.3.2.2.Battle of Mons Lactarius
Was a battle between the Ostrogothic Kingdom and the Byzanzine Empire in Campania.
9.3.2.3.Frankish Invasion of Italy (555)
In 554, a massive army of about thirty thousand Franks and Alemanni invaded Byzantine Italy.
9.3.2.4.Capitulation of Campsa
After the invasion of Italy by the Eastern Roman Army and the collapse of the Ostrogothic Kingdom, seven thousand Goths held out at Campsa, near Naples until they capitulated in the spring of 555.
9.4.Byzantine War gainst the Moors
Following the Eastern Roman re-conquest of the Vandal Kingdom, the local governors began to experience problems with the local Berber tribes. The province of Byzacena was invaded and the local garrison, including the commanders Gainas and Rufinus, was defeated. .
January 540: The province of Byzacena was invaded by Berber tribes. The local garrison, including the commanders Gainas and Rufinus, was defeated.
February 540: The Romans reconquered the province of Byzacena.
9.5.Bzyantine conquest of Septem
The Byzantines conquered Septem (the modern-day city of Ceuta).
January 543: The city of Ceuta fell into Byzantine hands in 542.
9.6.Lazic War
Was a war fought between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Sasanian Empire for control of the ancient Georgian region of Lazica.
The Vandals ceded the city of Ceuta to the Visigoths.
January 535: Theudis, who was the King of the Visigoths from 531 to 548, obtained the city of Ceuta from the Vandals.
By 562 the Avars controlled the lower Danube basin and the steppes north of the Black Sea.
January 563: The Avars conquered and incorporated various nomadic tribes - Kutrigurs and Sabirs - and defeated the Antes. By 562 the Avars controlled the lower Danube basin and the steppes north of the Black Sea.
Were the Visigothic campaigns in southern Spain that slowly led to the expulsion of the Byzantines from the region.
January 566: Conquests of Visigothic King Atanagild.
January 573: Medina-Sidonia was a key city in the region of Andalusia, Spain. Leovigildo was the Visigothic King of Hispania and ruled from 568 to 586. The reconquest of Asidona in 572 marked a significant victory for the Kingdom of the Visigoths in their efforts to expand their territory in the Iberian Peninsula.
January 587: Conquests of Visigothic King Leovigild.
January 601: By the year 600 the extent of Spania had diminished to little more than the coastal area between Málaga and Cartagena.
January 620: Visigothic king Gundemar conquered Málaga before 619.
January 622: As soon as he was elected kingdom of the Visigoths, Suintila resumed the fight against the Byzantines, who still occupied the Atlantic coastal area of the Betica province. First he brought the war in the south of the Byzantine domain, which went from Gibraltar to Cadiz, and then with a last campaign, which ended in 629 , he also managed to beat them in the Algarve and drive them back to North Africa, completing the reunification of the Iberian peninsula (except for some northern districts of the north, in Biscay and in the Pyrenees), the dream of the Visigothic kings who preceded him.
January 625: By 624, the entire province of Spain was in Visigothic hands, except the Balearic Islands.
12.1.Visigothic reconquest of Gades
Visigothic King Liuvigild conquered the city of Gades from the Byzantines.
January 572: Liuivigild succeeded in taking Medina-Sidonia.
12.2.Reconquest of Cordoba
Visigothic King Liuvigild conquered the city of Cordoba from the Byzantines.
January 573: In 572, King Leovigild of the Visigoths conquered Cordoba.
Was a war between the Kingdom of the Gepids on one side and the Lombards and the Avar Khaganate on the other side.
13.1.Collapse of the Gepid Kingdom
The Gepids were defeated by the Avars and Lombards in 567 and their kingdom destroyed.
January 568: Sirmium and the Dalmatian coast reverted to the Byzantines.
Was a war initiated by the invasion of Byzantine North Africa by Mauro-Roman king Garmul which ended with the collapse of the Mauro-Roman kingdom.
14.1.Byzantine Africa invaded by Garmul
Were military raids waged by Garmul, king of the Mauro-Roman Kingdom, against Byzantine North Africa.
January 572: Garmul was a Berber king of the Mauro-Roman Kingdom in North Africa. He defeated a Byzantine army in 571 and conducted raids into Byzantine territory. This event marked a significant victory for the Mauro-Roman Kingdom over the Byzantine Empire.
February 572: Garmul was a Berber king of the Mauro-Roman Kingdom in North Africa. In 572, the territory was taken over by the Eastern Roman Empire after Garmul had previously defeated a Byzantine army in 571 and launched raids into Byzantine territory.
14.2.Defeat of Garmul
The Byzantines invaded the Mauro-Roman kingdom, which collapsed.
January 579: With the defeat of Garmul, the Mauro-Roman Kingdom collapsed. The Eastern Roman Empire re-incorporated some of the territory of the Kingdom, notably the coastal corridor of the old provinces of Mauretania Tingitania and Mauretania Caesariensis.
Were the military campaigns of Visigothic King Liuvigild.
15.1.Liuvigild conquers Orospeda
Liuvgild, king of the Visigoths, conquers the region of Orospeda.
January 578: Liuvgild, king of the Visigoths, conquered the region of Orospeda.
The Byzantines reconquered Classis, the harbour of Ravenna, from the Lombards.
January 589: In 579, he sacked Classis, the harbour of Ravenna. Between 584 and 588, Classis was retaken by Droctulf.
Were the conquests in northern and central Italy of Lombard king Agilulf.
January 589: Expansion of the Lombard Kingdom by 588.
Was the invasion of the italian Peninsula, recently reconquered by the Eastern Romans from the Ostrogoths, by the Germanic people of the Lombards.
January 591: In 590 a Byzantine incursion, strengthened by new armies sent by the Empire and led by the patrician Gallicino, brought the cities of Modena and Mantua under the control of the Exarchate of Italy while simultaneously obtaining the submission of the dukes of Parma, Reggio and Piacenza.
January 594: The Lombards conquer Modena.
January 594: The Lombards conquer Mantova.
January 604: In 603 Agilulf managed to go over to the counterattack and definitively reconquer Parma.
18.1.Lombard conquests under king Alboin
Lombard conquests under king Alboin.
June 572: The Lombard conquests at the death of Alboin.
18.1.1.Lombards enter Italy
In 568 AD the Lombards entered Italy from the Isonzo area.
May 568: Having the dangerous Avars as neighbours, Lombard king Alboin decided to launch himself towards the plains of Italy, just devastated by the bloody Gothic war. In 568 the Lombards invaded Italy by crossing the Isonzo.
18.1.2.Lombard conquest of Aquileia, Vicenza and Verona
Lombard conquest of Aquileia, Vicenza and Verona.
September 569: Aquileia, Vicenza and Verona fell to the Langobards.
18.1.3.Lombard conquest of Lucca and Milan
Lombard conquest of Lucca and Milan.
October 569: In September 569, Milan and Lucca opened their doors to the invading Lombards, led by King Alboin. The Lombards were a Germanic tribe who established the Kingdom of the Lombards in Italy after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
18.1.4.Lombard conquest of Pavia
Lombard conquest of Pavia.
June 572: In 572, after three years of siege, Pavia also fell to the Kingdom of the Lombards, led by King Alboin.
18.2.Clefi´s conquest of Tuscia
Lombard conquest of Tuscany.
February 574: The successor of Alboin Clefi continues the infiltration of Italy up to his death (574) conquering Tuscia.
18.3.Rule of the Dukes
Was an interregnum in the Lombard Kingdom of Italy during which Italy was ruled by the Lombard dukes of the old Roman provinces and urban centres.
18.3.1.Conquest of Classis
Lombard conquest of Classis.
January 580: In 579, he sacked Classis, the harbour of Ravenna. Between 584 and 588, Classis was retaken by Droctulf.
January 580: Sack of Classis.
18.3.2.Siege of Rome (580)
Lombard siege of Rome.
January 580: The Liber Pontificalis narrates that in those years many fortresses were forced to surrender to the Lombards due to hunger and that Rome itself was besieged by them in 579. In 579 Rome was also besieged, but the siege failed.
February 580: The Liber Pontificalis narrates that in those years many fortresses were forced to surrender to the Lombards due to hunger and that Rome itself was besieged by them in 579. In 579 Rome was also besieged, but the siege failed.
18.3.3.Siege of Naples (582)
Lombard siege of Naples.
January 582: Zotto, also known as Zotto I, was the Duke of Benevento who attempted to conquer Naples in 581 but was unsuccessful and had to abandon the siege. This event marked a failed military campaign by the Duchy of Benevento to expand its territory.
February 582: During the siege of Naples in 582, the Lombard king Zotto attempted to conquer the city but was ultimately unsuccessful. As a result, Naples remained under the control of the Eastern Roman Empire.
18.4.Lombard conquest of Parma and Piacenza
Lombard king Agilulf conquered Parma and Piacenza from the Byzantines.
18.5.Lombard conquest of Liguria and Oderzo
The Lombard king Rothari conquers Liguria and Oderzo, completing the Lombard occupation of northern Italy.
January 643: The Lombard king Rothari conquers Liguria and Oderzo, completing the langobardic occupation of northern Italy.
18.6.Occupation of Cities in the church state by the lombards
Military Campaign by Gisulf I of Benevento against the Papal States.
January 706: Around 705, Lombard duke Gisulfo took the cities of Sora, Arpino and Arce. He marched as far as Horrea, looting and burning, before being confronted with gifts from ambassadors from Pope John VI, who ransomed many of his captives and persuaded him to return whence he came, to his own domains.
February 706: The Lombards leave the cities of Sora, Arpino ed Arce, and Horrea after a raid.
18.7.Restitution of Classis
The Lombards gave back Classis to the Byzantines.
January 714: Classis is reconquered by the Byzantines.
18.8.Campaigns of Liutprand
Were a series of military campaigns by Lombard king Liutprand against the Byzantine Empire.
January 718: The Duchy of Spoleto occupied Narni.
February 718: The Duchy of Benevento took possession of Cuma.
January 719: The Byzantine duke of Naples, John I, reconquered Cumae.
January 727: Later Liutprand used the unrest caused by the iconoclastic policy of the Byzantine emperor Leo III to embark on a new campaign. Byzantium also increased the tax burden on the Exarchate of Italy. In response, riots against the Byzantine Empire flared up in several cities. Liutprand, taking advantage of the fiery climate, crossed the Po river and invaded the Exarchate, occupying Bologna and threatening Ravenna.
January 729: Lombard conquest of Bologna, Osimo, Ancona, many cities of the Emilia region and Classis.
18.9.Lombard conquest of Corsica
Lombard king Liuthprand conquered Corsica.
January 726: The first Moorish raids on Corsica began around 713-719 from the Balearic Islands to the west. Acting as the protector of the Catholic Church and its faithful, Liutprand subjected the island to Lombard government (c. 725), though it was nominally under Byzantine authority. Corsica remained with the Lombard kingdom even after the Frankish conquest, by which time Lombard landholders and churches had established a significant presence on the island.
18.10.Lombard conquests in the Penthapolis
Lombard king Liuthprand conquers Bologna, Frignano, Monteveglio, Busseto, Persiceto and Osimo).
January 730: Lombard King Liuthprand conquers Bologna, Frignano, Monteveglio, Busseto, Persiceto and Osimo.
18.11.Occupation of Ravenna
Byzantine occupation of Ravenna, at the time controlled by the Lombards.
January 733: While Liutprando was in Benevento to reassert the authority of the central power over the unruly duchy, his nephew Ildebrando and the Duke of Vicenza Peredeo managed to conquer Ravenna itself. The conquest, which seemed to herald the unification of the whole of Italy under the Lombard crown, however proved to be ephemeral for the moment: after a short time, the fleet of Venice, called for help by the new Pope Gregory III, brought the capital of the Exarchate back under the Byzantine authority. Peredeus fell and Hildebrand was taken prisoner, restoring impetus to the Byzantines. The Byzantine duke of Perugia, Agathon, attempted to reconquer Bologna, but was severely defeated by the Lombard army (although Liutprando was still in Benevento).
February 733: While Liutprando was in Benevento to reassert the authority of the central power over the unruly duchy, his nephew Ildebrando and the Duke of Vicenza Peredeo managed to conquer Ravenna itself. The conquest, which seemed to herald the unification of the whole of Italy under the Lombard crown, however proved to be ephemeral for the moment: after a short time, the fleet of Venice, called for help by the new Pope Gregory III, brought the capital of the Exarchate back under the Byzantine authority. Peredeus fell and Hildebrand was taken prisoner, restoring impetus to the Byzantines. The Byzantine duke of Perugia, Agathon, attempted to reconquer Bologna, but was severely defeated by the Lombard army (although Liutprando was still in Benevento).
18.12.Lombard Invasion of the Exarchate
Lombard Invasion of the Exarchate.
January 744: Cesena conquered by Kingdom of the Lombards.
February 744: Cesena conquered by Byzantine Empire.
18.13.Lombard conquest of Ferrara and Comacchio
Lombard conquest of Ferrara and Comacchio.
January 751: Lombard conquest of Ferrara and Comacchio.
18.14.Lombard conquest of Histria
Lombard conquest of Histria.
January 752: In 751, the Longobards, led by King Aistulf, conquered the territory of Histria, which included the city of Ravenna. This marked a significant expansion of the Kingdom of the Lombards in Italy.
Was the siege of Byzantine-controlled Naples by the Lombard Duke of Spoleto.
January 593: Siege of Naples by Lombards from Benevento together with Ariulfo Duke of Spoleto.
February 593: The tribune Costantium, sent to Naples by Pope Gregory the Great, managed to repel the besiegers from Naples.
The Byzantine Hexarc Romanus reconquers Sutri, Bomarzo, Orte, Todi, Amelia, Perugia and Luceoli from the Lombards.
January 593: The byzantine Hexarc Romanus reconquers Sutri, Bomarzo, Orte, Todi, Amelia, Perugia, Luceoli.
Capua was conquered by the Lombards.
January 595: In 594, the city of Capua fell into the hands of the Lombards, specifically the Duchy of Benevento, during the Lombard invasion of Italy. The Lombards were a Germanic tribe that ruled much of Italy during the Early Middle Ages.
Venafro was conquered by the Lombards.
January 596: The Longobard conquest of Venafro in 595 resulted in the territory coming under the control of the Duchy of Benevento. This event marked the end of the ability to elect a bishop in Venafro, as the Longobards imposed their own governance and control over the region.
Were the military campaigns of Arechi I, the Lombard duke of Beveneto, that led to the conquest of Nola and Crotone.
January 597: Fall of Nola to Lombard forces from the Duchy of Benevento.
January 600: Arechi I of Benvento conquers Atella.
January 601: A Byzantine fleet conquered back Crotone.
January 602: Lombard forces of the Duchy of Benevento conquer Nuceria Alfaterna.
January 642: At his death, the Byzantine garrisons in the South were greatly reduced. Only Naples, Amalfi, Gaeta, Sorrento, part of Calabria and the seaside cities of Puglia (Trani, Bari, Brindisi, Otranto) remained in Byzantium.
23.1.Lombard conquest of Crotone
The Lombard duke of Beveneto conquered Crotone.
January 597: Fall of Nola and threat against Amalfi (the Longobards made many prisoners, who were ransomed by the pope) and also the conquest of Crotone, however too exposed to the attacks of the Byzantine fleet and soon lost again.
The Byzantine Exarch of Ravenna Callinicus conquered Parma from the Lombards.
January 603: In 602, the Byzantines, led by the Emperor Maurice, successfully reconquered the city of Parma from the Lombards. This victory was part of the ongoing conflict between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Lombard Kingdom for control of Italy.
Were a series of conflicts between the Byzantine Empire and the Avar Khaganate.
January 616: After 615, the Avars, led by their Khagan Bayan I, took advantage of the weakened Byzantine Empire and expanded their control over the undefended Balkans.
January 823: The southern part of the Avar Khaganate is conquered by the Byzantines.
25.1.Avarian conquest of Sirmio
The Avars conquer Sirmio from the Byzantines.
January 581: In 580, the Avars, a nomadic people from Central Asia, conquered Sirmio, a town located in present-day Serbia. The Avars were led by their Khagan, Bayan I, who expanded their territory into the Balkans during this time.
25.2.Maurice's Balkan campaigns
Were a series of military expeditions conducted by Roman Emperor Maurice in an attempt to defend the Balkan provinces of the Roman Empire from the Avars and the South Slavs.
January 584: Avar raid into the Balkan Peninsula and the Peloponnese.
February 584: End of an Avar raid into the Balkan Peninsula and the Peloponnese.
January 585: The following year, the Avars conquered Singidunum (present-day Belgrade) and Viminacium.
January 586: Avar raid in Greece.
February 586: At Adrianople in 584/585, Byzantine Emperor Maurice forced the Slavs to retreat from Thrace and then pounce on defenseless Greece.
January 587: In 587, the Balkan Peninsula, Northern Greece, faced attacks from the Avar invaders. They successfully destroyed several cities including Ratiaria, Oescus, Durostorum, Marcianopolis, and Bononia. Thessaloniki was also besieged during this time, causing widespread destruction and chaos in the region.
February 587: End of the Avar raid in the Balkan Peninsula.
January 588: In 587, the Byzantine Empire's deployment in Thrace and Moesia, led by Emperor Maurice, was a failure. This allowed the Avars, a nomadic group from the Eurasian steppes, to advance towards the Sea of Marmara, threatening Byzantine territories in the region.
February 588: In 588, the Eastern Roman Empire deployed troops in Thrace and Moesia, but the operation was a failure. This allowed the Avars, a nomadic people from Central Asia, to advance towards the Sea of Marmara, posing a threat to the empire's territories in the region.
January 593: In 592 Roman troops recaptured Singidunum, which had been occupied again by the Avars.
June 593: Roman Emperor Maurice stopped the attacks of the Slavs on Moesia and defeated them several times before pursuing them across the Danube into today's Wallachia, where he managed to defeat Slavs despite the wooded and swampy area.
July 593: Roman Emperor Maurice stopped the attacks of the Slavs on Moesia and defeated them several times before pursuing them across the Danube into today's Wallachia, where he managed to defeat Slavs despite the wooded and swampy area.
January 594: Winter 593/594: Favored by the retreat of the Roman troops to the winter quarters in Odessos (today's Varna), the Slavs crossed the Danube again in the winter around the turn of the year 593/594, again plundering through Moesia and Macedonia.
February 594: Winter 593/594: Favored by the retreat of the Roman troops to the winter quarters in Odessos (today's Varna), the Slavs crossed the Danube again in the winter around the turn of the year 593/594, again plundering through Moesia and Macedonia.
January 596: Priskos was a Byzantine diplomat and historian who served as an envoy to the Avar Khaganate. The Avars, a nomadic people, decided to invade Dalmatia instead of engaging in direct conflict with Priskos.
February 596: Priskos was a Byzantine general and diplomat who was sent to negotiate with the Avars. The Avars, a nomadic people from Central Asia, decided to change their strategy and invaded Dalmatia instead of engaging in direct conflict with Priskos and the Eastern Roman Empire in 596.
December 597: The Avar Khaganate, led by Khagan Bayan I, launched a winter attack in 597-598 on the territories of Thrace and Moesia. The Avars were a nomadic people of Central Asian origin who frequently raided and plundered settlements in Eastern Europe during this time period.
January 598: The Avar winter attack of 597-598 in Thrace and Moesia was a military campaign by the Avar Khanate against the Eastern Roman Empire. The Avars, led by their Khan Bayan I, launched a devastating invasion during the harsh winter months, causing widespread destruction and plundering of the region.
September 599: In the summer of 599, the Romans broke the peace treaty. Priscus and Komentiolus took their armies downstream to nearby Viminacium and crossed the Danube from there. On the north bank they defeated the Avars for the first time in pitched battle on their own land.
October 599: In the summer of 599, the Romans broke the peace treaty. Priscus and Komentiolus took their armies downstream to nearby Viminacium and crossed the Danube from there. On the north bank they defeated the Avars for the first time in pitched battle on their own land.
January 603: In 602, the Slavs in Wallachia were decisively defeated by the Eastern Roman Empire under the leadership of Emperor Maurice.
February 603: The Roman army leaves Wallachia after decisively defeating the Slavs.
25.3.Avar annexation of Singidunum and Viminacium
The Avars conquered Sirmio Singidunum and Viminacium form the Byzantines.
January 585: When the Byzantines refused to increase the stipend amount as requested by Bayan's son and successor Bayan II (from 584), the Avars proceeded to capture Singidunum and Viminacium.
25.4.Avar attack on Constantinople
While negotiating with Emperor Heraclius beneath the walls of Constantinople in 617, the Avars launched a surprise attack on the city. While they were unable to capture the city centre, they pillaged the suburbs of the city and took 270,000 captives.
January 618: While negotiating with Emperor Heraclius beneath the walls of Constantinople in 617, the Avars launched a surprise attack. While they were unable to capture the city centre they pillaged the suburbs of the city and took 270,000 captives. Payments in gold and goods to the Avars reached the record sum of 200,000 solidi shortly before 626.
February 618: While negotiating with Emperor Heraclius beneath the walls of Constantinople in 617, the Avars launched a surprise attack. While they were unable to capture the city centre they pillaged the suburbs of the city and took 270,000 captives. Payments in gold and goods to the Avars reached the record sum of 200,000 solidi shortly before 626.
25.5.Avarian invasion of Thrace
The Avar Khaganate invaded Thrace.
January 623: Avarian invasion of Thrace.
February 623: The Avars leave Thrace.
Was a series of conflicts between the Göktürks and the Sassanid Empire.
26.1.Third Perso-Turkic War
Was the third and final conflict between the Sasanian Empire and the Western Turkic Khaganate.
April 627: In 627, the Göktürks, led by Khagan Tong Yabghu, and their Khazar allies, led by Khagan Ziebel, conquered the Caspian Gates at Derbent in Caucasian Albania. The fall of the supposedly impregnable fortress caused widespread panic in the region.
April 627: Siege of Tbilisi.
January 628: Tong Yabghu hastened to resume the siege of Tiflis and successfully stormed the city in winter.
January 630: In 629, the Turks raided Caucasian Iberia, a territory of the Sasanian Empire. The Turks anticipated a strong retaliation from the Sassanids, so they looted cities and retreated to the steppes.
Were the military campaigns by the first three Islamic Caliphates (the Caliphate of Muhammad, the Rashidun Caliphate and the Umayyad Caliphate) that led to the Islamic conquest of most of the Middle East as well as the Iberian Peninsula.
27.1.Establishment of Mohammed´s Caliphate
Was the establishment of the first Islamic Caliphate under the Prophet Mohammed.
January 633: When Mohammed died in 632, the entire Arabian Peninsula was under the control of his Caliphate.
27.2.Conquest of Persia
Was a military campaign by the Rashidun Caliphate that resulted in the Muslim conquest of Persia and the fall of the Sasanian Empire.
27.2.1.Conquest of Armenia
The Muslims had conquered Byzantine Armenia in 638-639.
January 640: The Muslims conquered Byzantine Armenia in 638-639.
27.3.Muslim conquest of the Levant
Was a 634-638 CE invasion of Byzantine Syria by the Rashidun Caliphate. .
27.3.1.Conquest of Syria
Conquest of Syria from the Byantines by the Rashidun Caliphate.
April 634: Arab commander ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ conquers Elat.
July 634: The Muslims, led by the Rashidun Caliphate, defeated the Byzantines in the battle of Ajnadayn on July 30, 634. The battle was a significant victory for the Muslims, led by the military commander Khalid ibn al-Walid, against the Byzantine Empire.
January 635: Battle of Fahl.
27.3.2.Conquest of Northern Syria
Conquest of northern Syria from the Byzantines by the Rashidun Caliphate.
November 635: In 635, the military commander Khalid ibn al-Walid, leading the Rashidun Caliphate forces, conquered the territories of Shayzar, Afamiya, and Matar al-Hamz.
April 636: After a two-month siege, Emesa was conquered in March 636 by the Muslims.
27.3.3.Conquest of Palestina
Conquest of Palestine from the Byzantines by the Rashidun Caliphate.
November 635: In 635, the Rashidun Caliphate, led by Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab, conquered Palestine, Jordan, and southern Syria, excluding Jerusalem and Caesarea. This marked a significant expansion of Muslim territory in the region.
27.3.4.Final Stage of the conquest in Syria and Palestina
Consolidation of the Rashidun Caliphate conquests in the Levant.
October 637: The taking of the Azaz fortress in 637 was a significant military victory for the Rashidun Caliphate, led by the renowned military commander Khalid ibn al-Walid. The fortress was a strategic stronghold in the region, and its capture played a crucial role in the expansion of the caliphate's territory.
October 637: Antioch was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of the Iron Bridge.
November 637: Then it was the turn of the remaining cities dominated by the Byzantines along the Mediterranean coast: Latakia, Jabla and Tartus.
November 637: In October 637, Aleppo surrendered, since it no longer had any hope of an arrival of reinforcements from Constantinople.
November 637: Khalid was then sent to conquer north-eastern Syria up to Manbij and the Euphrates.
27.3.5.Conquest of Southern Anatolia
Conquest of southern Anatolia from the Byzantines by the Rashidun Caliphate.
September 638: In the summer of 638, the Rashidun Caliphate, led by the military commander Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, made significant conquests in Anatolia, capturing territories including Tarsus, Marash, and Malatya. These conquests expanded the caliphate's influence in the region.
November 638: The action unleashed fierce reactions from the Caliphate, and the Jazīra, the last base of the Eastern Roman Empire in the Near East, was conquered that same year.
November 638: By 638, much of Anatolia was under the control of the Caliphate.
January 639: In order to buy time in the preparation of his defenses it was essential to keep the Muslim troops busy in Syria, for this purpose he pushed the Christian Arabs of the Jazira to take up arms against the Muslims. Spurred on by the same religious faith, these Arabs set about crossing the Euphrates and invading northern Syria from the east.
January 639: Soon the Christian Arabs realized that they were trapped because their territory was about to be invaded and at the same time reinforcements were arriving for the Muslims besieged in Emesa. Therefore they decided to return to the Jazīra.
27.3.6.Muslim conquest of Cyprus, Crete and Rhodes
Conquest of Cyprus, Crete and Rhodes by the Rashidun Caliphate.
January 650: The Rashidun Caliphate, led by the Muslim commander Muawiya, launched a successful military campaign from their bases in Syria. They conquered Cyprus and Crete in 649, followed by the island of Rhodes. This expansion marked the further spread of Islam in the Mediterranean region.
27.4.Muslim conquest of Egypt
Was a military campaign by the Rashidun Caliphate that ended seven-century-long period of Roman reign over Egypt.
January 640: In late December 639 or early January 640, the Muslim army reached Pelusium.
March 640: In February 640, an assault led by the commander Hudhayfa ibn Wala successfully captured the city.
March 640: Fall of the city of Bilbays, which took place towards the end of March 640.
June 640: They then headed to Oxyrhynchus (Per-Medjed), which was defeated.
July 640: Battle of Heliopolis.
August 640: After the battle of Heliopolis, the Muslim conquered of the two cities of Fayyum and Abuit as well as the entire province of Fayyum from the Byzantines.
December 640: On December 22, Cyrus of Alexandria signed a treaty with the Muslims. The treaty recognized indirect Muslim sovereignty over the whole of Egypt, and directly over the Thebaid.
April 641: The Arab siege of Alexandria in 641 was led by Amr ibn al-As, a military commander of the Rashidun Caliphate. The city was a key stronghold of the Byzantine Empire in Egypt, and its fall marked the end of Byzantine rule in the region.
October 641: Alexandria and whole Egypt including Cyrenaica conquered by Rashidun Caliphate.
27.5.Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
Was the Muslim conquest of Maghreb by the Rashidun and later Umayyad Caliphate.
27.5.1.First Muslim Invasion of the Maghreb
Was the Muslim conquest of Tripolitania.
January 648: The Caliphate took Tripolitania.
27.5.2.Second Muslim invasion of Maghreb
Was the Muslim conquest of territories in Tunisia.
January 684: Battle of Tahouda: Capture of Kairouan by Koceïla.
January 684: Battle of Tahouda: Expulsion of the Umayyads from present-day Tunisia.
January 689: Battle of Mammes (688): Capture of Kairouan by Umayyad forces.
27.5.3.Third Muslim Invasion of the Maghreb
Was the Muslim conquest of territories in Tunisia.
January 696: In 695, the Umayyad Caliphate conquered Carthage.
January 698: Emperor Leontius sent the navy under the command of John the Patrician and the droungarios Tiberius Apsimarus. They entered the harbor and successfully recaptured it in a stunning surprise attack in 697.
January 699: Battle of Carthage (698).
January 699: Battle of Wadi Nini: Expulsion of the Umayyads from Cyrenaica.
January 701: General Hasan ibn al-Nu'man advanced in the Maghreb, his armies taking the city of Icosium in 700.
January 704: Battle of Tabarka.
27.6.Arab-Khazar Wars
Were a series of conflicts fought between the armies of the Khazar Khaganate and the Rashidun, Umayyad, and Abbasid caliphates and their respective vassals.
27.6.1.First Arab-Khazar War
Was a war between the Khazar Kahaganate and the Rashidun Caliphate.
January 653: The Khazars abandoned Balanjar and moved their capital further north, in an attempt to evade the reach of the Arab armies.
February 653: The Khazars abandoned Balanjar and moved their capital further north, in an attempt to evade the reach of the Arab armies.
Expansion during the rule of Uthman in the Rashidun Caliphate.
January 646: The Arabs reached Iberia about 645 and forced its eristavi (prince), Stephanoz II (637-c. 650), to abandon his allegiance to Byzantium and recognize the Caliph as his suzerain.
January 647: Arab commander Amr ibn al-As reconquers Alexandria from the Byzantines.
January 647: The Muslim sources place the actual conquest of the country in 645/646, under the command of Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri.
January 651: Under Abu'l-Awar, the Arabs returned in 650 and installed a garrison of 12,000 on part of the island.
January 655: Armenia conquered by Rashidun Caliphate.
Were a series of wars between a number of Muslim Arab dynasties and the Byzantine Empire from the 7th to the 11th century. Conflict started during the initial Muslim conquests, under the expansionist Rashidun and Umayyad caliphs, in the 7th century and continued by their successors until the mid-11th century.
November 670: The Muslim fleet, led by the Umayyad Caliphate, under the command of Muawiyah I, successfully navigated through the Sea of Marmara and established a base in Cyzicus in 670. This strategic move allowed them to expand their influence in the region and control key trade routes.
April 671: The Muslim fleet, led by the Arab commander Mu'awiya, had successfully penetrated into the Sea of Marmara by 670. They established a base at Cyzicus, a strategic location in present-day Turkey, where they stayed during the winter of 671. This marked a significant advancement in the Arab-Byzantine conflict during the early Islamic expansion.
January 676: A massive Muslim fleet reappeared in the Marmara and re-established a base at Cyzicus.
January 679: Constantine IV however used a devastating new weapon that came to be known as "Greek fire", invented by a Christian refugee from Syria named Kallinikos of Heliopolis, to decisively defeat the attacking Umayyad navy in the Sea of Marmara, resulting in the lifting of the siege in 678.
January 832: Theophilos was the Byzantine Emperor from 829 to 842. Tarsus was an important city in Cilicia, located in modern-day Turkey. The capture of Tarsus from the Muslims was a significant military victory for the Byzantine Empire in their ongoing conflicts with the Muslim forces in the region.
January 838: In 837, the Byzantine Empire, under the rule of Emperor Theophilos, destroyed the cities of Melitene, Samosata, and Zapetra as a vengeful act against the Arab forces that had previously attacked Byzantine territories. Theophilos sought to assert Byzantine dominance in the region through these brutal actions.
February 838: In 838, the territories of Melitene, Samosata, and Zapetra were taken over by the Abbasid Caliphate after being destroyed by vengeful Byzantine troops in 837. The Byzantine troops were led by Emperor Theophilos in retaliation for previous Arab raids in the region.
January 839: Raid of the Abbasids led by caliph Al-Mu'tasim at Dazimon, Ancyra and finally at Amorium.
February 839: After a raid, the Abbasids leave Dazimon, Ancyra and Amorium.
January 881: Arab Campaign in southern Italy.
January 889: Arab raid in Calabria.
February 889: End of an Arab raid in Calabria.
January 891: The Hamdanid Dynasty was established in 890.
January 903: In 903, the Arab Campaign in southern Italy reached Cosenza, which was under Byzantine control at the time.
February 903: The Arabs leave Cosenza.
January 905: Savage sack of Thessalonika in 904 by the Saracens of Crete.
February 905: End of the sack of Thessalonika by the Saracens.
January 962: Saif al-Daula of the Hamdanid dynasty, the Emir of Aleppo, had taken 30,000 men into Imperial territory, attempting to take advantage of the army's absence in Crete.
December 962: The Phokas brothers, Nikephoros and Leo, were Byzantine generals. They led the siege of Aleppo in 962, capturing the city except for the citadel. The Emir's soldiers fiercely defended the citadel against the Byzantine forces.
January 963: The Phokas brothers, Nikephoros and Leo, were Byzantine generals. The Emir of Aleppo at the time was Sayf al-Dawla, a prominent ruler of the Hamdanid Dynasty. The Byzantine siege of Aleppo in 963 resulted in the city being partially destroyed, with only the citadel remaining under the control of the Emir's soldiers.
January 966: Cyprus conquered by Byzantine Empire.
January 968: Arab Campaign in southern Italy.
January 968: Said had not fully recovered from the sack of Aleppo, which became an imperial vassal shortly thereafter.
January 970: In 969, the city of Antioch was retaken by the Byzantines.
January 976: After dealing with more Church matters, Tzimiskes returned in the spring of 975. Syria, Lebanon, and much of Palestine fell to the imperial armies of Byzantium.
January 996: Byzantine emperor Basil II sacked Emesa and reached as far as Tripoli.
January 996: Aleppo under siege by Abu Mansoor Nizar al-Aziz Billah.
February 996: The Byzantines leave Emesa and Tripoli after a raid.
February 996: End of the Fatimid siege of Aleppo.
April 1000: Byzantine emperor Basil II spent three months in Syria, during which the Byzantines raided as far as Baalbek and sacked Rafaniya.
April 1000: Byzantine emperor Basil II took garrisoned Shaizar, and captured three minor forts in its vicinity: Abu Qubais, Masyath, and 'Arqah.
May 1000: The Byzantines leave Syria after a raid.
January 1018: Acknowledgement of Fatimid suzerainty by Lu'lu' of Aleppo in 1004.
29.1.Arab conquest of Armenia
Was the conquest of Armenia by the Rashidun Caliphate.
January 646: Arab conquest of Armenia.
29.2.Arab plunder of Cyprus
Was an Arab invasion of Cyprus.
January 650: The Arabs plunder Cyprus.
February 650: The Arabs leave Cyprus after a raid.
29.3.Arab occupation of Amorium
Arab occupation of Amorium.
January 666: Arab occupation of Amorium.
29.4.Arab occupation of Cappadocia and Cylicia
Arab conquest of Byzantine Cappadocia and Cylicia.
January 710: Arab occupation of Cappadocia and Cylicia.
29.5.Arab occupation of Amasea and Mishtia
Arab conquest of Byzantine Amasea and Mishtia.
January 713: Arab occupation of Amasea and Mishtia.
29.6.Second Arab Siege of Constantinople
A combined land and sea offensive by the Muslim Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate against the capital city of the Byzantine Empire.
July 717: Siege of Constantinople (717-718). A combined land and sea offensive by the Muslim Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate against the capital city of the Byzantine Empire.
August 718: Siege of Constantinople (717-718). A combined land and sea offensive by the Muslim Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate against the capital city of the Byzantine Empire.
29.7.Byzantine occupation of Gaermanicea
Byzantine occupation of Gaermanicea.
January 747: Byzantine occupation of Gaermanicea.
29.8.Byzantine conquest of Teodosiopolis and Melitene
Byzantine conquest of Teodosiopolis and Meilitene.
January 753: Byzantine conquest of Teodosiopolis and Meilitene.
29.9.Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor (782)
Was a military campaign by the Abbasid Caliphate in Byzantine Asia Minor.
February 782: On 9 February 782, Harun, the fifth Abbasid Caliph, departed Baghdad. The Arabs crossed the Taurus Mountains by the Cilician Gates, and swiftly took the border fortress of Magida.
January 783: The Abbasids advanced along the military roads across the plateau into Phrygia.
February 783: The Abbasid Caliphate, led by Harun al-Rashid, advanced along the military roads across the plateau into Phrygia in 783, ultimately leading to the territory falling under the control of the Byzantine Empire.
29.10.Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor (806)
Was a military campaign by the Abbasid Caliphate in Byzantine Asia Minor.
October 806: In 806, the Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid led his forces to capture the city of Herakleia after a month-long siege. Herakleia was a strategically important city in the Byzantine Empire, located in modern-day Turkey. The successful capture of Herakleia was a significant military achievement for the Abbasid Caliphate.
January 807: Andrasos conquered by Abbasid Caliphate.
January 807: Yazid ibn Makhlad captured the "Fort of the Willow" (al-Safsaf) and Malakopea.
29.11.Battle of Anzen
The Battle of Anzen or Dazimon was fought on 22 July 838 at Anzen or Dazimon (now Dazmana (Akçatarla), Turkey) between the Byzantine Empire and the forces of the Abbasid Caliphate.
September 838: In 838, the Abbasid Caliphate, led by Caliph al-Mu'tasim, captured the Byzantine city of Amorion after a two-week siege. This victory was part of the ongoing Arab-Byzantine wars, with the Abbasids aiming to expand their territory and weaken the Byzantine Empire.
October 838: In 838, the Abbasid Caliphate, led by Caliph al-Mu'tasim, launched a successful campaign against the Byzantine Empire. The city of Amorion was besieged and captured after two weeks, resulting in a significant victory for the Abbasid forces.
29.12.Arab conquest of Pamphilia
Arab conquest of Byzantine Pamphilia.
January 853: Arab conquest of Pamphilia.
29.13.Byzantine reconquest of Edessa
Byzantine reconquest of Edessa.
January 943: Byzantine reconquest of Edessa.
29.14.Byzantine occupation of Aleppo
Was the Byzantine Sack of Aleppo. At the time the city was controlled by the Hamdanid Dynasty.
January 964: Sack of Aleppo (962).
February 964: The Sack of Aleppo in 962 was carried out by the Byzantine Empire under the command of Nikephoros Phokas. The city was captured and looted, leading to the transfer of control to the Hamdanid Dynasty in 964.
29.15.Byzantine conquest of Damascus, Tiberiade, Nazareth, Acri and Caesarea
Byzantine conquest of Damascus, Tiberias, Nazareth, Acre and Caesarea.
January 976: Byzantine conquest of Damascus, Tiberiade, Nazareth, Acri and Caesarea.
Were a series of conflicts fought between the Byzantines and Bulgarians which began when the Bulgars first settled in the Balkan peninsula in the 5th century, and intensified with the expansion of the Bulgarian Empire to the southwest after 680 AD.
30.1.Asparukh's war
Were the military campaigns of Bulgarian ruler Aspurah.
September 680: In the 670s they crossed the Danube into Scythia Minor, nominally a Byzantine province, in addition to the grazing grounds to the west of the Dniester River already under their control. In 680 the Byzantine Emperor Constantine IV (r. 668-685), having recently defeated the Arabs, led an expedition at the head of a huge army and fleet to drive off the Bulgars but suffered a disastrous defeat at the hands of Asparuh at Onglos.
January 682: In 681 Constantine was forced to acknowledge the Bulgar state in Moesia.
30.2.Tervel's wars
Were the military campaigns of Bulgarian ruler Tervel.
January 706: Tervel supported Justinian in an attempted restoration to the Byzantine throne in exchange for friendship, gifts and his daughter in marriage. With an army of 15,000 horsemen provided by Tervel, Justinian suddenly advanced on Constantinople and managed to gain entrance into the city in 705. Possibly a territorial concession in northeastern Thrace, a region called Zagore.
January 706: Khan Tervel in 705 assisted the deposed Byzantine Emperor Justinian II in regaining his throne in return for the Zagore region of Northern Thrace.
January 713: Tervel was the ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire, while Thrace was a region in the Byzantine Empire. The raid in 712 was a result of the political instability in Byzantium, allowing Tervel to take advantage and plunder the region up to the outskirts of Constantinople.
February 713: Tervel was the ruler of the Bulgarian Empire, while Thrace was a region in southeastern Europe. The Byzantine Empire was facing internal turmoil at the time, allowing Tervel to launch successful raids in 712, reaching the outskirts of Constantinople in 713.
30.3.Khan Krum's wars
Were the military campaigns of Bulgarian Khan Krum.
June 809: In 809 Krum besieged and forced the surrender of Serdica.
July 811: Nikephoros I was the Byzantine Emperor who led the expedition against Bulgaria in 811. Pliska was the capital of the Bulgarian Empire at that time. The successful siege of Pliska on July 20, 811, resulted in the territory being annexed by the Byzantine Empire.
July 811: Nikephoros I was the Byzantine Emperor from 802 to 811. He faced internal rebellions and external threats, including the First Bulgarian Empire. In 811, after facing military defeats and internal unrest, Nikephoros retreated towards Thrace, ultimately leading to his death in the Battle of Pliska.
August 811: Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros I undertook a massive expedition against Bulgaria, managing to to take over Pliska, the capital of Bulgaria.
September 811: Having sacked and set at fire the city of Pliska, the capital of Bulgaria, the Byzantines ended ther raid.
December 812: Krum besieged and captured Mesembria (Nesebar) in the autumn of 812.
January 813: In 812 Krum of Bulgaria invaded Byzantine Thrace, taking Develt.
August 813: The new emperor, Leo V the Armenian, offered to negotiate and arranged for a meeting with Krum. As Krum arrived, he was ambushed by Byzantine archers and was wounded as he made his escape. Furious, Krum ravaged the environs of Constantinople and headed home, capturing Adrianople.
August 813: With Krum's cavalry in pursuit, the rout of Michael I was complete, and Krum advanced on Constantinople, which he besieged by land.
January 814: Territorial expansion of Bulgaria during the reign of Khan Krum (803-814).
30.3.1.Byzantine-Bulgarian treaty of 815
Was a 30-year peace agreement signed in Constantinople between the Bulgarian Khan Omurtag and the Byzantine Emperor Leo V the Armenian.
January 816: The possibility of an anti-Bulgarian alliance between the Byzantine and the Frankish empires, the need to consolidate Bulgarian authority in the newly conquered lands, and the new stirring of the tribes in the steppes gave reason for Omurtag to conclude a 30-year peace treaty with the Byzantines in 815. Under this agreement, the Great Balkans became another time the natural border between the two empires, and Byzantium regained the cities it had lost in the Black Sea.
January 816: Krum's successor Khan Omurtag (r. 814-831) concluded a 30-year peace treaty with the Byzantines, thus allowing both countries to restore their economies and finance after the bloody conflicts in the first decade of the century, establishing the border along the Erkesia trench between Debeltos on the Black Sea and the valley of the Maritsa River at Kalugerovo.
30.4.War with Theophilos
Were the military campaigns of Bulgarian ruler Malamir against Byzantine Emperor Theophilos.
January 837: In 836, during the rule of Khan Malamir, the Bulgarians annexed Philippopolis (Plovdiv) and its surrounding territories as part of the expansion of the First Bulgarian Empire under the leadership of the Khan and his military forces.
January 837: During the short reign of Khan Malamir, the important city of Philippopolis was incorporated into the country.
30.5.Wars of Boris I
Were the military campaigns of Bulgarian ruler Boris I.
January 857: The independence of Powys ended when Merfyn Frych, ruler of Gwynedd, married Nest, sister of king Cyngen. Upon the latter's death in 855, Merfyn Frych and Nest's son Rhodri inherited the kingdom, which was governed as if it were a part of Gwynedd.
January 864: In 863 Boris made a decision to embrace Christianity, and he sought a mission from the Franks. The Byzantines could not countenance so close a neighbor as Bulgaria falling under Frankish religious control. A fleet was sent into the Black Sea and an army dispatched to invade Bulgaria. As the bulk of Boris' army was campaigning against Moravia far to the northwest, he had little choice but to yield immediately. He broke off the Frankish alliance, allowed Greek clergy to enter Bulgaria, and was eventually baptized, with the Byzantine emperor Michael III as his sponsor. He took the additional name of Michael at his baptism. The Bulgarians were allowed to recover the debatable region of Zagora as a reward for their change of religious orientation.
30.6.Byzantine-Bulgarian War of 894-896
Was a war between the Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire.
December 894: Simeon I was the ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire, while Thrace was a region in the Byzantine Empire. The invasion of Thrace in 894 led to widespread looting by the Bulgarians and the capture of many Byzantine prisoners.
January 895: In the autumn of 894 Simeon I launched an invasion of Byzantine Thrace.The Bulgarians looted the region and retired to the north taking many captives.
January 897: Battle of Boulgarophygon: annihilation of the Byzantine army. The war ended with a peace treaty which confirmed the Bulgarian domination on the Balkans, restored the status of Bulgaria as a most favoured nation, abolished the commercial restrictions and obliged the Byzantine Empire to pay annual tribute. Under the treaty, the Byzantines also ceded an area between the Black Sea and Strandzha to Bulgaria.
30.7.Byzantine-Bulgarian War of 913-927
Was a war between the Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire.
August 913: Toward the end of July 913 the Bulgarian monarch launched a campaign at the head of a large army, and in August he reached Constantinople unopposed.
September 913: Toward the end of July 913 the Bulgarian monarch launched a campaign at the head of a large army, and in August he reached Constantinople unopposed.
September 914: In the summer of 914 the Bulgarian army invaded the themes of Thrace and Macedonia. Simultaneously, the Bulgarian troops penetrated into the regions of Dyrrhachium and Thessalonica to the west.
September 914: Simeon I of Bulgaria invaded Thrace in the summer of 914 and captured Adrianople.
November 914: After the Bulgarian Tsar Simeon I captured Adrianople in 914, the Byzantine Emperor Leo VI negotiated the city's return by paying a large ransom. This event highlighted the ongoing power struggles between the Byzantine Empire and the Bulgarian Empire during the 9th and 10th centuries.
August 917: Battle of Achelous.
January 919: With the Serbian threat eliminated and the bulk of the Byzantine army destroyed, in 918 Simeon I personally led a campaign in the Theme of Hellas and penetrated deep to the south, reaching the Isthmus of Corinth.
April 921: Battle of Pegae.
January 923: The Bulgarian control over Serbia did not last long, because Serbian ruler Zaharija was raised in Constantinople where he had been heavily influenced by the Byzantines. Soon Zaharija openly declared his loyalty to the Byzantine Empire and commenced hostilities against Bulgaria.
September 924: In the summer of 924, Simeon nevertheless arrived at Constantinople and demanded to see the patriarch and the emperor. He conversed with Romanos on the Golden Horn on 9 September 924 and arranged a truce, according to which Byzantium would pay Bulgaria an annual tax, but would be ceded back some cities on the Black Sea coast.
January 925: Serbia was annexed as a Bulgarian province, expanding the country's border to Croatia.
30.7.1.Byzantine-Bulgarian Treaty of 927
Was a treaty that ended the Byzantine-Bulgarian war of 913-927.
November 927: Byzantium recognizes the imperial title of the Bulgarian monarchs and the Bulgarian Patriarchate. The treaty restored the border approximately along the lines agreed in 904: the Bulgarians returned most of Simeon I's conquests in Thrace, Thessaly and Hellas and retained firm control over most of Macedonia and the larger part of Epirus.
30.8.Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria
Was the invasion of the Bulgarian Empire by the Kievan Rus'.
August 971: Siege of Dorostolon.
September 971: While the eastern parts of the empire were conquered and turned into a Byzantine province, the lands to the west of Iskar river remained under Bulgarian control and included most of Macedonia, Albania and the lands to the south of the Danube between the Kolubara river (including Srem) to the west and the mountains around Etropole and Ihtiman to the east. These territories were ruled by the four brothers David, Moses, Aron and Samuel, sons of the governor (komita/comes) of Serdica (Sofia) Nikola.
January 972: The Byzantine Emperor John I Tzimiskes eventually defeated Svyatoslav's forces and compelled him to leave the Balkans in 971. In the course of their campaign the Byzantines seized Preslav and detained Boris II. Initially John I Tzimiskes presented himself as a liberator but Boris II was promptly forced to ritually abdicate in Constantinople. Although at the time the Byzantines controlled only the eastern regions of the country, Bulgaria was proclaimed a Byzantine province.
30.8.1.Byzantine offensive
Was a military campaign by the invading Byzantine Empire in the Bulgarian Empire.
April 971: Preslav was stormed on 13 April.
30.9.Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria
From ca. 970 until 1018, a series of conflicts between the Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire led to the gradual reconquest of Bulgaria by the Byzantines, who thus re-established their control over the entire Balkan peninsula.
January 987: In 986, Byzantine Emperor Basil II, known as the "Bulgar Slayer," led a 30,000-man army to besiege Sofia, the capital of the First Bulgarian Empire.
January 1002: The Byzantine troops recaptured Preslav and Pliska, putting north-eastern Bulgaria once again under Byzantine rule.
January 1003: The town of Servia, did not fall so easily to the Byzantines. its governor Nikulitsa organized the defenders well. They fought until the Byzantines penetrated the walls and forced them to surrender.
January 1003: The next town, Servia, did not fall so easily. its governor Nikulitsa organized the defenders well. They fought until the Byzantines penetrated the walls and forced them to surrender.
September 1003: End of Bulgarian Sack of Adrianople.
January 1004: In 1003 a major offensive along the Danube resulted in the fall of Vidin after an eight-month siege.
February 1004: Byzantine reconquest of Thessaloniki.
January 1005: In 1004 Byzantine emperor Basil II defeated Samuel of Bulgaria in the battle of Skopje and took possession of the city.
July 1018: Battle of Dyrrhachium: This was the final battle of the centuries long struggle between the First Bulgarian Empire and Byzantium. Within months after Bulgarian king Vladislav’s death most of his realm was subjugated by the Byzantine emperor Basil II.
30.10.Bulgarian conquest of Larissa
Bulgarian conquest of Larissa from the Byzantines.
January 987: Bulgar conquest of Larissa.
30.11.Byzantine conquest of Durazzo
Byzantine conquest of Durazzo.
January 1006: Byzantine conquest of Durazzo.
30.12.Uprising of Asen and Peter
26 October 1185-spring 1187: revolt of Bulgarians and Vlachs living in Moesia and the Balkan Mountains.
June 1187: The lands between the Haemus Mons and the Danube were lost by the Byzantine Empire, leading to the signing of a truce, thus de facto recognising the rule of the Asen and Peter over the territory, leading to the creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire.
30.13.Expansion of the Second Bulgarian Empire
Were a series of conquests by the Second Bulgarian Empire after it became independent from the Byzantine Empire.
January 1192: The Bulgarians captured the areas of Sredec (Sofia) and Niš in 1191.
January 1196: Belgrade conquered by Second Bulgarian Empire.
January 1197: Melnik and Prosek conquered by Second Bulgarian Empire.
January 1202: Kaloyan conquered Konstanteia (Simeonovgrad) in Thrace and Varna from the Byzantine Empire in 1201.
January 1203: Most of Slavic Macedonia conquered by Second Bulgarian Empire.
30.14.Bulgar conquest of Konstanteia
Conquest of Konstanteia by the Second Bulgarian Empire.
January 1202: In 1201, the Second Bulgarian Empire, led by Tsar Kaloyan, conquered the city of Konstanteia. This marked a significant victory for the Bulgars in their expansion efforts in the region.
30.15.Theodore Svetoslav's Byzantine war
Were the military campaigns of Bulgarian ruler Theodore Svetoslav against the Byzantine Empire.
January 1304: The Bulgarians captured several fortresses in northeastern Thrace, including Mesembria, Ankhialos, Sozopolis.
January 1305: Agathopolis (Ahtopol) is conquered by the Bulgarians.
30.16.George Terter II's Byzantine war
Were the military campaigns of Bulgarian ruler George Terter II against the Byzantine Empire.
January 1324: Taking advantage of the byzantine civil war of 1321-1328, George of Bulgaria invaded Byzantine Thrace and, encountering little, if any, resistance, conquered the major city of Philippopolis (Plovdiv) and part of the surrounding area in 1322 or 1323.
30.17.Byzantine reconquest of northern Thrace
Byzantine reconquest of Northern Thrace from Bulgaria.
January 1332: Byzantine reconquest of Northern Thrace.
Was a military campaing by Bulgarian Khan Aspurah against the Byzantine Empire that resulted in the conquest of Moesia and Dobrugia.
January 681: Bulgar conquest of Moesia and Dobrugia.
Romuald II of Benevento took the outlying castle of Cumae from John I of Naples in 716.
January 717: Romuald II took the outlying castle of Cumae from John I of Naples in 716 and ignored Pope Gregory II's pleas and offers of compensation for restitution. In 717, the pope funded an expedition of John's which decisively defeated his gastald's army and displaced his men from Cuma.
January 718: Romuald II took the outlying castle of Cumae from John I of Naples in 716 and ignored Pope Gregory II's pleas and offers of compensation for restitution. In 717, the pope funded an expedition of John's which decisively defeated his gastald's army and displaced his men from Cuma.
Was the cession, made in 728 by the Lombard King Liutprand to Pope Gregory II, of some castles in Latium important for the defense of Rome, the largest of which was that of Sutri.
January 729: Pope Gregory II (715-731) directly addressed the Lombard king Liutprand, asking him to renounce the territories already conquered and to return them to the Byzantine exarch as legitimate owner. Liutprand, on the other hand, donated the castrum of Sutri to the pontiff. According to historians, with the "Donation of Sutri" the pontiff acquired formally recognized temporal power for the first time.
The Principality of Iberia became a tributary of Umayyad Caliphate.
January 738: The Principate of Iberia became tributary of Umayyad Caliphate.
Were a series of military campaings of the Lombard King Aistulf against the Byzantine territories in Italy.
January 752: Having reorganized and strengthened the army, Astolfo immediately went on the offensive against the Italian territories still subject (albeit more in name than in fact) to the Byzantine Empire. In 750 he invaded the Exarchate from the north, occupying Comacchio and Ferrara. In the summer of 751 he managed to conquer Istria and then Ravenna itself, the capital and symbol of Byzantine power in Italy. He settled in the exarch's palace, which was equalized to the royal palace of Pavia as the center of the Lombard kingdom.
Was a Byzantine military campaign against the Lombard Duchy of Benevento.
January 789: In 788 the principality was again invaded by Byzantine troops, this time led by Adelchi, the son of Desiderius, who had found refuge in Constantinople. An attempt at recovery that was skilfully thwarted by the son of Arechi II, Grimoald III, who had also managed to overturn the balance of power with the Franks, partially subduing them. The Franks also took part in the war against Adelchi who, during the war, launched themselves several times to attack the same territories of Benevento, obtaining some small conquests. Notable was only the annexation of Chieti to the Duchy of Spoleto.
Were a series of wars between the Frankish and Lombard Kingdoms. Charlemagne finally incorporated the Kingdom of the Lombards in the Frankish Kingdom.
37.1.Frankish Invasion of Italy (775)
Was the second military campaign of Frankish king Charles the Great against the Kingdom of the Lombards, which was annexed to the Frankish possessions.
February 789: The last tribal stem duchy to be incorporated was Bavaria in 788, after Duke Tassilo III had tried in vain to maintain his independence through an alliance with the Lombards. The conquest of the Lombard Kingdom by Charlemagne entailed the fall of Tassilo, who was deposed in 788. From that point, Bavaria was administrated by Frankish prefects.
Were a series of military conflicts between the Kievan Rus' and the Byzantine Empire.
38.1.Paphlagonian expedition of the Rus'
Was an attack by the Rus' on cities on the Propontis (Sea of Marmara) and on the coast of the Paphlagonia, marking the first known contact between the Rus' and the Byzantine Empire.
January 807: The attackers were the Abbasid Caliphate forces led by Harun al-Rashid's son, al-Amin. The raid on Propontis was part of their campaign against the Byzantine Empire, which was weakened by internal strife after the death of Saint George. The raid on Paphlagonia was a further attempt to expand their territory in the region.
February 807: The attackers were the Bulgarian Khan Krum and his forces, who launched a campaign against the Byzantine Empire. Saint George was a Christian martyr and soldier who died around 806. The Byzantine Empire, led by Emperor Nikephoros I, eventually regained control of the territory.
38.2.Siege of Constantinople (860)
Siege of Constantinople by the Rus.
January 861: In 861, the Rus' pillaged the suburbs of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire
February 861: After pillaging the suburbs of Constantinople in 860, the Rus' Vikings, led by Askold and Dir, retreated without establishing a permanent presence in the Byzantine capital.
38.3.Siege of Constantinople (907)
Siege of Constantinople by the Rus.
January 908: Raid on Constantinople by the Kievan Rus' led by Oleg of Novgorod.
February 908: End of the Kievan raid on the Byzantine Empire.
38.4.Siege of Constantinople (941)
Siege of Constantinople by the Rus.
January 942: The Siege of Constantinople by the Rus' in 941 was led by Grand Prince Igor of Kievan Rus' and his wife, Princess Olga. The Rus' forces attempted to capture the Byzantine capital but were ultimately unsuccessful due to the strong defenses of the city.
February 942: The Siege of Constantinople by the Rus in 942 was led by Igor of Kiev, a Varangian ruler, against the Byzantine Empire. The Rus were ultimately unsuccessful in their attempt to capture the city.
38.5.Rus'-Byzantine War (1024)
Was a raid against the Byzantines by Kievan Rus' troops through the Dardanelles and into the Aegean Sea.
January 1025: Raid by Kievan Rus' troops through the Dardanelles and into the Aegean Sea.
February 1025: End of the raid by Kievan Rus' troops in the Aegean Sea.
38.6.Rus'-Byzantine War (1043)
Was an unsuccessful naval raid against Constantinople instigated by Yaroslav I of Kiev.
January 1044: Yaroslav I of Kiev, also known as Yaroslav the Wise, was the Grand Prince of Kievan Rus'. In 1043, he led an unsuccessful naval raid against Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire.
February 1044: Yaroslav I of Kiev, also known as Yaroslav the Wise, was the Grand Prince of Kievan Rus'. In 1043, he led an unsuccessful naval raid against Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire.
Was the invasion of the Byzantine-held island of Sicily by the Aghlabid emirate of Ifriqiya.
June 827: The allied fleets sailed from the Bay of Sousse, and after three days they reached Mazara in southwestern Sicily, where they landed.
November 827: Even so, Byzantine resistance in Sicily was fierce and not without success whilst the Arabs became quickly plagued by the cancer of the Caliphate- internal squabbles. That year, the Arabs were expelled from Sicily but they were to return.
June 828: The Castle of Mineo surrendered to the Aghlabids after three days of fight.
January 829: The Muslim army, led by the Emir of Sicily, Asad ibn al-Furat, successfully captured Agrigento.
December 829: The Arab garrison of Agrigento abandoned the city and retreated to Mazara.
October 831: In 831, Palermo fell to the Aghlabids.
January 832: The western third of Sicily (Val di Mazara) fell relatively quickly into Muslim hands.
January 837: The Muslim fleet, under al-Fadl ibn Yaqub, raided the Aeolian Islands and seized a number of forts on the northern coast of Sicily, most notably Tyndaris.
January 843: In 842, Messina fell to the Aghlabids, a dynasty of the Islamic Caliphate. Enna also fell in 859, further expanding the Aghlabid territory in Sicily.
January 846: The fortress of Modica fell to the Aghlabids.
January 847: Al-Fadl ibn Ja'far, a prominent military commander of the Aghlabid dynasty, captured Leontini.
January 858: Abbas ibn al-Fadl, a prominent military leader of the Aghlabid dynasty, successfully captured Cefalù in 857.
January 859: Then, in January 859, the Muslims scored a major success through the capture, with the aid of a Byzantine prisoner, of the hitherto impregnable Enna. Its fall, followed by its comprehensive sacking and the slaughter of its defenders on 24 January.
January 860: The fall of Enna reduced the Byzantines to the eastern coastal strip between Syracuse and Taormina.
April 864: In February/March 864, with the aid of a Byzantine renegade, the Muslims captured Noto and Scicli.
August 870: In 870 Muhammad sent a fleet from Sicily to the island, and the capital Melite fell.
May 878: The fall of the city of Syracuse in 878 was a significant event during the Arab-Byzantine wars. The city was captured by the Aghlabids, a dynasty of the Islamic Caliphate, led by Ibrahim II of Ifriqiya. Syracuse was an important Byzantine stronghold in Sicily, and its fall marked a major victory for the Aghlabids in their conquest of the island.
August 902: Taormina with the rest of Sicily conquered by Aghlabids.
May 965: Rometta was last Byzantine city of Sicily to fall in arab hands.
Was a war between the Byzantine Empire and the Paulicians, a Christian sect which had established a separate principality at Tephrike on Byzantium's eastern border.
January 872: The Paulicians were a Christian heresy who - persecuted by the Byzantine state - founded a separate domain at Tephrike.
January 879: Battle of Bathys Ryax: The battle was a decisive Byzantine victory, the Paulician was routed and its leader, Chrysocheir, died. This event destroyed the power of the Paulician state and removed a major threat to Byzantium.
Was a military campaign of Byzantine general Nikephoros Foka against both the Arab and the Lombards in southern Italy.
January 886: His successor, Niceforo Foca, conquered not only the last cities of Calabria remained in Arab hands but also managed to subdue the Lombard territories that separated Byzantine Calabria and Puglia. He was very clement to the conquered Lombards, exempting them from paying taxes and not using violence against them, and the local population remembered him for his good governance (885-886) by building a church in his honor. Leo VI in his tactics manual praises him as an example of how a general should behave in case he has to reorganize a recently conquered territory.
41.1.Byzantine conquest of Calabria and Apulia
Byzantine conquest of Calabria and Apulia.
January 887: Byzantine conquest of Calabria and Puglia.
The Lombard Dukes occupied Bari.
January 887: Theophylact conquered some Lombard cities in Campania, to which the prince of Benevento Aione, indignant, reacted by taking Bari. The following year the strategist Constantine arrived in Italy and managed to expel the Lombards from Bari.
The Byzantines conquered Bari from the Lombards.
January 888: Theophylact conquered some Lombard cities in Campania, to which the prince of Benevento Aione, indignant, reacted by taking Bari. The following year the strategist Constantine arrived in Italy and managed to expel the Lombards from Bari.
Were the military campaigns of the Umayyad Caliphate in modern-day Spain, Portugal and France.
44.1.Cordovan conquest of the Balearic islands
The Emirate of Córdoba conquers the Balearic Islands.
January 903: Ibiza and Maiorca conquered by Emirate of Córdoba.
January 904: Balearic Islands conquered by Emirate of Córdoba.
The Magyars (or Hungarians) successfully conquered the Carpathian Basin (corresponding to the later Kingdom of Hungary) by the end of the ninth century, and launched a number of plundering raids thoughout Europe.
January 922: In 921, the Hungarians raided Italy, reaching Apulia in 922.
February 922: In 921, the Hungarians raided Italy, reaching Apulia in 922. The territories were left after the raid.
January 928: The Hungarians marched up to Rome and imposed large tribute payments on Tuscany and Tarento.
February 928: The Hungarians marched up to Rome and imposed large tribute payments on Tuscany and Tarento. After the raid, the Hungarians left these territories.
January 938: In 937, the Hungarians raided France as far west as Reims, Lotharingia, Swabia, Franconia, the Duchy of Burgundy and Italy as far as Otranto in the south.
January 938: The Hungarians attacked Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire, reaching the walls of Constantinople.
February 938: The Hungarians attacked Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire, reaching the walls of Constantinople.
February 938: In 937, the Hungarians raided France as far west as Reims, Lotharingia, Swabia, Franconia, the Duchy of Burgundy and Italy as far as Otranto in the south. After the ride they left these territories.
January 948: In 947, Bulcsú, a Hungarian chieftain of Taksony, led a raid into Italy as far as Apulia.
February 948: In 947, Bulcsú, a Hungarian chieftain of Taksony, led a raid into Italy as far as Apulia.
The Frankish Kingdom was partitioned and reuinited several times as the Frankish rulers used to divide their territories equally among their heirs. This lead also to a number of wars and revolts.
46.1.Incoronation of Otto I
East Frankish King Otto I was crowned first Holy Roman Emperor.
February 962: Territorial change based on data about the borders of Croatia in 962.
Were a series of wars between the Byzantines and the Normans in southern italy and the Balkan Peninsula.
47.1.Norman conquest of southern Italy
Were a series of military campaigns by Norman forces that slowly conquered southern Italy from the Bizyntine Empire and from local Lombard rulers.
January 1023: Within the first decades of the 11th century, the Normans, led by Gilberto Buatère, took up permanent residence in Ariano. In particular, the Norman county of Ariano was formally recognized in 1022 by Henry II of Franconia king of Italy and emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
47.1.1.Norman-Lombard Revolt
Was a revolt by the Lombards and the Normans against Byzantine rule in southern Italy that led to the initial territorial acquisitions of the Normans in the region.
March 1041: The victory in the battle of Olivento constitutes the first stage for the Norman conquest of southern Italy. William of Hauteville settles in Ascoli Satriano, also takes Venosa and occupies Gravina.
May 1041: The Norman army, led by William of Hauteville and Arduin, defeated the Byzantines in the battle of Montemaggiore and obtained possession of Apulia and the entire region between the Ofanto, Biferno and Matera valleys. The Normans also took possession of the lands of Acerenza, of the villages of Lavello, near the Ofanto river, of Matera and Genzano, on the via Herculea, where they built a castle.
September 1041: On 3 September 1041 at the Battle of Montepeloso, the Normans defeated Byzantine catepan Exaugustus Boioannes and brought him to Benevento. The rebel victory forced the Byzantine army to retreat to the coastal cities of Bari, Monopoli and Giovinazzo, leaving the entire interior of southern Italy to the Norman and Lombard rebels.
47.1.2.Conquest of the Theme of Langobardia
Were a series of military campaigns by the Normans to conquer the Byzantine Theme of Langobardia.
January 1049: In 1048, Drogo of Hauteville, a Norman nobleman and military leader, led an expedition into Calabria through the valley of Crati, near Cosenza
January 1053: The Norman conquest of the Molise is poorly documented. Boiano (the principal town) may have been conquered the year before the Battle of Civitate by Robert Guiscard.
January 1055: In 1054 Lombard and Norman forces captured the city of Trani from the Byzantines.
January 1056: Count of Apulia and Calabria Humphrey conquered Oria, Nardò, and Lecce by the end of 1055.
January 1058: Most of Apulia (except the far south and Bari) capitulated to the Normans in campaigns by the fraternal counts William, Drogo and Humphrey.
January 1060: Calabria was conquered by the Normans. Of the peninsula's significant cities, only Reggio remained in Byzantine hands.
November 1060: Under the catapan Miriarch, the Byzantines retook Taranto, Brindisi, Oria, and Otranto from the Normans.
January 1061: Although the conquest of Reggio required an arduous siege, Robert's brother Roger had siege engines prepared and was able to conquer the city from the Byzantines.
January 1064: Geoffrey, son of Peter I of Trani, conquered Otranto in 1063.
January 1065: Robert Guiscard, a Norman nobleman and military leader, conquered Taranto in 1064. He was the Duke of Apulia and Calabria.
January 1066: The Normans conquer Brindisi and Oria.
January 1067: Byzantine naval commander Mabrica briefly retook Brindisi and Taranto from the Normans.
February 1067: The Byzanines had to leave Brindisi and Taranto.
April 1071: The last Byzantine possession in Italy, in 1068, the city of Bari was besieged by the Normans, who wrested it from the Byzantines in 1071.
January 1101: In 1100 Robert of Loritello, a Norman noble, extended his principality across the Fortore, taking Bovino and Dragonara.
47.2.First Norman invasion of the Balkans
Was an invasion launched by the Normans of south Italy against Byzantine territories in the Balkans.
October 1081: Robert Guiscard sailed towards the Illyrian coast, and took Durazzo.
January 1082: In the spring of 1081, Robert Guiscard, the Norman Duke of Apulia and Calabria, sent his son Bohemund of Taranto to lead the way by seizing Avlona, a strategic port city in present-day Albania
January 1082: Robert Guiscard sailed towards the Illyrian coast, and took Corfu.
January 1086: A Byzantine victory and crucial Venetian aid allowed the Byzantines to retake the Balkans from the Normans.
47.3.Second Norman invasion of the Balkans
Was an invasion launched by the Normans of south Italy in Byzantine territories in the Balkans.
January 1148: In 1147 the Byzantine empire under Manuel I Comnenus was faced with war by Roger II of Sicily, whose fleet had captured the Byzantine island of Corfu.
January 1150: In 1149, Byzantine emperor Manuel recovered Corfu.
47.4.Manuel I's invasion of Italy
Was a military campaign by Byzantine Emperor Manuel I in southern Italy, at the time controlled by the Norman Kingdom of Sicily.
January 1156: In 1155 the byzantine emperor Manuel sent a fleet to Italy which managed to recover Ancona and then all of Apulia.
June 1156: William of Sicily and his army landed on the peninsula and destroyed the Greek fleet (4 ships) and army at Brindisi on May 28, 1156 and recovered Bari.
January 1159: In 1158 Manuel I Komnenos signed a peace treaty with William I which led to the withdrawal of Byzantine troops from Italy.
47.5.Third Norman invasion of the Balkans
Was an invasion launched by the Normans of south Italy in Byzantine territories in the Balkans.
August 1185: Sack of Thessalonica by Sicilian forces.
October 1185: At the end of the summer the great Norman fleet had to return to Sicily, leaving the territories conquered in Greece during 1185.
January 1186: Byzantine Emperor Andronicos Komnenos allowed the Normans to occupy southern Epirus and northern Greece without resistance.
January 1187: A reinforced Byzantine field army under Alexios Branas decisively defeated the Normans at the Battle of Demetritzes. Following this battle Thessalonica was speedily recovered and the Normans were pushed back to Italy.
Were a series of conflicts between the Byzantine Empire and the Kingdom of Georgia.
January 1034: The Alanian princess Alda defected to the Byzantines and surrendered Anacopia.
February 1034: King Bagrat of Georgia defeated a united army of his opponents and then besieged Anacopia.
48.1.Georgian campaigns of Basil II
Was a military campaign by Byzantine emperor Basil II in Georgia.
September 1021: The Byzantines defeated the Georgians in the Battle of Shirimni.
December 1021: In the autumn of 1021 Byzantine emperor Basil, at the head of a large army reinforced by the Varangian Guards, attacked the Georgians and their Armenian allies, recovering Phasiane and pushing on beyond the frontiers of Tao into inner Georgia.
January 1022: The Ardzruni kingdom of Vaspurakan was annexed by the Byzantine Empire.
June 1022: During the spring of 1022, Byzantine emperor Basil launched a final offensive, winning a crushing victory over the Georgians at Svindax. Menaced both by land and sea, King George handed over Tao, Phasiane, Kola, Artaan and Javakheti.
The Byzantine governor of Duklja led an unsuccessful revolt against the empire.
November 1037: Between late 1037 and the first months of 1038 Stefan Vojislav, a former Byzantine governor, managed to take partial control of the principalities of Travunia and Zaclumia.
January 1041: From 1040 Dioclea extended from the coastal Stagno to Scutari therefore including the southern offshoots of Lake Scutari with the towns of Trebigne, Cattaro and Bar.
Was a Byzantine military campaign under commander Isaac Komnenos (future emperor) against the Pechenegs.
January 1054: Thy Bzantines defeat the Pechenegs who had crossed the Danube and progressed inside the Byzantine Empire after a war with the Russians.
Were a series of conflicts in the Middle Ages between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Empire.
January 1072: Romanus IV put himself back at the head of the army and marched towards Manzicerta to reconquer it. On August 26, 1071, Byzantine and Seljuk forces clashed in the second Battle of Manzikert. Romanus IV was defeated and captured by Alp Arslan.
January 1073: In 1072, Byzantine emperor Michael VII sent Ballieul to Asia Minor to bring those territories back under imperial authority. Ballieul liberated large territories of Galatia.
January 1074: Within two years the Turkmens had established control as far as the Aegean Sea under numerous beghliks.
January 1074: In 1073 following the disastrous Battle of Manzikert, Frankish mercenaries under Roussel de Bailleul seized control of Ankara and governed the region for several months.
January 1076: In 1075, the Seljuks captured the Byzantine cities of Nicaea (İznik) and Nicomedia (İzmit).
January 1078: Erzurum was occupied by the Byzantine in 1077.
January 1080: Erzurum conquered by Seljuk Empire.
January 1091: The Beylik of Smirna conquered Phocaea and the eastern Aegean islands of Lesbos (except for the fortress of Methymna), Samos, Chios and Rhodes.
January 1100: The Anamur Region was ruled by Sultanate of Rum between 1075 and 1099, when it was reconquered by the Byzantines.
June 1104: When the Principality of Antioch was defeated at the Battle of Harran in 1104, the Byzantine Empire took advantage of their weakness and captured Margat from the Muslims.
June 1119: In the spring of 1119, Byzantine emperor John Comnenus landed with a large army in Attalia and moved against Laodicea, occupied by the Turks: the siege of Laodicea ended with a clear victory for the Byzantines who thus reoccupied the lands of Attalia.
January 1120: Byzantine emperor John Comnenus besieged and recaptured Laodicea in 1119.
January 1121: The Byzantines took Sozopolis by storm in 1120.
January 1122: In 1119-1121 John II Komnenos, the Byzantine Emperor, defeated the Seljuq Turks, establishing his control over southwestern Anatolia.
January 1136: In 1135, the Byzantine Empire, under the rule of John II Komnenos, successfully reconquered their ancestral home of Kastamonu (Kastra Komnenon) from the Turks.
January 1138: In 1137 the Byzantines conquered Tarsus, Adana, and Mopsuestia from the Principality of Armenian Cilicia.
April 1139: Zengi captured Bizaah, Maarrat al-Nu'man and al-Atharib.
January 1140: The Byzantine Emperor marched for the final time against the Danishmend Turks, his army proceeding along the southern coast of the Black Sea through Bithynia and Paphlagonia. The region of Chaldia brought back under direct imperial control.
January 1141: John Komnenos besieged but failed to take the city of Neocaesarea, in 1140.
April 1143: The Asian frontier reached by the Byzantine Empire by the death of John II Komnenos.
January 1152: Edessa was conquered by Zengid sultan Nur ad-Din.
January 1152: Marash was captured by the Zengids in 1151.
51.1.Seljuk invasion of Asia minor
Was the invasion of Asia Minor by the Seljuq Turks.
January 1065: The Seljuks captured Caesarea Mazaca, the capital of Cappadocia.
January 1065: Seljuk sultan Alp Arslan marched into Armenia and Georgia, conquering these regions.
January 1068: The Anatolian Seljuks took Aintab in 1067.
January 1069: In 1068 the Seljuks reached as far as Neocesarea and Amorio.
January 1070: In 1067 the Seljuq Turks invaded Asia Minor attacking Caesarea and in 1069 Iconium.
January 1082: Byzantine gains at the time of the accession of Alexios I Komnenos.
51.1.1.Seljikid conquest of Iconio
Seljukid conquest of Iconio.
January 1070: Seljukid conquest of Iconio.
51.1.2.Seljukid invasion of Cappadocia
Seljukid invasion of Cappadocia.
January 1070: Seljukid invasion of Cappadocia.
51.2.Seljukid invasion of Pontus
Seljukid invasion of Pontus.
January 1069: Seljukid invasion of Pontus.
51.3.Byzantine conquest of Ephesos
Byzantine conquest of Ephesos from the Seljuks.
January 1099: Byzantine conquest of Ephesos.
51.4.Byzantine conquest of Philadelphia
Byzantine conquest of Philadelphia from the Seljuks.
January 1099: Byzantine conquest of Philadelphia.
51.5.Byzantine conquest of Sardis
Byzantine conquest of Sardis from the Seljuks.
January 1099: Byzantine conquest of Sardis.
51.6.Siege of Shaizar
The allied forces of the Byzantine Empire, Principality of Antioch and County of Edessa invaded Muslim Syria and put Shaizar under siege.
April 1138: The Byzantines arrived before Biza'a which held out for five days.
April 1138: The Byzantine Emperor moved the army southward taking the fortresses of Athareb, Maarat al-Numan, and Kafartab by assault.
April 1138: The Siege of Shaizar by Byzantine forces took place from April 28 to May 21, 1138.
May 1138: The Byzantines lifted the Siege of Shaizar.
Expansion during the rule of Malik Shah I in the Seljuk Empire.
On April 29, 1091, an invading force of Pechenegs was crushed by the combined forces of the Byzantine Empire under Alexios I Komnenos and his Cuman allies.
January 1092: An invading force of Pechenegs was crushed by the combined forces of the Byzantine Empire under Alexios I Komnenos and his Cuman allies.
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the Medieval period. The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291.
54.1.First Crusade
Was the first of a series of religious wars, or Crusades, initiated, supported and at times directed by the Latin Church in the Medieval period. The objective was the recovery of the Holy Land from Islamic rule.
May 1097: The first objective of the Byzantine campaign was Nicaea, previously a city under Byzantine rule, but which had become the capital of the Seljuq Sultanate of Rum. The Siege of Nicaea took place from May 14 to June 19, 1097.
June 1097: The first objective of the Byzantine campaign was Nicaea, previously a city under Byzantine rule, but which had become the capital of the Seljuq Sultanate of Rum. The Siege of Nicaea took place from May 14 to June 19, 1097.
July 1097: The Battle of Dorylaeum took place during the First Crusade and resulted in the victory of the Christian forces.
September 1099: After Byzantine troops are garrisoned at Latakia, Bohemond besieges the town.
54.2.Fourth Crusade
Was a Latin Christian armed expedition called by Pope Innocent III. The stated intent of the expedition was to recapture the Muslim-controlled city of Jerusalem. However, the Western Crusaders sacked Constantinople in 1204 and partitioned the Byzantine Empire.
April 1204: In January 1203, while heading to Jerusalem, the Crusader leadership entered into an agreement with the Byzantine prince Alexios Angelos to divert the Crusade to Constantinople and restore his deposed father Isaac II Angelos as emperor. However, in January 1204 he was deposed by a popular uprising. The Crusaders were no longer able to receive their promised payments from Alexios. Following the murder of Alexios on 8 February, the Crusaders decided on the outright conquest of the city. In April 1204, they captured and plundered the city.
April 1204: After the fall of Constantinople in the Fourth Crusade, the crusaders agreed to divide up Byzantine territory. In the Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae, signed on 1 October 1204, three eighths of the empire (including Crete and other islands) went to the Republic of Venice. The Latin Empire claimed the remainder.
April 1204: The empire traces its foundation to April 1204, when Alexios Komnenos and his brother David took advantage of the preoccupation of the central Byzantine government with the encampment of the soldiers of the Fourth Crusade outside their walls (June 1203 - mid-April 1204) and seized the city of Trebizond and the surrounding province of Chaldia.
June 1204: During the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the Venetians seized the port of Lampsacus, while French knight Peter of Bracieux captured the nearby Pegai. This territory was then taken over by the Latin Empire.
October 1204: Crete becomes part part of the Latin Empire and is allotted to Boniface of Montferrat.
October 1204: Leo Sgouros, taking advantage of the disruption caused by the Fourth Crusade, made himself independent and established the Despotate of Argolid, Corinthia and Central Greece.
October 1204: The Marquisate of Bodonitsa, like Salona, was originally created as a vassal state of the Kingdom of Thessalonica.
October 1204: The first lord of Salona, Thomas I d'Autremencourt, was named by Boniface of Montferrat, the King of Thessalonica, in 1205.
October 1204: The Duchy of Philippopolis was a short-lived duchy of the Latin Empire founded after the collapse and partition of the Byzantine Empire by the Fourth Crusade in 1204.
October 1204: After the Fourth Crusade the islands of Lesbos, Chios, Samos and Ikaria became part of the Latin Empire.
October 1204: After the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the Latin Empire captured Thrace, Thessaly, and northern Greece. The territory was then given to Boniface of Montferrat, who established the Kingdom of Thessalonica.
October 1204: The Triarchy of Negroponte (Thessalonica) was a crusader state established between 1204 and 1470 on the island of Euboea.
November 1204: The Latin Empire, established by the Crusaders in Constantinople, had poor control over former Byzantine territory, and Greek successor states of the Byzantine Empire sprang up in Epirus, Trebizond, and Nicaea. Theodore appeared as his father-in-law's representative and secured the Bithynian towns' loyalty in Alexios III's name until the end of 1204. The local Greeks acknowledged him as the strategos (or military leader) of Bithynia.
November 1204: After the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the Latin Empire captured Thrace, Thessaly, and northern Greece. The territory was then given to Boniface of Montferrat, who established the Kingdom of Thessalonica.
November 1204: In 1204, the territory of Samsun and its surroundings fell under the control of the Empire of Trebizond.
November 1204: In 1204, the Empire of Trebizond, led by Alexios, captured Kerasous, Cide, Amasra, and Heraclea Pontica along the Byzantine coast. Additionally, they took control of Limnia, Samsun, and Sinope, expanding their territory significantly.
January 1205: After the Fourth Crusade in 1204, Hydra (Idra) became a Venetian colony.
Was a war fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary between 1127 and 1129.
January 1129: Roman Emperor John II marched against Hungary in 1128, where he defeated the royal troops in a battle at Haram, and "captured Frangochorion, the richest land in Hungary".
January 1129: Emperor John II marched against Hungary in 1128, where he defeated the royal troops in a battle at Haram, and "captured Frangochorion, the richest land in Hungary".
November 1129: Emperor John II Komnenos was forced to retreat from Hungary and sue for peace. The treaty was signed in October 1129. The Byzantines were confirmed in their control of Braničevo, Belgrade, and Zemun and they also recovered the region of Syrmia (called Frangochorion in Choniates).
Following the death of Mstislav I of Kiev in 1132, the semi-autonomous states of the Kievan Rus' were de facto independent.
January 1133: After the weakening of the Rus' state, the Byzantine Empire, under the rule of Emperor John II Komnenos, took control of southern Crimea in 1132.
Was a battle between the Christian crusaders and the Zengids.
August 1164: Battle of Harim.
The recapture of the city of Constantinople by the forces of the Empire of Nicaea, led to the re-establishment of the Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty, after an interval of 57 years where the city had been the capital of the Latin Empire installed by the Fourth Crusade in 1204.
July 1261: The Latin Empire, established after the Fourth Crusade, ended in 1261 when Michael VIII Palaeologus of the Byzantine Empire retook Constantinople from the last Latin Emperor, Baldwin II. This marked the restoration of the Byzantine Empire in the region.
Expansion during the rule of Michael VIII in the Byzantine Empire.
January 1262: After the Fourth Crusade in 1204, Beyoğlu (Pera) neighborhood in Constantinople became a Venetian colony. In 1261, the territory was returned to the Byzantine Empire under the rule of Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos.
January 1263: After Michael recaptured Constantinople in 1261, William was released in 1262 in return for Mistra and much of Laconia, which became a Byzantine province.
January 1264: A major Byzantine invasion in 1263 led to the Bulgarians loosing the coastal towns Messembria and Anchialus, and several cities in Thrace - including Philippopolis.
January 1266: John I Doukas, ruler of Thessaly, was forced to cede the important city of Ioannina to the Byzantine Empire as part of a peace agreement.
January 1271: The Venetian Colonies in the Sporades, including Skiathos, Skopelos, Alonnisos, and Skyros, were established in 1207 and lasted until the 1270s when they were taken over by the Byzantine Empire.
December 1274: The local governor of Durrës reported to King Charles I of Sicily that the Albanian forces, led by Golem of Kruja, and the Byzantine forces had besieged the city in 1274. This event marked a significant conflict between the two powers in the region.
January 1275: Byzantine forces helped by local Albanian noblemen captured the important cities of Berat and Butrint.
January 1275: In 1274, Byzantine forces led by Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, with the support of local Albanian noblemen, successfully captured the strategic cities of Berat and Butrint.
January 1276: Durrës alongside the Krujë and Vlora regions became the only domains in mainland Albania which were still under Charles I's control, but they were landlocked and isolated from each other.
January 1276: The Byzantine offensive continued and captured the port-city of Spinarizza.
January 1278: Territorial losses of Konstantin Tih.
January 1278: In 1276-77 the Byzantines conquered Caristo.
January 1279: Grand Duchy of Lemnos conquered by the Byzantines in 1278.
January 1279: Venetian noblemen Marco II Sanudo lost many of the islands, except Naxos and Paros, to the forces of the renewed Byzantine Empire under the admiral Licario in the late 13th century.
January 1280: By 1279 the Byzantines controlled the entirety of the island of Negroponte.
April 1281: The Byzantine army which also included Turkish mercenaries arrived near Berat in March 1281.
Were a series of military campaigny by the Mongols that created the largest contiguous Empire in history, the Mongol Empire, which controlled most of Eurasia.
60.1.Invasion of Thrace
Was a Mongol invasion of Byzantine Thrace.
January 1264: The Mongol invasion of Byzantine Thrace in 1263 was led by Berke Khan of the Golden Horde, a Mongol khanate in Eastern Europe. The invasion was part of the wider Mongol conquests in the region, with the goal of expanding Mongol influence and control.
February 1264: The Mongol invasion of Byzantine Thrace in 1264 was led by the Mongol general Nogai Khan, who was a prominent military leader in the Golden Horde. The invasion resulted in the territory of Thrace falling under the control of the Byzantine Empire.
Was a series of conflicts fought in the 1320s between the Byzantine emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos and his grandson Andronikos III Palaiologos over control of the Byzantine Empire.
61.1.First Conflict (Byzantine civil war of 1321-1328)
Was the first phase of the Byzantine civil war of 1321-1328: On Easter 1321, Andronikos III fled the capital to Adrianople, where he set up his court and initiated an uprising against his grandfather emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos.
March 1321: On Easter 1321, Andronikos III fled the capital to Adrianople, where he set up his court and initiated an uprising against his grandfather, the Byzantine emperor.
June 1321: A peace agreement was concluded by the Byzantine Empire and the rebellious secessionists of Thrace, whereby Andronikos III was recognized as co-emperor.
61.2.Second Conflict (Byzantine civil war of 1321-1328)
Was the first phase of the Byzantine civil war of 1321-1328. Despites a peace agreement made in 1321, Andronikos III Palaiologos and his grandfather Andronikos II Palaiologos began to fight again.
January 1322: In 1321, during the Byzantine civil war, several cities in the area of Constantinople switched their allegiance to Andronikos III Palaiologos, who was challenging his grandfather, Andronikos II Palaiologos, for the Byzantine throne. This contributed to the eventual victory of Andronikos III and the establishment of the Secessionist State of Andronikos III.
August 1322: An agreement in July restored the territories under the control of Andronikos III to the Byzantine Empire.
61.3.Third Conflict (Byzantine civil war of 1321-1328)
Was the last phase of the civil war between Andronikos III Palaiologos and his grandfather Andronikos II Palaiologos. Andronikos III was finally able to overthrow his grandfather and became sole emperor.
January 1328: Battles were fought for the Macedonian territories and after this victories these territories along with the city of Salonika went into hands of Andronikos III Palaiologos.
June 1328: After these victories in Macedonia, Andronikos III decided to capture Constantinopole and in May 1328 he entered into city and forced his grandfather to abdicate and took power in charge.
Expansion during the rule of Orhan in the Ottoman Beylik.
January 1327: In 1326, shortly before succeeding his father, only diplomatic negotiations conquered Bursa, which would become the Ottoman capital for twenty years.
January 1332: In 1331 Ottoman Bey Orhan conquered Nicaea after three years of siege.
January 1338: The Turks were in a position to lay siege to the great Byzantine cities of Bithynia: Nicomedia.
January 1339: In 1338, when Üsküdar was captured, most of northwestern Anatolia was in Ottoman hands.
April 1354: In March 1354 , Ottoman commander Süleyman Paşa occupied and rebuilt Gallipoli (evacuated by its Greek population in the wake of an earthquake that destroyed it).
January 1360: Orhan I and Süleyman Paşa consolidated the Turkish base of Gallipoli.
January 1361: Lala Şahin Paşa prepared to advance from Gallipoli (the base that Süleyman Paşa had left on the European continent), on the Byzantine territory of Thrace , taking in 131360 , after years of siege, Demotika.
Was the Byzantine reconquest of Kios from the Republic of Genoa.
July 1329: Reconquest of Chios by the Byzantines.
Byzantine reconquest of Phocaea from the Turks.
January 1330: Byzantine reconquest of Phocaea.
After the weakening of the Byzantine Empire and the Bulgarian Empire in the middle and late 13th century, the northern territory of modern day Albania was invaded by Serbia.
65.1.Serbian conquest of Kastoria
Serbian conquest of Kastoria.
January 1335: In 1334, the Serbian King Stefan Dušan led the conquest of Kastoria, a strategic city in the Byzantine Empire. This marked a significant expansion of the Kingdom of Serbia under the rule of Dušan, who later became known as Stefan Uroš IV Dušan the Mighty.
65.2.Serbian conquest of Ocrida
Serbian conquest of Ocrida.
January 1335: In 1334, the Serbian King Stefan Dušan conquered the city of Ocrida, located in present-day North Macedonia. This conquest was part of Dušan's expansion of the Kingdom of Serbia, solidifying his control over the region and establishing Serbian dominance in the area.
65.3.Serbian conquest of Prilep
Serbian conquest of Prilep.
January 1335: In 1334, the Serbian King Stefan Dušan led the conquest of Prilep, a strategic city in the region. This marked an expansion of the Kingdom of Serbia (Medieval) under the rule of Dušan, who later became known as Stefan Dušan the Mighty.
65.4.Serbian conquest of Strumica
Serbian conquest of Strumica.
January 1335: In 1334, the Serbian King Stefan Dušan led the conquest of Strumica, a town located in present-day North Macedonia. This marked an expansion of the Kingdom of Serbia (Medieval) under the rule of Dušan, who later became known as Stefan Dušan the Mighty.
65.5.Serbian conquest of Albania
Serbian conquest of Albania.
January 1344: In 1343, the Serbian King Stefan Dušan conquered Albania, incorporating it into the Kingdom of Serbia. This marked a significant expansion of Serbian territory under the rule of Dušan, who was known for his military campaigns and efforts to establish a powerful Serbian empire in the Balkans.
Was a conflict that broke out in the Byzantine Empire after the death of Andronikos III Palaiologos over the guardianship of his nine-year-old son and heir, John V Palaiologos.
October 1341: After the death of the Byzantine emperor, Andronikos III Kantakouzeno became the regent of the throne. When he proclaimed himself emperor, regions of the byzantine empire that supported Andronikos' son begun to split from the empire. The first manifestation of this social division appeared in Adrianople where, on 27 October, the populace expelled the city's aristocrats, securing it for the regency.
December 1341: This event was repeated over the next weeks in town after town throughout Thrace and Macedonia, as the people declared their support for the regency and against the despised forces of "Kantakouzenism".
February 1342: When heavy snowfall rendered campaigning impossible during the following winter, Kantakouzenos instead sent envoys, including an embassy of monks from Mount Athos to Constantinople. However, they too were dismissed by the Patriarch. By then, almost all of the Byzantine provinces and their governors had declared themselves for the regency. Only Theodore Synadenos, an old associate of Kantakouzenos who was the governor of the Empire's second city, Thessalonica, indicated his support.
April 1342: John VI Kantakouzenos was able to take fortress Melnik.
August 1342: In late summer 1342, Kantakouzenos, accompanied by several Serbian magnates, marched into Macedonia at the head of a Greek and Serbian force, intending to break through to his wife, who still held out at Demotika. His advance was stopped almost immediately before Serres when the city refused to surrender.
January 1343: The Byzantine siege of Serres had to be abandoned after an epidemic killed most of the troops.
May 1343: Kantakouzenos persuaded the town of Berroia. This was followed by the surrender of several other forts in the area to Kantakouzenos, including Servia and Platamon.
November 1343: In late 1343, the Byzantine Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos left his son Manuel in charge of Berroia and western Macedonia. He then marched towards Demotika to relieve the city and reunite with his wife, who he had not seen in almost two years.
January 1344: The Byzantines took Komotini and other fortresses in the Rhodope area.
January 1344: Although in effect a semi-independent ruler, Angelos of Epirus was loyal to the Byzantine emperor. In 1343 he handed the region back to the Empire.
January 1344: Kantakouzenos' fortunes began to improve when a delegation of the nobles of Thessaly reached him and offered to accept his authority. Kantakouzenos appointed his relative John Angelos as the province's governor.
November 1344: In late 1344, several prominent personalities defected to Kantakouzenos, including John Vatatzes, a general and relative by marriage to both the Patriarch and Apokaukos, the Patriarch of Jerusalem Lazaros, and, most importantly, Manuel Apokaukos, son of the megas doux and governor of Adrianople.
January 1345: Momchil, a former brigand whom Kantakouzenos had entrusted with control over the region of Merope in the Rhodope mountains, switched over to the regency.
July 1345: The Byzantine and rebellious armies clashed at Peritheorion. Rebel leader Momchil's army was crushed, and he himself fell in the field. The Byzantines re-acquired the region of Merope.
September 1345: Serres was conquered on 25 September 1345 by the Serbian King Stefan Dušan.
September 1346: By the summer of 1346, John VI Kantakouzenos stood on the verge of victory. He left Thrace under the control of his son Matthew and moved on to Selymbria, close to Constantinople.
February 1347: The war formally ended with an agreement making Kantakouzenos senior emperor for ten years.
January 1349: After 1347, John VI Kantakouzenos tried to revive the Empire, but met with limited success. Aided by the depopulation brought by about by the Black Death, Dušan and his general Preljub took Kantakouzenos' Macedonian strongholds as well as Epirus and Thessaly in 1347-1348.
January 1351: In 1350, Kantakouzenos took advantage of Dušan's preoccupation with a war against Bosnia to recover Thessalonica from the Zealots as well as Berroia, Vodena and other Macedonian cities from the Serbs.
February 1351: The Serbian emperor quickly reversed the Byzantine gains, leaving only Thessalonica in Byzantine hands.
Serbian conquest of Byzantine Thessaly.
January 1349: Serbian conquest of Thessaly.
The war opposed Byzantine emperor John V Palaiologos to John VI Kantakouzenos and his eldest son Matthew Kantakouzenos.
January 1353: War broke out in 1352, when John V, supported by Venetian and Turkish troops, launched an attack on Matteo Cantacuzeno.
February 1353: John Cantakouzenos came to his son's aid with 10,000 Ottoman men who retook the Thracian cities, pillaging them in the process.
Expansion during the rule of Murad I in the Ottoman Beylik.
January 1363: Reorganized the leadership of the Ottoman forces in Europe, under the leadership of Lala Şahin Paşa, Murad I led the final Ottoman campaign in Thrace. This conquest was crowned in 1362 with the capture of Adrianople , which from then on was renamed Edirne.
January 1365: Philippopolis and Thrace conquered by Ottoman Beylik.
January 1369: In 1368, Ottoman Bey Murad I personally led a campaign along the Black Sea coast, which was completed with the capture of Burgaz.
January 1374: Murad completed his triumph on the banks of the Maritza by launching a well-organized campaign to extend his rule over the remaining Balkan territories, south of the Danube. The left wing of the Ottoman expansion under Evrenos Bey crossed the Rhodope Mountains and seized almost all of Macedonia, a conquest that culminated in the capture of Serres in 1373 .
69.1.Battle of Chernomen and its consequences
Was a battle between the Ottoman Empire and the Serbian Empire that lead to the loss of southern Serbia to the Ottomans.
Dissolution of Serbia after the Battle of Maritsa between the Ottoman Empire and Serbia.
September 1371: After the Battle of Maritsa, Serbia fragmented into several successor states.
Was a military conflict fought in the Byzantine Empire between Byzantine Emperor John V Palaiologos and his son, Andronikos IV Palaiologos.
January 1377: Andronikos assumed control of Constantinople and imprisoned the Emperor John V and his younger brother Manuel. In return for their help, Andronikos IV now gave Tenedos to the Genoese.
Military campaigns of Timur (or Tamerlane), a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia.
72.1.Timurid invasion Anatolia
Was a Timurid campaign in Anatolia, which was occupied for several years.
72.1.1.Battle of Ankara
Was a battle between the forces of the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I and the Emir of the Timurid Empire, Timur. The battle was a major victory for Timur, and it led to the Ottoman Interregnum.
July 1402: Timurid decisive victory against the Ottomans in the Battle of Ankara (1402).
Was the Byzantine reconquest of Thessaloniki.
January 1404: Byzantine reconquest of Thessaloniki.
Byzantine reconquest of the Egean Islands.
January 1404: Byzantine reconquest of the Egean Islands.
Was the Byzantine reconquest of the coastal land of the Black Sea from Constantinople to Varna.
January 1404: In 1403, the coastal land of the Black Sea from Constantinople to Varna was under the control of the Byzantine Empire.
Was the Byzantine reconquest of Chalkidiki.
January 1404: Byzantine reconquest of Chalkidiki.
Expansion during the rule of Charles I Tocco in the County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos.
January 1409: In 1407-1408, Leonardo III Tocco, the ruler of the County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos, seized and plundered the fortress of Glarentza in the northwestern Morea. Glarentza was a strategic stronghold in the region, and its capture was a significant event in the power struggles of the time.
Expansion during the rule of Murad II in the Ottoman Sultanate.
January 1422: The Ottomans conquered parts of Albania.
78.1.Siege of Constantinople (1422)
The first full-scale Ottoman siege of Constantinople took place in 1422 as a result of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel II's attempts to interfere in the succession of Ottoman Sultans, after the death of Mehmed I in 1421.
June 1422: The Siege of Constantinople in 1422 was led by Ottoman Sultan Murad II against the Byzantine Empire, ruled by Emperor John VIII Palaiologos. The city eventually fell to the Ottomans, solidifying their control over the region.
October 1422: The Siege of Constantinople in 1422 was led by the Ottoman Sultan Murad II against the Byzantine Emperor John VIII. The city was successfully defended by the Byzantine forces, preventing its capture by the Ottomans.
Expansion during the rule of Francesco Foscari in the Republic of Venice.
September 1423: The city of Thessaloniki (Salonico/Salonicco), then under siege by the Ottomans, was ceded to Venice by the despot Andronicus Palaeologus, in the hope of saving it from the hands of the infidels. The flag of Venice was therefore hoisted on September 14, 1423.
January 1452: Venetian Aegina (Egina), 1451-1537.
Wars during the rule of Mehmed II in the Ottoman Sultanate.
80.1.Fall of Constantinople
Was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire. The city was captured on 29 May 1453 after a 53-day siege which had begun on 6 April. The conquest of Constantinople and the fall of the Byzantine Empire marked the effective end of the last remains of the Roman Empire.
May 1453: Mehmed II "the Conqueror" captured the Byzantine capital Constantinople in 1453. This marked the end of the Byzantine Empire. Sultan Mehmed II made Constantinople his capital, renaming it Istanbul
July 1453: On May 29, 1453, after a siege of almost two months, the imperial capital fell to Mehmed II. The last Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI. died during the fighting for the city.
January 401: The Salīḥids were the dominant Arab foederati of the Byzantine Empire in the 5th century. They succeeded the Tanukhids, who were dominant in the 4th century.
January 401: Nobatia, together with the two other Nubian kingdoms, Makuria and Alodia, succeeded the kingdom of Kush.
January 563: The Kingdom of Lazica, however, survived for over 20 more years, until 562, when it was absorbed into the Byzantine Empire.
January 571: Even after the end of the Period of the Dukes and the restoration of a central royal authority with Autari (584), the duchy of Spoleto, ruled by Faroaldo I until 591, remained essentially independent from the Lombard Kingdom.
January 577: The foundation of the Duchy of Benevento dates back to 576 and the Lombards would therefore have arrived only later, around 590. What is certain is that the first duke was Zottone.
January 579: Establishment of the Kingdom of Cabaon.
January 579: At the end of the VI Century Mauretania Caesariensis (the coast of modern-day Algeria) fragmented into several Roman-Berber kingdoms.
October 610: With the reign of Emperor Heraclius, it is generally assumed that the Eastern Roman Empire became the Byzantine Empire. We consider the first Byzantine emperor to all intents and purposes Heraclius (610-641), since it is with him that (1) the process of definitive Hellenization of the state apparatus takes place, (2) the new territorial division into themata (which will remain always characteristic of the Byzantines) takes place, (3) the juridical reform which puts a tombstone on ancient Roman law, which in any case is partially preserved, takes place, (4) the first wars in a truly medieval sense, i.e. characterized by a very clear crusading spirit take place.
January 611: The first Serbian ruler, without a name (known conventionally as "Unknown Archon") led the White Serbs to southeastern Europe and established Raska under the protection of Roman Emperor Heraclius. The Serbian state of Raska was located Between the rivers Sava, Vrbas and Ibar.
January 629: Around 628 Kubrat of Bulgaria returned to his homeland and took the leadership of his people, probably with the approval of the Avars. A short time later he succeeded in overthrowing the Avar domination and also in separating himself from the Western Turkic Khaganate (which was embroiled in various dynastic wars).
January 631: The principality of Zaclumia was founded around 630, when the Byzantine emperor Heraclius called the Serbian and Croatian populations of central Europe to help fight the Avars and entrusted them with the lands they had taken from the enemy in vassalage.
January 631: The State of Travunia was founded around 630, when the Byzantine emperor Heraclius called the Serbian and Croatian populations of central Europe led by the unknown viscount to help fight the Avars, and entrusted them with the lands they had taken from the enemy in vassalage.
January 646: In 645 Alexandria was reconquered by the Byzantines.
February 655: In the year 653 or 654, an Arab fleet defeated the Eastern Romans off Rhodes for the first time, and the island was plundered for the first time by the Muslims - probably Syrians, Copts and Greeks.
January 671: Under Mu'awiya's direction, the Muslim conquest of Ifriqiya (central North Africa) was launched by the commander Uqba ibn Nafi in 670, which extended Umayyad control as far as Byzacena (modern southern Tunisia), where Uqba founded the permanent Arab garrison city of Kairouan.
January 674: The island of Rhodes was captured by the Umayyad Caliphate in 673 during their first attack on Constantinople. The Umayyad Caliphate was a powerful Islamic empire ruled by the Umayyad dynasty, and Constantinople was the capital of the Byzantine Empire at the time.
January 681: The island of Rhodes was evacuated in 679/80 as part of the Byzantine - Umayyad peace treaty.
January 691: Ceuta (Septem) was taken over by the Visigoths in 690, twenty years after the fall of Byzantine Africa. The Visigothic King at the time was King Egica, who expanded his kingdom's territory into North Africa.
January 698: The birth of the Duchy of Venice is conventionally placed in 697.
January 713: During the reign of Liutprand, king of the Lombards from 712, Faroald, Duke of Spoleto, occupied the port of Classe. This event marked a significant power struggle between the Lombards and the Byzantine Empire in Italy.
January 717: However, three years later, Justinian tried to regain the ceded territory by force, but his army was defeated at Anchialus. Skirmishes continued until 716 when Khan Tervel signed an important agreement with Byzantium that defined the borders and the Byzantine tribute.
January 729: Borders of the Duchy of Spoleto in 728 AD.
January 737: Established by the Arabs during their invasions of Georgian lands, the Emirate of Tbilisi was an important outpost of Muslim rule in the Caucasus. It was founded by Arab commander Marwan ibn Muhammad in 736 in the region of present-day Georgia.
January 757: Territorial gains of the Holy see by 756 based on maps.
January 764: The formation of the Duchy of Naples was a gradual process, leading to an ever-increasing importance of the dux, who in 638 finally became the highest civil and military authority. In 763, Duke Stefano II of Naples minted local coins, with the effigy of the patron saint and his own monogram. According to some historians, the autonomy of the duchy dates back to then, but it continued to be part, at least nominally, of the Byzantine Empire.
January 813: The Narentines were a South Slavic tribe that occupied an area of southern Dalmatia centered at the river Neretva, active in the 9th and 10th centuries.
January 813: The Franks also waged wars with the Byzantine Empire until a peace treaty, known as the Pax Nicephori, was signed in 812. By that treaty the Byzantines retained control of the coastal cities and islands in Dalmatia, while acknowledging Frankish rule over Istria and the Dalmatian hinterland.
January 819: Naples returned for a short time under the direct control of the Byzantines, who sent their officials.
January 822: In 821, with Stephen III, however, the ducal office returned to the local ruling class.
January 823: Vlastimir was the ruler of the Principality of Serbia in the early medieval period. In 822, he successfully defended against a Bulgarian attack and brought the Principality of Travunia under his control, solidifying his power in the region.
January 829: A group of Andalusian exiles conquered Crete in the year 824 or in the years 827/828, managing to create an independent state in a short time.
January 832: Further expansion of the Bulgars into Thrace.
January 841: Umar al-Aqta was the semi-independent Arab emir of Malatya from the 830s until his death in the Battle of Lalakaon on 3 September 863.
January 843: Under Khan Presian (r. 836-852), the Bulgarians took most of Macedonia.
January 848: Under Khan Presian (r. 836-852), the Bulgarians took most of Macedonia.
January 851: Nepetia was conquered by the Arabs in the 9th century, who made it the capital of an emirate and renamed it Al-Mantiah.
January 851: In the middle of the 9th century, the state in Raska (Serbia) was already quite extensive and militarily strong.
January 861: The Kaysite dynasty was a Muslim Arab dynasty that ruled an emirate centered in Manzikert from c. 860.
September 863: Umar al-Aqta was the semi-independent Arab emir of Malatya from the 830s until his death in the Battle of Lalakaon on 3 September 863.
January 873: In the year 872, in the Battle of Bathys Ryax he definitively defeated the Paulician heretics who had rebelled in the previous years and had allied themselves with the Arabs, obtaining, among other successes, also the taking and sacking of Ephesus and was able to reconquer the island of Cyprus, albeit for only seven years.
January 876: In 875, the city of Bari returned to the Byzantine Empire.
January 880: Under Basil I the Macedonian (r. 867-886) Byzantine troops recaptured Cyprus, which was established as a theme, but after seven years the island reverted to the previous status quo.
January 886: In 885, Nicephorus Phocas reconquered the city of Al-Mantiah.
January 886: Ashot restored the Armenian monarchy and became Armenia's first king.
January 892: In the meantime, the Byzantine Empire returned to its position, reconquering a large part of Puglia and occupying Benevento itself.
January 893: In 892, the territory of Thessalonica was lost to the Byzantine Empire. This marked a significant territorial loss for the Bulgarian Empire under the rule of Tsar Simeon I, who had been engaged in conflicts with the Byzantines for control over the region.
January 895: Occupation of Benevento by the Byzantine Empire.
January 905: In order to dissuade Simeon from capturing the city and populating it with Slavs, Leo VI was forced to make further territorial concessions to the Bulgarians in the modern region of Macedonia. With the treaty of 904, all Slavic-inhabited lands in modern southern Macedonia and southern Albania were ceded to the Bulgarian Empire, with the border line running some 20 kilometres north of Thessaloniki.
January 913: After the bulgarian siege of Constantinople the Byzantines also ceded an area between the Black Sea and Strandža to the Bulgarian Empire.
January 916: In 915 the Saracens were expelled and Agropoli returned to the hands of the bishops.
March 961: The emirate was reconquered by Nikephorus II Phocas, who began a massive military campaign against the emirate in the years 960-961.
February 962: Territorial change based on data about the borders of the Narentine State in 962.
January 963: In 962, the Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) areas were recaptured by the Byzantines.
January 968: With the death of Ashot Bagratuni of Taron in 967 (not to be confused with Ashot III), his sons Gregory and Bagrat were not able to withstand the pressure from the empire, which annexed their principality outright and converted it to a theme.
January 972: The Principality of Serbia was annexed by the Byzantines in c. 969-971 and ruled as the Catepanate of Ras.
April 981: Pandulf I did not leave a unitary inheritance, but divided his domain between his two sons: Landolfo IV received the Principality of Benevento and Capua, while Pandolfo II obtained Salerno.
January 984: With the weakening of the buyid power after the death of Adud ad-Daula after 983, the Kurdish Marwan tribe under Badh, a former shepherd, gained control of Mayyafariqin and the areas of Amida and Nusaybin.
January 986: Emesa (Homs), Baalbek, Damascus, Tiberias, Nazareth, Caesarea, Sidon, Beirut, Byblos, and Tripoli are conquered by the Fatimid Caliphate.
January 987: The new Byzantine Emperor Basil II was decisively defeated in the Battle of the Gates of Trajan in 986 and barely escaped with his life. Immediately after the victory Samuel of Bulgaria pushed east and recovered north-eastern Bulgaria, along with the old capitals, Pliska and Preslav.
January 990: By 989, the Bulgarian troops had penetrated deep into Byzantine territory, and seized many fortresses, including such important cities as Veria and Servia.
January 997: In 996, Samuel of Bulgaria defeated the Byzantines in the battle of Thessaloniki. During the battle, Thessaloniki's governor, Gregorios, perished and his son Ashot was captured. Elated by this success, the Bulgarians continued south. They marched through Thessaly, overcame the defensive wall at Thermopylae and entered the Peloponnese, devastating everything on their way.
February 997: Samuel of Bulgarie leaves Thessaloniki, Thessaly, and Peloponnese.
January 1001: First mention of the Giudicato of Arborea, ruled by the same judg of Torres, Gonnario Comita de Lacon-Cunale.
January 1001: First mentions of the Judicate of Torres ca. 1000 AD.
January 1001: The Judicate of Cagliari was established around 1000 by Mariano I Salusio I.
August 1003: On 15 August Samuel of Bulgaria attacked Adrianople (modern-day Edirne) and plundered the area.
January 1004: Samuel of Bulgaria undertook a march against Thessaloniki. His men ambushed and captured its governor, Ioannes Chaldus, but this success could not compensate for the losses the Bulgarians had suffered in the past four years.
January 1019: The Kingdom of Croatia briefly became a vassal of the Byzantine Empire.
January 1020: In 1019 the Byzantine Empire restored direct control over Dalmatia.
January 1021: First mention of a judge ruling the Giudicato of Gallura, Manfredi di Gallura,.
January 1026: The Kingdom of Croatia was a Byzantine vassal until 1025.
January 1031: Voislav around 1030 reconstituted the State of Doclea and completely incorporated Travunia into it.
January 1041: The Byzantines conquered Edessa in the early 1030s.
January 1041: A Slav rebellion centered on Belgrade, worked in Vojislav's favour by diverting attention from Duklja. He used this to assert rule from his capital in Scutari, and extended his rule from Duklja to Travunia and a part of Zachlumia. He besieged the Byzantine city of Dyrrhachium and held the lands surrounding it.
January 1044: Stefan Vojislav, the Prince of Duklja, placed most of Bosnia and Serbia under his control. Duklja became undoubtedly the leading Slavic state.
January 1046: After the fall of the Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia in 1045, Kiurike II was bestowed by the Byzantines with the title of Kouropalates and became an independent ruler in the region of Tashir.
January 1046: After the death of King Gagik I (in 1017 or 1020), the kingdom of Armenia was split between his two sons. However, after the death fo both brothers in 1040-1041 during a civil war, the Byzantine emperor claimed the kingdom of Bagratid Armenia.
January 1057: In 1056, Robert Guiscard conquered Cosenza and part of Calabria.
January 1070: In 1069, King Petar Krešimir IV of Croatia obtained full control of the islands and cities of Dalmatia, taking it away from the Byzantines and Venetians, including Spàlato.
January 1091: Seljukid conquest of Nicaea.
January 1092: The Cumans of southern Ruthenia took control of the lands of Wallachia.
January 1092: In 1090/91, the Byzantines under Constantine Dalassenos recovered Chios.
February 1092: An invading force of Pechenegs was crushed by the combined forces of the Byzantine Empire under Alexios I Komnenos and his Cuman allies.
January 1093: Byzantine military leader Constantine Dalassenos was sent against Tzachas, Bey of Smirna, and attacked the fortress of Mytilene on Lesbos.
January 1094: The Serbians expanded along the Vardar, obtaining much booty and taking the cities of Vranje, Skopje and Tetovo.
January 1098: Smyrna and the rest of Tzachas' former domain were recovered by the Byzantines in c. 1097.
January 1100: The Anamur Region was ruled by Sultanate of Rum between 1075 and 1099, when it was reconquered by the Byzantines.
June 1100: A Byzantine fleet expels the crusader (or Frank) garrisons from the towns on the Cilician coast.
January 1101: The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia occupies Cilicia, taking most of it from the decaying Sultanate of Rum.
June 1103: Forces from Antioch led by Tancred occupy Latakia.
December 1103: The Byzantines capture the Cilician coast.
May 1104: A Byzantine fleet captures Latakia.
December 1107: Tancred of Hauteville, regent of the Principality of Antioch, captured Mamistra with the support of a Genoese fleet.
August 1108: The Armenisans supported the Byzantines in recapturing Mamistra.
January 1109: Tancred of Hauteville, regent of the Principality of Antioch, captures Latakia from the Byzantines.
January 1123: In 1122, the Pechenegs invaded the Danube area, leading to a conflict with the Byzantine Empire.
February 1123: The Byzantine Emperor John II Komnenos successfully defeated the Pechenegs in 1123, securing the Danube area for the Byzantine Empire.
January 1132: Forces of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia seized the three cities of Mamistra, Tarsus and Adana in 1131.
September 1136: Raymond of Poitiers, who ruled over Antioch, seized several towns in western Cilicia.
June 1137: In the spring of 1137, the Byzantine army, with the Emperor and his sons at its head, assembled at Attalia (today Antalya in Turkey) and advanced eastward into Cilicia. The Emperor swept on, past Mersin, Tarsus, Adana and Mamistra, which all yielded to him at once.
September 1137: Emperor John II Komnenos in Antioch in 1138 and forced Raymond of Antioch to swear fealty to him.
January 1138: Leo of Armenia relied on the great fortifications of Anazarbus to hold him up. Its garrison resisted for 37 days, but the siege engines of the Byzantines battered down its walls, and the city was forced to surrender.
January 1138: The castle of Vahka (today Feke in Turkey) was conquered by Byzantine forces.
January 1139: The Byzantine Emperor arrived in Antioch in 1138 and forced Raymond of Antioch to swear fealty to him.
November 1139: On the return of the army to Antioch, a riot instigated by Joscelin II of Edessa forced the Byzantine emperor to leave.
January 1144: Thoros, the lord of Armenian Cilicia, escaped from Constantinople about the year 1143 and recaptured the family stronghold of Vahka.
January 1151: In 1150 Joscelin II, Count of Edessa was captured by Zengi's son Nur ad-Din, and was kept a prisoner in Aleppo until he died in 1159. His wife sold Turbessel and what was left of the County of Edessa to the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Comnenus.
April 1155: Bari surrendered to the Byzantines, and in Andria William's Sicilian army was decimated.
November 1155: On September 29, 1155, the Pope joined the Byzantines in the war, and set out with his army: in a very short time, the Byzantines and the Pope conquered all of Puglia and Campania.
November 1156: William of Sicily reorganized his army, and with only one battle lost for the Byzantines, all the territories lost to the Byzantines and to the Papal States were reconquered.
January 1158: When Sultan Ahmad Sanjar died in 1157, the atabegs (governos) of the Seljuk Empire became effectively independent.
January 1159: With Manuel I Komnenos the Principality of Antioch becomes a vassal of Byzantium.
January 1166: Emperor Manuel I Komnenos took advantage of the internal conflicts in Hungary and forced the young king to cede Dalmatia and the Szerémség region (Srem, Serbia) to the Byzantines in 1165.
January 1170: The Tmutarakan principality ceased to exist between 1159 and 1169 with the transfer of the territory under the control of Byzantium.
January 1171: In the 1170s, Margat was controlled by Reynald II Mazoir of Antioch as a vassal of the count of Tripoli.
September 1180: The Byzantine alliance with Antioch came to an end with the death of the Emperor Manuel in 1180.
January 1181: After the reign of Ban Kulin, rulers of Bosnia enjoyed virtual independence from Hungary.
January 1183: By 1182 the Sultanate of Rum further expanded west into Byzantine territory.
January 1184: The Serbians drove the Greeks out of the Morava valley, from Braničevo, Niš, Belgrade, Ravno and Sofia. After a while, however, the Hungarians withdrew.
January 1185: Isaac Doukas Komnenos was a claimant to the Byzantine Empire and the ruler of Cyprus from 1184 to 1191.
July 1185: A Norman expedition, under the command of Tancredi, landed in Durazzo in June 1185.
January 1186: Uprising of Asen and Peter: almost all of Bulgaria to the north of the Balkan Mountains (the region known as Moesia) immediately joined the rebels.
January 1186: The county of Kephalonia was the oldest Latin rule formation in the Byzantine east. It was created in 1185 when Wilhelm II of Sicily enfeoffed his admiral Margaritos of Brindisi with the Ionian islands of Kefalonia, Ithaca and Zakynthos, which he had previously wrested from the Byzantines.
January 1188: In 1187, the Second Bulgarian Empire, under the rule of Tsar Peter II, conquered territories in the Balkans, expanding their influence.
January 1191: Nis conquered by Second Bulgarian Empire.
January 1191: When Stephen III of Hungary died childless in 1172, his brother, Béla III, ascended the throne. He reconquered Dalmatia and the Szerémség in the 1180s.
January 1194: Ivan Asen of Bulgaria took control of the important city of Sofia.
January 1197: Bulgarian conquests around 1196.
January 1198: During the break-up of the Byzantine Empire the island of Corfu was occupied by Genoese privateers.
January 1201: In the late 12th century the Crimean peninsula had seceded from the Byzantine Empire.
January 1203: In 1202, the Second Bulgarian Empire, led by Tsar Kaloyan, conquered Macedonia from the Byzantine Empire. This marked a significant expansion of Bulgarian territory and influence in the region. The conquest was part of ongoing power struggles between the Byzantines and Bulgarians during the Middle Ages.
January 1204: In the first half of the 13th century, Rhodes became the centre of an independent domain under Leo Gabalas and his brother John.
January 1205: In 1204, Arbanon, led by Prince Progon, attained political independence from Constantinople after the Fourth Crusade. The territory went to the Principality of Arbanon, marking a temporary period of autonomy.
January 1205: After the Fourth Crusade in 1204, Hydra (Idra) became a Venetian colony.
January 1262: Amastris (Amasra) was a Genoese colony from 1261.
January 1269: After the death of Michael II Angelos, the region of Epirus was spun off to John I Dukas Komnenos, Michael's illegitimate son. In 1268, the territory became part of the Principality of Great Wallachia.
February 1272: On 21 February 1272, a delegation of Albanian noblemen and citizens from Durrës made their way to Charles' court. Charles signed a treaty with them and was proclaimed King of Albania "by common consent of the bishops, counts, barons, soldiers and citizens".
January 1274: Galata was Genoese from 1273 to 1453.
January 1276: Durrës alongside the Krujë and Vlora regions became the only domains in mainland Albania which were still under Charles I's control, but they were landlocked and isolated from each other.
January 1279: In 1278, Nikephoros I, the ruler of the Despotate of Epirus, successfully captured the city of Butrint in present-day Sopot.
January 1281: In December 1280, Angevin forces led by Charles I of Anjou captured the surroundings of Berat and besieged its castle. This marked a significant event in the conflict between the Kingdom of Albania and the Angevin Kingdom of Naples.
January 1283: In 1282, Serbian king Stefan Uroš II Milutin conquered the northern parts of Macedonia including the city of Skoplje, which became his capital.
January 1284: Milutin of Serbia advanced with his brother deep into Byzantine territory all the way to Kavala.
February 1284: The Serbian forces leave Kavala.
January 1285: In 1284, Milutin of Serbia gained control of northern Albania and the city of Dyrrachion (Durrës).
January 1289: Durrës fell in Byzantine hands in 1288.
January 1291: In 1290, Osman I proclaimed himself more autonomous from the Seljuk Turks and took the title of Bey. This marked the beginning of the Ottoman Beylik, which eventually grew into the powerful Ottoman Empire under his leadership.
January 1291: Founded in 1260/1290, it was named for its founder, Mentesh Bey.
January 1293: The Beylik of Jandar was founded in 1292 by Emir Jandar, a Turkmen leader. The territory was located in present-day Turkey, near the Black Sea coast. The beylik existed until it was annexed by the Ottoman Empire in the 15th century.
January 1293: Corfu and Butrint remained in Angevin hands at least up to 1292, then the Byzantines took control.
January 1295: Kaninë castle was the last to fall to the Byzantines probably in 1294.
January 1296: The Epirotes regained possession of Ioannina.
January 1297: In 1296, the island of Negroponte was completely reconquered by Venice.
January 1297: In 1296, Serbian king Stephen Milutin conquered Durrës, a strategic port city in present-day Albania. This marked an expansion of the Kingdom of Serbia (Medieval) into the region, solidifying Milutin's power in the Balkans.
January 1298: The Kingdom of the Karasids was a Turkish beylik in the Balıkesir-Çanakkale-Bergama region.
January 1300: In 1299 Andronikos II Palaiologos married his daughter Simonis to Milutin and the lands he had conquered (Durrës) were considered as a dowry gift.
January 1300: Bilecik conquered by Ottoman Beylik.
January 1301: The Sarukhanid dynasty was one of the Anatolian beyliks, centered in Manisa. It was established ca. 1300.
January 1301: The conquest of the island of Rhodes by the Turks with the landing in 1300 was led by the Menteshe dynasty, a Turkish beylik that controlled parts of Anatolia and the Aegean coast. The capture of Rhodes marked a significant expansion of their territory in the region.
January 1301: Genoan Yoros 1300-1350.
January 1301: The Germiyanids rebelled against the central power in 1283, upon the execution of the sultan Kaykhusraw III by the Mongols. The struggle between combined Mongol-Seljuq forces based in Konya and the rebel forces of Germiyan continued until 1290. Eventually, the Germiyanids were able to become independent.
January 1302: Venetian colony in Santorini from 1301.
July 1302: Battle of Bafea.
January 1304: The true birth of the Ottoman Empire can be attributed to the conquest of the city of Eskişehir (Turkish for 'Old City') in 1301 - 1303.
January 1305: In the summer of 1304, Serbs were expelled from the city of Durrës by its citizens and local nobles, who in September submitted themselves to Angevin rule.
January 1305: The island of Chios was under the control of the Republic of Genoa from 1304.
January 1305: The island of Samos was under the control of the Republic of Genoa from 1304.
January 1305: The ports of Butrint, Vonitsa and Naupaktos again became Epirote.
January 1307: Venetian Karpathos Island (Scarpanto) and Kasos Island (Caso), 1306-1538.
January 1308: Between 1303 and 1304, the Bulgarians launched several campaigns and retook many towns in north-eastern Thrace. The Byzantines tried to counter the Bulgarian advance but suffered a major defeat in the battle of Skafida. Unable to change the status quo, they were forced to make peace with Bulgaria in 1307, acknowledging Bulgarian gains.
January 1309: In 1308 a leader of the Oghuz Turks named Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey (...-1334) conquered the city of Birgi on behalf of his lord, the Bey of Germiyan Yakub I , only to decide later to keep it for himself and to make it the capital of an independent kingdom.
January 1311: The Byzantine control of the Cyclades was short-lived though, as they relinquished control of all the islands except Naxos and Paros in 1310.
January 1313: The Battle of Gallipoli (1312) was fought by Serbian troops sent by Stefan Milutin to aid Byzantine Emperor Andronikos in the defense of his lands against the Turks. Out of the gratitude to Serbia, the town of Kucovo was donated.
January 1315: Whole Rhodes conquered by the Knights Hospitalier.
January 1316: Despot Thomas was the ruler of the Despotate of Epirus, a region in the western Balkans. The Byzantines, led by Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos, invaded Epirus in 1315 due to internal conflicts among the Epirotes. The Byzantine troops reached the capital city of Arta and looted the entire region.
February 1316: In 1316, the Byzantines invaded the Despotate of Epirus, ruled by Despot Thomas. The Epirotes had internal conflicts, leading to vulnerability. The Byzantine troops reached Arta and looted the capital and surrounding areas.
January 1320: Öz Beg was the ruler of the Golden Horde, a Mongol khanate in Eastern Europe. Thrace was a region in southeastern Europe. Bulgaria was engaged in wars against Byzantium and Serbia during this time, and Öz Beg supported them with his massive army, which exceeded 300,000 soldiers.
February 1320: Öz Beg was the khan of the Golden Horde, a Mongol state in Eastern Europe. The Byzantine Empire was facing threats from both Bulgaria and Serbia, and Öz Beg's massive army supported Bulgaria in their conflicts with Byzantium and Serbia in Thrace in 1319.
January 1321: During the early 1320s, tensions between the Second Bulgarian Empire and the Byzantine Empire rose as the Byzantines were in a civil war. The new emperor George II Terter of Bulgaria seized Philippopolis, further escalating the conflict between the two powers.
January 1322: An Ottoman column commanded by Aqueda captured Kocaeli.
January 1322: The Beylik of Teke was one of the frontier principalities established by Oghuz Turkish clans after the decline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm.
January 1322: An Ottoman column captured the southeastern coast of the Sea of Marmara
January 1323: In the confusion following George II's unexpected death in 1322 without leaving a successor, the Byzantines recaptured Philippopolis and other Bulgarian-seized towns in northern Thrace.
January 1325: Öz Beg was the khan of the Golden Horde, a Mongol khanate in Eastern Europe. In 1324, his armies invaded Thrace, a region in southeastern Europe, and pillaged it for 40 days.
February 1325: Öz Beg's armies left Thrace.
January 1330: In 1329, the Island of Samos was reconquered by the Byzantine Empire.
January 1331: Karesi Bey conquered a large part of Mysia in 1296-1297 with the help of the Germiyan.
December 1332: John II Orsini had to cede most of Thessaly to Byzantium when Emperor Andronikos III came to Thessaly in the autumn of 1332 at the head of his troops.
January 1334: The Island of Lesbos is acquired by Genoa.
January 1337: The Island of Lesbos is acquired by the Byzantines.
January 1338: For 15 days in 1337, the territory of Thrace was under the control of the Golden Horde, a Mongol and Turkic khanate founded by Batu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan. This event marked a period of influence and power for the Golden Horde in the region.
January 1338: In 1337 the new Byzantine Emperor, Andronikos III Palaiologos, arrived in northern Epirus with an army partly composed of 2,000 Turks contributed by his ally Umur of Aydın. Andronikos first dealt with unrest due to attacks by Albanians and then turned his interest to the Despotate. Anna tried to negotiate and obtain the Despotate for her son when he came of age, but Andronikos demanded the complete surrender of the Despotate to which she finally agreed. Thus Epirus came peacefully under imperial rule, with Theodore Synadenos as governor.
February 1338: For 15 days in 1337, the Byzantine Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos besieged the city of Adrianople in Thrace, as part of his campaign to reclaim territories lost to the Bulgarian Empire. The siege ended in 1338 when the city surrendered to the Byzantine Empire.
January 1344: Serbian king Dušan's systematic offensive began in 1342, and in the end he conquered all Byzantine territories in the western Balkans as far as Kavala, except for the Peloponnesus and Thessaloniki, which he could not besiege due to his small fleet.
January 1348: In 1347, the Serbs conquered Epirus, Aetolia and Acarnania.
January 1349: In 1347/48, when the Byzantine resistance more or less collapsed because of the great plague epidemic, Stephen of Serbia conquered all of Epirus, Acarnania and Aetolia.
January 1349: By 1348, Stephen of Serbia achieved hegemony over large parts of Macedonia, Albania, the Despotate of Epirus and Thessaly, which had previously been under the rule of the Byzantine emperor.
January 1351: Kantakouzenos raised a small army and took the Chalcidic peninsula, then Veria and Voden.
January 1351: Territorial change based on available maps.
January 1351: Genoan Yoros 1300-1350.
January 1355: Thasos (1354-1457) Genoese Colony.
January 1356: The Gattilusi family established a number of fiefs, under nominal Byzantine suzerainty, over the island of Lesbos (1355-1462).
January 1367: Sozopolis, Messembria, Anchialus, and Emona were handed over to the Byzantines.
January 1370: Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria reconquered the province of Vidin.
January 1378: In 1377, Gökçeada Island (Imbro) became a Venetian colony.
January 1383: Alexios Angelos Philanthropenos became a byzantine vassal in 1382.
January 1389: Argos, Kiveri and Thermisi were seized by the Despot Theodore I Palaiologos.
January 1389: Nerio I Acciaioli was a Florentine nobleman and ruler of the Duchy of Athens. In 1388, he seized Nauplia, a strategic port city in the Peloponnese.
January 1390: The Republic of Venice conquers the Lordship of Argos and Nauplia.
January 1391: Following the capture of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade, Tinos was one of several islands ruled by private Venetian citizens and belonged to Andrea Ghisi, whose heirs held it until 1390 when the last member of the family branch bequeathed both Tinos and Mykonos to Venice.
June 1394: Argos, Kiveri and Thermisi remained in Theodore of Morea's hands until 11 June 1394, when he ceded them to Venice.
January 1403: Salona fell for a short time into the hands of the Despotate of the Morea c. 1402.
January 1405: The Despot Theodore I Palaiologos sold Salona to the Knights Hospitaller in 1404.
January 1409: The Despotate of Morea conquers Glarentza (1408).
January 1415: Thasos conquered by Republic of Genoa.
January 1415: Lemnos conquered by Republic of Genoa.
January 1418: Pylos (Navarino) was a Venetian colony from 1417.
January 1418: In 1417, the imperial army of Constantinople, led by the despot Theodore II Palaeologus and Emperor John VIII, invaded Achaea. They took Messenia and Elis.
January 1420: Patras is acquired by the Despotate of Morea.
January 1428: In 1427 the Byzantine emperor, John VIII Palaiologos led a campaign against Glarentza, and in the Battle of the Echinades, the Byzantine fleet defeated Tocco's own. This ended Tocco's ability to intervene in the Morea, and his possessions were liquidated in a negotiated settlement, in which John VIII's brother Constantine Palaiologos (later last Byzantine emperor as Constantine XI) married Maddalena Tocco, Carlo's niece, and received Glarentza and the other Tocco territories as her dowry.
January 1433: In 1429, Thomas Palaeologus of Morea besieged Centurione in Chalandritsa and extracted a treaty from him whereby his daughter, Catherine, would marry the despot and thus make him Centurione's heir in Achaea. He died there two years later. His domains passed to the despotate of Morea and into Byzantine hands.
Disestablishment
May 1453: Mehmed II "the Conqueror" captured the Byzantine capital Constantinople in 1453. This marked the end of the Byzantine Empire. Sultan Mehmed II made Constantinople his capital, renaming it Istanbul
July 1453: On May 29, 1453, after a siege of almost two months, the imperial capital fell to Mehmed II. The last Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI. died during the fighting for the city.
Selected Sources
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany)
Jackson, T.G. (1887): Dalmatia : the Quarnero and Istria with Cettigne in Montenegro and the Island of Grado, Robarts - University of Toronto, pp. 14-16
Leyser, K. (1982): Medieval Germany and its neighbours, 900-1250, London (UK), p. 50
Lowe, S. (30 May 2011). The Magyars of Hungary. https://web.archive.org/web/20091027151814/http://www.geocities.com/egfrothos/magyars/magyars.html
Makkai, L. (1990): The Hungarians' prehistory, their conquest of Hungary and their raids to the west to 955, in: A History of Hungary, Bloomington (USA) p. 8-14
Reuter, T. (1995): The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 900-c. 1024, Cambridge (UK), p. 543
Reuter, T. (1995): The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 900-c. 1024, Cambridge University Press, p. 543
Stoimenov, D., Temporary Byzantine Military Administration in the Bulgarian Lands 971–987/989, Yearbook of the Sofia University, pp. 40, 46–47, 49–53
Sugar, P. F. / Hanák, P. (1994): A History of Hungary, Bloomington (USA), p. 13
Timothy R. (1995) The New Cambridge Medieval History Volume 3, c. 900-c. 1024, Cambridge (UK), p. 543
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.139
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.148
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, pp.108-110
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, pp.94
Zlatarski, Vasil (1971) [1927]. История на българската държава през средните векове. Том I. История на Първото българско царство, Част II. От славянизацията на държавата до падането на Първото царство (852–1018) [History of Bulgaria in the Middle Ages. Vol. 1. History of the First Bulgarian Empire, Part 2.From the Slavicization of the state to the fall of the First Empire (852–1018)]. Sofia: Nauka i izkustvo. OCLC 67080314. p.603
matura.imamproblem.com. Retrieved on 7 April 2024 on https://matura.imamproblem.com/history/karti/07-Voinite%20na%20Khan%20Krum%20%28813%20-%20827%29.jpg
eastern roman empire
