This article is about the specific polity Ottoman Empire and therefore only includes events related to its territory and not to its possessions or colonies. If you are interested in the possession, this is the link to the article about the nation which includes all possessions as well as all the different incarnations of the nation.
If you are looking for the page with the statistics about this polity you can find it here:All Statistics
Was an empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It emerged from the Ottoman Beylik, one of the many Anatolian Beyliks of the XIII century, that became a Sultanate in 1383 and is considered an Empire from 1453, when the Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire by conquering Constantinople. After World War I the Empire was partitioned by the Entente and what remained became modern-day Turkey.
Establishment
May 1453: The Ottoman Sultanate is considered an Empire after the conquest of Constantinople.
July 1453: On May 29, 1453, after a siege of almost two months, the imperial capital fell to Mehmed II. The last Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI. died during the fighting for the city.
November 1453: After the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the Northern Sporades (Skiathos, Skopelos, and Alonissos) became part of the Republic of Venice.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Wars during the rule of Mehmed II in the Ottoman Sultanate.
July 1454: Without formally declaring an end to the peace treaty, Sultan Mehmed II invaded Serbia in mid-July 1454. Much of central Serbia fell.
June 1455: Novo Brdo, a strategic mining town in the Balkans, was besieged by the Ottoman Empire in 1455. The town fell after being bombarded with heavy cannons, leading to its territory being taken over by the Ottomans.
October 1455: The rest of southern Serbia was occupied by the Ottomans.
January 1456: The Venetian Bozcaada Island (Tenedo) was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
January 1457: In 1456, after the Fall of Constantinople (1453) to the Ottoman Empire, Turahanoğlu Ömer Bey conquered the remnants of the Duchy of Athens.
January 1457: Samothrace conquered by Ottoman Empire.
January 1457: Ainos conquered by Ottoman Empire.
January 1457: Thasos was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1456.
April 1459: By the start of the reign of Stephen Tomašević Serbia was reduced to only a strip of land along the Danube.
June 1459: Sultan Mehmed II decided to conquer Serbia completely and arrived at Smederevo. The new ruler did not even try to defend the city. After negotiations, Bosnians were allowed to leave the city and Serbia was officially conquered by Turks on June 20, 1459.
May 1460: After more years of incompetent rule by the despots, their failure to pay their annual tribute to the Sultan, and finally their own revolt against Ottoman rule, Mehmed came into the Morea in May 1460. Demetrios ended up a prisoner of the Ottomans and his younger brother Thomas fled. By the end of the summer the Ottomans had achieved the submission of virtually all cities possessed by the Greeks.
January 1461: Amasra, the most important fortress of the Genoese on the Black Sea coast, was besieged and captured.
January 1461: In 1460, the Beylik of Canik was annexed by the Ottoman Empire.
January 1461: Venetian Spetses (Velvina or Spezia) is conquered by the Ottomans.
January 1461: The Ottoman empire occupied the region of Angelokastron.
August 1461: After the emperor of the Empire of Trebizond refused to pay tribute and made an alliance with the Akkoyunlu Mehmed led a campaign against Trebizond by land and sea. After a siege of more than 32 days, Trebizond and the emperor surrendered and the Empire came to an end.
January 1462: The Beylik of Jandar was annexed by the Ottoman Empire.
September 1462: The island of Lesbos was captured following a siege of its capital, Mytilene, and annexed.
January 1463: Vlad the Impaler who with Ottoman help had become the Ottoman vassal ruler of Wallachia, refused to pay tribute after some years and invaded Ottoman territory in northern Bulgaria. At that point Mehmed, with the main Ottoman army, was on the Trebizond campaign in Asia. When Mehmed returned from his Trebizond campaign he led a campaign against Wallachia. Vlad fled after some resistance to Hungary. Mehmed first made Wallachia an Ottoman eyalet.
January 1463: In 1462, Gökçeada Island (Imbro) was taken over by the Ottoman Empire.
January 1463: The Ottomans appointed Vlad's brother Radu as a vassal ruler of Wallachia.
June 1463: Mehmed led a campaign against the Kingdom of Bosnia and annexed it to the Ottoman Empire.
January 1469: After the death of Skanderbeg, the renowned Albanian military leader, in 1468, the Ottoman Empire was able to easily conquer and subdue the entire territory of Albania, with the exception of the region of Kruje and Venetian Albania.
June 1475: In May 1475, the Ottoman commander Gedik Ahmet Pasha conquered Caffa.
July 1475: Soldaia or Sugdeia (today's Sudak) - 1266/87-1322, 1358/65-1475 in the intermediate period she was Venetian.
November 1475: At the end of the year, after a five-month siege, Doros, the capital of the Theodoro principality, also fell into Ottoman hands.
January 1476: The Genoese outpost of Cembalo, now Balaklava, part of the city of Sevastopol in Crimea, was conquered by the Turks.
January 1476: In 1475, the Genoese colony of Vosporo (modern-day Kerč, Crimea) was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
January 1476: Genoese domination over Anapa lasted until the arrival of an Ottoman fleet in 1475.
January 1480: In 1479 the Principality of Zeta fell under Turkish rule.
January 1480: The Ottoman Empire captured Shkodra.
January 1480: Cephalonia and Ithaca, originally part of the Palatine county and the Orsini-ruled Despotate of Epirus, came under Ottoman rule in 1479.
January 1480: Duke Leonardo III Tocco was expelled by the Ottomans in 1479 along with his brothers Antonio and Giovanni Tocco.
February 1480: The forces of Samtskhe-Saatabago leave Erzurum after a raid.
1.1.Fall of Constantinople
Was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire. The city was captured on 29 May 1453 after a 53-day siege which had begun on 6 April. The conquest of Constantinople and the fall of the Byzantine Empire marked the effective end of the last remains of the Roman Empire.
January 1454: After the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople, the Greek islands of Skyros, Skiathos and Skopolos granted themselves to Venice.
January 1454: After the fall of Constantinople in 1453 the Byzantine forces in Imbros left the island.
1.2.Siege of Belgrade (1456)
After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror rallied his resources to subjugate the Kingdom of Hungary. His immediate objective was the border fort of the town of Belgrade (Hungarian: Nándorfehérvár).
July 1456: Siege of Belgrade.
Were a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice
2.1.Ottoman-Venetian War (1463-1479)
Was a war between the Republic of Venice and the ottoman Empire. Several Venetian territories were captured and annexed by the Ottomans.
April 1463: The governor of the Morea, Isa-Beg Ishaković, took the Venetian-held town of Argos by treason.
August 1463: In early August, the Venetians retook Argos.
December 1463: In 1463, Matthias Corvinus, the King of Hungary, captured over sixty fortified places in Bosnia and successfully took the capital city of Jajce after a 3-month siege on 16 December.
January 1464: Preveza (Prevesa) was a Venetian colony from 1401 to 1463. In 1463, it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. The Venetians regained control from 1684 to 1699 and again from 1717 to 1797.
January 1464: While of all Venetian territories in the Morea, Nauplia persisted longest in her possession, and was surrendered to the Ottomans in 1540 after the conclusion of the Third Ottoman-Venetian War.
April 1464: The Ottoman army razed the Hexamilion, and advanced into the Morea. Argos fell.
May 1466: In April 1466, Vettore Cappello, the most vociferous proponent of the war, replaced Loredan as Captain General of the Sea. Under his leadership, the Venetian war effort was reinvigorated: the fleet took the northern Aegean islands of Imbros, Thasos and Samothrace.
January 1469: In 1468, Athens was conquered by the Republic of Venice under the leadership of the Venetian general Bartolomeo Contarini. The city remained under Venetian control for a brief period before being captured by the Ottoman Empire in 1458.
January 1469: After the death of the Albanian national hero Scanderbeg, the Republic of Venice seized the strategic city of Croia (Kruja) in 1468.
January 1469: The Venetian commander Vettor Capello conquered Methone, Imbros, Thassos, Samothrace.
January 1470: In 1469, Athens was conquered by the Ottoman Empire, ending its brief period as part of the Venetian colonial Empire.
January 1471: Pteleos was a Venetian colony from 1322 to 1470. In 1470, the territory was conquered by the Ottoman Empire under the leadership of Mehmed the Conqueror, marking the end of Venetian rule in the region.
January 1471: Negroponte was taken by the Turks.
October 1478: Croia fell into Muslim hands.
January 1479: Venetian colony of Drisht (Drivasto) in the periods 1393-1423 and 1442-1478.
January 1479: The Venetian-controlled territory of Lezhë (Alessio) was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1478.
January 1479: Lemnos reverted to Ottoman control in accordance with the 1479 Treaty of Constantinople.
January 1480: Lefkada Island (Santa Maura) was a Venetian colony from 1362 to 1479, 1502 to 1503, and 1684 to 1797. In 1479, the territory was taken over by the Ottoman Empire. The Venetians were a powerful maritime republic based in Venice, Italy, known for their trade and military strength in the Mediterranean.
2.1.1.Treaty of Constantinople (1479)
Was a treaty between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire.
April 1479: Shkodër succumbed to the Ottomans in 1479.
2.2.Ottoman-Venetian War (1499-1503)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice for control of the lands that were contested between the two parties in the Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea, and the Adriatic Sea.
January 1500: Nafpaktos (Lepanto) is occupied by the Ottomans.
September 1500: Tinos and Mykonos conquered by Ottoman Empire.
September 1500: Ottoman conquest of Modone.
December 1500: Siege of the Castle of Saint George or Siege of Cephalonia
January 1501: Cephalonia and Ithaca were conquered by the Venetians in December 1500.
October 1501: Santa Maura conquered by the Venetians.
January 1502: In 1501 the Ottomans led by Feriz Beg captured Durazzo in Venetian Albania.
January 1502: The city of Lezhë was again under the control of the Republic of Venice.
May 1503: The Ottomans abandoned Naples of Románia, Navarino, Malvasia, Kefalonia and Zakynthos.
January 1504: End of the Venetian rule of Lefkada Island (Santa Maura).
January 1507: In 1506, Lezhë (Alessio) was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
2.3.Ottoman-Venetian War (1537-1540)
Was one of the Ottoman-Venetian wars which took place during the 16th century.
January 1538: Venetian Aegina (Egina), 1451-1537.
January 1538: Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent attacked the Venetian colonies, conquering Corfu, Clissa, Syra, Stampalia, Patmos, Naxos, Andros.
September 1538: In the summer of 1538 the Ottomans turned their attention to the remaining Venetian possessions in the Aegean capturing the islands of Andros, Naxos, Paros, and Santorini, as well as taking the last two Venetian settlements on the Peloponnese Monemvasia and Navplion.
October 1538: Cefalonia conquered by Ottoman Empire.
January 1539: Venice agreed to cede Morea to the Ottomans.
January 1539: Northern Sporades conquered by the Ottomans.
January 1539: Venetian Karpathos Island (Scarpanto) and Kasos Island (Caso), 1306-1538.
January 1539: The Venetians loose the Sporades to the Ottomans.
August 1539: Siege of Castelnuovo.
2.4.Ottoman-Venetian War (1570-1573)
Was a war of the Ottoman Empire against the Republic of Venice and the Holy League.
January 1572: Venetian Ulcinj (Dulcigno), 1405-1571.
January 1572: Venetian Bar (Antivari), 1443-1571.
March 1573: The new treaty confirmed the new state of affairs: Cyprus became an Ottoman province.
January 1574: In 1573, the Holy League fleet failed to sail altogether. Instead, Don John attacked and took Tunis.
2.5.Cretan War (1645-1669)
Was a war between the Republic of Venice and her allies (among them the Knights of Malta, the Papal States and France) against the Ottoman Empire and the Barbary States.
January 1646: Ottoman occupation of Crete.
January 1647: Ottoman occupation of Novigrad.
January 1648: Venice reconquers Tenin (Knin) from the Ottomans.
January 1649: Knin (Tenin) is conquered by the Ottomans.
July 1656: The Venetians seize Tenedos.
August 1656: Lemnos conquered by Republic of Venice.
August 1657: The Ottoman fleet proceeded to recover Lemnos.
November 1657: Tenedos conquered by Ottoman Empire.
January 1670: End of the Ottoman occupation of Krk Island and Pag Island.
2.5.1.War in Dalmatia
Was the Dalmatian theatre of the Cretan War (1645-1669).
July 1646: The supposedly impregnable fortress of Novigrad surrendered.
January 1648: Venetian commander Leonardo Foscolo seized several forts and retook Novigrad, temporarily captured the fortress of Knin and took Klis.
2.5.2.Cretan War (1645-1669) Peace Treaty
Was the peace treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice that ended the Cretan War (1645-1669). Venice aknowledged the loss of Crete. At the same time the borders of the Venetian possession in Dalmatia were officially established with the Nani Line, and Venice had some territorial gains in Dalmatia.
October 1671: The Nani line (later called the Purchase Vecchio) was the border line established in Dalmatia on October 30 1671 between the Venetian and Ottoman possessions, following the War of Candia.
January 1672: The peace treaty between Venice and the Sublime Porte was signed two years after the loss of Candia, in 1671, sanctioning the definitive loss of Crete for the Venetians, even though they were allowed to keep only the fortress-islands of Gambusa, Suda and Spinalonga.
January 1672: In 1671, the territory of Nani Line was acquired by the Republic of Venice. This expansion in Dalmatia was part of Venice's efforts to strengthen its control in the region, following the end of the war.
2.6.Ottoman-Venetian War (1714-1718)
Was a war between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire.
2.6.1.Ottoman conquest of the Venetians possessions in Greece
Was the Ottoman invasion of Venetian-held Peloponnese.
June 1715: The Ottoman army crossed the Isthmus of Corinth and entered the Morea. The citadel of Acrocorinth, which controlled the passage to the peninsula, surrendered after a brief siege.
July 1715: The Ottoman Fleet, numbering 80 warships under Canum Hoca, captured the last Venetian possessions in the Aegean, the islands of Tinos and Aigina.
July 1715: After only nine days of siege, the Ottomans exploded a mine under the bastions of Palamidi and successfully stormed the fort.
September 1715: Gathered their remaining forces at Methoni (Modon). However, being denied effective support from the sea by Delfin's reluctance to endanger his fleet by engaging the Ottoman navy, the fort capitulated.
September 1715: The Ottomans then advanced to the southwest, where the forts of Navarino and Koroni were abandoned by the Venetians.
January 1716: Tinos conquered by Ottoman Empire.
January 1716: Poros, along with Methana, Troezen, and Epidaurus, was part of the Venetian Colony from 1484 to 1715. In 1715, the territory was taken over by the Ottoman Empire. This marked the end of Venetian control in the region.
January 1716: Venice conquered Kythira Island (Cerigo) and Antikythera Island (Cerigotto).
2.7.Ottoman-Venetian War (1714-18)
Was a war between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire between 1714 and 1718. It was the last conflict between the two powers, and ended with an Ottoman victory and the loss of Venice's major possession in the Greek peninsula, the Peloponnese (Morea).
July 1718: The Mocenigo line (later called the Acqui Nuovissimo) was the border line established in Dalmatia in 1721 between the Venetian and Ottoman possessions, following the Peace of Passarowitz of 21 July 1718.
July 1718: The Mocenigo line (later called the Acqui Nuovissimo) was the border line established in Dalmatia in 1721 between the Venetian and Ottoman possessions, following the Pace of Passarowitz of 21 July 1718.
Were two conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt that ended with the annexion of the latter by the Ottomans.
3.1.Ottoman-Mamluk War (1485-1491)
The Ottoman-Mamluk war took place from 1485 to 1491, when the Ottoman Empire invaded the Mamluk Sultanate territories of Anatolia and Syria.
January 1491: In 1490, the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, led by Sultan Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri, launched an offensive campaign into Karaman and besieged the city of Kayseri, located in modern-day Turkey. The Mamluks were successful in capturing the territory during this military campaign.
February 1491: In 1491, the Karamanids, led by Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha, were besieging Kayseri. The Ottoman Empire sent a relief army, prompting the Karamanids to retreat back to Cilicia. Ahmed Pasha was a prominent military leader in the Ottoman Empire at the time.
June 1491: A treaty was signed by the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire which fixed their mutual border at the Gülek Pass in the Taurus Mountains.
3.2.Ottoman-Mamluk War (1516-17)
Was the second major conflict between the Egypt-based Mamluk Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire, which led to the fall of the Mamluk Sultanate and the incorporation of the Levant, Egypt, and the Hejaz as provinces of the Ottoman Empire.
August 1516: Ottoman conquest of Syria.
October 1516: Battle of Yaunis Khan.
January 1517: The Battle of Ridaniya in 1517 saw the Ottoman commander Hadım Sinan Pasha lose his life at the doorstep of Cairo. Following this, the Ottomans captured and sacked Cairo, solidifying their control over Egypt.
April 1517: The last Mamluk sulatn Tuman Bay was finally captured by the Ottomans and hanged at the gate of Cairo. As a consequence the Sharif of Mecca also submitted to the Ottomans, placing the holy cities of Mecca and Medina under Ottoman rule.
Conquests and wars with Ottoman involvement during the rule of Suleiman I.
January 1521: Kheireddine Barbarossa seizes the city of Collo with the help of the locals.
August 1521: Siege of Belgrade.
January 1522: Constantine conquered by Ottoman Empire.
January 1522: The Jabrid Emirate, ruled by the Jabrid dynasty, collapsed in 1521 after being invaded by the Muntafiq tribe of Basrah and later by the Ottoman Turks. The territory was then absorbed into the expanding Ottoman Empire.
January 1522: An assembly made up of Algiers notables decided to submit Algeria to the Ottoman Empire.
January 1523: The Knights were ousted by the Ottomans from the island of Rhodes (and neighbouring islands of the Dodecanese island group).
January 1523: Annaba conquered by Ottoman Empire.
January 1523: The Beylik of Dulkadir was annexed by the Ottoman Empire.
January 1523: Venetian Syros (Siro), 1207-1522.
January 1525: Hasankeyf passed to Ottoman rule in 1524 with the uprising of the Kurdish tribes.
January 1526: The Ottomans recaptured Alger definitively in 1525.
January 1527: The Ottomans occupied Sawakin.
July 1527: In an attempt to unite with the forces of Ferdinand, Jovan Nenad was severely wounded in Szeged. In his retreat towards Senta, he was intercepted and murdered by the Ottomans in the village of Tornjoš.
January 1532: In 1531, the prince of Bitlis withdrew his support for the Ottomans and turned towards the Safavids instead, an event that lead to the capture of the principality by the Ottomans.
January 1533: The region of Syrmia was conquered by the Ottomans.
August 1534: The Ottomans conquered Tunis in 1534.
January 1535: In 1534, during the 6th (Irakeyn) campaign of Suleyman I, Pargalı İbrahim Pasha annexed the Afshar territory to the Ottoman realm.
January 1539: Ottoman sultan Suleiman occupied Suceava and annexed Bessarabia.
January 1541: Annaba is acquired by the Ottoman Empire.
January 1542: In 1541, the city of Biskra was conquered by the Ottoman Empire under the leadership of Hayreddin Barbarossa, a famous Ottoman admiral and privateer.
January 1551: The State of Tlemcen is annexed to the Regency of Algiers (1550).
January 1551: In 1550, the Ottoman Empire imposed a naval blockade on Guria and annexed its southern provinces of Adjara, Northern Chaneti, and Machakheli.
August 1551: Tripoli (1510-1530), then ceded to the Knights Hospitaller, was lost in 1551.
January 1554: A Spanish garrison remained in Mahdiya until 1553, when it was conquered by the Ottomans.
February 1554: Sultan Abū Hasūn `Ali was the ruler of Fez who fled to Europe in 1550. The Pasha of Algiers supported him with an army to reclaim Fez from the Saadians. In January 1554, the Ottoman Empire, led by Abu Hassoun, successfully occupied Fez.
October 1555: In 1555, the Ottomans, supported by the Kabyles, won the Battle of Béjaia and liberated the city from Spanish occupation.
January 1557: In 1556, the Turkish corsair Dragut, who ruled in Tripoli, attacked Tunisia from the east. He successfully entered Kairouan in 1558, further expanding the Ottoman Empire's territory in North Africa.
January 1558: The Sultanate of Dahlak was occupied by the Ottoman Empire, who made it part of the Habesh Eyalet.
January 1558: coastline of medri bahri conquered by Ottoman Empire.
January 1560: Turks briefly occupied the highland parts of Baharnagash in 1559.
January 1561: The area was occupied by Ottoman forces in the middle of the 16th century under the leadership of Suleiman the Magnificent, who expanded the empire's territory into the Lhasa eyalet region in 1560.
January 1561: The Tunisian Island of Djerba was controlled by Spanish forces from 1521 to 1524 and from 1559 to 1560. The Spanish called the Island Yerba.
January 1562: Tripoli was besieged and conquered by famed Ottoman admirals Sinan Pasha and Turgut Reis. Declared as Bey and later Pasha of Tripoli, Turgut Reis submitted the tribes of the interior and several cities like Misrata, Zuwara, Gharyan, and Gafsa in the next decade.
4.1.Moldavian-Ottoman War
Was a conflict between Moldavia and the Ottoman Empire.
4.1.1.Ottoman conquest of the Budjak fortress
Moldavia had to surrender Chilia (Kiliya) and Cetatea Albă (Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi), the two main fortresses in the Budjak, to the Ottomans.
January 1485: In 1484, the Ottomans managed to annex Chilia and Akkerman.
January 1485: Ottoman conquest of Chilia and Cetatea Albă, the two main fortresses in the Budjak.
4.2.Siege of Rhodes (1522)
The Siege of Rhodes of 1522 was the second and ultimately successful attempt by the Ottoman Empire to expel the Knights of Rhodes from their island.
December 1522: With the the Siege of Rhodes of 1522, the Ottoman Empire expelled the Knights of Rhodes from their island, removing the last serious threat to Ottoman naval power in the eastern Mediterranean and Aegean.
4.3.Italian War of 1536-1538
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars. It was a conflict between King Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain. The objective was to achieve control over territories in Northern Italy, in particular the Duchy of Milan.
4.4.Ottoman-Portuguese conflicts (1538-1559)
Were a series of confrontations between the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire that took place in the Indian Ocean, the Persian Gulf, and the Red Sea.
January 1539: Aden was ruled by the Ottoman Empire between 1538 and 1547.
February 1548: The Capture of Aden of 1548 was accomplished when Ottomans under Piri Reis managed to take the harbour of Aden in Yemen from the Portuguese.
January 1551: In 1550, the inhabitants of Al-Hasa voluntarily submitted to the rule of the Ottomans, preferring them to the Portuguese.
September 1552: The Turks captured Muscat from the Portuguese.
January 1553: In 1552, the Turks, led by Ottoman admiral Piri Reis, captured Muscat from the Portuguese in a significant event known as the Capture of Muscat. This marked a turning point in the struggle for control over the strategic port city in the Arabian Peninsula.
January 1558: In 1557 the Ottoman captured the port of Massawa.
4.5.Ottoman conquest of Habesh
Was an Ottoman military campaign in modern-day Eritrea.
Were a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Domains. The conflicts started with the partition of Hungary between the Ottomans and the Habsburgs after the Battle of Mohács (1526).
5.1.Habsburg-Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526-1568)
Were a series of wars between the Habsburgs and the Ottoman Empire over the control of Hungary. The Kingdom of Hungary had ceased to exist after its defeat by the Ottomans in the battle of Mohács (1526). The Ottomans had then taken control of the southern regions of Hungary, whereas the Habsurgs, that had inherited the throne, were able to took control of the northern regions.
November 1529: The Austrian army reached Ofen on August 18, 1527 without any major difficulties.
December 1529: After the Siege of Buda in 1529, the Ottoman army, led by Suleiman the Magnificent, withdrew through Belgrade. However, Ottoman troops remained in border fortresses, maintaining a presence in the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom.
December 1529: After the Siege of Buda in 1529, the Ottoman army, led by Suleiman the Magnificent, withdrew through Belgrade. However, Ottoman troops remained in the border fortresses, maintaining a presence in the region.
September 1543: The Ottomans took Stuhlweißenburg at the beginning of September.
January 1546: After a failed siege of Esztergom in 1545, Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent soon withdrew his forces from the city.
January 1547: Suleiman took most of central Hungary under direct Ottoman rule as Budin Province.
January 1553: The Ottomans besieged for a year before being able to occupy the fort.
January 1553: The Ottomans incorporated the area around Temesvar into their dominions.
January 1553: In 1552, Lippa was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. The territory was taken by the Ottoman general Mustafa Pasha, who led the successful military campaign to capture the town. This event was part of the Ottoman Empire's expansion efforts in the region during the 16th century.
January 1553: Erasmus von Teufel was a military commander serving the Habsburg forces, while Ali Pasha was the governor of the Ottoman Empire. The skirmish near the palace in Szolnok resulted in a victory for Ali Pasha's troops, leading to the Ottoman conquest of the territory in 1552.
January 1557: In 1556 the Ottomans attacked Szigetvár because numerous raids on their territory had been carried out from there.
February 1557: The Ottomans were not able to conquer Szigetvár and thus left the area.
September 1566: The Siege of Szigetvár in 1566 was a key battle between the Ottoman Empire, led by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, and the Habsburg Monarchy, led by Croatian-Hungarian nobleman Nikola Šubić Zrinski. The Ottoman victory resulted in the territory of Szigetvár falling under Ottoman control.
January 1567: The city of Gyula was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1566. This event was part of the Ottoman-Habsburg wars, with the Ottoman forces led by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. Gyula was an important strategic location in the region, and its capture further solidified Ottoman control in Hungary.
January 1567: The Habsburg troops managed to conquer the town of Veszprém and the Totis Castle.
5.1.1.Ottoman invasion of Hungary
Was a Ottoman military campaign that led to the collapse of the Kingdom of Hungary in the Battle of Mohács fought on 29 August 1526.
August 1526: The Hungarians were defeated at the Battle of Mohács. The Battle marked the beginning of Ottoman domination of South-Central Europe.
September 1526: The Ottomans took Furnace (Buda) on September 10th.
September 1526: On September 25, Pest was occupied by the Ottomans and set on fire.
September 1526: The Ottoman army withdrew from Belgrade.
October 1526: Right after the battle of Mohács, Jovan Nenad appeared between Tisza and Danube as a leader of a Serb regiment. He quickly drove the Ottomans from Bačka and parts of Banat and Syrmia, which he then ruled independently.
November 1526: Battle of Mohacs.
November 1526: On 29 August 1526, at the Battle of Mohács, the Christian forces led by Louis II of Hungary were defeated by Ottoman forces led by Suleiman. The Ottoman victory led to the partition of Hungary for several centuries between the Ottoman Empire, the Habsburg Monarchy, and the Principality of Transylvania.
November 1527: Radoslav Čelnik, a Serb general (vojvoda) in the army of Jovan Nenad, the titular Serbian Emperor, ruled over Syrmia as Duke as an Ottoman vassal from 1527.
5.1.2.Hungarian campaign of 1527-1528
Was a military campaign by Habsburg ruler Ferdinand I against the Ottoman Empire and its vassals in Hungary.
January 1529: Following the Battle of Mohács, the Ottomans were forced to withdraw as events elsewhere in their now massive Empire required the Sultan's attention. Seizing upon their absence, Ferdinand I attempted to enforce his claim as King of Hungary. In 1527 he drove back the Ottoman vassal John Zápolya and captured Buda, Győr, Komárom, Esztergom, and Székesfehérvár by 1528.
5.1.3.Suleiman I's campaign of 1529
Was an Ottoman military campaign led by Suleiman I in Hungary.
September 1529: On September 8 Buda surrendered to the Ottomans.
September 1529: On 27 September, Ottoman Sultan Suleiman reached Vienna.
October 1529: End of the Ottoman Siege of Vienna.
5.2.Long Turkish War
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburgs (along with their respective allies) over the control of Romanian and Hungarian territories.
September 1592: In the summer of 1592, Ottoman forces captured the Habsburg border fortress of Bihać.
January 1595: In 1594, the Ottoman army, led by Sultan Mehmed III, successfully captured the main Hungarian fortress of Raab. This conquest was part of the Ottoman Empire's expansion into Hungarian territory during the Long War (1593-1606) against the Habsburg Monarchy.
September 1595: On September 7th of that year, after a siege by Karl von Mansfeld for several months, Gran fell back into Austrian hands.
October 1596: On October 12, 1596, the Ottomans managed to take the fortress of Erlau with his 100,000-strong army.
October 1596: The Battle of Mezőkeresztes in 1596 was fought between the Ottoman Empire, led by Sultan Mehmed III, and the Holy Roman Empire. The Ottoman victory allowed them to advance further into Central Europe, posing a threat to the Holy Roman Empire.
January 1599: In 1598, the Habsburg troops under Adolf von Schwarzenberg and Nicholas II Pálffy succeeded in recapturing the Raab and Veszprém (Weissbrunn) fortresses from the Ottomans.
January 1601: In 1600, the Habsburg fortress Pápa was lost to the Ottoman Empire during the Long War. The fortress was under the command of General Giorgio Basta, a prominent military leader in the Habsburg army.
January 1602: In 1601 Stuhlweißenburg was conquered by the Ottomans, who were finally able to take the important fortress of Kanischa after a two-month siege.
January 1603: In 1602, the Habsburgs, led by Archduke Matthias of Austria, recaptured Stuhlweißenburg from the Ottoman Empire.
5.2.1.Peace of Zsitvatorok
Was a peace treaty which ended the 15-year Long Turkish War between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy on 11 November 1606.
November 1606: With the Peace of Zsitvatorok, the Ottomans kept Eger and Nagykanizsa, while the fortresses north of Buda, which had been conquered by the Habsburgs at the beginning of the war, remained in their possession. The status quo ante of 1593 applied to the remaining borders.
5.3.Austro-Turkish War (1663-64)
Was a war between the Ottoman Emprie and the Habsburg Domains over territories in Hungary.
October 1663: The Ottomans conquered Neuhäusel Fortress in September.
July 1664: The Ottomans besieged the Neu-Zrin fortress from June 5 to 30, 1664, then took it and destroyed it on July 7, 1664 to the ground.
5.3.1.Peace of Vasvár
Was the treaty that ended the Austro-Turkish War (1663-1664).
August 1664: The Neu-Zrin fortress had to be razed.
5.4.Great Turkish War
Was a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League consisting of the Holy Roman Empire, Poland-Lithuania, Venice, Russia, and Habsburg Hungary.
July 1683: Ottoman siege of Vienna since July 15th.
September 1683: The Habsburg defeated the Ottomans on September 12, 1683 in the Battle of Kahlenberg, ending the Siege of Vienna.
January 1684: Expansion of the Habsburg Domains in the Balkans by 1683.
September 1686: Imperial troops conquered the fortress of Buda.
August 1687: 161 years after independent Hungary ceased to exist in the first Battle of Mohács (1526), the Battle of Hungary broke out again on August 12, 1687 on the same plain. The consequences of this significant Habsburg victory were far-reaching: Charles of Lorraine was able to liberate Esseg and Slavonia, while Transylvania was re-incorporated into Hungary.
September 1689: Imperial troops conquered Niš on September 24, 1689.
October 1689: Widin conquered by austria.
November 1689: The Habsburgs advanced to Bankya (now a suburb of Sofia), Kyustendil Pernik to the east, Skopje Pristina to the south (liberated October 1689).
January 1692: Ottoman conquest of Vlorë (Valona) and Kaninë Castle (Canina).
October 1697: Prince Eugen decided to launch a raid on Bosnia with part of his army. The invasion began on October 13, 1697 from Esseg (today: Osijek). Just ten days later, despite the impassable route through the Bosnian mountains, they reached Sarajevo, 250 km away.
January 1698: The Venetians loose control of Amfissa (Salona) the Ottomans.
January 1699: The Treaty of Karlowitz, signed in Sremski Karlovci, in modern-day Serbia, concluded the Great Turkish War of 1683-1697.
March 1701: The Grimani line (later known as the New Purchase) was the border line established in Dalmatia in February 1701 between the Venetian and Ottoman possessions, following the Peace of Carlowitz of 26 January 1699.
5.4.1.Morean War
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice, part of the Great Turkish War. Venice succesfully invaded and occupied the Peloponnese.
August 1684: Lefkada (Santa Maura) was conquered by Venice after a brief siege of 16 days, on 6 August 1684.
October 1684: In September 1684, at the early part of the Morean War, the Venetians, aided by Greek irregulars, crossed from the island of Lefkada (Santa Maura) and captured Preveza as well as Vonitsa.
October 1684: Acarniana fell under venetian rule.
August 1685: In 1685, the Venetian army, led by General Francesco Morosini, laid siege to the former Venetian fort of Koroni in Greece. The castle, defended by the Ottoman Empire, surrendered after 49 days, leading to the territory of Koroni being transferred to the Republic of Venice.
June 1686: The fortress of Navarino surrendered in 1686 to the Republic of Venice.
July 1686: Methoni was taken by Venice after an effective bombardment destroyed the fort's walls.
September 1686: Nafplion was forced to surrender on September 3, 1686, during the Morean War, led by the Venetian general Francesco Morosini. The city was then taken over by the Republic of Venice.
July 1687: In 1687, during the Morean War, the Venetians, led by Francesco Morosini, successfully captured the citadel of Patras and the forts of Rion, Antirrion, and Nafpaktos (Lepanto) from the Ottoman Empire.
August 1687: Corinth was occupied by Venice.
August 1687: Mystra, a fortified town in the Peloponnese region of Greece, surrendered to the Republic of Venice in 1687.
September 1687: Taking Eleusis, Athens was also briefly conquered, whose Acropolis was besieged by the Venetians from September 23 to 29.
January 1688: Gerolamo Cornaro, provveditore general in Dalmatia on behalf of the Republic of Venice, bent the Turkish resistance after a tough siege.
January 1688: Venetian occupation of Amfissa (Salona) from 1687.
January 1688: Venice controlled Argos from 1687 to 1715.
January 1689: Venetians conquered Risan and Knin.
January 1691: The Peloponnese was under complete Venetian control, and only the fort of Monemvasia in the southeast continued to resist, holding out until 1690.
January 1691: Venetian colonies in Vlorë (Valona) and Kaninë Castle (Canina) from 1690.
5.4.2.Habsburg Occupation of Serbia
Various regions of present-day Serbia (which were de jure Ottoman territory) were occupied by the Habsburg monarchy.
September 1688: Habsburg victory in the Siege of Belgrade (1688).
January 1690: Habsburg forces continued their advance towards south, taking Niš and reaching Prizren and Skopje (1689).
July 1690: In 1690, a full-scale Ottoman counter-offensive was launched, forcing Habsburg commanders and the Serbian Militia to retreat to the north.
October 1690: The Siege of Belgrade in 1690 was led by Grand Vizier Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha of the Ottoman Empire. The Battle of Slankamen in 1691 saw the Ottoman forces defeated by Prince Eugene of Savoy, leading to the liberation of Syrmia from Ottoman control.
5.4.3.Treaty of Karlowitz
Was a treaty that concluded the Great Turkish War and the Morean War. The Ottoman Empire suffered major territorial losses.
January 1699: The Treaty of Karlowitz confirmed the Venetian possession of Kephalonia, and the Morea with the island of Aigina, which became organized as the "Kingdom of the Morea".
January 1699: The peace of Carlowitz sanctioned the victory of the Holy League and the cession of the Kingdom of Morea to the Venetians.
January 1700: At the end of the war in 1699 Preveza was handed back to Ottoman rule.
5.5.Austro-Russian-Turkish War (1735-39)
Was a war mainly between Russia and the Ottoman Empire.
July 1736: The city of Bachchysaraj, seat of the Crimean Tatar Khans, was devastated along with the peninsula before Münnich had to return to Ukraine due to supply shortages and diseases that had occurred in his army.
July 1736: General Peter Lacy occupied Azov with his troops (about 15,000 men) on July 4.
August 1736: The city of Bachchysaraj, seat of the Crimean Tatar Khans, was devastated along with the peninsula before Münnich had to return to Ukraine due to supply shortages and diseases that had occurred in his army.
August 1737: Field Marshal Friedrich Heinrich von Seckendorff was a German military officer who served in the Habsburg army. Niš was a strategic city in the Ottoman Empire, located in modern-day Serbia. The occupation of Niš by Seckendorff's army was part of the Habsburg Empire's expansion into Ottoman territories in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
August 1737: In july the Russian Army managed to break into Crimea.
September 1737: The Russian Army occupies Crimea.
November 1737: Niš was reconquered by a Turkish army.
January 1739: With the help of significantly improved artillery, the Turks reconquered the Serbian fortresses that had fallen into Austrian hands step by step and in May entered Banat and occupied Mehadia. by the end of the year the Ottomans had captured Mehadia, Orșova, Ada Kaleh, Smederevo and Užice.
August 1739: The Russians defeated the Turks on August 27 near Stavučany and the city of Chotyn fell to them soon after.
5.5.1.Treaty of Belgrade
Was a peace treaty signed on September 18, 1739 in Belgrade, Habsburg Kingdom of Serbia (today Serbia), by the Ottoman Empire on one side and the Habsburg Monarchy on the other, that ended the Austro-Turkish War (1737-39).
September 1739: Treaty of Belgrade: Serbia was returned to the Ottoman Empire in 1739.
5.5.2.Treaty of Niš
Was a treaty that ended the Russo-Turkish War of 1735-1739. Russia left most of the territories it had occupied during the war and kept only possession of the the forts of Azob and Zaporižžja.
October 1739: Russia's accession to the Treaty of Belgrade with the Peace of Nyssa (October 3, 1739) was of little benefit to Tsarina Anna. She renounced all territorial conquests made in military campaigns and only the fortresses of Azov and Zaporizhzhya passed under Russian control.
Expansion during the rule of Mohammed ash-Sheikh of the Saadi dynasty.
November 1554: Mohammed ech-Sheikh was the ruler of the Saadi dynasty, who took over Fez in 1554. He successfully reunified Morocco and established his capital in Marrakech, solidifying his control over the region.
Expansion during the rule of Selim II in the Ottoman Empire.
January 1567: Hydra (Idra), 1204-1566 Venetian Colony.
January 1567: The Genoese controlled the island of Chios from 1304 to 1329 and again from 1346 to 1566. In 1566, the territory was taken over by the Ottoman Empire. Chios was an important trading hub for the Genoese, known for its production of mastic resin.
January 1568: Özdemir Pasha, a deputy of the Ottoman Empire admiral, conquered the west bank of the Red Sea in 1567 during the reign of Selim II. This territory roughly corresponds to a narrow coastal strip of Sudan and Eritrea.
January 1570: The Ottomans again conquered Tunis in 1569 and held it for four years.
January 1570: In 1569, the territory of Tunis was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. In 1573-1574, Spanish forces attempted to regain control of Tunis, but were ultimately unsuccessful in their campaign.
January 1571: Losses of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom to the Ottomans by the time of the Treaty of Speyer (1570)
January 1571: The Ottoman Turks made multiple advances further inland conquering Eritrea. The sanjak of Ibrim was established in the 1560s.
August 1571: Famagusta fell to the Ottomans in August 1571 after a siege that lasted nearly a year.
January 1573: Conquests in Hungary by the Ottomans in 1572.
September 1574: The Conquest of Tunis in 1574 marked the final conquest of Tunis by the Ottoman Empire over the Spanish Empire.
7.1.Conquest of Tunis (1574)
Was the Ottoman conquest of Tunis, controlled by Spain at the time.
September 1574: Final conquest of Tunis by the Ottoman Empire over the Spanish Empire. This was an event of great significance as it decided that North Africa would be under Muslim rather than Christian rule.
Expansion during the rule of Murad III in the Ottoman Empire.
January 1575: In 1574, the city of Sousse, known as Susa, was taken over by the Ottoman Empire from the Spanish. This marked a significant shift in power in the region, with the Ottomans gaining control over the strategic city.
January 1575: In 1574, La Goulette was captured by the Ottoman Empire from the Spanish.
January 1578: In 1577, the territory of Ouargla was taken over by the Ottoman Empire. Previously, in the 16th century, the Beylerbey of Algiers Salah Raïs had paid tribute to the populations of Ouargla before it became part of the Eastern Beylik.
January 1579: In 1578, the Ottoman Empire attempted to expand into the highlands of Medri Bahri with the assistance of Bahr negus Yeshaq, who was the ruler of the region at the time. This move was part of the Ottoman Empire's efforts to increase its territorial control and influence in the area.
January 1580: The Duchy of the Archipelago was annexed by the Ottomans in 1579.
January 1581: The Shamkhalate of Tarki became a vilayet within Ottoman Empire (1580s-1590s).
January 1586: The Ottomans had pushed as far south as the third Nile cataract and subsequently attempted to conquer Dongola, but, in 1585, were crushed by the Funj at the battle of Hannik. Afterwards, the battlefield, which was located just south of the third Nile cataract, would mark the border between the two kingdoms.
January 1588: The Pazuki Principality came to an end in 1587 when it was annexed by the Ottomans.
8.1.Ottoman-Portuguese conflicts (1586-1589)
Were armed military engagements which took place between the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire along the coast of eastern Africa.
8.1.1.Ottoman backed revolt of Indian Ocean coast
Was a revolt backed by the Ottomans in the East African coast against Portuguese rule.
January 1582: Muscat conquered by Ottoman Empire.
January 1586: Ottoman conquest of Mombasa.
January 1587: At Mogadishu, Mir Ali Bey convinced its inhabitants to rebel against the Portuguese.
January 1587: Barawa and Faza declared their support and allegiance to the Ottoman Empire.
January 1587: In 1586, at Pate island, Mir Ali Bey, a prominent Ottoman naval commander, captured a Portuguese merchant carrack. This event was part of the ongoing conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Portuguese Empire for control of trade routes and territories in the Indian Ocean.
January 1587: In 1586, Mir Ali Bey captured a small galley belonging to Roque de Brito Falcão in Lamu, a port city in present-day Kenya. The king of Lamu handed over Portuguese refugees to the Ottoman Empire, marking a shift in power dynamics in the region.
January 1587: The Ottomans occupied Mombasa and built a fort there.
8.1.2.Portuguese Counterattack
Were a series of Portuguese military actions against African rebels and the Ottomans during the Ottoman-Portuguese conflicts (1586-1589).
January 1589: Muscat conquered by portugal.
March 1589: Battle of Mombasa.
May 1589: After capturing the Ottoman corsair Mir Ali Bey, the Portuguese reestablished suzerainty over the entire Swahili coast, using diplomacy or force of arms.
Were a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and Zaidi tribes in Upper Yemen.
9.1.Yemeni Expedition of the 1630s
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Yemen.
January 1635: Zaidi Imam Al-Mu'ayyad Muhammad captured Zabid.
January 1637: By 1636, the Zaydi tribesmen had driven the Ottomans out of Mocha completely.
9.2.Yemeni Expedition of 1849
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Yemen.
May 1849: In 1849, the Ottomans returned to Yemen once more. In April, they captured Al Hudaydah.
August 1849: In July, the ottomans entered Sana'a on the invitation of the Imam, who wished for Yemen to become a Vassal state under Ottoman protection.
January 1850: The Ottomans were forced to leave Yemen due to a revolt.
9.3.Yemeni Expedition of 1872
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Yemen.
January 1873: In 1872, the Ottomans were invited to occupy Sana'a by local nobles who were irritated by the alleged incompetence of the Zaidi imam, allowing the Ottomans to finally conquer Yemen and establish the Yemen Vilayet.
9.4.Yemeni Rebellion of 1904
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Yemen.
January 1905: Zaidi Rebels occupied Dhamar and Yarim.
January 1905: Zaidi revolt against Ottoman rule in Hajjah and Hajur.
March 1905: In early March, the Zaidi rebels captured Hajjah.
April 1905: Zaidi conquest of Manakhah.
April 1905: In March 1905, the Zaidi rebels captured Yarim.
May 1905: In April 1905, the Zaidis recaptured Sana'a.
May 1905: By the third week of May, the Zaidi rebels captured Ibb and Qatabah.
July 1905: Ottoman forces evacuated Manakhah on 16 July 1905.
9.5.Yemeni Rebellion of 1911
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Yemen.
January 1905: In early 1911, the Zaidi Imam began another revolt against the Ottomans. Armed rebel bands arrived in Sanaa on 12 January 1911, and took over the city.
April 1905: The Zaidi rebels lost Sanaa to the Ottomans near the end of April.
9.6.Yemeni Expedition of 1905
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Yemen.
August 1905: By the end of August, the Ottomans had retaken Abha in Asir.
August 1905: Ottoman forces took back Sanaa.
October 1905: The Ottomans captured Yarim.
October 1905: An Ottoman force captured Mafraq.
November 1905: Advancing Ottoman forces occupied Khawlan, Jiblah and Badan as well as many nearby villages.
November 1905: The Ottomans retook Amran, Thula, Kawkaban, and Hajjah.
January 1906: The Ottomans captured Suq al-Khamis.
October 1911: The Treaty of Daan was signed and resulted in Yemen becoming a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire.
Were a series of wars in Europe (and the overseas possessions of European countries) the 16th, 17th and early 18th that started after the Protestant Reformation. Although the immediate causes of the wars were religious, the motives were complex and also included territorial ambitions.
10.1.Thirty Years' War
Was a war that took place mainly in central Europe between 1618 and 1648. The war began as a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestant in the Holy Roman Empire but then escalated into a conflict for the hegemony in Europe between Habsburg Spain and Austria, Sweden and France.
10.1.1.Peace of Westphalia
Were a series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War. Catholics and Protestants were redefined as equal in the territories of the Holy Roman Empire. There were major territorial adjustments. In particular, France, Sweden and Brandenburg had major territorial gains, and several religious territories of the Holy Roman Empire were secularized.
January 1649: Fortress of Klis (Clissa) returned in venetian hands.
Was a 1664 military expedition by Louis XIV to seize the port of Djidjelli and establish a naval base against the Barbary corsairs.
July 1664: Djidjelli Expedition.
October 1664: Louis XIV's expeditionary force abandoned Djidjelli and re-embarked for France.
Were a series of Wars between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire.
12.1.Polish-Ottoman War (1672-1676)
Was a war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire. The war ended with the Commonwealth ceding control of most of its Ukraine territories to the Ottomans.
12.1.1.First Phase of the Polish-Ottoman War (1672-1676)
Was the first phase of the Polish-Ottoman War (1672-1676), where the Ottomans invaded the Ukrainian territories of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
September 1672: Kamieniec Podolski was a key fortress in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Ottoman forces, led by Grand Vizier Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed and Sultan Mehmed IV, successfully invaded the territory in 1672, marking a significant victory for the Ottoman Empire in the region.
12.1.1.1.Treaty of Buchach
Was a treaty that ended the first phase of the Polish-Ottoman War (1672-1676).
October 1672: The Poles were forced to sign the Peace of Buczacz in October that year, which ceded to the Ottomans the Commonwealth part of Ukraine.
12.1.2.Second Phase of the Polish-Ottoman War (1672-1676)
Was the second phase of the Polish-Ottoman War (1672-1676). The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth got part of its Ukrainian territories back.
October 1676: The Treaty of Żurawno ended the second phase of the Polish-Ottoman War (1672-76). It revised the 1672 Treaty of Buchach, and was more favorable to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which no longer had to pay tribute, and regained about one third of the Ukrainian territories lost in the Buchach treaty.
Was a war between the Tsardom of Russia and the Ottoman Empire. .
13.1.1677 Campaign
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Ukraine during the Russo-Turkish War of 1676-1681.
August 1677: The Ottomans crossed the Sula River on the way to Chyhyryn.
September 1677: In 1677, Ivan Samoilovich and Grigory Romodanovsky, military commanders in the Russian army, successfully relieved the city of Chyhyryn from Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth occupation during the Russo-Turkish War.
13.2.1678 Campaign
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Ukraine during the Russo-Turkish War of 1676-1681.
August 1678: In 1678, the Turkish army led by Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa, along with the Crimean Tatar army, besieged Chyhyryn.
August 1678: The Turks broke into the Lower Town of Chyhyryn.
13.3.1679 Campaign
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Ukraine during the Russo-Turkish War of 1676-1681.
January 1679: The Russian army retreated beyond the Dnieper, beating off the pursuing Turkish army, which would finally leave them in peace. Later the Turks seized Kanev and established the power of Yuri Khmelnitsky on the Right-bank Ukraine.
Was a military expedition undertaken by the Ottoman Empire against its tributary states in western Georgia.
August 1703: In June-July 1703, Halil Pasha, an Ottoman military commander, led an attack on western Georgia. His troops crossed the Çoruh River on pontoons and invaded Guria, a historical region in Georgia.
August 1703: In 1703, the Ottoman navy landed in Mingrelia, a territory in present-day Georgia.
August 1703: The troops of Ishak Pasha of Çildir, fought their way through the Zekari Pass into Imereti.
October 1703: On 22 August, Ottoman Sultan Mustafa was forced to abdicate in a coup, which come to be known as the Edirne event. The new sultan, Ahmed III, refused to continue the war in Georgia and left the area.
January 1704: In 1703, the Imeretians, led by King George XI, were unable to defend Baghdati against the Ottoman Empire's artillery. This defeat resulted in the territory of Baghdati falling under Ottoman control.
January 1704: In 1703, the heavily fortified towers of Chalatqe in the canton of Argveti were destroyed by soldiers led by Ishak Pasha of the Ottoman Empire. This event marked the Ottoman Empire's expansion into the region and the defeat of local resistance forces.
January 1705: The cost of the Ottoman invasion of western Georgia contributed to the fall of Sultan Mustafa II. The new Ottoman government ordered the withdraw from much of western Georgia's interior.
A series of wars fought in northern and northeastern Europe from the 16th to the 18th century.
15.1.Great Northern War
Was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe.
15.1.1.Phase 2: Sweden Defending itself
Was the second phase of the Great Northern War. It consisted in the counterattack of all the countries that Sweden had invaded during the first phase of the war.
15.1.1.1.Russian Offensive in the Ottoman Empire
Was a Russian military campaign against the Ottoman Empire during the Great Northern War.
July 1711: Siege of Brăila.
July 1711: Battle of Stănileşti: the joint Moldavian and Russian troops, the former under the command of Cantemir and the latter under Peter the Great and Boris Sheremetev, were surrounded and forced to surrender (on 22 July) to the larger Ottoman army.
July 1711: The conflict was ended on 21 July 1711 by the Treaty of the Pruth that stipulated the return of Azov to the Ottomans.
July 1711: In 1711 the mouth of the Don was lost in favor of Turkey according to the Prut peace.
A popular revolt at the end of a period of civil war in Tripolitania led by the Turkish officer Ahmed Karamanli against the ruling Tripolitanian bey, in which Karamanli seized control of Tripoli and installed himself as the head of the Karamanli dynasty, which ruled over Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, and Fezzan for 124 years as a semi-autonomous Ottoman province.
January 1712: In 1711 Turkish officer Ahmed Bey Karamanli, overthrew the pasha of Tripoli and founded a dynasty that governed Tripoli for the next 124 years. Karamanli recognized the nominal Ottoman suzerainty, however Lybia was practically independent.
Was a war between the Habsburg Domains and the Ottoman Empire.
October 1715: The remaining Venetian strongholds, including the last remaining outposts on Crete (Spinalonga and Souda), likewise capitulated in exchange for safe departure. Within a hundred days, the entire Peloponnese had been re-taken by the Ottomans.
October 1716: Siege of Temeşvar.
August 1717: The Austrian defeat of the Ottomans in the Battle of Belgrade on August 16, 1717, led to the Ottoman cession of their portion of Hungary and much of Serbia.
January 1718: The only permanent Venetian success was the capture of the fortresses of Preveza and Arta in 1717.
17.1.Treaty of Passarowitz
Was the treaty that ended the Austro-Turkish War (1716-1718).
July 1718: Parga was Venetian since the Peace of Passarowitz of 1718.
July 1718: In 1714 the Republic was forced to confront the Ottomans again as they attempted to penetrate the Adriatic. The war caught the Serenissima politically and militarily unprepared: soon the Morea and the last Aegean colonies fell. [...] The peace of Passarowitz, in 1718, forced Venice to recognize the loss of the Morea.
July 1718: Venice retained only the Ionian Islands, with Ottoman-occupied Kythera added to them.
July 1718: The Ottoman Empire lost the Banat to Prince Eugene of Savoy and the Habsburg Monarchy in 1718. This marked a significant victory for the Habsburgs in their ongoing conflict with the Ottomans over control of territories in Eastern Europe.
July 1718: Northern Bosnia conquered by austria.
July 1718: Southeastern Syrmia, central part of present-day Serbia (from Belgrade to south of Kruševac), was taken by the Austrians.
July 1718: In Dalmatia, the Venetians made some small advances, taking the areas of Imotski and Vrgorac in the hinterland.
January 1719: Venice regained Kythira Island (Cerigo) and Antikythera Island (Cerigotto).
January 1722: In 1721, the Dalmatian border was definitively stabilized with the definition of the so-called Mocenigo line. This agreement was reached between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire, with the line being named after Alvise Mocenigo, the Venetian ambassador who negotiated the treaty.
Were a series of wars between Persia and Russia in the period 1651-1828.
18.1.Russo-Persian War (1722-23)
Was a war between the Russian Empire and Safavid Iran, triggered by the Tsar's attempt to expand Russian influence in the Caspian and Caucasus regions.
June 1724: The Treaty of Constantinople (1724) concluded between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, dividing large portions of the Safavid Iran between them. Iranian lands located on the east of the conjunction of the rivers Kurosh (Kur) and Aras were given to the Russians. These comprised the provinces in northern mainland Iran (Gilan, Mazandaran and Astrabad), the territories in Dagestan (amongst which Derbent), as well as Baku and the territory surrounding it in the Shirvan province.
June 1724: Treaty of Constantinople (1724) was a treaty concluded on 24 June 1724 between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, dividing large portions of the territory of mutually neighbouring Safavid Iran between them.
The lands on the west went to the Ottomans,[3] comprising large parts of Iranian Azerbaijan (incl. Ardabil and Tabriz), Hamadan, Kermanshah, and much of the rest of Iranian-ruled Transcaucasia (encompassing modern-day Georgia and Armenia).
January 1726: Expansion of the Russian Empire by 1725 (based on maps).
Expansion during the rule of Nader Shah of the Afsharid Dynasty.
January 1742: The Persian Empire annexes almost all of Dagestan.
Expansion during the rule of Adel Shah of Afsharid Iran.
January 1748: Shoragei was a sultanate established around 1747.
Was a war between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. The Russian Empire was victorious and ceded territories in Ukraine to Russia. The Crimean Khanate became a Russian protectorate.
21.1.Russian invasion (Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774)
Was the Russian invasion of the Ottoman Empire during the Russo-Turkish War (1768-1774).
September 1769: The Russians began their initial campaign over the Dneister into Moldavia. The elite Ottoman Janissaries took heavy casualties from the Russians at Khotyn.
21.2.Russian Mediterranean expedition
Was a Russian naval expedition in the Mediterranean raiding Ottoman territories.
January 1770: Several islands in Greece were occupied by Russia.
July 1771: The Russian fleet abandoned the region in following June.
June 1772: Russian occupations of Beirut.
June 1772: The Russians surrendered Beirut to the pro-Ottoman emir of Mount Lebanon, Yusuf Shihab, only after being paid a large ransom.
October 1773: In 1773, Russian forces led by Count Orlov occupied Beirut for four months to pressure Yusuf Karamanli, the ruler of Tripoli, to pay a ransom for the release of Russian prisoners captured during the First Russo-Turkish War. This military occupation was part of the broader conflict between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire.
February 1774: In 1774, the Russians, led by Count Orlov, occupied Beirut for four months in order to pressure Yusuf, the governor of Sidon, to pay a ransom. This event was part of the larger Russo-Turkish War (1768-1774) between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire.
21.3.Final Russian offensive
Was the final and victorious Russian offensive against the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War (1768-1774).
June 1774: Battle of Kozludzha.
21.4.Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
Was the treaty that ended the Russo-Turkish War (1768-1774). The Ottomans ceded territories in modern-day Ukraine to Russia, and the Crimean Khanate became a Russian protectorate.
July 1774: In 1774, as part of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, Russia gained territory between the rivers Dnieper and Southern Bug from the Ottoman Empire. The Porte, referring to the Ottoman Empire, renounced its claims to Kabarda in the North Caucasus. This treaty was signed by Catherine the Great of Russia and Sultan Abdul Hamid I of the Ottoman Empire.
July 1774: In 1774, the Ottoman Empire ceded the seaports of Azov and Kerch to the Russian Empire as part of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca. This treaty was signed by representatives of the Ottoman Empire and Russia, marking a significant shift in power dynamics in the region.
July 1774: After the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca forced the Ottoman Empire to leave the Crimean Khanate, the Russian army left the other regions it had occupied.
July 1774: In 1774, as part of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, Russia gained territory between the rivers Dnieper and Southern Bug from the Ottoman Empire. The Porte renounced its claims to Kabarda in the North Caucasus. This treaty was signed by Catherine the Great of Russia and Sultan Mustafa III of the Ottoman Empire.
July 1774: The Ochakiv area passed to direct control of the Ottoman Empire.
Were a series of wars between Ottoman Empire and the Safavid, Afsharid, Zand, and Qajar dynasties of Iran (Persia) through the 16th-20th centuries.
January 1780: The Persians held Basra until 1779 when the Ottomans, under Sulayman Agha, retook the city, following Karim Khan's death.
22.1.Battle of Chaldiran
Was a battle between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire during the Ottoman-Persian Wars.
October 1514: The Ottoman Empire successfully annexed Eastern Anatolia (encompassing Western Armenia) and northern Mesopotamia from the Safavids.
22.2.Ottoman-Safavid War (1532-1555)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire led by Suleiman the Magnificent, and the Safavid Empire led by Tahmasp I.
22.2.1.First campaign of the Ottoman-Safavid War (1532-1555)
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Persia.
January 1534: Tabriz conquered by Ottoman Empire.
January 1534: In the 16th century, most of the territory of present-day Iraq came under the control of Ottoman Empire as the pashalik of Baghdad.
January 1535: In 1534, Azerbaijan was conquered by the Safavid dynasty, led by Shah Tahmasp I. The Safavids were able to regain control of the territory from the Ottomans, securing their rule in the region.
January 1535: In 1534, Azerbaijan, then part of the Safavid Empire, was conquered by the Ottoman Empire under the leadership of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. This marked the end of Safavid control over Azerbaijan and the beginning of Ottoman rule in the region.
January 1535: The Ottomans attacked Safavid Iraq.
22.2.2.Second campaign of the Ottoman-Safavid War (1532-1555)
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Persia.
August 1548: Siege of Van by the Ottomans.
22.2.3.Third campaign of the Ottoman-Safavid War (1532-1555)
Was an Ottoman military campaign in Persia.
January 1554: The Safavids occupy Erzurum.
January 1555: Erzurum is conquered by Ottoman forces.
22.2.4.Peace of Amasya
Was the treaty that ended the Ottoman-Safavid War of 1532-1555.
May 1555: Armenia and Georgia were divided equally between the Ottomans and the Persians, with Western Armenia, western Kurdistan, and western Georgia (incl. western Samtskhe) falling in Turkish hands while Eastern Armenia, eastern Kurdistan, and eastern Georgia (incl. eastern Samtskhe) stayed in Iranian hands. The Ottoman Empire obtained most of Iraq, including Baghdad, which gave them access to the Persian Gulf, while the Persians retained their former capital Tabriz and all their other northwestern territories in the Caucasus and as they were prior to the wars, such as Dagestan and all of what is now Azerbaijan. The frontier thus established ran across the mountains dividing eastern and western Georgia (under native vassal princes), through Armenia, and via the western slopes of the Zagros down to the Persian Gulf.
22.3.Ottoman-Safavid War (1578-1590)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire. The war was won by the Ottomans that gained various territories, in particular western Iran.
22.3.1.Treaty of Constantinople (1590)
Was a treaty that ended the Ottoman-Safavid War of 1578-1590.
March 1590: According to the Treaty of Constantinople, the Ottoman Empire kept most of its gains in the Ottoman-Safavid War of 1578-1590. These included most of the southern Caucasus (which included the Safavid domains in Georgia, composed of the Kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti and the eastern part of the Samtskhe-Meskheti principality, as well as the Erivan Province, Karabakh, and Shirvan), the Azerbaijan Province (incl. Tabriz, but not Ardabil, which remained in Safavid hands), Luristan, Dagestan, most of the remaining parts of Kurdistan, Shahrizor, Khuzestan, Baghdad and Mesopotamia.
22.4.Ottoman-Safavid War (1603-1618)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire. Persia regained and reestablished its suzerainty over the Caucasus and Western Iran, which had been lost at the Treaty of Constantinople in 1590.
22.4.1.Safavid Invasion (1603)
Was the Safavid invasion of the Ottoman Empire.
October 1603: Tabriz, a major city in northwestern Iran, was captured by the Safavid Empire.
November 1603: In 1603, the Safavid Empire, led by Shah Abbas I, entered Nakhchivan, a strategic territory located in present-day Azerbaijan.
November 1603: The Safavid army, led by Shah Abbas I, laid siege to Yerevan.
July 1604: The Safavid army captured Yerevan.
December 1604: The Safavids advanced towards Kars before being stopped in Akhaltsikhe.
July 1606: Abbas I was able to liberate Ganja, Baku, Shirvan and Shamakhi in Azerbaijan.
22.4.2.Treaty of Nasuh Pasha
The Treaty of Nasuh Pasha was signed on 20 November 1612 and ended the first phase of the Ottoman-Safavid War (1603-1618).
November 1612: The Treaty of Nasuh Pasha was signed by the Persians and by the Ottomans. It restored the border of 1555 established by the Peace of Amasya.
22.5.Ottoman-Safavid War (1623-1639)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire.
December 1625: The Ottoman army reached Baghdad and invested it in November.
December 1638: In 1638, Murad IV again personally led an army against Baghdad. The city fell in December after a siege of 39 days.
22.5.1.Safavid Invasion (1624)
Was a Safavid military campaign against the Ottoman Empire.
January 1624: The Persians, led by Shah Abbas I of the Safavid Empire, besieged Baghdad in 1624.
January 1625: The Persians captured most of Iraq, including the cities of Kirkuk and Mosul and the Shia holy shrines of Najaf and Karbala, which the Shah visited.
22.5.2.Treaty of Zuhab
Was the treaty that ended the Ottoman-Safavid War (1623-1639).
May 1639: The treaty confirmed the dividing of territories in West Asia priorly held by the Safavids, such as the permanent parting of the Caucasus between the two powers, in which East Armenia, eastern Georgia, Dagestan, and Azerbaijan stayed under the control of the Safavid Empire, while western Georgia and most of Western Armenia came fully under Ottoman rule. It also included all of Mesopotamia (including Baghdad) being irreversibly ceded to the Ottomans, as well as Safavid-controlled eastern Samtskhe (Meskheti), making Samtskhe in its entirety an Ottoman possession.
22.6.Ottoman-Persian War (1730-1735)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire.
June 1730: In the spring of 1730, Nader attacked the Ottomans and regained most of the territory lost during the collapse of the Safavid Empire in the late 1720s.
January 1731: Collapse of the authority of the Iboukhtouchen.
September 1735: Nader Shah, a powerful Persian ruler, defeated the Ottoman forces at Yeghevard in 1735, reclaiming Armenia and Georgia. This marked a significant military achievement for Nader in his campaign to expand Persian territories.
22.6.1.Tahmasp's campaign of 1731
Was a failed attempt by Tahmasp II of the Safavid dynasty to launch an offensive into Ottoman held Caucasus.
January 1732: Tahmasp tried to assert himself by launching a foolhardy campaign to recapture Yerevan. He ended up losing all of Nader's recent gains to the Ottomans.
22.6.2.Treaty of Ahmet Pasha
Was a treaty signed on 10 January 1732 between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia.
January 1732: The Safavids ceded Georgia and Armenia to the Ottomans in exchange for Tabriz, a strategic city in northwestern Iran.
22.6.3.Treaty of Constantinople (1736)
Was a treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire ending the Ottoman-Safavid War of 1578-1590.
September 1736: Treaty of Constantinople was a treaty between Ottoman Empire and Afsharid Persia signed on 24 September 1736, ending the Afsharid-Ottoman War (1730-35).
22.7.Ottoman-Persian War (1743-1746)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Afsharid Empire.
22.7.1.Persian Invasion (1740)
Was the Persian invasion of the Ottoman Empire in the Ottoman-Persian War (1743-1746).
July 1740: Kirkuk and Arbil conquered by persia.
September 1740: The siege of Mosul in 1740 was led by the Persian military commander Nader Shah. The city was defended by the Ottoman governor of Mosul, Daud Pasha. After 40 days of intense fighting, Mosul fell to the Persian forces, leading to a period of Persian military occupation in the region.
January 1747: In 1746 peace was made. The boundaries were unchanged and Baghdad remained in Ottoman hands.
22.8.Ottoman-Persian War (1775-1776)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and the Zand Dynasty of Persia.
January 1776: The Persians, ruled by Karim Khan Zand and led by his brother Sadeq Khan Zand, invaded southern Iraq in 1775. They besieged Basra, leading to the territory falling under Persian military occupation.
22.9.Ottoman-Persian War (1821-1823)
Was a war between the Ottoman Empire and Qajar Iran.
22.9.1.Persian Invasion (1822)
Was the Persian invasion of the Ottoman Empire during the Ottoman-Persian War (1821-1823).
January 1822: In 1821, Abbas Mirza, the Crown Prince of Persia, led a military campaign into Anatolia with 30,000 troops. He clashed with an Ottoman army of 50,000 at the Battle of Erzurum, resulting in the territory falling under Persian military occupation.
January 1822: Battle of Erzurum.
January 1822: Crown Prince Abbas Mirza of Persia, at the instigation of the Russian Empire, invaded Western Armenia and the areas surrounding Iranian Azerbaijan.
Was an unsuccessful attempt by the Ottoman Empire to regain lands lost to the Russian Empire in the course of the previous Russo-Turkish War (1768-1774).
December 1788: Ochakov, at the mouth of the Dnieper, fell to the Russian forces on 6 December 1788 after a six-month siege by Prince Grigory Potemkin and Suvorov.
August 1789: On 1 August the Russians under Suvorov attained a victory against the Ottomans led by Osman Pasha at Focsani
December 1789: The Russians continued their advance when Suvorov captured the reportedly "impenetrable" Ottoman fortress of Ismail.
July 1791: Russia defeats the Ottomans at Machin (9 July 1791).
23.1.Treaty of Jassy
Was the treaty that ended the Russo-Turkish War (1787-1792).
January 1792: The Treaty of Jassy was signed on 9 January 1792 by the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire, recognizing Russia's 1783 annexation of the Crimean Khanate. Yedisan (Odessa and Ochakov) was also ceded to Russia.
Was a war between the Habsbaug Domains and the Ottoman Empire.
October 1789: Belgrade was taken in a three-week campaign by the Austrian Field Marshal Laudon.
November 1789: Habsburg-occupied Serbia (1788-92) was established.
24.1.Treaty of Sistova
Was the treaty that ended the Austro-Turkish War (1788-1791). The Habsburgs gained some borderlands in Croatia.
August 1791: Austrian withdrawal from a large territory in the Balkans with the Treaty of Sistova (1792). The territory was regained by the Ottomans.
August 1791: By 1791 the Austrians (the Habsburg) were forced into withdrawal across the Danube and Sava rivers, joined by thousands of Serbian families who feared Ottoman persecution.
August 1791: In the final negotiated outcome of the Austro-Turkish War (1788-1791), established in the Treaty of Sistova of 4 August 1791, Austria's gains were "meagre": Austria returned all the territory from its conquests save the small town of Orsova and a strip of Croatian land near the Bosnian-Croatian border (e.g. Drežnik Grad, Cetin Castle, Donji Lapac, Srb).
Was a revolt against the Ottoman Empire in Vidin (Bulgaria).
January 1795: Osman Pazvantoğlu rebelled against the Ottoman sultan Selim III, and, acting as an independent ruler in Vidin, he minted his own coins and had diplomatic relations with foreign states.
January 1800: In order to end the secession of Vidin, Osman Pazvantoğlu was granted amnesty in 1799 and appointed Pasha of Vidin. However, Pazvantoğlu ruled effectively independently.
Was a war between the rebel Souliotes, an Orthodox Christian Albanian tribal community, and the Ottoman Empire.
December 1803: Without food and ammunition, the Souliotes were forced to withdraw to the fortresses of Kiafa and Kougi, where they lost the last battle.
Was an uprising against Ottoman rule in Serbia.
January 1805: Revolutionary Serbia was established by Serbian revolutionaries in Ottoman Serbia (Sanjak of Smederevo) after successful military operations against the Ottoman Empire.
November 1813: Restoration of Ottoman rule on Serbia.
27.1.First Serbian Uprising
Was a Serbian Uprising (1804-1813), during which Serbia existed as a de facto independent state for over a decade.
February 1804: Uprising of Serbs in the Sanjak of Smederevo against the Ottoman Empire. During the uprising, Serbia existed as a de facto independent state for over a decade.
October 1813: The Ottomans defeat of the First Serbian Uprising.
27.2.Second Serbian Uprising
Was the second phase of the Serbian Revolution against the Ottoman Empire, which erupted shortly after the re-annexation of the country to the Ottoman Empire in 1813.
July 1817: Strategic Serbian diplomatic victory. Establishment of the autonomous Principality of Serbia.
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
January 1808: After the Peace of Pressburg in 1805, the territory of the Republic of Ragusa was occupied by France under Napoleon Bonaparte (May 27, 1806). The Republic was ultimately abolished by decree issued by General Marmont on January 31, 1808.
28.1.War of the First Coalition
Were a series of wars between the Kingdom of France (later the French Republic) and several European Monarchies. The French Revolution had deteriorated the relations of France with the other European countries, that tried several times to invade France in order to crash the revolutionary government.
October 1798: The Battle of Nicopolis in 1798 took place in the Venetian possession of Greece. The Ottoman troops, led by Ali Pasha and his son Mukhtar, decisively defeated the Venetian forces, leading to the territory being transferred to the Ottoman Empire.
October 1798: In 1798 small Venetian territories that were not ceded to the Austrian Empire were conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
28.1.1.Treaty of Campo Formio
Was a treaty between France and Austria that ended the War of the First Coalition.
October 1797: The Treaty of Campo Formio was signed on 17 October 1797 (26 Vendémiaire VI). The treaty transferred the Austrian Netherlands to France. The territories of Venice were partitioned, most were acquired by Austria. Austria recognized the Cisalpine Republic and the newly created Ligurian Republic. Extension of the borders of France up to the Rhine, the Nette, and the Roer.
28.2.French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars - Theatre of war in the overseas colonies
The theatre of war in the overseas colonies during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
January 1807: French conquest of El Kala in 1806.
28.3.War of the Second Coalition
Was the second war that saw revolutionary France against most of the European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria, and Russia, and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Naples, and various German monarchies. Prussia did not join this coalition, and Spain supported France.
28.3.1.Mediterranean campaign of 1798
Was a French military campaign in Egypt led by Napoleone Bonaparte. The French Republic sought to capture Egypt as the first stage in an effort to threaten British India and force Great Britain to make peace.
July 1798: In 1798, Napoleon Bonaparte led the French army to victory in the Battle of Alexandria, securing the city during the French military occupation of Egypt. This was part of Napoleon's campaign to disrupt British trade routes and establish French dominance in the region.
July 1798: French general Louis Desaix marched across the desert with his division and two cannon, arriving at Demenhour, 24 kilometres from Alexandria, on 18 Messidor (6 of July).
July 1798: In 1798, French forces under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte marched to Rahmanié in Egypt during the French campaign in the country. The fleet was expected to arrive with much-needed provisions for the troops.
July 1798: The village of Chebreiss, located in modern-day Lebanon, was captured by French forces in 1798 after two hours of fierce fighting led by General Napoleon Bonaparte during the French campaign in Egypt and Syria.
July 1798: On 2 Thermidor (20 July) 1798, French General Napoleon Bonaparte's army arrived 800 meters from the village of Embabé in Egypt during his military campaign in the region.
July 1798: Battle of the Pyramids, also known as the Battle of Embabeh. It was a major engagement fought during the French Invasion of Egypt. The French army, under Napoleon Bonaparte, scored a decisive victory against the forces of the local Mamluk rulers, wiping out almost the entire Ottoman army located in Egypt. The victory effectively sealed the French conquest of Egypt as Murad Bey chaotically fled to Upper Egypt. Napoleon entered Cairo after the battle and created a new local administration under his supervision.
August 1798: In 1798, Napoleon Bonaparte led the French military occupation of Upper Egypt, defeating Ibrahim Bey at the Battle of Salahie and driving him out of the territory.
February 1799: Bonaparte's French forces left Egypt on 5 February 1799 and, seven days after leaving Cairo, Bonaparte arrived at Arish and bombarded one of the castle towers. The garrison surrendered two days later.
March 1799: French forces managed to capture Jaffa.
March 1799: The French captured Haifa and the munitions and provisions stored there, along with the castle at Jaffa, the castle at Nazareth and even the town of Tyre much farther up the coast. Also the siege of Acre began on 18 March but the French were unable to take it.
May 1799: Napoleon Bonaparte retreated from Acre on 21 May after a failed final assault on 10 May, and withdrew to Egypt.
April 1801: In April 1801, Fort Julien, Egypt, surrendered to the Ottoman Empire.
June 1801: Cairo conquered by Ottoman Empire.
September 1801: After Napoleon's failed campaign in Egypt, French General Menou was left in charge. He was eventually besieged in Alexandria by the British forces led by General Abercromby. Menou surrendered on September 2, 1801, marking the end of French rule in Egypt.
28.4.War of the Third Coalition
Was a European conflict spanning the years 1805 to 1806. During the war, France and its client states under Napoleon I opposed an alliance, the Third Coalition, made up of the United Kingdom, the Holy Roman Empire, the Russian Empire, Naples, Sicily, and Sweden. Prussia remained neutral during the war.
28.4.1.Peace of Pressburg
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Third Coalition.
December 1805: Territorial changes after the Peace of Pressburg.
28.5.Adriatic campaign of 1807-1814
Was the theatre of war in the Adriatic Sea during the Napoleonic Wars.
January 1814: Cattaro, a strategic port city in modern-day Montenegro, was captured by Austrian forces in collaboration with Montenegrin ground troops in 1814 during the Napoleonic Wars. This victory was part of the Sixth Coalition's efforts to defeat Napoleon Bonaparte.
January 1814: Ragusa conquered by Sixth Coalition.
28.6.War of the Fifth Coalition
Was a conflict between a colition of European monarchies and Napoleon's French Empire.
28.6.1.Treaty of Schönbrunn
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Fifth Coalition.
October 1809: The Treaty of Schönbrunn was signed between France and Austria at Schönbrunn Palace near Vienna. Austria lost its access to the Adriatic Sea by waiving the Littoral territories of Gorizia and Gradisca and the Imperial Free City of Trieste, together with Carniola, the March of Istria, western ("Upper") Carinthia with East Tyrol, and the Croatian lands southwest of the river Sava to the French Empire (Illyrian provinces).
28.7.Congress of Vienna
Was a series of international diplomatic meetings after the end of the Napoleonic wars whose aim was a long-term peace plan for Europe. It redraw the borders of Europe and partially restored the Monarchies of the pre-revolutionary period.
June 1815: Some minor territories de facto fell under the control of the Ottoman Empire in 1815.
Was a war between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire.
September 1809: In August 1809, Prince Bagration succeeded General Kamensky in leading the Russian military occupation of Dobruja. Bagration's crossing of the Danube River marked a significant military advance in the region during the Russo-Turkish War of 1806-1812.
January 1810: In 1809, during the Russo-Turkish War, Russian General Bagration laid siege to Silistra in Dobruja. However, upon learning of the approaching 50,000-strong Turkish army, Bagration decided to retreat to Bessarabia to avoid confrontation.
May 1810: The Russians defeated the Ottoman reinforcement heading for Silistra and ousted the Turks from Hacıoğlu Pazarcık.
May 1810: The garrison of Silistra, led by Ottoman military commander Ahmed Pasha, surrendered to the Russian forces in 1810 during the Russo-Turkish War. The occupation of Silistra by Russia marked a significant turning point in the conflict.
September 1810: The fortress of Rousse (or Rustchuk) fell to the Russians.
January 1812: Russian general Mikhail Kutuzov, in accordance with his cautious character, evacuated Silistria and slowly started to retreat northward. Kutuzov's withdrawal induced the Turks to launch a counter-offensive to recapture all the lost area.
29.1.Caucasus front of the Russo-Turkish War (1806-1812)
Was the theatre of the Caucasus area of the Russo-Turkish War (1806-1812).
January 1808: Fighting with Turkey began in 1807 with the swift seizure of Anapa by Admiral Pustoshkin.
29.2.Treaty of Bucharest
The Treaty of Bucharest between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, was signed on 28 May 1812 at the end of the Russo-Turkish War of 1806-12. The eastern half of the Principality of Moldavia was ceded by the Ottoman Empire to Russia.
July 1812: The Ottoman Empire regained Poti, Anapa and Akhalkalali. Russia retained Sukhum-Kale on the Abkhazian coast.
July 1812: The Treaty of Bucharest between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, was signed on 28 May 1812, in Manuc's Inn in Bucharest, and ratified on 5 July 1812, at the end of the Russo-Turkish War. The eastern half of the Principality of Moldavia, between Prut and Dniester Rivers, with an area of 45,630 km2 (Bessarabia), was ceded by the Ottoman Empire (to which Moldavia was a vassal) to Russia.
Was a war fought from early 1811 to 1818, between the Ottoman Empire and the Emirate of Diriyah, the First Saudi State, resulting in the destruction of the latter.
January 1812: The Ottomans were not able to recapture the Holy cities (Jeddah, Mecca, Medina) until 1811.
January 1818: In 1817, Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt advanced into central Arabia to occupy the towns of Unaizah and Buraidah.
September 1818: In 1818, the city of Diriyah was destroyed by forces led by Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt, marking the end of the First Saudi State established by Muhammad bin Saud and Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab.
October 1818: It took until September for the Wahhabis to surrender, in part due to Ibrahim's poorly trained army.
Was the war of indipendence of Greece from the Ottoman Empire.
31.1.Peloponnese Front
Was the theatre of war in the Peloponnese of the Greek War of Indipendence.
March 1821: War was declared on the Turks by the Maniots in Areopoli.
March 1821: In Achaia, the town of Kalavryta was besieged by Greek Independists.
March 1821: In 1821, in Patras, conflicts between Greek Independists and Ottoman forces lasted for many days.
March 1821: Kalamata fell to the Greeks on 23 March.
March 1821: By the end of March, the Greeks effectively controlled the countryside, while the Turks were confined to the fortresses, most notably those of Patras (recaptured by the Turks on 3 April by Yussuf Pasha), Rio, Acrocorinth, Monemvasia, Nafplion and the provincial capital, Tripolitsa.
April 1821: Patras was recaptured by the Turks of Yussuf Pasha.
January 1822: After lengthy negotiations, the Turkish forces surrendered Acrocorinth.
31.2.Central Greece Front (Greek War of Indipendence)
Was the theatre of war in central Greece of the Greek War of Indipendence.
March 1821: The first region to revolt against the Ottomans in Central Greece wasPhocis.
March 1821: Salona conquered by Greek Independists.
March 1821: In Boeotia, Livadeia was captured by Greek Independist Athanasios Diakos.
April 1821: Thebes conquered by Greek Independists.
April 1821: The revolutionary forces were led by Greek independence fighters such as Alexandros Mavrokordatos and Demetrios Ypsilantis. The Turkish garrison was under the command of Ottoman military leader Mehmet Reshid Pasha. The siege of the Acropolis marked a significant turning point in the Greek War of Independence.
May 1821: Missolonghi revolted on 25 May 1821. The Greek town was a key site in the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire. The revolt was led by prominent Greek leaders such as Lord Byron and Alexandros Mavrokordatos.
June 1821: Omer Vrioni was an Ottoman military commander during the Greek War of Independence. Livadeia was a strategic town in central Greece. Vrioni's capture of Livadeia was a significant blow to the Greek forces, as it allowed the Ottomans to establish control over the region.
July 1821: The Greek revolution spreaded to other cities of western Central Greece.
October 1821: After a Greek force of 2,000 men managed to destroy at Vassilika a Turkish relief army on its way to Vrioni, the latter abandoned Attica in September and retreated to Ioannina.
31.3.Macedonian Front (Greek War of Independence)
Was the theatre of war in Macedonia of the Greek War of Indipendence.
May 1821: In 1821, the Greeks of Polygyros, a town in Greece, rebelled against Ottoman rule. They killed the local governor, Mustafa Bey, and 14 of his men, while also wounding three others.
June 1821: Spreading of the Greek insurrection to the villages of Chalkidiki.
July 1821: The revolt gained momentum in Mount Athos and Kassandra, and the island of Thasos joined it.
October 1821: An offensive led by the new Pasha of Thessaloniki, Muhammad Emin Abulubud, resulted in a decisive Ottoman victory at Kassandra.
April 1822: In March 1822, Mehmed Emin secured decisive victories at Kolindros and Kastania.
April 1822: At the beginning of 1822, Anastasios Karatasos and Aggelis Gatsos arranged a meeting with other armatoloi; they decided that the Greek insurrection should be based on three towns: Naoussa, Kastania, and Siatista.
May 1822: Mehmed Emin launched a number of attacks pushing the Greeks further back and finally captured Naousa in April.
31.4.Cretan Front (Greek War of Indipendence)
Was the theatre of war in Crete of the Greek War of Indipendence.
January 1822: An uprising by Christians in Crete against Ottoman rule.
June 1824: By the spring of 1824, the Ottomans had managed to limit the Cretan resistance to just a few mountain enclaves.
August 1825: Led by Dimitrios Kallergis and Emmanouil Antoniadis, a group of Cretans captured the fort at Gramvousa and other insurgents captured the fort at Kissamos.
January 1828: The Cretan insurgents were besieged in Gramvousa for more than two years by the Ottoman army.
April 1828: In January 1828, the Epirote Hatzimichalis Dalianis landed in Crete with 700 men and in the following March took possession of Frangokastello.
April 1828: Frangokastello's defence was doomed after a seven-day siege and Dalianis perished along with 385 men.
31.5.Ottoman counterattacks
Were a series of Ottoman military campaigns against the Greek revolutionaries during the Greek War of Independence.
31.5.1.Egyptian Campaign (Greek War of Independence)
Was a military campaign by troops of the Egyptian Eyalet against the Greek revolutionaries during the Greek War of Independence.
February 1825: Ibrahim Pasha landed at Methoni.
April 1825: Navarino fell to Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt.
June 1825: Ibrahim Pasha, the son of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, captured the city of Argos in 1825.
June 1825: Nafplion conquered by Ottoman Empire.
August 1826: The Siege of the Acropolis (1826-27) was a significant event during the Greek War of Independence. The Greek forces, led by notable figures such as General Odysseas Androutsos and Colonel Yannis Makriyannis, defended the Acropolis of Athens against the Ottoman Empire for over a year before surrendering due to lack of supplies.
May 1827: During the Siege of the Acropolis (1826-27), Greek forces led by General Odysseas Androutsos defended the Acropolis in Athens against the Ottoman Empire. The siege ended with the Greeks surrendering due to lack of supplies and heavy bombardment.
31.5.2.Ottoman-Egyptian invasion of Mani
Was a military campaign by Egytpian and Ottoman troops against the Greek revolutionaries in Mani during the Greek War of Independence.
August 1826: In August 1826, Ibrahim Pasha, the son of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, renewed the offensive against the Greeks. He sent a group of regular soldiers down the coast, reaching Kariopoli.
August 1826: Ibrahim sent a force of 8,000 men down to Polytsaravo.
August 1826: The Egyptians and the Ottomans were forced to retreat from the Mani Peninsula with significant losses.
31.6.Greek Revolutionaries' operations with foreign support
Were a series of military actions either by Greek revolutionaries with foreign support or directly by foreign countries supporting the revolutionaries during the Greek War of Independence.
November 1828: In October 1828, the Greeks regrouped and formed a new government under Kapodistrias. Kapodistrias took advantage of the Russo-Turkish war and sent troops of the reorganised Hellenic Army to Central Greece. They advanced to seize as much territory as possible, including Athens and Thebes.
September 1829: Battle of Petra: The Turks surrendered all lands from Livadeia to the Spercheios River in exchange for safe passage out of Central Greece.
31.6.1.Morea Expedition
Was a land intervention of the French Army in the Peloponnese between 1828 and 1833, at the time of the Greek War of Independence, with the aim of expelling from the region the Ottoman-Egyptian occupation forces.
October 1828: The day after Ibrahim's departure, General Maison ordered General Philippe Higonet to march on Navarino.
October 1828: The fortress of Methoni was taken and General Maison installed his apartments there .
October 1828: Nicolas Joseph Maison, who was given command of a French expeditionary Corps of 15,000 men, landed on 30 August 1828 at Petalidi and helped the Greeks evacuate the Peloponnese from all the hostile troops by 30 October.
31.7.Treaty of Constantinople (1832)
The treaty marked the end of the Greek War of Independence and established modern Greece as an independent state free of the Ottoman Empire.
July 1832: The Treaty of Constantinople, confirmed at the London Conference, established the new land border of the Kingdom of Greece.
July 1832: Treaty of Constantinople: Greece was defined as an independent kingdom, with the Arta-Volos line as its northern frontier.
Was a war between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. War broke out after the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II closed the Dardanelles to Russian ships because Russia had supported the revolutionaries of the Greek War of Independency.
32.1.Balkan front of the Russo-Turkish War (1828-29)
Was the Balkan theatre of the Russo-Turkish War (1828-1829).
July 1828: In June 1828, the main Russian forces under the emperor crossed the Danube and advanced into Dobruja.
September 1828: Varna was captured by Russian forces on 29 September.
January 1829: Russia had to withdraw to Moldavia with heavy losses without having captured Shumla and Silistra.
July 1829: On 19 June, Silistra fell to the Russians.
July 1829: The Russians captured the city of Burgas.
August 1829: By 22 August, the Russians had taken Adrianople.
32.2.Caucasus front of the Russo-Turkish War (1828-29)
Was the Caucasian theatre of the Russo-Turkish War (1828-1829).
June 1828: Anapa was captured by Russian forces on 12 June.
June 1828: In 1828, Russian General Ivan Paskevich led his troops to victory against the Turks at the Battle of Akhalzic. Following this success, Paskevich captured the strategic city of Kars on June 23rd, solidifying Russian military occupation in the region.
June 1828: Erzurum conquered by russia.
July 1828: In 1828, during the Russo-Turkish War, Russian forces led by General Ivan Paskevich captured the fortress of Akhalkalak. The defenders, led by Ottoman commander Mehmet Bey, were overwhelmed and forced to surrender after the Russians scaled the walls using the same ropes left behind by the retreating Ottoman troops.
August 1828: On 22 August 1828, the Russian forces, led by General Ivan Paskevich, occupied Ardahan as part of the Russo-Turkish War of 1828-1829. This military occupation marked a significant turning point in the conflict between the two empires.
February 1829: In 1829, Akhmet Beg of Hulo, a prominent Ottoman military leader, along with 15000 Lazes and Adjars, captured the town of Akhaltsikhe. This event marked the territory of Akhaltsikhe falling under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
June 1829: That great city of Erzurum, which had not seen Christian soldiers within its walls for five centuries, surrendered to Russia.
32.3.Treaty of Adrianople (1829)
Was the treaty that ended the Russo-Turkish War (1828-1829).
September 1829: The treaty also fixed the border between the Ottoman Empire and Wallachia on the thalweg of the Danube, transferring to Wallachia the rule of the rayas of Turnu, Giurgiu and Brăila.
September 1829: With the Treaty of Adrianople of 1829, Russia retained Moldavia and evacuated the ther territories it had occupied in the Ottoman Empire.
September 1829: The Ottoman Empire gave Russia access to the mouths of the Danube and the fortresses of Akhaltsikhe and Akhalkalaki in Georgia. The Sultan recognized Russia's possession of Georgia (with Imeretia, Mingrelia, Guria) and of the Khanates of Erivan and Nakhichevan which had been ceded to the tsar by Persia in the Treaty of Turkmenchay a year earlier.
Was the French conquest of Algeria. It begun with the French sizing Algiers and other coastal territories of Algeria in 1830. Due to the Algerian resistance, France had slowly to conquer the interior of Algeria over the next 100 years.
June 1830: The troops of Africa, led by French General Bertrand Clauzel, landed on June 14, 1830 on the peninsula of Sidi Ferruch, 30 km west of Algiers, marking the beginning of the French military occupation of Algeria.
July 1830: Capitulation of Algiers to French forces.
July 1830: After the capitulation of the Ottomans in Algeria, the French controlled only the city of Alger.
January 1832: The greater part of the beylik of Oran falls under the control of the sultan of Morocco, Moulay Abderrahmane, who holds Tlemcen and Mascara and is recognized by the Arab tribes.
Wars that saw the partecipation of Muhammad Ali Pasha, the Wali of Egypt.
34.1.Egyptian-Ottoman Wars
Were two major wars between Muhammad Ali Pasha's Egypt (nominally an Ottoman vassal but factually independent) and the Ottoman Empire over the control of territories in the Levant.
34.1.1.Egyptian-Ottoman War (1831-1833)
Was a military conflict between the Ottoman Empire and Egypt brought about by Muhammad Ali Pasha's demand to the Sublime Porte for control of Greater Syria, as reward for aiding the Sultan during the Greek War of Independence.
June 1832: Acre fell to Egyptian prince Ibrahim Pasha's army in May 1832.
October 1832: In 1832, Ibrahim Pasha, the son of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, led a military campaign to conquer the Levant region. After capturing Acre, he successfully took control of major cities like Aleppo, Homs, Beirut, Sidon, Tripoli, and Damascus, expanding the territory of the Egypt Eyalet.
November 1832: With the provinces of Greater Syria under his control, the Egyptian army continued their campaign into Anatolia in late 1832.
November 1832: In 1832, the Egyptian forces, led by Ibrahim Pasha, occupied the city of Konya in central Anatolia. This was part of the Egyptian invasion of Ottoman territories during the Ottoman-Egyptian War.
34.1.2.Egyptian-Ottoman War (1839-1841)
Was a military conflict between the Ottoman Empire and Egypt initiated by the Ottomans to reoccupy lands lost to Muhammad Ali in the First Turko-Egyptian War.
November 1840: On 27 November 1840, the Convention of Alexandria took place. British Admiral Charles Napier reached an agreement with the Egyptian government, where the latter abandoned its claims to Syria and returned the Ottoman fleet.
In 1842, Prince Bedirkhan established the autonomous Kurdish Emirate of Botan in Jezirah-ibn-Omar and then extended his control to large parts of Kurdistan.
January 1843: In 1842, Prince Bedirkhan established the autonomous Kurdish Emirate of Botan in Jezirah-ibn-Omar and then extended his control to large parts of Kurdistan.
January 1848: Destruction of the Kurdish Emirate of Botan by the Ottomans.
Was a war between Russia and an alliance comprising the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Sardinia.
36.1.Danube campaign (Crimean War)
Was the Danubian theatre of the Crimean War.
April 1854: In early 1854 the Russians again advanced, crossing the River Danube into the Turkish province of Dobruja.
April 1854: Siege of Silistra.
May 1854: By April 1854, the Russians had reached the lines of Trajan's Wall where they were finally halted.
June 1854: Siege of Silistra.
March 1856: Moldavia and Walachia (Romania) were recognized as quasi-independent states under Ottoman suzerainty. They gained the left bank of the mouth of the Danube and part of Bessarabia from Russia.
36.2.Caucasus theatre (Crimean War)
Was the Caucasian theatre of the Crimean War.
November 1855: Kars surrendered to Russian forces on 8 November.
March 1856: The Ottoman army evacuated Batum.
36.3.Treaty of Paris (1856)
The Treaty of Paris of 1856 ended the Crimean War.
March 1856: The Treaty of Paris of 1856 settled the Crimean War between the Russian Empire: it restored the respective territories of the Russian and the Ottoman Empires to their prewar boundaries, with the exception of southern Bessarabia which was lost by Russia to the Ottoman Empire.
Were a series of wars that resulted in the creation of the German Empire under Prussian leadership in 1871.
37.1.Austro-Prussian War
Was a war between the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire over the dominance of the German states. The war resulted in a Prussian victory. The German confederation was abolished and in 1871 Prussia united all the German states but Austria in the German Empire.
37.1.1.Third Italian War of Independence
Was the last of the three traditional Italian Wars of Independence, and also represented the southern theatre of the larger Austro-Prussian War. It was fought by the Kingdom of Italy against the Austrian Empire, resulting in the Italian annexion of the remaining territories of the Austrian Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia.
October 1866: The Treaty of Vienna signed on 12 October 1866 marked the end of the Third Italian War of Independence. It resulted in the transfer of Veneto from the Austrian Empire to the Kingdom of Italy, following the defeat of Austria by the Italian forces led by King Victor Emmanuel II and Prime Minister Bettino Ricasoli.
Was an Ottoman military campaign to conquer the El-Hasa region of eastern Arabia.
January 1872: Ottoman campaign to Al-Ahsa (Al-Hasa) in 1871.
January 1872: The Ottoman Empire controlled the Oasis of al-Hasa since 1871.
January 1872: In 1871, Midhat Pasha invaded al-Hasa and restored Ottoman control of the Najd Sanjak.
Was a war between the Principality of Montenegro and the Ottoman Empire.
September 1877: Montenegro conquered Nikšić (24 September 1877).
January 1878: Grmožur, a fortress located in Montenegro, was occupied by Montenegrin forces on 26 January 1878. This event took place during the time of the Congress of Berlin, where European powers were negotiating the borders and territories of the Balkans following the Russo-Turkish War.
January 1878: Vranjina and Lesendro are occupied by Montenegrin forces.
Was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and a coalition led by the Russian Empire, and including Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro.
June 1878: A British protectorate under nominal Ottoman suzerainty was established over Cyprus by the Cyprus Convention of 4 June 1878, following the Russo-Turkish War.
January 1880: The Republic of Tămrăš came into being when, following the Russo-Turkish War, from February to May 1878, an uprising broke out in the Pomakian regions of the Central Rhodopes. Their goal was to escape the power of the Orthodox Bulgarians and Russia.
40.1.Caucasus front of the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878)
Was the Caucasian theatre of the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878).
April 1877: The Russians, led by General Loris-Melikov, managed to occupy the Doğubeyazıt fortress on April 30, 1877.
May 1877: Ardahan conquered by russia.
November 1877: The Russians conquer Kars.
February 1878: Erzerum, with a weak Turkish garrison, was occupied occupied by Russian forces on February 21st.
40.2.Danubian Theatre
Was the Danubian theatre of the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878).
June 1877: Russian advance towards Svishtov. After a short fight the Turks retreated and the Bulgarians who inhabited the city handed it over to the Russians.
July 1877: The former residence of the Bulgarian tsars, Tarnovo, was captured by the Russians after a minor fight.
July 1877: Battle of Nicopolis.
July 1877: In 1877, during the Russo-Turkish War, the Russian Empire, under the command of General Mikhail Skobelev, successfully captured the Šipka pass from the Ottoman Empire. The pass was strategically important for controlling access to the Balkans. The Russians quickly fortified the area to defend against any potential counterattacks.
September 1877: An attempt to take Šipka was made by the Turks on 16 September night, when the attackers were able to capture Mount St. Nicholas, near the pass.
September 1877: Mount Saint Nichola conquered by russia.
December 1877: Siege of Pleven.
January 1878: Remaining at Trajan's Wall, the Russians then conquered all of Dobruja.
January 1878: In 1877, during the Russo-Turkish War, the Russian Empire, under the leadership of Tsar Alexander II, occupied Măcin, Tulcea, and Hârșova after the Turks withdrew from the Danube delta area.
January 1878: General Iosif Gurko's army had the task of following the second direction and in the intense cold and sleet, after some victorious clashes, on 4 January 1878 it entered Sofia.
January 1878: In 1878, during the Russo-Turkish War, the Russian Empire's army, led by General Joseph Vladimirovich Gourko, occupied Ihtiman as part of their military campaign towards Philippopolis (now Plovdiv, Bulgaria). This strategic move played a crucial role in the eventual Russian victory in the war.
January 1878: Pazardžik conquered by russia.
January 1878: During the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878, Russian forces led by General Joseph Vladimirovich Gourko defeated the Ottoman Turks at Philippopolis (now Plovdiv, Bulgaria). This victory led to the Russian Empire occupying the territory as part of the Treaty of San Stefano.
January 1878: Occupied Adrianople and ever closer to the capital Constantinople, the Russians prompted the Turkish government to send plenipotentiaries who met Grand Duke Nicholas on January 20.
February 1878: After the disbandment of the siege army of Pleven, the Romanians concentrated their attention on the fortress of Vidin, on the Danube, in which 12,000 Turks with abundant means of defense had taken refuge. Although it was on the verge of surrendering several times, the fortress only surrendered on February 23, 1878.
March 1878: Corlu, San Stefano, Pazardzhik, Plovdiv conquered by russia.
40.3.Serbian Theatre (Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878)
Was the Serbian theatre of the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878).
January 1878: The Montenegrins conquered Antivari on January 10.
January 1878: On December 14, 1877, Serbia again declared war on Turkey and on January 11, 1878 it captured the city of Niš.
January 1878: Dulcigno conquered by montenegro.
40.4.Treaty of San Stefano
Was a treaty between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire that ended the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878). The Ottoman Empire recognized the independence of Montenegro, Romania and Serbia.
March 1878: The advancement of Russian forces toward the Ottomans forced them to sign a peace treaty on 3 March 1878, recognising the independence of Montenegro. They also increased Montenegro's territory from 4,405 km² to 9,475 km². Montenegro gained the towns of Nikšić, Kolašin, Spuž, Podgorica, Žabljak, Bar, as well as access to the sea.
March 1878: The Treaty of San Stefano was signed by Russia and the Ottoman Empire, with British and Austrian representatives present. It was negotiated by Russian statesman Count Nikolay Ignatyev and Ottoman Grand Vizier Mehmed Said Pasha. The treaty aimed to create a large Bulgarian state, but was later revised by the Congress of Berlin.
40.5.Treaty of Berlin
The Congress of Berlin (13 June - 13 July 1878) was a meeting of the representatives of the era's six great powers in Europe (Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy and Germany), the Ottoman Empire and four Balkan states (Greece, Serbia, Romania and Montenegro). It aimed at determining the territories of the states in the Balkan Peninsula after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 and came to an end with the signing of the Treaty of Berlin, which replaced the preliminary Treaty of San Stefano. The treaty formally recognized the independence of the de facto sovereign principalities of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro.
July 1878: Territorial change based on available maps.
July 1878: Following the Romanian War of Independence in 1877-78, Romania shook off formal Ottoman rule but eventually clashed with its Russian ally over its demand for the Southern Bessarabia region. Ultimately, Romania was awarded Northern Dobruja in exchange for Southern Bessarabia.
July 1878: The Treaty of Berlin confirmed most of the Russian gains from the Ottoman Empire specified in the Treaty of San Stefan, but the valley of Alashkerd and the town of Bayazid were returned to the Ottomans.
July 1878: The Vilayet of Bosnia was placed under Austro-Hungarian occupation although it formally remained part of the Ottoman Empire.
Was the French conquest of Tunisia that became a French protectorate.
41.1.Conquest of Tunisia
Was the French military invasion and occupation of Tunisia.
April 1881: General François Auguste Logerot was a French military leader who led 5,000 troops into Sakiet Sidi Youssef in 1881. This marked the beginning of France's military occupation of the territory.
April 1881: The bombardment of the fort on the island of Tabarka in 1881 was part of the French military occupation of Tunisia. La Surveillante, an armored frigate, attacked the fort, leading to its near destruction. Tunisian soldiers abandoned the fort, allowing 1,300 French soldiers to occupy it.
April 1881: In 1881, French General Charles Lallemand led the forces that laid siege to Le Kef, a strategic town in Tunisia. This marked the beginning of the French military occupation of Tunisia, which was completed later that year.
April 1881: General Logerot, a French military leader, left Le Kef and passed through Nebeur without any trouble.
April 1881: Souk El Arba is occupied by French forces.
May 1881: The Logerot column, led by French General Paul Flatters, returned to Fernana, which they reached on May 6.
May 1881: The Treaty of Bardo established a French protectorate over the Beylik of Tunis.
Was a war between the Kingdom of Greece and the Ottoman Empire.
March 1897: 2,600 irregulars crossed the Greek border into Ottoman Macedonia.
May 1897: Based on troops disposition during the Greco-Turkish War of 1897.
42.1.Epirus Front (Greco Turkish War of 1897)
Was the front in Epirus during the Greco-Turkish War (1897).
April 1897: Col. Manos captured Pente Pigadia, but the Greek advance was halted due to lack of reinforcements against an already numerically superior opposition. .
42.2.Treaty of Constantinople (1897)
Was the treaty that ended the Greco-Turkish War (1897). Greece lost some territories in Thessaly but Crete became an autonomous states under nominal Ottoman sovereignty.
December 1897: Treaty of Constantinople: Crete became an autonomous state with a Greek prince as high commissioner.
Was a skirmish on the border between the British protectorate of Egypt and the Ottoman Empire.
May 1906: The Ottoman Sultan leaves Taba to the British.
January 1907: The Taba Crisis of 1906 started when Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire decided to build a post at Taba, on the border between the Ottoman Empire and British Egypt.
Was a war beteen the Kingdom of Italy and the Ottoman Empire caused by Italian colonial ambitions. It resulted in the Italian occupation of the Dodecanese and of the Libyan coast (the interior was nominally ceded to Italy but not under its control).
44.1.Libyan Front
Was the Italian invasion of Ottoman Libya during the Italo-Turkish War.
October 1911: On the morning of 4 October, an Italian naval squadron landed in Tobruch without encountering resistance.
October 1911: Italian forces land in Tripoli and occupy the city.
October 1911: On October 13, Italian Vice Admiral Aubry ordered the occupation of Derna with the troops already present in Tobruch. On October 16, after a violent naval bombardment, Italian forces managed to land in Derna.
October 1911: The whole city of Benghasi was occupied in the morning of October 19th.
October 1911: Italian forces landed in Homs and defeated the 300-strong Turkish garrison.
October 1911: Italian Bersaglieri occupied the Mergèb heights, opposed not only by the Turkish garrison but also by about 1,500 Arab irregulars.
November 1911: On November 10, Tadjoura was occupied by Italian forces.
December 1911: The Italian forces achieved a significant victory at the Battle of Ain Zara. This victory, occurring near Tripoli in modern-day Libya, was pivotal in consolidating Italian control over the region.
January 1912: Italian forces occupied Gargaresh on January 20, 1912.
February 1912: The high ground around Homs was reconquered by the Italians.
February 1912: Italian occupation of Lebda.
June 1912: Italian victory at the battle of Zanzur.
June 1912: Landing of Italian troops in Libya with immediate occupation of Bu Sceifa and Gasr-Ahmed.
July 1912: Italian occupation of Sidi Said.
July 1912: Italian occupation of Misrata.
July 1912: Italian forces take Sidi Alì on July 14th.
August 1912: Italian troops entered Zuara without encountering resistance.
44.2.Treaty of Lausanne (1912)
Was the peace treaty that ended the Italo-Turkish War. The Ottoman Empire ceded Libya to Italy. The Dodecanese was not ceded by the Ottomans, but it was under Italian military occupation and was not given back.
October 1912: On 18 October 1912, Italy and the Ottoman Empire signed the First Treaty of Lausanne, ending the Italo-Turkish War. The Ottoman Turks ceded the provinces of Tripolitania, Fezzan, and Cyrenaica to Italy. These provinces together formed what became known as Libya. The Dodecanese was not officially ceded but was never returned from Italy to Turkey.
Were two wars fought in southeastern Europe in 1912-1913 during which the states of the Balkan League (Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia) first conquered Macedonia and much of Thrace from the Ottomans and then clashed with each other over the division of the conquered lands.
45.1.First Balkan War
Was a war fought in southeastern Europe where the states of the Balkan League (Kingdom of Bulgaria, Kingdom of Greece, Kingdom of Montenegro and Kingdom of Serbia) conquered Macedonia and much of Thrace (virtually all remaining territories of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans) from the Ottomans.
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January 1913: The territory of Albania was occupied by Serbia in the north and Greece in the south.
45.1.1.Aegean Front
Was the Aegean front of the First Balkan War.
April 1912: On the 28th, Astypalaia (It. Stampalia) was occupied by Italian forces.
May 1912: The first Italian landing in Rhodes took place on May 4, when 8,000 men under the command of General Giovanni Ameglio landed in the bay of Kalitea about 10 km from the capital Rhodes, reached in the evening. The Turkish garrison of city withdrew during the night and surrendered the following morning.
May 1912: On May 9, 1912, Italian cruiser Duca degli Abruzzi occupied Calchi, taking the garrison prisoner.
May 1912: Ships of the Italian 1st and 2nd divisions occupied Karpathos (It. Scarpanto) and Kasos (It. Caso), while other units of the same divisions with simultaneous action, seized Nisyros (It. Nisiro), Tilos (It. Piscopi), Kalymnos (It. Calimno), Leros (It. Lero), and Patmos (It. Patmo).
May 1912: On May 16, during the battles of Psithos, Italian destroyers Nembo and Aquilone occupied the island of Leipsoi (It. Lisso).
May 1912: Italian R.N. Pegasus took possession of the island of Symi.
May 1912: Italian R.N. Napoli occupies the island of Kos.
October 1912: On October 20, Greek units occupied Tenedos.
November 1912: Greek forces took Taşoz, İmroz, Samothrace and Limni (now Lemnos) in early November.
December 1912: Greek forces took Körice on December 20.
December 1912: On November 21, the Greeks landed at Midilli.
January 1913: Greek conquest of Sakız.
45.1.2.Northern Rumelian Front
Was the Northern Rumelian front of the First Balkan War.
October 1912: The Montenegrin Eastern Division took Akova.
October 1912: Montenegrin conquest of Berane.
October 1912: Montenegrin conquest of Palav.
October 1912: Serbian conquest of Priştina.
October 1912: The Serbian army of the Ibar took Yeni Pazar.
October 1912: Serbian conquest of Senica.
October 1912: the Montenegrin troops arrived at Scutari on 18 October, but two frontal assaults launched on 24 and 28 October were repulsed by the Ottoman garrison.
October 1912: Taşlıca is taken by Montenegrin forces on October 28.
November 1912: Montenegrin detachments captured İpek.
November 1912: On November 2, Preveze was reached by Greek forces and fell two days later.
November 1912: Montenegrin cnquest of Yakova jointly with the Serbs.
November 1912: With the capture of Prizren, Kosovo was completely occupied by the Serbian and Montenegrin coalition forces.
November 1912: A Serbian column reached the sea at Leş.
November 1912: On November 25, Hellenic Army officer Sapountzakis was able to surround Ioannina on three sides (west, south and east), but the north side remained uncovered.
November 1912: A Serbian column instead captured Tirana and Dıraç by November 27.
March 1913: On March 6 the Ottoman garrison of Ioannina surrendered to Greek forces.
March 1913: With the fall of Ioannina, the Greeks completed the conquest of Epirus by taking, between 15 and 21 March, Ergiri Kasrı and Tepedelen.
April 1913: The Serbs advanced into southern Albania, occupying Loşna.
April 1913: Serbian forces occupied Berat.
April 1913: The Montenegrins took possession of the city of Scutari (Shkodër).
45.1.3.Bulgarian offensive (First Balkan War)
Was the Bulgarian military invasion of Ottoman territories during the First Balkan War.
October 1912: On the night of October 18, 1912, the Bulgarian vanguards began to penetrate enemy territory, easily pushing back the few Ottoman forces stationed to guard the border.
October 1912: The important center of Kardzhali was occupied by Bulgarian forces.
October 1912: The Bulgarians arrived in front of the main body of the Ottoman Eastern Army, deployed between the cities of Adrianople and Kirk Kilisse.
October 1912: On October 24, the Bulgarians took Kirk Kilisse.
October 1912: Between 26 and 27 October the Bulgarian forces secured the town of Smoljan and the Mesta valley.
October 1912: The Bulgarians did not immediately press the Ottomans, who were thus able to entrench themselves on a 40 km long second defensive line between the towns of Lüleburgaz, Karaağaç and Bunarhisar, 150 km west of Istanbul: on 29 October the Bulgarian First and Third Armies attacked the Ottoman line, but met stiff resistance.
November 1912: Bulgarian victory at the battle of Lüleburgaz.
November 1912: On November 5, Bulgarian forces forced the Ottoman positions on the Rhodope mountain chain and occupied the important railway center of Drama.
November 1912: Adrianople (modern-day Edirne) was completely surrounded by the Bulgarians.
November 1912: After massing the First and Third Armies in front of Çatalca, the Bulgarian forces launched their offensive on 17 November.
November 1912: Bulgarian forces occupied İskeçe on November 26.
November 1912: Bulgarian forces reached the Aegean coast at Dedeağaç (now Alexandroupoli).
November 1912: Ottoman forces were forced to surrender at Feres.
November 1912: Bulgarian troops from Lüleburgaz reached the coast of the Marmara Sea near Şarköy, isolating the Ottoman forces barricaded in the Gallipoli peninsula, which were however able to hold their position.
March 1913: The Ottoman commander Şükrü Pasha surrendered Adrianople (modern-day Edirne) to the Bulgarians, ending a siege that lasted 155 days.
45.1.4.Macedonian Front (Balkan War)
Was the Macedonian front of the First Balkan War.
October 1912: On October 19, Crown Prince Alexander's Serbian First Army crossed the Ottoman border south of Vranje aiming towards the Vardar valley, while General Stepanović's Serbian Second Army moved from Bulgarian territory to take the enemy forces from the rear.
October 1912: After meeting negligible resistance, on October 22, the forces of Prince Constantine of Greece launched an assault against the Ottoman fortifications of the Sarantaporo pass, overcoming them after a day of hard fighting.
October 1912: Ottoman and Serbian forces faced each other near Kumanovo.
October 1912: The Greeks entered Kozani.
October 1912: The Serbian First Army took Üsküb virtually without a fight.
October 1912: The Serbian Second Army captured İştip and Ustrumca.
November 1912: Encountering negligible resistance, the Bulgarians took Petriç, Demirhisar and Serez.
November 1912: The Hellenic fleet occupied the Chalkidiki peninsula with landing forces.
November 1912: After passing the Olympus massif, the Greek troops entered the plain of Thessaloniki, where they met Ottoman resistance: between 1 and 2 November the two sides faced each other in the battle of Giannitsa, a tough battle that ended with another Greek victory .
November 1912: Between 5 and 6 November Ottoman and Serbian forces faced each other in the battle of Prilep, a battle won by the Serbs who were thus able to continue their advance.
November 1912: On November 8, the Ottoman garrison capitulated and the Greeks took possession of Saloniki.
November 1912: On November 16, the two Serbian armies reached Monastir, the third largest city in Macedonia. On 19 November the Serbs entered Monastir undisturbed, leaving the Ottomans free to fall back on central-southern Albania.
November 1912: Greek forces captured the town of Florina.
November 1912: On November 20, the Serbs took Resne.
November 1912: Serbian military operations ended with the capture of the city of Ohrid.
November 1912: The Greeks extended their conquests as far west as Körice, Albania, and east as far as Lake Dojran and Mount Pangeo, completing the occupation of southern Macedonia in less than a month.
45.1.5.Treaty of London (1913)
The Treaty of London (1913) was signed on 30 May following the London Conference of 1912-13. It ended the First Balkan War and dealt with the territorial adjustments arising out of the conclusion of the First Balkan War.
May 1913: The Treaty of London was signed on 30 May following the London Conference of 1912-13. It dealt with the territorial adjustments arising out of the conclusion of the First Balkan War. Albania was declared independent.
45.2.Second Balkan War
Was a war fought by Bulgary against a coalition of Balkan states. During the First Balkan War the Balkan League had conquered most of the Ottoman Balkan territories. Bulgaria was dissatisfied by the territorial partition and invaded its former allies.
45.2.1.Treaty of Bucarest
Was the treaty that ended the Second Balkan War.
August 1913: The European borders of Turkey were set with the Treaty of Bucarest that ended the Second Balkan War.
Were a series of wars and events that resulted in the establishment of modern-day Saudi Arabia.
January 1914: In 1913 Ibn Saud launched an attack on Hofuf, where 1,200 Turkish troops had been stationed since the province's annexation in 1871. The Ottoman garrison was expelled from Hasa, and the territory fell to the Al Saud.
January 1914: In 1913, Emir Abdulaziz Al Saud of Riyadh captured the Sanjak of Hasa from the Ottomans, expanding his territory in the Arabian Peninsula.
July 1919: The First Saudi-Hashemite War or the Al-Khurma dispute took place in 1918-1919 between Abdulaziz Ibn Abdul Rahman AlSaud of the Emirate of Nejd and the Hashemites of the Kingdom of Hejaz. It resulted in the defeat of the Hashemite forces and capture of al-Khurma by the Saudis.
46.1.Conquest of al-Hasa
Was a Saudi expedition to conquer the Oasis of Al-Hasa, that was controlled by the Ottoman Empire since 1871.
May 1913: The Conquest of the al-Hasa Oasis from the Ottomans was achieved by the Saudi forces of ibn Saud with support from the Ikhwan (a religious militia made up of nomadic tribesmen) in April 1913.
Was a global conflict between two coalitions, the Allies (primarily France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). It was mainly caused by the competition of the western countries over domain in Europe and in the rest of the world with their colonial empires. The war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. The war also caused the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War.
47.1.World War I eastern Front
Was the theatre of war in eastern Europe during World War I.
47.1.1.Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (also known as the Brest Peace in Russia) was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, between the new Bolshevik government of Russia and the Central Powers (German Empire, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire), that ended Russia's participation in World War I.
March 1918: On March 3, the Ottoman Grand vizier Talat Pasha signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Russian SFSR. Bolshevik Russia ceded Batum, Kars, and Ardahan to the Ottomans, which the Russians had captured during the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878).
March 1918: Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia declared independence as the Transcaucasian Commissariat.
47.2.World War I Middle East Theatre
Was the theatre of war in the Middle East during World War I.
January 1916: By 1915, with the first world war in full swing, Al Idrisi established contacts with the British through its administration in Aden. With the new connections, the Idrisids occupied over the Farasan Islands, and later parts of Northern Tihamah and Al Luḩayyah.
October 1918: Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Imam Yahya Muhammad of the al-Qasimi dynasty declared northern Yemen an independent sovereign state.
47.2.1.Caucasus campaign (World War I)
Was an armed conflict mainly between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire in the Caucasus area during World War I.
47.2.1.1.Russian Conquest of Armenia
Was the Russin offensive in Armenia during World War I.
November 1914: Russian forces reached Köprüköy on November 4.
November 1914: The Ottoman 3rd Infantry Regiment invaded Köprüköy during the Azap Offensive in November 1914, securing the territory for the Ottoman Empire.
November 1914: The 3rd Infantry Regiment, led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, invaded Köprüköy during the Azap Offensive in November 1914, securing the territory for the Ottoman Empire.
November 1914: Armenian volunteers were took Karaköse and Doğubeyazıt.
November 1914: By the end of November, the front had stabilized, with the Russians clinging to a salient 25 kilometers into the Ottoman Empire along the Erzurum-Sarikamish axis.
April 1915: The Russians were holding the towns of Eleşkirt, Ağrı and Doğubeyazıt in the south.
April 1915: Self-defensive measure by the Armenian population of Van against the Ottoman Empire. Armenian forces fought against the attempts to massacre the Armenian population in the Van Vilayet.
January 1916: The Battle of Koprukoy in 1916 occurred when the Russians were advancing to Erzurum.
February 1916: Ottoman Mahmut Kamil was forced to order the 3rd Army to retreat from the Erzurum, as Russian Yudenich had a numerical advantage over the Ottoman army.
April 1916: Ottoman forces retreated from Trabzon, and on April 15 the city was taken without a fight by the Russian Caucasus Army.
July 1916: On July 2, Erzincan was captured by Russina forces.
August 1916: Russian units pushed the Ottoman 2nd Army deep into Anatolia and defeated the Turks in the Battles of Mush and Bitlis (March 2 - August 24).
47.2.1.2.Ottoman offensive (Caucasus campaign)
Was the Ottoman military offensive during the Caucasus campaign of World War I.
February 1918: The Bolshevik revolution left Russia's vast southern territories unguarded. The Ottoman forces moved through east of the line between Tirebolu and Bitlis and took Kelkit on February 7.
February 1918: Erzincan conquered by Ottoman Empire.
February 1918: Bayburt conquered by Ottoman Empire.
February 1918: Tercan conquered by Ottoman Empire.
February 1918: The Black Sea port of Trabzon was reconquered by Turkish forces on February 24.
March 1918: On March 3, the Grand vizier Talat Pasha signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Russian SFSR. Bolshevik Russia ceded Batum, Kars, and Ardahan to the Ottomans, which the Russians had captured during the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878).
March 1918: Manzikert, Hınıs, Oltu, Köprüköy and Tortum conquered by Ottoman Empire.
March 1918: By March 24 the Ottoman forces had crossed the 1914 frontier into what had been Russian Empire territory, occupying parts of Armenia.
47.2.1.3.Transcaucasian Front of World War I
Was the theatre of war in Transcaucasia during World War I.
April 1918: The Ottomans with 10,000-12,000 troops captured the port of Batumi.
April 1918: Surrender of the city of Kars to the Ottoman army.
May 1918: The First Republic of Armenia declared its independence.
May 1918: Georgia withdrew from the federation and declared itself a separate republic, encouraged by the German mission led by Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein and Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg.
47.2.2.Capture of Cheikh Saïd
Capture of Cheikh Saïd by British forces during World War I.
November 1914: British forces captured Cheikh Saïd.
47.2.3.Mesopotamian campaign
Was a military operation by the British Empire to conquer Ottoman-held Mesopotamia.
November 1914: The British occupied the city of Basra .
December 1914: The British forces defeated the Ottomans at the Battle of Qurna and occupied the city.
December 1914: At the Battle of Qurna they succeeded in capturing Subhi Bey.
July 1915: In July 1915, a force led by General George Frederick Gorringe, a British Army officer, captured the city of Nasiriyah in present-day Iraq.
March 1916: By early March 1916, the British were at the outskirts of Baghdad.
March 1916: On 11 March 1917, the British entered Baghdad.
November 1916: The British Indian Expeditionary led by Charles Townshend arrived at Ctesiphon where an inconclusive battle took place.
November 1916: The British ended up retreating from the battlefield of Ctesiphon.
January 1917: The British occupied Kut.
April 1917: British forces captured Hīt and Khan al Baghdadi in March.
May 1917: Kifri conquered by great britain.
March 1918: An uprising began when Captain Marshall was murdered in the citadel of Najaf.
November 1918: British troops led by general Cobbe marched unopposed into the city of Mosul on the 14 November 1918.
47.2.4.Persian Campaign
Was a series of military conflicts between the Ottoman Empire, British Empire and Russian Empire in Iran during World War I.
March 1915: The Van Gendarmerie Division retreated to Qotur.
April 1915: After the battle of Dilman in 1915, General Nazarbekov of the Russian Empire managed to push Ottoman General Halil Pasha's troops towards Başkale, a town located in present-day Turkey.
March 1916: Kharind conquered by russia.
August 1918: During July 1918, the British army occupied a large portion of Mesopotamia, as well as a large part of Persian Azerbaijan.
47.2.5.Sinai and Palestine campaign
Was a campaign fought by the Arab Revolt and the British Empire, against the Ottoman Empire and its Imperial German allies.
47.2.5.1.Ottoman Invasion of Sinai
Was the Ottoman invasion of Sinai during World War I.
August 1916: Battle of Romani: During the night of 3-4 August 1916 the advancing force, including the German Pasha I formation and the Ottoman 3rd Infantry Division, launched an attack from Katia on Romani.
August 1916: Egyptian forces reac Bir el Abd.
January 1917: Battle of Rafa - The Allied troops captured the town.
47.2.5.2.British Campaign in Palestine
Was the British Campaign in Ottoman-held Palestine during Wolrd War I.
March 1917: From April to October 1917 the Ottoman and British Empire forces held their lines of defence from Gaza to Beersheba. Both sides constructed extensive entrenchments.
October 1917: Karm conquered by great britain.
October 1917: Battle of Beersheba.
November 1917: Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe.
November 1917: Third Battle of Gaza. Ottoman garrison abandons Gaza.
November 1917: Battle of Mughar Ridge: a Junction Station known as Wadi es Sara was captured by the British, and the Ottoman railway link with Jerusalem was cut. As a result of this victory the Ottoman Eighth Army withdrew behind the Nahr el Auja and their Seventh Army withdrew toward Jerusalem.
November 1917: The Battle of Nebi Samwil was the first attempt by the forces of the British Empire to capture Jerusalem. The village of Nebi Samwil, also known as the "Tomb of Samuel", was part of the Ottoman defences in front of Jerusalem. The village was captured by the 234th Brigade, part of the 75th Division, on 21 November 1917.
December 1917: Jerusalem surrendered to the British on 30 December 1917.
February 1918: The British capture of Jericho occurred between 19 and 21 February 1918.
March 1918: British occupation of Es Salt in the hills of Moab between 24 and 25 March.
April 1918: The city of Berukin was captured by the British.
September 1918: Tulkarm and Tabsor conquered by great britain.
September 1918: Units of the British 4th and 5th Cavalry Divisions converged to capture Afulah with the 4th Cavalry Division capturing Beisan in the afternoon. The Australian Mounted Division captured Jenin.
September 1918: The British 5th Cavalry Division captured the town of Nazareth.
September 1918: British divisions also captured Haifa and Acre following the Battle of Haifa.
September 1918: Battle of Nablus.
September 1918: Second Battle of Amman.
September 1918: British forces captured Tiberias.
September 1918: Daraa was captured by the British on 27 September 1918.
October 1918: Damascus conquered by great britain.
October 1918: Battle of Aleppo.
47.2.6.Gallipoli Campaign
Was an unsuccesful military operation by the Entente that wanted to take control of the Ottoman straits.
April 1915: The invasion of Gallipoli began on April 25, 1915. After heavy bombardment by Allied naval artillery, the 29th Division was dropped off at Helles at the tip of the peninsula.
April 1915: The ANZAC, the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, landed at Gallipoli, north of Ari Burnu.
April 1915: British forces advanced on Cape Hellas in Gallipoli, Turkey. This strategic move was part of the Gallipoli Campaign led by British General Sir Ian Hamilton.
May 1915: The Second Battle of Krithia took place during World War I in 1915 in Cape Helles, Gallipoli.
August 1915: By decision of the British Dardanelles Committee, two new infantry divisions (10th (Irish) and 11th (Northern) Division) landed in Suvla Bay on the night of August 6th.
August 1915: Battle of Hill 60 and Battle of Scimitar Hill.
January 1916: After eight months' fighting, with approximately 250,000 casualties on each side, the Gallipoli campaign was abandoned and the invasion force withdrawn. It was a costly defeat for the Allies. The last units left Gallipoli on 9 January 1916.
47.2.7.Arab Revolt
Was a military uprising of Arab forces against the Ottoman Empire in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I.
June 1916: Another of Hussein's sons, the Emir Abdullah attacked Ta'if, With the Egyptian artillery support, Abdullah took Ta'if on September 22, 1916.
June 1916: The port of Jidda was attacked by 3500 Arabs. The Ottoman garrison surrendered.
September 1916: By the end of September 1916 the Sharifian army had taken the coastal cities of Rabegh, Yenbo, Qunfida.
January 1917: Royal Navy bluejackets attacked Wejh from the north on 23 January 1917. Wejh surrendered within 36 hours.
July 1917: After an overland attack, Aqaba fell to those Arab forces with only a handful of casualties.
September 1918: The Sharifian Army succeeded in cutting off and thus neutralizing the Ottoman position at Ma'an, who held out until late September 1918.
September 1918: The major victory in Tafas in 1918 was led by T.E. Lawrence, also known as Lawrence of Arabia, and Arab forces against Ottoman, Austrian, and German troops.
September 1918: "Sherifial irregulars" , accompanied by Lieutenant Colonel T. E. Lawrence, captured Deraa.
January 1919: Hussain occupied Mecca and besieged Medina. It was one of the longest sieges in history that lasted until even after the armistice.
47.2.7.1.Battle of Mecca
On July 4, 1916 the last Turkish resistance in Mecca capitulated.
July 1916: The last Turkish resistance in Mecca, Jirwal barracks, capitulated.
47.3.Aftermath of World War I
Were a series of treaties and military events that can be considered a direct consequence of World War I.
47.3.1.Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)
Was a war between Greece and the Turkish National Movement during the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I.
47.3.1.1.Greek Expansion in the aftermath of WWI
Was the Greek occupation of Turkish territories in the aftermath of World War I.
May 1919: The Greeks brought their forces into Eastern Thrace (apart from Constantinople and its region).
May 1919: The occupation of Smyrna was the military control by Greek forces of the city of Smyrna and surrounding areas.
47.3.1.2.Greek Offensive (Greco-Turkish War)
Was a Greek offensive in Turkey during the Greco-Turkish War.
July 1920: Kırkağaç, Soma and Salihli were captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
July 1920: Alaşehir was captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
July 1920: Kula was captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
July 1920: Balıkesir was captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
August 1920: Bandırma, Kirmasti and Karacabey were captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
August 1920: Nazilli was captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
August 1920: Gemlik and Mudanya were captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
August 1920: Bursa was captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
August 1920: İznik was captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
August 1920: Gediz and Ulubey were captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
August 1920: Uşak was captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
September 1920: Gains from Greek Offensive by August 1920.
September 1920: Simav was captured by a joint British and Greek offensive.
January 1921: The Greek advance in Turkey was halted for the first time at the First Battle of İnönü.
March 1921: Greek I Army Corps took Kara Hisâr-ı Sâhib (present-day Afyonkarahisar).
March 1921: Turkish Army Officer İsmet İnönü attacked again after receiving reinforcements, and recaptured Metristepe.
July 1921: Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir.
August 1921: Gains from Greek Offensive by July 1921.
September 1921: Following the retreat of the Turkish troops under Ismet Inönü in the battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir the Greek Army advanced afresh to the Sakarya River (Sangarios in Greek), less than 100 kilometres west of Ankara.
47.3.1.3.Greek Retreat after the Battle of Sakarya
Was the Greek reatreat after the battle of Sakarya during the Greco-Turkish War.
September 1921: After Greek retreat, Turkish forces managed to retake Sivrihisar.
47.3.1.4.Turkish counter-attack (Greco-Turkish War)
Was a Turkish offensive against the Greek army during the Greco-Turkish War.
August 1922: The major Greek defense positions were overrun, and Afyon fell to Ottoman forces.
September 1922: On September 2, 1922, Eskişehir was captured by the Turkish National Forces led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
September 1922: Balıkesir and Bilecik were taken by the Ottomans on September 6.
September 1922: Aydın, Germencik and Kuşadası fell under Turkish control.
September 1922: Aydın conquered by Ottoman Empire.
September 1922: Anisa was taken by the Ottomans on September 8.
September 1922: Turkish cavalry entered Smyrna on September 9.
September 1922: Gemlik and Mudanya fell to the Ottomans on September 11.
September 1922: On 16 September the last Greek troops left Çeşme.
September 1922: The expulsion of the Greek Army from Anatolia was completed.
September 1922: Mustafa Kemal's troops moved into the straits zones and refused British requests to leave. The British cabinet was divided on the matter but eventually any possible armed conflict was prevented. British General Charles Harington, allied commander in Constantinople, kept his men from firing on Turks and warned the British cabinet against any rash adventure. The Greek fleet left Constantinople upon his request. The British finally decided to force the Greeks to withdraw behind the Maritsa in Thrace. This convinced Mustafa Kemal to accept the opening of armistice talks.
47.3.2.Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine
The Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine required Bulgaria to cede various territories, after Bulgaria had been one of the Central Powers defeated in World War I. The treaty was signed on 27 November 1919 at Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.
November 1919: The Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine established the border of Bulgaria with the Ottoman Empire.
47.3.3.Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
The treaty ended the Greco-Turkish conflict and redrew the borders established by the Treaty of Sèvres.
July 1923: The Treaty of Lausanne (24 July 1923) marked the end of the Turkish War of Independence. The treaty recognized the sovereignty of Turkey over its territory, including the zone of the straits.
Was a series of military campaigns waged by the Turkish National Movement after parts of the Ottoman Empire were occupied and partitioned following its defeat in World War I. The war led to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey.
November 1918: British troops occupy Musul.
November 1918: British troops occupy İskenderun and the two sides of the Dardanelles.
November 1918: Joint French-Greek troops cross the Meriç River and occupy the town of Uzunköprü in Eastern Thrace as well as the railway axis till the train station of Hadımköy near Çatalca on the outskirts of Istanbul.
November 1918: Ottoman troops withdraw from Baku, which was occupied by British troops in the followind days.
December 1918: British troops based in Syria occupy Kilis,.
January 1919: British troops based in Syria occupy Jerablus.
January 1919: British troops based in Syria occupy Antep.
February 1919: British troops based in Syria occupy Maraş.
February 1919: British troops based in Syria occupy Birecik.
March 1919: British troops based in Syria occupy Urfa.
April 1919: Italian forces occupied Antalya, the region around which will remain comparatively calm throughout the war.
May 1919: Small Italian contingents occupied (rather symbolically, since the Ottoman administration is allowed to function intact) Fethiye, Bodrum and Marmaris and the surrounding regions.
December 1921: The British troops evacuate Kilis that had been under British administration since three years.
September 1922: Turkish troops re-assume control of the city of Çanakkale and its depending towns after almost four years, and following several days of tension of international scale, known as Chanak Crisis.
January 1923: Italy began the withdrawal of its expeditionary force in Constantinople in the autumn of 1922.
48.1.Franco-Turkish War
Was a war between France and the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I. France started a military campaign in the southern territories of the Ottoman Empire because in the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement with the United Kingdom it had agreed to take control of the region.
December 1918: French troops occupy Tarsus and Ceyhan and face the first exchanges of fire in Dörtyol in one of the opening acts of what will later be termed the Franco-Turkish War.
December 1918: French troops occupy Adana, Çukurova's largest city with central importance for southern Turkey.
December 1918: French troops occupy Osmaniye and Islahiye.
December 1918: The control over Çukurova was acquired by General Henri Gouraud, a French military commander, in a move that extended French military occupation to Pozantı in Gülek Pass (Cilicia Gates) on December 27, 1918.
April 1920: French occupation troops are forced to evacuate Urfa faced to the resistance and assaults of the Turkish Revolutionaries.
June 1920: French occupation troops are forced to evacuate the entire region of Urfa, east of Euphrates.
June 1920: The French retire their troops from Karadeniz Ereğli.
February 1921: Antep's Turkish forces surrendered to French forces after 384 days of fighting.
March 1921: French occupation troops are forced to evacuate Kadirli faced to the resistance and assaults of the Turkish Revolutionaries.
March 1921: French occupation troops were forced to evacuate Feke faced to the resistance and assaults of the Turkish Revolutionaries.
June 1921: The French troops depart from Zonguldak.
November 1921: French troops evacuate Islahiye.
January 1922: French troops evacuate Mersin.
January 1922: French troops evacuate Dörtyol.
48.1.1.French Occupation of strategic places in Turkey after WWI
Were a series of French military actions to occupy territories in the southern part of the Ottoman Empire.
November 1918: A French brigade entered Constantinople on 12 November 1918. On 8 February 1919, French general Franchet d'Espèrey - commander-in-chief of allied occupation forces in the Ottoman Empire - arrived in Constantinople to coordinate the occupation government.
January 1919: The city of Bursa (a former Ottoman capital of central importance in northwest Anatolia) was also held by French forces for a brief period before the great summer offensive of the Greek army in 1920.
March 1919: Two French gunboats brought troops to the Black Sea ports of Zonguldak and Karadeniz Ereğli to command the Ottoman coal mining region.
June 1920: Because of the resistance they faced during their one-year stay in the region, French troops begin to withdraw from Karadeniz Ereğli.
48.1.2.Cilicia Campaign
Was a French and British military campaign in southern Anatolia during the Franco-Turkish War.
November 1918: French forces land at Mersin.
November 1918: Tarsus, a city in modern-day Turkey, was occupied by French forces in 1918.
November 1919: The city of Mardin was occupied by the French for one day.
48.1.3.French Withdrawal (Franco-Turkish War)
Was the withdrawal of French forces from Southern Anatolia.
November 1919: The French abandoned the occupation attempt of Mardin.
February 1920: After 22 days of the Battle of Marash, the French occupation troops, followed by members of the local Armenian community, found themselves forced to evacuate Marash by the resistance and assaults of the Turkish revolutionaries.
January 1922: The French forces withdrew from the occupation zone in Turkey in the first days of 1922, about ten months before the Armistice of Mudanya. Beginning on 3 January, French troops evacuated Mersin and Dörtyol.
January 1922: On 5 January the French left Adana, Ceyhan and Tarsus to the Ottomans.
January 1922: The French evacuation of Anatolia was completed with the last troops leaving Osmaniye. France left all territories occupied in Cilicia and southern Turkey with the exception of the Republic of Hatay.
Was a Civil War in Russia that involved varios factions but mainly the Bolsheviks and the conservative White Army in the core Russian territories, as well as a multitude of local secessionist states. At the end of war the Bolsheviks were victorious and established the Soviet Union.
49.1.Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War
Local independence movement caused several secessions and revolts during the Russian Civil War.
49.1.1.Pro-independence and White movements in the Caucasus during the Russian Civil War
Were a series of revolts and secessions in the Caucasus during the Russian Civil War.
August 1920: The Treaty of Sèvres was signed between the Allied and Associated Powers and the Ottoman Empire at Sèvres, France on August 10, 1920. The treaty included a clause on Armenia: it made all parties signing the treaty recognize Armenia as a free and independent state. De facto Armenia never took control of all the regions populated by Armenians.
October 1921: The Treaty of Kars was a peace treaty that established the common borders between Turkey and the three Transcaucasian republics of the Soviet Union.
49.1.1.1.Georgian-Armenian War
Was a border dispute that was fought in December 1918 between the newly independent Democratic Republic of Georgia and the First Republic of Armenia.
49.1.1.2.Red Army invasion of Georgia and Armenia
Was a military campaign by the Russian Red Army against secessionist states in the Caucasus.
December 1920: The Soviets took control of Armenia, which ceased to exist as an independent state. The regions given to Armenia by the treaty of Sevres remained to Turkey.
49.1.2.Pro-independence movements in central Asia during the Russian Civil War
Were a series of revolts and secessions in central Asia during the Russian Civil War.
January 1919: Turkish forces withdrew from the Arabian Peninsula in 1918.
49.2.Ottoman Invasion of Armenia
Was an Ottoman military invasion of Armenia, part of the Turkish-Armenian war and also of the Caucasian theatre of the Russian Civil War.
September 1920: At 2:30 in the morning of September 13, five battalions from the Turkish XV Army Corps crossed the Turkish-Armenian border and surprised the thinly spread and unprepared Armenian armies at Olti and Peniak.
September 1920: Turks entered Sarıkamış.
October 1920: The city of Kars came under full Turkish occupation.
November 1920: Turkish forces continued to advance in Armenia, and a week after the capture of Kars, they took control of Alexandropol.
November 1920: The Turks captured the strategic village of Aghin.
March 1921: Treaty of Moscow: the Turkish authorities proclaimed the annexation of Batumi.
March 1921: The battle for Batumi ended with the port and most of the city in Georgian hands.
November 1454: But the capital was well-prepared and the Ottomans, upon hearing that Hunyadi would cross the Danube to reinforce the Serbs, soon lifted their siege of Smederevo. The Sultan retreated back to Sofia.
January 1460: Territorial change based on available maps.
January 1461: Territorial change based on available maps.
January 1480: Qvarqvare II Jaqeli, the Atabeg of Samtskhe-Saatabago, ravaged the land around Erzurum, reducing the city to tributary status.
January 1482: Palatine count Antonio Tocco was able to reconquer the Ionian Islands in 1481 with the help of Catalan mercenaries.
January 1482: The statehood of Zeta was restored as early as 1481.
January 1483: The Duchy of Saint Sava was occupied by Ottoman forces.
January 1483: Genoese colony established in the city of Tmutarakan.
January 1483: Castelnuovo was conquered by the Turks in 1482.
January 1483: The two cities of Risano and Castelnuovo in Montenegro were ceded to the Ottoman Turks in 1482.
January 1484: The Coun Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos was killed in 1483 fighting the Ottomans.
January 1485: Poros, along with Methana, Troezen, and Epidaurus, became a Venetian colony in 1484. The Republic of Venice gained control of these territories in the Peloponnese region of Greece, maintaining control until 1715.
January 1486: In 1485, King Casimir undertook an expedition into Moldavia after its seaports were overtaken by the Ottoman Turks.
August 1487: Moncastro (today: Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky) fell to Ottoman conquest.
January 1488: The Karamanid state was terminated by the Ottomans in 1487.
January 1491: However, the following year Bayezid II defeated the Venetian fleet at Sapienza and at Zonchio, conquering Modone and the main fortresses of the Morea.
January 1494: In 1493, the territory of Alaiye was annexed by the Ottoman Empire. Alaiye was a city in modern-day Turkey.
January 1497: Zeta fell under the rule of the Ottoman Empire for the second time.
January 1515: As a result of the war between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid State, culminating in defeat for the Safavids at the Battle of Chaldiran, the Emirate of Palu was annexed by the Ottoman Empire in 1514.
January 1517: Montenegro was independent from 1516, when Vladika Vavila was elected as ruler of Montenegro by its clans, and it became a theocratic state.
January 1528: The Kingdom of Kuku expands eastwards.
January 1532: Honaine conquered by spain.
July 1535: A year later the King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor Charles I and V seized Tunis, drove the Ottomans out and restored Muley Hassan as a Hapsburg tributary.
January 1539: In 1538, Castelnuovo in Montenegro was under Spanish military occupation after being conquered by Spanish tercios during the Holy League's unsuccessful campaign against the Ottoman Empire in the Eastern Mediterranean.
January 1548: Aden conquered by portugal.
January 1556: Hassan Pasha delivered the town of M'sila and its defenses including 3 pieces of artillery to Abdelaziz.
January 1560: In 1559, the Kingdom of Ait Abbas gained control of Touggourt. El Hadj Khichan el Merbaï, a member of the loyal Hachem tribe, was appointed as Sheikh of Touggourt by the Kingdom.
January 1560: Tolga and Biskra conquered by Kingdom of Ait Abbas.
February 1560: The Turks withdrew from Baharnagash after they encountered resistance and pushed back by the Bahrnegash and highland forces.
January 1573: Conquests in Hungary by the Habsburgs in 1572.
January 1574: Ahmed Amokrane, a prominent leader of the Kingdom of Ait Abbas, conquered the territory of the Ouled Naïl from Bou Saâda to Djelfa.
January 1574: Hafsid Kingdom conquered by Spain.
January 1580: Christian rule in Tinos (possibly with vassalage to Venice).
January 1588: The Portuguese occupied Faza and constructed a chapel there.
March 1588: Mombasa fell under Ottoman Empire suzerainty.
January 1590: In 1589, the Ottoman Empire, led by Sultan Murad III, was forced to withdraw their forces from Medri Bahri, a region in present-day Eritrea and Ethiopia. The territory was then controlled by the local Medri Bahri kingdom.
January 1590: In 1589, the Ottoman Empire, under the leadership of Sultan Murad III, was forced to withdraw their forces from Medri Bahri, a region in present-day Eritrea and Ethiopia. This withdrawal marked a significant setback for the Ottoman Empire in their attempts to expand their territory in the Horn of Africa.
January 1590: Emperor Sarsa Dengel of Ethiopia successfully checked the Ottoman expansion into Ethiopian territories by securing a significant victory and subsequently sacking Arqiqo in 1589. This decisive action restricted the Ottomans to a narrow coastal strip, limiting their influence and control in the region.
January 1591: The Shamkhalatebecame a Persian protectorate.
January 1591: Emperor Sarsa Dengel of Ethiopia successfully checked the Ottoman expansion into Ethiopian territories by securing a significant victory and subsequently sacking Arqiqo in 1589. This decisive action restricted the Ottomans to a narrow coastal strip, limiting their influence and control in the region.
January 1596: From 1595 the Portuguese acted as military protectors of the Basra.
January 1598: Al-Mansur al-Qasim proclaimed the Imamate in September 1597.
January 1601: In the late 16th century the Funj pushed towards the neighbourhood of the Habesh Eyalet, conquering north-western Eritrea.
January 1602: Bahrain is occupied by the Safavid Empire.
January 1609: In 1608, Imam al-Mansur, the leader of the Zaidi Imamate in Yemen, regained control over the highlands and signed a 10-year truce with the Ottomans, who had been attempting to expand their influence in the region.
January 1609: The beys of Ramadanids held the administration of the Ottoman sanjak of Adana in a hereditary manner until 1608, with the last 92 years as a vassal of the Ottomans.
January 1610: Mamia II Gurieli (1600-1625) managed to reconquer Adjara.
January 1611: The Maragheh Khanate was established in 1610 by the Qajar dynasty in Azerbaijan.
December 1614: End of Gurieli's reign and beginning of Ottoman rule in Adjara.
January 1618: In 1617, Kythnos (Citno) and Sifnos (Sifanto) were taken over by the Ottoman Empire.
January 1624: The Ottomans occupy Cetinje.
February 1624: Montenegrin forces retake Cetinje from the Ottomans.
January 1628: In 1627, the Ottomans lost control of Aden and Lahej to the Zaidi Imamate.
January 1629: After a civil war, the Saadians lost Oujda to the Ottomans.
January 1629: The Samtskhi statehood was finally liquidated by the Sultan in 1628.
January 1669: Basra was captured by the Ottoman Empire in 1668.
January 1671: The Banu Khalid set up an independent state, the Bani Khalid Emirate, in 1670.
January 1671: The Bani Khalid dominated the deserts surrounding the Al-Hasa and Al-Qatif during the 15th and 18th century. Under Barrak ibn Ghurayr of the Al Humaid, the Bani Khalid were able to expel Ottoman forces from the cities and towns in 1670 and proclaim their rule over the region.
January 1676: In 1675, Yemen was conquered by the Zaidi Imamate, led by Imam Al-Mahdi Abbas. The territory extended from Asir in the north to Dhofar in the east, consolidating Zaidi control over the entire region.
January 1688: The Ottomans occupy Cetinje.
February 1688: Montenegrin forces retake Cetinje from the Ottomans.
March 1697: From 1697 to 1701, Basra was once again under Safavid control.
March 1701: In 1701 Basra was captured by the Ottoman Empire.
January 1709: Spanish Oran was a Spanish territory located in present-day Algeria. It was captured by the Ottoman Empire in 1708, but later returned to Spanish control from 1732 to 1791. The city of Oran was an important port and trading hub during this time.
January 1712: Hotin conquered by Ottoman Empire.
January 1713: The Ottomans occupy Cetinje.
January 1713: Khotyn area conquered by Ottoman Empire.
February 1713: Montenegrin forces retake Cetinje from the Ottomans.
January 1718: Formed from the territories to the south of the rivers Sava and Danube, corresponding to the Sanjak of Smederevo, it was conquered by the Habsburgs from the Ottoman Empire in 1717.
January 1722: In 1721, Hadji Ahmed, pasha of Ioannina, received orders from the Sultan to subdue the Souliotes.
January 1722: In 1721, the Dalmatian border was definitively stabilized with the definition of the so-called Mocenigo line, named after Alvise Mocenigo, the Venetian governor of Dalmatia at the time. This agreement was reached between the Venetian Republic and the Ottoman Empire.
January 1723: The Al Qasimi emerged as a maritime power based both in Ras Al Khaimah on the Southern shore of the Persian Gulf and Qishm, Bandar Abbas and Lingeh on the Persian shore in the 18th-century.
January 1728: In 1727, Laghouat fell under the domination of the Ottoman Empire. This marked a significant shift in power in the region, as the Ottomans were expanding their influence in North Africa under the leadership of Sultan Ahmed III. Laghouat, a strategic oasis town in present-day Algeria, became an important outpost for the Ottomans in their efforts to control trade routes and secure their territorial holdings.
July 1732: Spain's first Bourbon ruler Philip V wished to re-establish Spanish supremacy on the Algerian coast, and in 1732 sent an expedition which retook Oran and Mers El Kebir.
January 1743: In 1742, Tabarka was taken over by the Ottoman Empire from Genoa. Genoa had controlled Tabarka since 1540, along with Jijel in Algeria. This shift in power marked the end of Genoa's presence in Tabarka after over two centuries.
January 1745: It was stablished in the year 1744 (1157 AH) when Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and Prince Muhammad bin Saud formed an alliance to found a socio-religious reform movement to unify the many states of the Arabian Peninsula.
January 1753: Azad Khan Afghan rose to control all the territory between Ardabil and Urmia by 1752.
January 1754: In 1166/1753 Azad Khan Afghan annexed the central Zagros provinces.
January 1758: By June 1757, Azad Khan Afghan had lost Isfahan, Tabriz, and Urmia to the resurgent Qajars.
January 1758: The Pashalik of Scutari was an autonomous and de facto independent pashalik created by the Albanian Bushati family from the previous Sanjak of Scutari.
January 1775: The Pashalik of Berat was a pashalik created in modern-day central Albania by Ahmet Kurt Pasha in 1774.
January 1787: Expansion of the Emirate of Diriyah by 1786.
January 1788: A subdivision of the Ottoman Empire centred on the region of Epirus and had a high degree of autonomy up to semi independence in the late 18th century and early 19th century.
September 1792: In the night after October 8, 1790, a violent earthquake in Oran and Mers El Kebir claimed more than 3,000 victims in less than seven minutes. Spanish king Charles IV saw no advantage in continuing the occupation of the cities, which had become increasingly expensive and perilous. He initiated discussions with the Bey of Algiers. They signed a treaty on September 12, 1792 by which the Spanish transferred the cities to the Ottoman Empire.
January 1793: In 1792, the Mzab was annexed to the Eastern Beylik.
January 1801: The Kingdom of Ait Abbas is annexed to the Ottoman Empire.
April 1802: In 1802, after gaining command of the Shi'a holy city of Karbala in 1801, Saud's forces were able to expand their territory to the Emirate of Diriyah. Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud was the ruler of Diriyah, while Karbala is a city in Iraq considered sacred by Shi'a Muslims.
May 1802: In 1801, Saud bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud, the ruler of the First Saudi State, led his forces to capture the Shia holy city of Karbala in present-day Iraq. This event marked a significant conflict between the Ottomans and the Saudis over control of the region.
January 1804: The rising power of the fervently Islamist Wahhabi movement on the Arabian Peninsula cost the Zaidi state its coastal possessions after 1803 CE.
January 1806: Muhammad Ali Pasha, an Albanian military commander of the Ottoman army in Egypt, seized power in 1805 and established an independent state.
January 1809: Expansion of the Emirate of Diriyah by 1808.
January 1809: Hejaz conquered by Emirate of Diriyah.
January 1817: Revived by Emir Kor centered in Rawandiz from 1816.
January 1817: Expansion of the Emirate of Diriyah by 1816.
January 1819: The imam of Zaidi was able to regain his coastal possessions temporarily in 1818.
January 1822: Between 1821 and 1841, Muhammad Ali, Pasha of Egypt, came to control Yemen and the sahil, with Zeila included.
February 1822: In January 1822, however, Ottoman agents assassinated Ali Pasha and sent his head to the Sultan. After his death, the pashalik ceased to exist and was merged with Pashalik of Berat for creating again Ioannina Eyalet.
January 1825: In 1824, Turki ibn Abdullah ibn Muhammad, a grandson of the first Saudi imam Muhammad ibn Saud who had managed to evade capture by the Egyptians, was able to expel Egyptian forces and their local allies from Riyadh and its environs.
January 1832: The Pashalik of Scutari is annexed by the Ottoman Empire.
December 1832: The London Protocol formalizes the erection of Samos into a non-hereditary autonomous principality.
January 1833: When the ruler of Tropolitania, Yusuf, abdicated in 1832 in favor of his son Ali II, a civil war erupted. Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II sent in troops ostensibly to restore order, but instead deposed and exiled Ali II, marking the end of both the Karamanli dynasty and an independent Tripolitania.
January 1837: Soran Emirate conquered by Ottoman Empire.
May 1858: Grand Voivode Mirko Petrović, elder brother of Danilo I, led a strong army of 7,500 and won a crucial battle against the Turks. This victory forced the Great Powers to officially demarcate the borders between Montenegro and Ottoman Turkey, de facto recognizing Montenegro's centuries-long independence. Montenegro gained Grahovo, Rudine, Nikšić, more than half of Drobnjaci, Tušina, Uskoci, Lipovo, Upper Vasojevići, and part of Kuči and Dodoši tribal regions.
February 1859: The United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia was the personal union of the Principality of Moldavia and the Principality of Wallachia, formed on 5 February 1859.
January 1874: In 1873, the Emirate of Dhala was occupied by the Ottoman Empire.
January 1875: In 1874, the Upper Aulaqi Sultanate came under the protection of the Aden Protectorate, with the tacit acceptance of the Ottoman Empire, which held suzerainty over Yemen. This arrangement was significant as it marked a shift in power dynamics in the region during that time.
January 1879: The period of Ottoman occupation of Dhala lasted until 1878.
July 1881: With the Convention of Constantinople Thessaly (except Elassona) and the Arta Prefecture are annexed to Greece.
September 1885: Eastern Rumelia proclaims its reunion with Bulgaria.
March 1886: Under the Tophane Convention, the Republic of Tămrăš became part of the territory of the Ottoman Empire.
August 1903: The short-lived Republic of Kruševo was proclaimed in 1903 by rebels from the Secret Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) in Kruševo during the anti-Ottoman Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising.
August 1903: The Republic of Kruševo existed only for 10 days, it was occupied by Ottoman forces on August 13th.
August 1903: The Strandzha Republic was a short-lived anarchist commune proclaimed during the Preobrazhenie Uprising in 1903 by Internal Macedonian Adrianople Revolutionary Organization rebels in Strandzha.
September 1903: The Ottomans managed to destroy the Strandzha Republic.
January 1907: The Emirate of Asir was founded in 1906 by Sayyid Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Idrisi as a result of a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire.
December 1910: Throughout October and November, Idrisid troops occupied Abha.
November 1912: The territory of Albania was occupied by Serbia in the north and Greece in the south, leaving only a patch of land around the southern coastal city of Vlora. Attempts to incorporate the land into their respective countries, led to a proclamation of independence by Ismail Qemali in Vlorë on 28 November 1912.
April 1921: British protectorate in the Emirate of Transjordan (officially the Amirate of Trans-Jordan) established on 11 April 1921.
October 1923: The Republic of Turkey was formally declared.
Disestablishment
January 1923: Italy began the withdrawal of its expeditionary force in Constantinople in the autumn of 1922.
July 1923: The Treaty of Lausanne (24 July 1923) marked the end of the Turkish War of Independence. The treaty recognized the sovereignty of Turkey over its territory, including the zone of the straits.
October 1923: The Republic of Turkey was formally declared.
Selected Sources
Ader, J.J. (1826): Histoire de l'expédition d'Égypte et de Syrie, A. Dupont et cie, pp. 186-207
Ahmet N.O. (1986): Kula, Katakekaumene (Yanık yöre): 2000 yıl önce Strabon'un adını koyduğu yöre, Öğrenci Basimevi, pp. 137-138.
Articles secrets et convention additionelle du traité de Campo Formio. Retrieved on March, 24th 2024 on https://books.google.de/books?id=SStJAAAAcAAJ&dq=Trait%C3%A9%20de%20paix%20de%20Campo%20Formio&hl=de&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=Trait%C3%A9%20de%20paix%20de%20Campo%20Formio&f=false
Bertrand Michael Buchmann: Österreich und das Osmanische Reich. Eine bilaterale Geschichte, Wien 1999, S. 77
Bigham, C.C. (1897): With the Turkish Army in Thessaly. With illustrations and maps, London, Macmillan & Co, "Sketch Map showing position of The Turkish & Greek forces on May 20, 1897"
Bigham, C.C. (1897): With the Turkish Army in Thessaly. With illustrations and maps, London, Macmillan & Co, "Sketch Map showing position of The Turkish & Greek forces on May 4, 1897"
Dowling, T. C., Editor (2014): Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond, Santa Barbara (USA), p. 841
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), p. 48
Dupuy, R. E. / Dupuy, T. N. (1993): The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present, New York (USA), p. 851.
Frieden von Campoformio. Retrieved on March, 24th 2014 on https://books.google.de/books?id=UbGMtENHaBIC&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false
Osswald, B. (2011): L'Epire du treizième au quinzième siècle: autonomie et hétérogénéité d'une région balkanique, Toulouse (France), p. 288
Perry, J. R. (1987): "Āzād Khan Afḡān" in: Encyclopædia Iranica, https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azad-khan-afgan-d
Phillipson, C. (2008): Termination of War and Treaties of Peace, Clark (USA), p. 273
Sayhan, M. (2006): Milli Mücadele'de Çivril, (1919-1922), Kitsan, pp. 15-18
St. John, R.B. (2014): Historical Dictionary of Libya, Rowman & Littlefield, p. 187
Treaty of Paris (1856), https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10557776?page=,1
Tucker, S. C. (2011): A Global Chronology Of Conflict, London (UK), p. 959
Tucker, S. C. (2011): A Global Chronology Of Conflict, London (UK), p. 965
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.160
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.166
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.168
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.225
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.364
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, pp.215-216
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Ottoman Empire
